CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES ) is a skill training programmed
signed to expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnic, colleges of
technology, colleges of Agriculture and colleges of education for industrial work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also owes students the
opportunity of familiarizing and exposing them to the needed experience in handling
equipments and machineries that are usually not available in their institutions.

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was established as result of
the realization by the federal government of Nigeria in 1973 of the need to introduce a
new dimension to the Quality and standard of education obtained in the country in order
to achieve the much needed technological advancement. it has been shown that a
correlation exist between a country's level of economics and technological development
and it's level of investment in man power development. The ITF solely funded the
scheme during its formative years. But due to the elevated rate of financial involvement,
it was withdrawn from the scheme in 1978. In 1979, the federal government of Nigeria
handed the scheme to the both national university commission (NUC) and National
Board of technical (NBTE) to change the management and implementation of SIWES
fund to ITF. It was effectively taken over by ITF in July 1985 with the funding being
solely borne by the federal government. The Federal government, ITF, the supervising
agencies, NUC, NBTE, NCE (National commission for colleges of education),
employers of labor and the institutions contributes its own Quarter in the management of
SIWES.ITF (2003), student industrial work-experience scheme in 1978.

In 1979, the federal government of Nigeria handed the scheme to the both national
university commission (NUC) and the national board of technical (NBTE) to change the
management and implementation of siwes fund to ITF. It was effectively taken over by
ITF in July 1985 with funding being solely borne by the federal government.

The federal government, ITF, the supervising agencies, NUC, NBTE, NCE (National
commission for colleges of education), employers of labour and institutions contribute its
own quarter in the management of SIWES. ITF (2003). Student industrial work
experience scheme in human resources development in industrial training fund, Jos
Nigeria.

1
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1. SIWES provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular career
before permanent commitments are made.
2. SIWES students will develop skills in the application of the theory to practical work
situations.
3. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their aptitude for a particular
career before permanent commitments are made.
4. SIWES students will develop skill and techniques directly applicable to their
careers.
5. SIWES will aid students in adjusting from college to full time employment.

1.3 Brief History of The Place Where SIWES Was Under Taken.

Khadija Women and Children Welfare Clinic (KWCWC) was established in the year
2012.The person in charge of the Clinic is Alhaji Kasimu Umar Kasuwar Daji. The
hospital is divided1nto five units (5), which include the Pharmacy unit, Medical
laboratory, Medical record (Health Information), Antenatal Care (ANC) and Ultra Sound
unit. Laboratory is a room where scientific research and investigation are carried out and
rightful speculations suggested and confirmed.

1.4 MISSION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

1. To improve the health of the community and the ward by setting the standard of
excellence in patient care

2. To develop new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to
transfer the knowledge in to practice

2
 1.5 ORGANOGRAM OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

Antenatal care
H.O.D Med. Lab. Tech

Medical Technician Ultra sound

Pharmacy tech.

I.T Student Medical Assist Receptionalist

Fig 1: Organogram of Khadija Abdul aziz Yari Women and Children Welfare Clinic

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES ENGAGED IN DURING SIWES EXERCISE

UNITS IN THE LABORATORY

2.1.0 How to collect blood sample (phlebotomy)

CHEMICAL PHATOLOGY
2.1.1 Pregnancy test (HCG/PT)
2.1.2 Urinalysis
2.1.3 Glucose test
HEMATOLOGY
2.1.4 Clothing Time
2.1.5 Packed cell volume (PCV)
SEROLOGY
2.1.6 RVS (HIV virus)
2.1.7 Blood grouping
MICROBIOLOGY
2.1.8 Widal test
2.1.9 Malaria test (MP)

2.1 IN-DEPTH DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN DIFFERENT

SECTIONS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

2.1.0 HOW TO COLLECT BLOOD SAMPLE:

Collection of capillary blood:- Capillary blood is useful when small quantity of blood is
required. In carrying the tests such as Malaria Parasites (Mp) Test, Pack Cell Volume
(PCV), Haemoglobin (HB) and Blood grouping (ABO), the capillary blood can be used.
The blood may be obtained by pricking the thumb or ear lobe base of head (in case of an
infant below six (6) months age) with sterile lancet and collect the blood using and
appropriate apparatus, this method is called pricking method.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Warm the ear lobe base of head (in case of infant below six month age) or thumb finger
by gentle robbing.
2. Disinfected the tie of the thumb finger using cotton wool dept in 70% methylated
spirit.

4
 3. Allowed to dry and pricks with sterile blood lancet to a deep of about 2mm
4. Wiped up the first coming blood with dry cotton wool.
5. Collect a drop of blood onto a clean grease free glass slide for making thin blood film
or collected into hepamized capillary tube in case of per, or collected a drops of blood
on a clean white tile in case of ABO blood grouping.
6. After collecting enough blood for the test wiped up the surface of wound with dry
cotton wool.(cowan and steel, 1965)

Collections of venous blood:- Venous blood is useful when large volume of blood is
required. Venous blood is useful for carrying several tests under hematology, serology,
chemical pathology e.t.c. the blood is obtained by a process called venous puncture method
using a sterile plastic syringe with needle.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Tie the tourniquet to the upper part of the forearm in order to make the veins
prominent.
2. Disinfected the area using cotton wool dept in 70% methylated spirit
3. Insert the needle to a depth of about an inch or 2cm noitting the lumen of the vein.
4. Slightly drawn the enough blood into the syringe.
5. Gently removed the needle out of the vein impress a wound side firmly with dry
cotton wool.
6. Dispensed the blood in EDTA bottle and gently shared the EDTA bottle to.
7. Ensure proper mixing of blood and anticoagulants, if plasma is required.
8. Dispense the blood into clean dry sample bottle if serum is needed.

CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

Chemical pathology is also kwon as clinical chemistry or diagnostic chemistry it is a

division of laboratory science that deals with the detection and measurement of the
biochemical constituents of the body fluid and their excretion. It embraces the diagnosis
of diseases by the observation of certain parameters in the specimen fluctuations of some
parameters and absence of others. Generally speaking these observations are as a result
of infection.

2.1.1 PREGNANCY TEST

MATERIALS:-
1. HCG Test Strip
2. Urine Specimen container
5
 3. Hand gloves
4. Pen

INTRODUCTION:-

Human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) is glyprotein hormone produced by

placental cell seen after the fertilized ovum is implanted in the urine wall. It stimulates
the secretion of progesterone ovary. Progesterone maintains the uterus during pregnancy
and prevents any further release of egg from the ovary. (cruishank R 1982)

PRINCIPLE:-
The laboratory pregnancy test are based on the detection of rapid rising levels of
HGC in urine is almost the same as that found in the blood. The test is based on
monoclonal anti body dye conjugate and polyclonal solid phase antibodies to detect HCG
in specimens either in both urine and serum.
PROCEDURE:-
1. A urine specimen was collected in a clean and dry container
2. The test strip was removed from the sealed pouch
3. With arrows pointing towards the urine spacemen, the strip was immersed
vertically in to the urine container for at least 10 to 15 seconds.
4. The strip was removed and placed on a non –absorbent flat surface and waited for
the colored line(s) to appear.(cruishank R 1982)
5. Result was read after 3 minutes.

RESULT: - A positive result was obtained

Plate 1:-PT Strip

2.1.2 URINALYSIS
6
Title: - urine chemistry test (urinalysis)

Aim: to detect the stage of kidney about metabolic and system abnormalities.

INTRODUCTION

Urine is one of the easily obtained specimen examined in the laboratory and
examination of the urine not only provide information about the functional of the
kidney and possible abnormalities of the urinary track, but it can also lead to the
diagnosis of various systems disease of human body which are reflected by the
presence of several substances or parameters in the urine like blood, urilinogen,
bilirubin, protein, nitrate, ketone, ascorbic acid, glucose, and PH value.
(Cruishank, R 1982)

PRINCIPLES

The chemistry analysis of urine is done using a test stop of combine a when the
strip is dip in to the urine sample the particle that contain a multiple reagent will
be soaked with urine exhibitated a color depending on the situation or condition of
urine in which in this case a combi-a strip was use, it is firm plastic strip to which
are affixed several separate reagent areas base on the reagent being used, these
strips are employed for the test which are as follows blood billirubin protein
ketunes ascorbic acid, glucose and PH value this strip are also used for screening
purpose in determine of bilary and hepatic obstruction hemolytic diseases
associated with kidney liver diseases urinary tract infection and associated with
diabetes.

MATERIAL

1. Dry and clean plastic containers

2. Stopwatch
3. Combin-9 test strip
4. Hand gloves
5. Comparison container

PROCEDURE

7
 1. The strip was dipped directly in to fresh urine for at least one second.
2. The strip was then draw across the rim of container that is in between the
neck and mark region of the bottle/container to remove the excess urine.
3. The color change was compared on the strip with the comparism scale
container
4. Any color change between 30-60 second was immediately recorded.
5. Color change that take, place after 2 minutes are of no significance,

The following table showing that result observation, if there is color change in
case of these parameters specifically. (Cruishank, R 1982)

TABLE OF RESULT OBSERVATION

PARAMETER EXPECTED VALUE CRITICAL VALUE COLOR NORMAL PATTEN ABNORMAL COLOUR RESULT NORMAL ABNORMAL

N I T R I L E P I N K DARK PINK NORMAL ABNORMAL

URIBILINOGEN 1 . 0 M G / L 2.0MG/L AND ABORE LIGHT PINK DARK PING NORMAL ABNORMAL

P R O T E I N < 0 . L G L C > 0.1G/ L < YELLO W YELLO W-GREEN AND GREEN-BLUE NORMAL ABNORMAL

P H 5 . 0 - 7 . 0 12. ABOVE OR AN GE GREENING NORMAL ABNORMAL

B L O O D 0-43GLUL 5ERY/NL OR AN GE GREEN-DARK GREEN NORMAL ABNORMAL

K E T O N E 1.0-49MGL/L 5.0MGLDL LIGHT BROWN DARK BROWN NORMA ABNORMAL

BILIRUBIN 0 - 1 7 U M L ABOVE 17UML LIGHT YELLOW DARK BROWNISH NORMAL ABNORMAL

G L U C O S E 8 0 . N G L / 80.MGL ABOVE LIGHT GREEN DARK BROWN NORMAL ABNORMAL

ASCORBIC ACID 30-80MG 80MG ABOVE GREEN YELLOW DARKLY NORMAL ABNORMAL

Plate 3:- Urine container with combi II

2.1.3 GLUCOSE TEST

Plate 2:- Combi 9

8
 AIM: - To estimate the level of sugar in the blood

MATERIALS:-

Glucometer, Blood sample, Glucose test strip, Lancet and Dry cotton wool.

Plate4;Glucomete strip 4:44GlucometerStrip

INTRODUCTION:-

This is the concentration of glucose in the blood, normally expressed in milli mole per
liter. Blood sugar estimation is an important investigation in a variety of disease, most
notable diabetes mellitus. Glucose is the primary sources of energy for the body’s cells
and blood lipids.

There are two (2) types of glucose test

FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS):-

This measures blood glucose when the patient has not eaten for at least 8 hours. During
this period, water can be taken. It often the first test done to check for pre-diabetes and
diabetes.

RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR (RBS):-

This measures blood glucose regardless of whether the patient has eaten or not. Several
random measurements may be taken throughout the day. Random testing useful because
glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the day.

PROCEDURE:-

The tip of the patient’s index finger was cleansed with 70% ethanol and a rapid puncture
was made. The first drop of blood was wiped out and the subsequent placed on the
curved surface side of a glucometer which was already set.

RESULT:-

A value of 5.8mmol/dl was obtained

9
Blood sugar level outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A
persistent low level is referred to as hypoglycemia while high levels are referred to
hyperglycemia.

Reference range

Fasting = 2.5 – 5.5 mmol/dl

Random = 5.5 – 10.0mmol/dl

Plate 5: Glucometer Plate 5:- Glucometer

HAEMATOLOGY

Haematology is the study of the composition, formation, function and disease in the
blood. It is also referred to study of all cellular elements in to the blood both in health an
d in disease condition.

2.1.4 CLOTTING TIME

TITLE:- CLOTTING TIME TEST

AIMS:- To determine the time taken for an individual blood to clot.

INTRODUCTION

Blood clotting tests are used to diagnose and assess bleeding problems and to monitor
people who take warfarin or other anticoagulant medicines.
In order for blood to clot, the enzyme thrombin must be generated from the plasma
precursor pro thrombin. Thrombin then converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Generation of thrombin involves the sequential activation of a number of other plasma
clotting factor, this process is also being assisted by Ca++ and by factors released by
platelets and damaged tissues .

10
PRINCIPLE

Is based on formation of trait line after continues picking up of blood sample using a
needle or any form of applicator stick.

MATERIALS

1. Glass slide
2. Syringe Needle
3. Timer
4. Lancet
5. Alcohol swap
6. Hand gloves
7. Applicator stick
8. Cotton wool

PROCEDURE

1. Clean the tip of the finger with alcohol swap.

2. Prick the finger tip with lancet dip 3mm.
3. Start the stop watch and note when the first blood is place on the glass slide.
4. Use your applicator stick and pick up the blood on till trait line is formed or seen.
5. Observed the time taken after the formation of the trait.

Plate 6:- Clotting time

RESULT

Reference range

0 – 4 minute.

11
2.1.5 PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) TEST

AIM: - To estimate the relative mass of red blood cells present in blood sample

MATERIALS:-

1. Micro Haematocrit Machine

2. Capillary tube
3. Blood sample
4. Micro haematocrit reader
5. Sealer
6. Cotton wool

INTRODUCTION:-

PCV test is done to ascertain the well being of an individual and to know the
percentage of blood in the body. It is used to calculate the mean cell volume. these
red cells indices are used in the investigation of anemia.

PRINCIPLE:-

PCV is proportion of whole blood occupied by red blood cells exposed as a ratio.

PROCEDURE:-

1. A plain capillary tube was filled to about 2/3

2. Using dry cotton wool, the excess blood was wiped and dry end was sealed
using candle.
3. It was placed in microhaematocrit radial groove
4. The microhaematocrit was tightened and closed
5. It was centrifuged at 6,000rpm for 5 minutes
6. It was removed and read with micro haematocrit reader.

RESULT:-

PCV =38%

Reference range

For adult male = 42 - 52%

12
 For adult female= 37 - 47%

For children = 40 - 60%

Plate 8: Micro Haematocrate plate 9: Capillary Tube with result

SEROLOGY

Serology unit analyzes blood specimens for diseases of public health significance.
A serology blood test is performed to detect and measure the levels of anti bodies as a
result of exposure to a particular bacteria’s or virus.

2.1.6 RVS TEST:-

AIM: - To determine the HIV virus

MATERIALS:-
1. Blood sample
2. Test kit (determine, unigold)
3. Buffer
4. 5 micro liter pipette

INTRODUCTION:-
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of it is RNA genome into the DNA of a
host cell that it invades changing the genome of that cell.

PRINCIPLE:-

13
 This test is based on immune chromatography rapid screening to (HIV) type I and II for
diagnosis and multi test algorithm.

PROCEDURE:-
1. 5 micro liter pipette of the blood sample was placed into the sample well of each
of 3 test kits.
2. 2 drop of buffer (diluents) was added in to the sample well of each of the 3 test
kits
3. The result was observed after 10 minutes.
RESULT: -
1. When 2 lines appear (control and test line) indicates positive result.
2. When 1 lines appears (control line) indicate negative result.
3. When no lines appear indicates invalid result.

Plate12:- Unigold
Plate 11:Determinant

2.1.7. A,B,O BLOOD GROUPING

AIM:- To determine blood group of the individual

INTRODUCTION

A.B.O blood group systems are inherited difference in human blood and are transmitted
from one individual to another. A,B,O blood group antigens was first discover by
German scientist Karl Landsteiner (1900) whose took sample of blood from cyst of his
colleague separated the serum and prepared saline suspension of the red blood cell.

When each serum sample was missed with each red cell suspension he noted that visible
agglutination and homolysis of cell had occurred in some mixture and did not in others.

The A,B,O blood group system is the most important blood group system is the most
important blood group system in the blood transfusion and the organs transplantation.
The A,B,O blood group consist of four(4) blood group A,B,AB&O
14
PRINCIPLE

The ABO and Rhesus blood grouping system is based on agglutination reaction. When
red blood cell (erythrocyte) carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the
corresponding antibodies they interact with each other to form visible agglutination or
clumping.

MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE

1. Put on your hand gloves, clean the finger of the patient with an alcohol pad for

disinfection.

2. Prick the disinfected finger with lancet and wipe the first drop of blood with a
dry
3. three drops of blood on a clean tile
4. Cotton wool and then collect the next drop of blood on a clean tile.
5. Place Add corresponding antisera to each suspension on the tile
6. Using a stirrer, mix
7. Rock the mixture for 2-5 minutes to allow proper reaction.
8. Observe for presence or absence of agglutination

PLATE 17: Antisera

15
 RESULT AND OBSERVATION

Plate 18: Blood agglutination

Table 3: Results of Blood Grouping

ANTISERA A ANTISERA B ANTISERA D BLOOD

GROUP
+ _ + A Positive
+ _ _ A Negative
_ + + B Positive
+ + + AB Positive
+ + _ AB Negative
_ _ + O Positive
_ _ _ O Negative
This table represents the eight group of the ABO grouping system into which everybody
is Grouped kathl

2.1.8 WIDAL TEST

16
AIM:- To detect salmonella antibodies in patient blood serum the causative organism of
typhoid fever

MATERIALS:-

1. Febrile antigen kit

2. Applicant stick
3. Disposable stirrers
4. Pasteur pipette
5. A tile
6. Cotton wool
7. Hand gloves
8. Blood sample

INTRODUCTION:-

Widal is intended for the detection of typhoid antibody usually found after 2 weeks
of salmonella infection the level of antibody progressively to a maximum by 3 - 4
weeks if no specific antibiotic are taken.

PRINCIPLE:-

Widal is based on a reaction between specific of killed salmonella core (O) antigens
flagella (H) antigen. Paratypi Oa, Paratypi Ha, Paratypi Ob, Paratypi Hb, Paratypi
Oc, Paratypi Hc’ antigens and the antibody (agglutination) found in patient serum.

PROCEDURE:-

Whole blood was collected from the patient using a sterile syringe. Blood was placed
into an EDTA container and was centrifuged in order to separate platelet from
separation (plasma). A dropper pipette was used to dispense out the plasma into light
different spot on the tile. The salmonella antigen reagents were shaken well and a
drop of undiluted antigen suspension was added to each plasma aliquot made (i.e.)
Typhi O and H Paratypi Oa and Ha Paratypi Ob and Hb Paratypi Oc and Hc on each
serum spot respectively

An applicator stick was used to make smear the antigen and plasma properly the tile
rocked at least for 2 minutes and agglutination is the served.

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

17
 NON REACTIVE: - smooth suspension with visible agglutination, indicates absent
of salmonella species in the serum.

REACTIVE: - any degree of agglutination visible indicates the presence of

salmonella species.

When observed the significant of test are noted e.g. 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, the
significant titers is 1:80

Below are different salmonella species.

Table 2:- Contain the Different Salmonella Species Used For Screening Test

Salmonella Typhi O H
Salmonella Typhi Oa Ha
Salmonella Typhi Ob Hb
Salmonella Typhi Oc Hc

TITRE TITRE

Salmonella Typhi O 1:180 H 1:320

Salmonella Typhi Oa 1:20 Ha 1:120
Salmonella Typhi Ob 1:80 Hb 1:320
Salmonella Typhi Oc 1:160 Hc 1:140

Plate 15:- Widal result positive

2.2 THE RELEVANCE OF SUCH ACTIVITIES TO COURSE OF STUDY IN

THE DEPARTMENT.

18
This is where the study physiology and biochemistry is applied to practical activities, it
deals with detection and measurement of sample, analyst and biochemical constituent of
the body fluids and their excretion, blood glucose (sugar) and lipid (fats) are among the
commonly test performed in the laboratory phenol test can be used to assess the function
of major body organs such as the liver kidney and heart specialized assays are used to
measure the levels of various hormones in the blood and their derivatives structure level
of organization.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SPECIAL PROJECT CARRIED OUT DURING MY SIWES

19
3.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT:- MALARIA PARASITE (MP) TEST

AIM: - to determine the presence of plasmodium palcifrum species in the blood

MATERIALS:-

1. Malaria kit
2. Whole blood
3. Buffer (dilute)
4. Swap
5. Cotton wool
6. Applicator stick
7. 5ul Pipette

INTRODUCTION:-

Malaria is a disease caused by plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the site of

infected Mosquito’s.

The severity of malaria varies based on the species of plasmodium.

PRINCIPLE:-

The test is done to check the parasite plasmodium which cause malaria

PROCEDURE:-

1. Check the expiring date on the packet.

2. Clean the area to be lancet with and alcohol swap.
3. Prick the lateral side of the finger with the sterile lancet provided.
4. Take a disposable inverted cup (5µl) provided, dip the circular end of the
inverted cup in to the blood specimen.
5. Dispense SPL draw blood into round specimen well touching pad.
6. Dispense 4 drops of buffer vertically in to the square buffer well.
7. Observed the result after 15.

RESULT:-A Positive result was observed

20
 Plate 16:- MP cassette

CONCLUSION

- If only one colour line appear, at control line C as in the figure the specimen is
negative
- If two colour lines appear one at control line C and other at the Test line T as in
the figure, the specimen is reactive for antigens i.e the result is said to be positive
- The test is invalid when a line does not appear next to C i.e only appear in T or
does not appear in both C and T. the test should be repeated using a new cassette.

RECOMMENDATION

- Patient should go for medical diagnosis immediately experiencing any sign or

symptoms.
- Prevention and control can be done by long lasting insecticide net
- Spreading insecticide by cleaning grass around the environment by electrification
or biological way.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

21
4.1 CONCLUSION

The industrial training programmed (SIWES) is the programmed that or which

enhance students to be able to perform very good in practical theoretical aspect of
their various discipline.

The programmed has been help in developing students skills and also help
students to developed and determine area of study or specialization in academic
pursuit. This programmed as gives student they basic and practical approach in
solving problem and it enable them to the expose to much industrial work or
operations.

Finally, the training givers room for explore and also provides fertilization and
interaction of student with staff of the organization. Which widen student, scope
and intellectual experience.

4.2 SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION

Base on the SIWES Programme the most and much difficulties student encounter
during the Programme are accommodation and transportation which are
responsible for not achieving of the Programme properly.

Since the I.T.F has taken it on themselves to sponsor the SIWES programme, most
establishment find it difficult to render students allowance, even if the student
contribute positive towards to the growth of the establishment situation like this
may not encourage student to concentrate on the training programme.

Financially, I hopefully suggest that I.T.F should always made it known to every
respective establishment that, it is necessary for them to render allowance
(financial, assistance) to any student they found contributing to the growth of the
establishment.

REFERENCE

Caraway WT, Watt NB (2001). carbohydrates in ;foundamental in clinical chemistry.( 3rd

edition). philadephia WB saunders. 422-447.
22
Clinical guide laboratory test, 3rd edition (1995)
Cowan, S.T and steel K.J. (1965) manual for the identification of medical bacteria,
Cambridge university press.
Cruikshank, R (1982) medical microbiology, 12th Edition, Pp 403.
Crump, J.A, Mintz, E.D. (2010). Global Trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
Clinical infectious diseases, 50(2): 241-6.
Henry R.J clinic principle and techniques, Harper and new 1963. P 268
Monica chessebrough part 1.
Mukherjee G Medicaal laboratory technology maVol. III pa843.
New England journed og Medicine 340.
Ochei J., Kolhatkar A. (2003). medical laboratory science (theory and practical). tata
McGraw Hill publishing company 16-26, 73-83, 90, 118-188.

Trinder P. clinic biochemistry 3rd Ed. C.a Burtis, E.R Ashwood. W.B sender (1999) page
124-1245
Wheatherburn, M.W, Anal. Chem., 1967: 39 971

23