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1 - Sensitized Material

Sensitized material refers to photographic film and paper coated with light-sensitive emulsion containing silver halides suspended in gelatin. The emulsion layer captures light during exposure and is what makes the material sensitive. Film consists of emulsion coated on a transparent plastic base, while paper uses an opaque material like paper as a base.

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10K views30 pages

1 - Sensitized Material

Sensitized material refers to photographic film and paper coated with light-sensitive emulsion containing silver halides suspended in gelatin. The emulsion layer captures light during exposure and is what makes the material sensitive. Film consists of emulsion coated on a transparent plastic base, while paper uses an opaque material like paper as a base.

Uploaded by

marvin fajardo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SENSITIZED MATERIAL

◼ It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically


composed of emulsion containing Silver Halides
suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or
reflective support.
Ans: D
It is the part of the film or photographic paper which contains
the silver grains which is the one sensitive to light?
A. Silver halides

B. Sensitized material

C. Film

D. Emulsion
Photographic Film
◼ Negative paper; cavity
◼ These are surfaces sensitive to light.
◼ It contain minute grains of silver halide suspended on
animal gelatin and coated with celluloid materials.
◼ This is the material necessary to produce a photograph
(positive print). It has emulsion that is coated with opaque
material like paper.
Parts of a Film
◼ Emulsion
This consists of crystals of light-sensitive compounds
(silver nitrate) evenly distributed throughout the plastic base
material.
Silver halide emulsions are universally sensitive to the
ultraviolet radiations and some wavelength of blue light.
Gelatin is used as the medium that holds the crystals
in emulsion.
Parts of a Film
◼ Gray or Anti halation Backing
This is the one designed to hold back the light and
prevents halation. This layer is placed between the emulsion
and the plastic base of a film to prevent whatever light that
passes through the emulsion and reflected by the base back
to the emulsion which forms a halo.
Parts of a Film
◼ Base
They serve as a support to the emulsion which are
made of plastic material.
Types of Film
A. According to Use
1. Black and White Film = usually represented by a prefix or
a suffix “Pan” or “Ortho” and generally used in black and
white photography. Examples are Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan
and Pan X-plus.
2. Colored Film = can be divided into two: the Negative type
and the reversal type of colored film.
Types of Film
B. According to Spectral Sensitivity
◼ Spectral sensitivity = is the responsiveness of the film
emulsion to the different wavelength of the light course.
Classification of Films According to
Spectral Sensitivity

1. MONOCHROMATIC FILM – This is the film that is sensitive


to a single color of light (for white and black)
◼ BLUE SENSITIVE FILM. A film specially treated that make
more sensitive to blue rays of light.
◼ ULTRA VIOLET SENSITIVE FILM. This is suitable for ultra-
violet photography.
2. PANCHROMATIC FILM. This is sensitive to ultra-violet rays
and all colors especially to blue and violet.

3. ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM. Film sensitive to all colors except


red. Popular in the marker as KODALITH FILM.
4. INFRARED FILMS. A special type of film which is sensitive
to infrared and ultra-violet radiation.

5. X-RAY FILM. A film, which is sensitive to x-ray region of the


electromagnetic spectrum.
Film Speed
✓ Emulsion Speed
✓ This is the sensitivity of the film to light or the extent to
which the emulsion is sensitive to light. Light sensitivity of
the film is also known as the FILM SPEED.
Indications for emulsion speed
◼ ASA rating – American Standard Association (expressed in
arithmetical value). The speed in numbers is directly
proportional to the sensitivity of the material. A film with
an arithmetical value of 400 is four times as fast as one
with a speed of 100.
◼ DIN rating – Deutsche Industrie Normen (expressed in
logarithmic value) An increase of 3 degree doubles the
sensitivity of the film.
◼ ISO rating – International Standard Organization
(expressed in arithmetical and logarithmic value) The
higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the film to light
and the pictures can be taken indoors or in dim light
condition.
◼ JSI – Japanese Institute of Standards
◼ BSI- British Standard International.
◼ ISO – 25 – slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best
color and sharpness.
◼ ISO – 100 to ISO – 200 – for general purpose
◼ ISO – 100 – slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low shutter
speed; has fine grains of silver halides; produce sharp image.
◼ ISO – 200 – twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO – 100; has large
grains; produce large sharp image.
◼ ISO – 400 – for dim light or with moving subject
◼ ISO – 1000 and up – for extremely low light conditions or for fast
moving objects
Color Films
Basically, the structure of color film is almost the same
as black and white film except that the emulsion layer
consists of three layers, stacked one on top of the other. This
is a multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or base.
◼ Top layer - is sensitive to blue light only; green and red
light passes through it without exposing the color blind
handles.
◼ Yellow Filter – known as Carey Lea silver, suspended in
gelatin is coated between the top and second layer to
absorb any penetrating blue light but freely passes green
and red light.
◼ Middle layer -is orthochromatic which is sensitive to blue
and green, but not to red. So the red light passes on to the
top bottom emulsion layer.
◼ Bottom layer - is panchromatic, sensitive to blue and red.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
It is that sensitized material that will record the visible
image in the final development and become the photograph.
Positive/Print
A photographic image printed on paper, generally a
positive image made from a negative. (also refers to a
photograph of a model that appears in print – in a newspaper
or magazine, for example.)
Basic Layers of Printing Paper
◼ Base. Made of paper which must be chemically pure to
insure that it will not interfere with the chemical processes
to which the emulsion is subjected. Available either in a
single or double weight paper.
◼ Baryta layer. A gelatin layer containing baryta crystal to
increase the reflectivity of the paper.
◼ Emulsion layer. Contains minute silver halides suspended
with gelatin which needs only to reproduce the total range
of negative.
Photographic Papers
A. Type of emulsion
◼ Chloride – slow speed suited for contact printing, the size
of the positive print is the same as the size of the negative
used. Sensitivity to light is low and give blue-black tones
when properly developed.
◼ Bromide – fast speed and is recommended for projection,
printing and enlarging process. This is one of the most
ideal photo paper used for police photography. Will give a
black tone when properly developed.

◼ Chloro-bromide – multi-speed and could be used both in


contact printing and enlarging.
B. According to Physical Characteristics
B.1 Weight
◼ Light weight - designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is
not of consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves folding.
◼ Single Weight - papers used for small prints or which are need to be
mounted on solid and fine details necessary in the production. Used
in ordinary photographic purposes.
◼ Double weight = generally used for large prints because they stand up
under rough treatment.
B.2 Surface Texture
◼ Glossy paper =designed for fine details and brilliant image
formation.
◼ Semi-mate paper = texture which obscure the fine details

◼ Rough papers = used for large prints or where breadth


rather than detail is necessary.
B.3 Color
◼ White – cold effect; better used in police photography.

◼ Cream - preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape


or when warmth effect is desired.
◼ Buff papers - prepare for tone prints
C. According to Contrast (grade)
◼ Velox No. 0 = used for printing extremely contrast negative
or extremely exposed film.
◼ Velox No. 1 = used for high contrast negative (over
exposed film)
◼ Velox No. 2 = used for normal exposed film
◼ Velox No. 3 - used for negative with weak contrast (under
exposed)
◼ Velox No. 4 - used to provide sufficient contrast to
compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is useful
imprinting which high contrast is desired.
◼ Velox No. 5 - for flat negative that are unprintable.

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