Lecture-Assumptions and Nature of Art - GED 108-A15-Merged

GERALDINE LOPEZ CANLAS
GED 108-A15
Unit 1. Introduction to Art Appreciation
Why are the Humanities important?
According to the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities:
"The Humanities enrich and ennoble us, and their pursuit

would be worthwhile even if they were not socially useful.
But in fact, the humanities are socially useful. They fulfill
vitally important needs for critical and imaginative thinking
about the issues that confront us as citizens and as human
beings; reasoned and open-minded discussion of the basic
values that are at stake in the various policies and practices
that are proposed to address these issues; understanding
and appreciating the experiences of others, and the ways in
which the issues that confront us now have been
understood in other times, places, and cultures.”
Why are the Humanities important?
"The Humanities concern themselves with the

complete record of human experience-exploring,
assessing, interpreting, and refining it, while at the
same time adding to it. We need the humanities.
Without them we cannot possibly govern ourselves
wisely or well” (Massachusetts Foundation for the
Humanities).
Unit 1. Understanding Art
What is Art?
The word “art” is derived from the Latin ars,

which originally meant “skill” or “craft.” These
meanings are still primary in other English words
derived from ars, such as “artifact” (a thing
made by human skill) and “artisan” (a person
skilled at making things). Thus, art means
“making” or “creating something”.
“Whatever the reasons for creating, art enriches

our lives, stimulates our senses, or simply makes
us think. Artists have come to be revered for their
gift of profound insight into the human
condition” (Pipes, 2003).
What is Art?
Moreover, art has the power to bring

meaning and purpose to humanity by
serving as a mirror to culture. Art provides
value in its reflective and process-driven
capacities, making it important because it
emphasizes process and experience.
However, the value of art is not always
something quantifiable.
KEY POINTS
Art is inextricably linked to

human life. It is an integral
part of human existence. As
long as there is life, there is
art.
Why Arts matter?
Through art, one’s creative thought

process and critical thinking are merged
into one powerful light that guides every
human interaction. With proper alignment
of purpose and action, anyone can learn
to be in charge of themselves and keep
the human race intact for centuries to
come.
Why Arts matter?
Thus, art is an inextricable part of our

lives that offers connection, insight,
and expression. To put it plainly, art
allows people to think more
profoundly, strive more passionately,
and feel joy more freely.
Why Arts matter?
As Dr. Jose Dalisay, Jr. stressed on the vital role that the
arts could play in invigorating the country’s economy,
“That journal, that play, that exhibit, that concert,

or that workshop is always more than a line-item
expense. Supporting and patronizing these artistic
endeavors is the price we pay to understand
ourselves in all our complex, and wondrously
unquantifiable, humanity—and also, in ways you
may never expect, to create new knowledge and
new wealth in many forms.”
Why getting creative is so important?
It is said that art constitutes one of the oldest and most

important means of expression ever invented by man. As a
human expression, art involves imagination and creativity. As
Thorne (2007) emphasized,
“Without creativity, there would be no real

innovation; we need people who are pure idea
generators and we need others who can modify
those ideas. We need people, instead of asking
‘Why?’, ‘Who ask’, ‘Why not?’ or ‘What if?’ We
need people who are capable of thinking “crazy”,
out-of-the-box thoughts: We need people who
shake us out of complacency.”
➢ To create and to innovate are

inherent in human nature.
➢ To be creative is not magic.
➢ Creativity and innovation always

bring energy and excitement.
Let’s Reflect.
How can we nurture creativity in education?
Learning from the experts
Robinson (2006 ) argues that it's because

we've been educated to become good
workers, rather than creative thinkers.
Students with restless minds and bodies --
far from being cultivated for their energy and
curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized,
with terrible consequences.
"We are educating people out of their
creativity," Robinson says.
According to Greene (2012), the duty of

education is to help students nurture
their personal talents for the purpose of
contributing to society in making a
better, more democratic world.
Dr. Elliot Eisner (2009) emphasized that

“what we need is not for the arts to look
like the academics but for the academics
to look more like the arts.”
According to school technology consultant Doug Johnson

(2012), creativity can be demonstrated in a number of ways:
▪ As writers, presenters, and storytellers

▪ As numeric problem-solvers
▪ As graphic artists through drawing, painting, sculpting,
photography, and designing
▪ As athletes and dancers kinesthetically
▪ As musicians creating new works, performing, and
conducting
Let’s Reflect.
How does being creative shape us as individual
as communities, and as nations?
Unit 2. Assumptions and Nature of Art
Key Points
1. Art is Universal
Art is limitless. It does not have any borders. It transcends cultures, races, and
civilizations. It goes beyond societal concepts such as ethnicity, tradition, and
religion. It can practically reach every corner of the planet and even the known
universe. The guiding concept behind this capacity is man’s existence; as long
as humans are there to create it, appreciate it and respect it, art remains
existent as well.
Considering its universality, art has become a unique cultural element that
serves as a vehicle to keep humans in touch with one another. It serves as a
means toward understanding the history, culture, and values of other people.
Man has utilized art as a means of communication, which transcends time and
space. This showcases its timelessness and far-reaching functions which are
particularly integral in the development of human culture.
Key Points
1.1.Art is a Form of Communication
Art as a medium for communication has helped

strengthen the very essence of being a human being –
being able to interact with one another.
There are millions of reasons why man needs to share his

or her thoughts to others. For centuries, art has become
man’s tool to express his thoughts and feelings. Whether it
is for one specific person or to every citizen of nation, the
message delivered has always been enveloped with an
emotion that can radiate from an artwork itself.
Key Points
1.2 Art is Timeless
As the term implies, timelessness is the capacity to go
beyond time itself. It transcends any timeline and seems to
ignore the logic behind chronology and history. The truth of
the matter is that as long as man exists, Art remains existent
as well even going beyond the artist’s lifetime.
Olden pieces of Art such as music, paintings, sculptures and
monuments have lived and served their purpose over the
years of their existence. Some of these pieces, if not most,
have even existed longer than their creator. Considering
this, their purpose and message are still recognizable even
centuries after they have been unveiled for the human race
to experience.
Key Points
1.3 Art addresses Human Needs
Man has a seemingly unending list of needs in order to live his
life. From the bare essentials to the personally critical, man’s
needs are unyielding yet ever-changing. Then again, in spite of
the constant evolution of these requirements, the essence and
benefits that comes along with it have remained unchanged
throughout man’s existence.
Art has helped man pave the way for his own self-actualization.
Whether directly or indirectly, the fulfillment man feels
throughout the course of his life may be embodied by art in its
most intimate presentation. The power of arts cannot be
denied as every art piece has always created a personalized
sensation that can eventually bring out actualizing experiences
in every man.
Key Points
2. Art is not nature

Art is man-made. This is the guiding thought behind
the idea that art is not nature. Art is a human activity. It
is created by man. Then again, most, if not all, artwork
is just an imitation of the reality of nature. They serve
as the representation of the vast collection of
knowledge man has gathered throughout his
existence.
Key Points
3. Art involves experience
Art is a representation of man’s understanding of life, nature and the
world itself. For man to appreciate what is happening in his
environment, man needs to immerse himself into the reality he has
created for himself. Every experience he goes through and how the
universe responds to his reaction to these experiences create an
ultimate scenario that can bring man into a trance that leads him in
the creation of Art.
In addition, Art provides a whole new way of looking at things. Aside
from the fact that art itself is the ultimate expression of man, it also
serves as source of inspiration that can bring about change to an
individual. In the same way, that spark of inspiration can push a man to
cause others to vibrate in their own respective universe, which then
creates a chain reaction of vibrations throughout the universe.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
As the expression of human creativity, art can

take almost countless forms such as painting,
sculpture, architecture, music, dance, literature,
photography, animation, digital, graffiti,
animation and video.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Painting
Painting is the art of creating meaningful
effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Sculpture
Sculpture refers to the design and
construction of three-dimensional
forms representing natural objects or
imaginary shapes.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Architecture
Architecture is the art of designing and
constructing buildings and other types of
structures.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Music
Music is the art of combining and regulating
sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions
expressing various ideas and emotions.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Dance
Dance is the most direct of the arts
because it makes use of the human
body as its medium.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Theater
A drama, or play is a story re-created by
actors on a stage in front of an audience.
A group of people act out the plot to get

across to the audience the idea the author is
trying to express.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Motion Picture
is a popular addition to the
various forms of the theater.
Unit 3. Art Forms
Key Points
Literature
Literature is the art of combining spoken or
written words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional appeal.
Media and Techniques
PROF. GERALDINE LOPEZ CANLAS
CONNECTIONS
Pop artist Andy Warhol asked,

“How can you say one style [of
art] is better than another?”
Do you think he had a point?
Warhol’s Four Marilyns (Fig. 1)

Medium versus Technique
Mediums/Media – are the materials and tools that

artists use to create a work of art
Techniques – are methods- the specific ways in which

mediums are handled, controlled, and applied
These also imply skill or facility with tools of the trade
that enable an artist to achieve a desired effect
Watch TED Ed video, Why is Vermeer’s “Girl with the Pearl Earring” considered a masterpiece?
After watching the video, answer the following questions
1. Discuss the techniques used by the artist as described

in the video.
2. What can you say about the techniques used by the artist?
Activity on Media and Techniques
Art Form Media Techniques
Two-Dimensional
Drawing
Painting
Photography
Three-Dimensional
Sculpture
Architecture
Crafts
Site-specific Media
Four-Dimensional
Time-Based Media
Visual Elements
Prof. Geraldine L. Canlas

The elements of art are the
visual components which are
required to create a work of art.
Knowing the basics of the

elements of visual art can help any
artist to create a well-balanced and
beautiful designs.
To develop a more thorough

understanding of artistic
composition, one must learn how
to examine and utilize the various
art elements.
The visual elements of art consist of:
1. LINES
2. COLORS
3. TEXTURE
4. PERSPECTIVE
5. SPACE
6. FORM
7. VOLUME
LINE
• is an important element at the disposal of
every artist.
• always has direction, always moving.
• as used in any work of art, may either be
straight or curved.
• Lines are the first element of art and are
continuous marks that are made on any surface
with a moving point.
• Lines can be used in various ways to create

different compositions.
• A line can be used to express various things or

feelings; it can be used to show various moods
or anything abstract.
Line serves as an essential building
block of art, but it can also serve as the
content itself of a work of art, or be
manipulated to evoke an emotional or
intellectual response from a viewer
(Fichner-Rathus, 2008) .
What do these lines suggest?
VERTICAL LINES
HORIZONTAL LINES
DIAGONAL LINES
CURVED LINES
Only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling
VERTICAL LINES
Only horizontal lines can give a feeling of
peacefulness and stillness.
BORACAY
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SIARGAO
Diagonal lines are used to
create feelings of
movement or action.
SIARGAO: The Surfing Capital of

the Philippines
Curved lines, sometimes
referred as S curves, suggest
gracefulness or sexiness.
If you want to photograph S curves, the
human body makes for a wonderful subject.
From the arch of a foot to the curve of a neck,

you can find many ways to capture curved
leading lines by photographing the human form.
It is up to the artist how he conveys
his message, in the best way possible
through the use of lines.
There are various ways to
integrate lines into a photograph to
help strengthen the overall
composition and draw attention to a
specific focal point.
ACTIVITY: LEADING LINES IN
PHOTOGRAPHY
When using vertical lines within a photo, it’s a good idea to follow the rule of thirds,
failure to do so can result in a photo looking as though it’s been cut in half. It is also
important to try to keep the vertical line as straight as possible. Vertical leading lines
can help to illustrate growth, authority, strength, or dominance. Some examples of
vertical leading lines in photography include photographs of trees or tall buildings.
When composing your photo to include horizontal leading lines, make sure
they’re as straight as possible and consider following the rule of thirds. This
photo, for example, places the land and horizon along the bottom third of the
image, while the sky fills the top two-thirds of the shot. Further, the photo was
composed so the bride and groom are along the left-third of the image.
This photo uses both horizontal and vertical lines. Although the bulrushes are the
obvious use of vertical lines, the horizontal line of the horizon is more subtle. Note,
too, that the photo has been composed so the landscape follows the rule of thirds.
Curved lines, sometimes referred as S curves, can help lead the eye through
a photo and can suggest gracefulness, sexiness, or sensuality. Despite the
name, S curves don’t need to be shaped exactly like an “s.” Any strong
leading line that winds or curves can be considered an S curve. Some curved
leading lines often used in photography include paths and rivers.
When including diagonal leading lines within a photo, it’s best if you can position
them so that they start and finish just above or below the corner of a photo, like
the railroad tracks shown here. This will prevent the image from looking like it has
been split in half. Because our eyes naturally scan photos from left to right,
composing an image to include diagonal leading lines that flow from the bottom
left to the top right of a photo is also a great way to compose a shot.
The body of this acoustic guitar is a great example of S curves.
Note the use of other leading lines in this photo too – the diagonal
lines of the guitar strings, and the horizontal lines of the sheet of
music in the background.
To summarize, including leading lines
within a photograph is a composition
technique that can strongly influence the
overall result of an image.
Leading lines can direct a person’s eye to a

main focal point or, if used incorrectly, can
draw the eye away from the subject or
appear to cut a photo in half.
The Art Element of Color
Color refers to
the visual
perception of
light being
reflected from
a surface of an
artwork.
In the most basic classification, colors can
be divided into three groups: primary,
secondary and tertiary.
TEXTURE
 is the element that deals more
directly with the sense of touch.
 applies to how an object feels or

appears to feel.
 can be either implied or actual.

• Implied texture expresses the idea of how a
surface might feel. For example, a painting of
a blanket might convey the idea that the
blanket is soft.
• Actual texture, on the other hand, is texture

that can actually be felt. For example, a
ceramic bowl might feature a carved texture
that could be felt when holding that bowl.
WOOD TEXTURE
PERSPECTIVE
The Art Element of Space
Space refers to how the artist fills the

surface on which a work of art is created. It can
also refer to the expression of depth within a
work of art.
When talking about a three-dimensional

object, space is the actual volume that is taken
up by the artwork.
Shape, Form, and Volume are words that are
used to describe distinct areas or parts of
works of art or architecture.
The Art Element of Form
Form refers to a three-dimensional object.
As such, form is an art term that is only applied
to those artworks that are three-dimensional,
such as sculpture and pottery.
Forms, much like shapes, can be geometric
or organic. Geometric forms have hard lines and
edges. Organic forms are curvy and more free-
form.
KENNETH COBONPUE’S
DESIGNS
Kenneth Cobonpue 's Knottee

hanging lamp at Hive
Croissant sofa Croissant
Amaya CoffeeTable
Yin Yang Chair
References:
Fichner-Rathus, L. (2008). Foundations of Art and Design. U.S.A:
Thomson Wadsworth.
http://blog.posterjack.ca/2014/01/21/photo-gallery-leading-lines-in-
photography/
Did you know that Facebook
is blue because Mark
Zuckerberg is red-green
colorblind? He sees blues
the best.
Understanding the Meaning of Colors
Color is an essential tool because it has an

impact on how we think and behave. Color
directs our eye where to look, what to do, and
how to interpret something. It puts content into
context. It helps us decide what’s important
and what’s not (Neidlinger, 2016).
Say the COLORS, not the words as fast as you can
redgreenbluegreen
yellowredgreenblue
redblueyellowgreen
blueredyellowblue
greenredgreenred
greengreenredgreen
Your right brain tries to say the color but
your left brain insists on reading the word.
PRE-ACTIVITY
What color is the most attention-getting?
A. Black
B. Yellow
C. Orange
D. Blue ck
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Which of the following is the safest
global color?
A. Red
B. Blue
C. Black
D. Green 0% 0% 0% 0%
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Which color sends the message of
“fight or flight”?
A. Red
B. Blue
C. Yellow
D. Orange 0% 0% 0% 0%
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Which of the following is the first
color infants respond to?
A. Green
B. Blue
C. Yellow
D. White 0% 0%
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What is the color of royalty?
A. White
B. Black
C. Green
D. Purple
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What is the least appetizing color?
A. Black
B. Yellow
C. Green
D. Blue
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Villains usually wear what
powerful color?
A. Black
B. Red
C. Blue
D. Orange 0% 0% 0% 0%
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People lose their tempers most
often in rooms of what color?
A. Pink
B. Yellow
C. Black
D. Orange 0% 0% 0% 0%
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Hospital rooms are often painted
in what relaxing color?
A. Pink
B. White
C. Green
D. Blue 0% 0% 0% 0%
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color affects
the way we
think, feel, and
act
Red is a very powerful, dynamic color that reflects
our physical needs whether to show affection and
love, or to portray terror, fear, and survival. Red is also
a very energizing color that can portray friendliness
and strength, but can also be demanding and show
aggression depending on its context.
Red is commonly seen: Stop lights, Valentine’s Day, and horror films.
Overall, if you’re looking to have a really powerful
presence or get someone’s attention fast, red is your
go-to color. Just remember to use it sparingly to avoid
the extreme negative reactions it can so easily awaken.
Orange has a very interesting psychological
meaning as it combines red’s power and energy with
yellow’s friendliness and fun. The mix makes
orange a good representation of physical comfort in
our warmth, food, and shelter.
Orange is also known to be a color of
motivation, lends a positive attitude, and general
enthusiasm for life. Overall, orange is great for
bringing comfort in tough times, and creating a
sense of fun or freedom in your visuals.
Orange is commonly seen: Fruits, sporting events, and board games.

Yellow is the epitome of joy, happiness, cheerfulness,
optimism—you name it. Anything happy is almost always
yellow. The wavelength of yellow is particularly long, making
it have one of the most powerful psychological meanings,
while also being the easiest color to visibly see. (Did you
know that yellow is the first color infants respond to?)
Yellow is commonly seen: Traffic crossings and signs, smiley faces, and
window-front displays.
Whenever you need to lift someone’s spirits,
increase their confidence, or provide inspiration, use
yellow. However, avoid using yellow too much
because it’s also known to make us more critical
causing self esteem issues, fear, or anxiety. Find
the right balance of yellow to motivate rather than
bring others down.
Green is a color of balance and harmony. It lends us a
clearer sense of right from wrong since green incorporates a
balance of both the logical and emotional. Green is one of
the most-seen colors in nature reflecting life, rest, and
peace. It is also a sign of growth, whether that’s in a physical
object like plants or in our income and wealth.
Overall, if you’re looking to portray health, rest, and to
relieve stress, green is your color. While green does have
minor negative aspects like over-possession and
materialism, it has a more positive affect than most other
colors.
Green is commonly seen: Nature, economic

exchange, health-based stores, and restaurants
Blue is known for its trust and dependability. It’s reliable,
responsible, and mentally soothing. For that reason alone, it’s one
of the most-liked colors across the entire world.
Unlike red, blue lends a more mental reaction rather than

physical that allows us to destress, calm down, and think of the
most ideal situation. Unfortunately, it also is one of the last colors
to be seen, and can be perceived as distant, cold, or unfriendly if
used it great amounts.
Overall, blue is a well-liked color that can bring
a sense of calmness and trust when building
relationships, especially in marketing.
Blue is commonly seen: Workout facilities, hospitals, and spas.

Purple is most commonly known for its
imagination and spirituality. It possesses the
energy and power of red, with the stability and
reliability of blue, making it a perfect balance
between the physical and spiritual. Purple is often
used to show luxury, loyalty, courage, mystery,
and magic.
It’s a very intriguing color as it soothes, but also
presents space for mystery and new ideas. This is
why creativity is most often associated with the color
purple. When using purple, avoid using it too often as
it can also cause too much introspection or
distraction as thoughts begin to wonder.
Purple is commonly seen: Magic shows, fairy tales, and luxury products.
Pink is a softer, less intense version of red that
creates a sense of compassion and unconditional
love. While it’s a very physical color, it soothes
rather than stimulates, making it a perfect color for
caring, understanding, and nurturing those in need.
Pink is a sign of hope. It is also known to be
very romantic as it shows empathy and sensitivity. If
too much pink is used, it can be very draining, show
a lack of power, and even immature. Overall, pink
can be a great counter-option to the color red when
used appropriately.
Pink is commonly seen: Cancer patients, little kid objects, and

bathroom products.
Brown, while maybe not the most visual stimulating color,
is a great sign of structure, security, and protection. Whether it’s
family, friends, and material possessions, brown offers constant
support.
It’s also a very serious, down to earth color you can use
where black might be too intense. The downfall to brown is that
it’s the most safe color and can seem reserved, scheduled, and
boring. Overall, use it when necessary, but don’t depend on it
too heavily.
Brown is commonly seen: Campgrounds, home furnishings, and coffee shops.

Black is the color of the hidden,
the secretive and the unknown,
creating an air of mystery. It keeps
things bottled up inside, hidden
from the world.
White is color at its most complete
and pure, the color of perfection.
The color meaning of white is
purity, innocence, wholeness and
completion.
According to the Institute for Color Research,
people make a judgment about your content in 90
seconds or less. And, up to 90% of that judgment
in that brief amount of time is influenced by the
colors they see.
Blogger Neil Patel gives further proof of how
colors affect your conversion rate, revealing that
85% of consumers base buying decisions on color,
and that full-color ads in magazines get
recognized 26% more often than plain old black
and white ads.
In fact, color helps people
recognize your brand by up to 80%.
It’s important to choose your

color carefully, and stick with it.
Infographic: Using color psychology when designing logos
Prof. Geraldine L. Canlas
Principles of Design refer to the visual
strategies used by artists, in conjunction
with the elements of arts – for expressive
purposes (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).
They include:
Harmony Unity
Balance Simplicity
Rhythm Clarity
Emphasis Contrast
Proportion Variety
draw and hold the viewer’s eye on certain parts of a work
How we apply the principles of design
determines how successful we are in
creating a work of art.
PRE-ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the principle of design

that is best applied in each of the given
visuals.
Visual 1
Which principle of design is shown in Visual 1?
A. Harmony 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Balance
C. Rhythm
D. Emphasis
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A. Harmony 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Balance
C. Rhythm
D. Emphasis
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Visual 2
A. Balance 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Rhythm
C. Proportion
D. Emphasis
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A. Balance 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Rhythm
C. Proportion
D. Emphasis
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Visual 3
Which of the principles of design is shown in
Visual 3? 25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Balance
B. Contrast
C. Emphasis
D. Variety
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Visual 4
A. Rhythm 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Harmony
C. Unity
D. Variety
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A. Rhythm 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Harmony
C. Unity
D. Variety
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Visual 5
A. Harmony 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Rhythm
C. Proportion
D. Balance
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A. Harmony 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Rhythm
C. Proportion
D. Balance
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Visual 6
A. Emphasis 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Balance
C. Simplicity
D. Contrast
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A. Emphasis 25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Balance
C. Simplicity
D. Contrast
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HARMONY
Harmony in visual
design means all
parts of the visual
image relate to and
complement each
other.
Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of
combining similar or related elements.
RHYTHM
 is organized movement, a beat, a repetition.
 is created by repetition, and repetitive patterns

convey a sense of movement.
 in the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by

grouping elements such as color, line and shape.
Rhythmical patterns help the eye
to move easily from one part of
the room to another or from one
part of a design to another.
Wind wrinkles sand dunes in Death Valley, California.
Photograph by Michael Nichols
Low tide reveals a rippled tidal flat in Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Photograph by Darlyne A. Murawski
Strange creatures slithering up from the Empty Quarter desert floor in the
Arabian Peninsula are really a network of barchan dunes—sculpted by
winds that over time strike the sand from a consistent direction.
Photograph by George Steinmetz
Regular Repetition
A means of creating
rhythm in which elements
of a composition are
duplicated at orderly or
fixed intervals.
The easiest and most
precise way to create
rhythm.
Regular repetition was
a core property of
Minimalist artists, of Dan Flavin. Untitled (to Jan and Ron Greenberg),
installation view at the Dan Flavin Art Institute,
which Flavin was one. Bridgehampton, NY. (1972–73) Fluorescent light (96”x96”).
Regular Repetition
Donald Judd’s sculpture in particular was based on Minimalism. An abstract art
the repetition of simple geometric shapes mounted movement begun in the 1960s that
emphasizes the use of pure
on walls or set on the floor in a steady, evenly and simple shapes and materials.
spaced pattern.
Alternating
Rhythm
a type of rhythm
in which different
elements in a work
repeat themselves
in predictable
order.
Progressive
Rhythm
Minor variations in
rhythm can add interest
to a composition.
Such variations are

seen in progressive
rhythm, in which the
rhythm of elements of
a work of art such as
shape, texture, or color
change slightly as they
move, or progress
toward a defined point
in the composition.
Balance
Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and
relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation
of opposing forces in a composition that results in visual
stability.
Most successful compositions achieve balance in one

of two ways: symmetrically or asymmetrically.
In architectural works like the United States Capitol – the house in
which the laws of the land are created – repetition and symmetry can
imply rationality and decorum, tying the structure of the building to a
certain symbolic ideal.
Leonardo da Vinci. Study of
Human Proportion: The
Vitruvian Man (1492) Pen and
Ink drawing (13 ½” x 9 ¾”).
Types of Balance
Symmetrical Balance Asymmetrical Balance
 the type of balance in which  the type of balance in which
the elements of a work are there are more than slight
balanced by similarity of form differences between the
or arrangement on either side divided areas of a work, yet
of a dividing line or plane, or there is an overall sense of
to correspondence of parts, as balance.
in size, shape, or position.
Symmetrical balance can be
described as having equal "weight" on
equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It
may also be referred to as formal balance.
When the elements are arranged

equally on either side of a central axis, the
result is Bilateral symmetry. This axis may
be horizontal or vertical. It is also possible
to build formal balance by arranging
elements equally around a central point,
resulting in radial symmetry.
Balance in a three dimensional object is easy
to understand; if balance isn't achieved, the
object tips over.
To understand balance in a two dimensional

composition, we must use our imaginations to
carry this three dimensional analogy forward
to the flat surface.
“All emphasis is no emphasis.”
50% 50%
A. True
B. False
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“All emphasis is no emphasis.”
50% 50%
A. True
B. False
lse
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Example of Emphasis
Get the Glass
Emphasis by Directional Lines
Directional lines. Lines that

lead the eye to a focal point.
Oskar Schlemmer Bauhaus Stairway (1932)

Oil on canvas (63 7/8” x 45”)
Emphasis by Isolation
Here a group of performers is
found standing silently within a
barren landscape. Even though
there are many of them and
they are dressed in their
costumes, they are less likely to
draw the viewer’s eye than the
delicately rendered woman in
“street clothes,” who is seated
apart in the lower right and
looks beyond the edge of the
canvas.
Picasso’s emphasis on the

woman’s aloneness draws us
to her along the edge of the
canvas.
Pablo Picasso. Family of Saltimbanques (1905) Oil on canvas

(83 3/4” x 90 3/8”).
Unity is a powerful concept.
In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests that

the parts of a composition are there by
happenstance; rather, they fit together to
form a meaningful whole.
Unity is powerful, but, as the British writer
Aphra Behn said, “Variety is the soul of pleasure.”
Without variety, life would comprise a bland
sameness, a cookie-cutter existence from which we
all shrink. Variety in art, as in life, is seductive. It
demands our attention, turns the predictable on
edge.
PROPORTION
Proportion refers to the
relative size and scale of
the various elements in a
design. The issue is the
relationship between
objects, or parts, of a
whole. This means that
it is necessary to discuss
proportion in terms of
the context or standard
used to determine
proportions.
CONTRAST
FINAL ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the principle of design

that is best applied in each of the given
visuals.
Visual No. 1
Which principle of design is shown in visual 1?
A. Emphasis by 33% 33% 33%
Directional Lines
B. Emphasis by
Isolation
C. Emphasis by
weight
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A. Emphasis by 33% 33% 33%
Directional Lines
B. Emphasis by
Isolation
C. Emphasis by
weight
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tio
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Visual No. 2
25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Balance
B. Emphasis
C. Proportion
D. Rhythm
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25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Balance
B. Emphasis
C. Proportion
D. Rhythm
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Visual No. 3
25% 25% 25% 25%

A. Contrast
B. Harmony
C. Balance
D. Emphasis
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25% 25% 25% 25%

A. Contrast
B. Harmony
C. Balance
D. Emphasis
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Visual No. 4
25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Harmony
B. Simplicity
C. Balance
D. Emphasis
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25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Harmony
B. Simplicity
C. Balance
D. Emphasis
is
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Visual No. 5
25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Balance
B. Rhythm
C. Contrast
D. Emphasis
hm
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25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Balance
B. Rhythm
C. Contrast
D. Emphasis
hm
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Visual No. 6
25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Variety
B. Balance
C. Rhythm
D. Proportion
hm
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25% 25% 25% 25%
A. Variety
B. Balance
C. Rhythm
D. Proportion
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Reference:
Fichner-Rathus, L. (2008). Foundations of art and design.

USA: Thomson Learning, Inc.

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GERALDINE LOPEZ CANLAS

According to the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities:

"The Humanities enrich and ennoble us, and their pursuit

"The Humanities concern themselves with the

The word “art” is derived from the Latin ars,

“Whatever the reasons for creating, art enriches

Moreover, art has the power to bring

Art is inextricably linked to

Through art, one’s creative thought

Thus, art is an inextricable part of our

“That journal, that play, that exhibit, that concert,

It is said that art constitutes one of the oldest and most

“Without creativity, there would be no real

➢ To create and to innovate are

➢ Creativity and innovation always

Robinson (2006 ) argues that it's because

According to Greene (2012), the duty of

Dr. Elliot Eisner (2009) emphasized that

According to school technology consultant Doug Johnson

▪ As writers, presenters, and storytellers

1.1.Art is a Form of Communication

Art as a medium for communication has helped

There are millions of reasons why man needs to share his

2. Art is not nature

As the expression of human creativity, art can

A group of people act out the plot to get

Pop artist Andy Warhol asked,

Do you think he had a point?

Warhol’s Four Marilyns (Fig. 1)

Mediums/Media – are the materials and tools that

Techniques – are methods- the specific ways in which

1. Discuss the techniques used by the artist as described

Prof. Geraldine L. Canlas

Knowing the basics of the

To develop a more thorough

• Lines can be used in various ways to create

• A line can be used to express various things or

SIARGAO: The Surfing Capital of

From the arch of a foot to the curve of a neck,

Leading lines can direct a person’s eye to a

 applies to how an object feels or

 can be either implied or actual.

• Actual texture, on the other hand, is texture

Space refers to how the artist fills the

When talking about a three-dimensional

Kenneth Cobonpue 's Knottee

Color is an essential tool because it has an

Orange is commonly seen: Fruits, sporting events, and board games.

Green is commonly seen: Nature, economic

Unlike red, blue lends a more mental reaction rather than

Blue is commonly seen: Workout facilities, hospitals, and spas.

Pink is commonly seen: Cancer patients, little kid objects, and

Brown is commonly seen: Campgrounds, home furnishings, and coffee shops.

It’s important to choose your

Directions: Identify the principle of design

 is organized movement, a beat, a repetition.

 is created by repetition, and repetitive patterns

 in the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by

Such variations are