9 XII December 2021

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39335
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for

Charging
Priyanka Naresh Chandra Dayal1, A. S. Bhide2
1, 2
Department of E&TC Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

Abstract: Day by day, the population of the country is increasing and the requirement of the power is also increasing in many
ways. So, reforming this energy back to usable form is the major solution for future needs. In this Footstep power generation
project, power is generated by human’s footsteps, so as to charge the battery by storing the power generated with the help of
piezo sensors. The power stored in the battery, used to charge the mobile phones using RFID card. This system is powered by
Atmega 328 microcontroller, it consists of Arduino IDE, RFID Sensor, USB Cable and LCD. When power is on in the system,
the system enters into the registration mode. Three users can registered. Once all the users entered in the system, then the system
asks to swipe the card and connect the charger. Initially all the user is given 5 minutes of charging time as default. When card is
swiped and the user is authorized, the system turns on for charging the Mobile phone within a given time period.
Keywords: Arduino Uno, Arduino IDE, Piezoelectric Sensors, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification ), LCD

I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of electricity are increasing day by day and its use has become so advanced and applicable in the present lifeline of a
human being. The arising value of new technology each day demands more power of electricity as the population of human beings
is increasing day by day and hence the energy demand is increasing rapidly.
Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging is a new advanced system, in which new technology i.e. RFID
technology is used. Due to this technology system provides charging to the Mobile Phone within a provided time period. Hence, the
system innovated here does not consume more time. In this system, piezo sensors were used to store the waste energy by our
footsteps, due to which power shortages were reduced and hence, the system develops much cleaner cost effective way of power
generation method using RFID, which helps to bring down global warming. Microcontroller based footstep power generation is
used to generate voltage using footstep force. The proposed system works as a medium to generate power using force. This project
is very useful in public places like bus stands, theaters, railway stations, shopping malls, etc. So, these systems are placed in public
places where people walk and they have to travel on this system to get through the entrance or exits.
TABLE 1
Main compnents of the system
Components Description
Mechanical Frame Designed to concentrate on energy that is generated by people’s footsteps. Mechanical frame
depends on the principle by which electricity is generated. Here, electricity generates through
human footsteps by pressing piezoelectric sensors.
Electricity Generated Electricity generating module may be thermo-couple, Piezo-electric module, electromagnetic
Module generator or thermal electricity generator. This generators convert different forms of energy into
electrical energy. Here, piezoelectric sensors were used to convert the mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Battery Storage Power that is generated from footsteps is generating in real-time and this power is no eventual in
magnitude. Therefore, it is necessary to store power generation for future usage. For this purpose,
battery backup system is used.
Control Circuits This circuits is used to control and regulate power generation and backup it to a battery. Some
indicators are displayed for the status of working system.

The scope of this system is very wide in future. By implementing this system, waste energy is utilized with the help of human
footsteps and by converting this waste energy into electrical energy, charging of Mobile Phone is done within a limited time period
i.e. allocated in Arduino Uno. For simulation purpose, system uses Arduino IDE.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig. 1 Proposed system concept

A. Necessity of the System

Power generation will be depend on thermal and wind energy. So everyone depend on this power sources only. This system is used
to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method using RFID, which in turn helps to bring down the global
warming as well as the power shortages.
This system is used to generate power from renewable energy sources; system makes use of piezo. The system monitors the
parameters coming from the piezo sensors, energy from piezo sensor values displayed on the LCD. The energy from the piezo
sensors is used to charge the mobile. To charge the mobile phone battery with the help of USB point, system uses RFID
Technology.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Historical Survey
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820’s and early 1830’s by British scientist “Michael
Faraday”. His method, still used today, for electricity to be generated by the movement of loop of wire, or Faraday disc, between
the poles of the magnet. Joydev Ghosh, Supratim Sen, Amit Saha and Samir Basak from IEEE paper has initiated the design
methodology of “Electrical power generation using foot step for urban area energy applications”. This system is proposed to
innovate idea of storing waste energy by using footsteps to reduce pollution in a polluted countries.[1] Piezoelectricity was
discovered in 1880 by “Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie”, who found that when they compressed certain types of crystals including
quartz, tourmaline, and Rochelle salt, along certain axes, a voltage was produced on the surface of the crystal. This effect is known
as piezoelectric effect. By using piezoelectric sensors, which uses piezoelectric effect for working purpose, another system is
proposed known as “Footstep Power Generation using Piezoelectric Sensors”. In this system, energy is generated by using
piezoelectric sensors. By pressing this sensors, using human footsteps, energy is stored in the battery for further process. Due to this
project size and cost is reduced and system become less complicated.[2] In our proposed system “Advanced Footstep Power
Generation using RFID for Charging”, RFID technology is used. RFID was, officially invented in 1983 by Charles Walton when he
filed the first patent with the word ‘RFID’. By using this RFID technology in our project, the power is distributed among users
according to their user identification number with the help of electromagnetic waves.

B. Evolution of RFID Technology

Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.

Table 2
Inventions done from 1945 to 1983
Year Inventor Invented
1945 Leon Theremin Listening device for the Soviet Union
1945 Allies and Germany The Identification Friend and Foe Transponder
1948 Harry Stockman “Communication by Means of Reflected Power” (Seminar paper)
1973 Mario Cardullo Passive radio transponder with memory
1973 Steven Depp, Alfred Demonstration of reflected power usind RFID tags, both passive and
Koelle, Robert semi-passive
Frayman
1983 Charless Walton First patent to be associated with the abbreviations RFID

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Advances in semiconductor technologies led to significant improvements of the technology. Within the same time frame,
commercial success of the marked applications generated a dramatic reduction of cost and an ever-increasing interest from
businesses. There are many indications that the proliferation of applications using RFID technology is only at its beginning.
According to a Gartner Study (2005), the RFID markets revenue grew over 33% between 2004 and 2005 and will be worth USD 3
million by 2010. Research firm IDTechEx predicts a global market for RFID including systems and services of USD 26.23 billion in
2016 and a total number of tags delivered of 585 billion, 450 times the amount of 2006. Benefits of RFID technology for business
and individuals are very promising (OECD, 2006a). One important driver for market growth today is that of improving traceability
of goods in the supply chain in order to increase supply chain in order to increase supply chain efficiency, reduce theft and fraud,
and realise significant cost savings. In addition, many other types of RFID applications have been reported, and the use of RFID
technology is common in areas including passports, hospitals, transportation, ticketing, libraries, museums, counterfeiting, baggage
tracking in airports and livestock tagging.[3]
As stated by the European Article 29 Working Policy (2005), “the specific functions that RFID tags can deliver in different sections
is also increasing and its possibilities are just beginning to emerge”.[3]

Table 3
The Decade of RFID
Decade Event
1940 – 1950 Radar refined and used, major World War II development effort.
RFID invented in 1948.
1950 – 1960 Early explorations of RFID technology, laboratory experiments.
1960 – 1970 Development of the theory of RFID.
Start of applications field trials.
1970 – 1980 Explosion of RFID development.
Tests of RFID accelerate.
Very early adopter implementations of RFID.
1980 – 1990 Commercial applications of RFID enter main stream
1990 – 2000 Emergence of standards.
RFID widely deployed.
RFID becomes a part of everyday life.

From evolution part applications of RFID technology in past was learned, due to which I proposed new system. In this system,
power is utilized with the help of human footsteps and piezoelectric sensors. The waste power is stored in the battery, which is used
for charging purpose when users need. By using RFID technology, assigning of user is done with the help of identification card.
This card, detected by EM-18 reader through which Arduino provide charging according to time assign in the coding.

Table 4
Research Papers studied
Reference Title Author Publisher Date of Summary
No. Publication
3 Radio The Secretariat OECD Ministerial 17-18 June 2008 This paper presents comments and
Frequency with the Meeting on the suggestions from OECD member
Identification assistance of Future of the countries, buisness, and civil
(RFID): A Nick Mansfield Internet society. The report was discussed by
focus on (consultant to Economy, Seoul, the Working Party on Information
Information the OECD) Korea Security and Privacy in October
and Security 2007 and declassified by the
and Privacy Committee for information,
Computer and Communications
Policy on 17 December 2007. It is

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published under the responsibility of

the Secretary-General of the OECD.
The deployment of the RFID in a
large number of application areas is
promising. This paper introduces the
main characteristics of RFID
technologies and focuses on the
information security and privacy
aspects of RFID in the short term. It
will be complemented by an
overview of RFID applications and
an analysis of economic aspects of
RFID carried out by the OECD
Working Party on the Information
Economy (WIPE).
4 RFID Field M. Bhuptani, S. 2005 RFID Field Guide is comprehensive
Guide: Moradpur guide to planning, designing, and
Developing deploying RFID technologies. Two
Radio leading RFID consultants draw on
Frequency their extensive experience to cut
Identification through the hype associated with
Systems RFID technology and present the
realities: True costs and benefits,
practical technical and
organizational obstacles, and
solutions that work. The author
begin by explaining how RFID
works, and identifying mature and
emerging RFID applications that can
reduce expenses, increase revenue,
and drive competitive advantage.
5 An Efficient Shi-Cho Cha IEEE April 16-17, This paper proposes a new technical
and Flexible Kaun-Ju Huang International 2008 and legal approach for responding to
Way to Protect Hsiang-Meng Conference RFID concerns about the privacy of
Privacy in Chang personal data in RFID systems by
RFID extending the framework of online
Environment personal data licensing (OPDL) and
with Licenses applying the framework to RFID
environment.
6 RFID Sumita Nainan, IJCSI January 2013 This paper introduces the distinctive
Technology Romin Parekh, International components of RFID technology
Based Tanvi Shah Journal of and focuses on its core
Attendance Computer Science competencies: scalability and
Management Issues security. It will be then
System supplemented by a detailed synopsis
of an investigation conducted to test
the feasibility and practicality of
RFID technology.

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III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Innovate efficient method of “Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging”, which stores energy when
piezoelectric sensors senses weight with the help of human footsteps. This stored energy is stored in the battery, from which the
stored energy is distributed among different users using RFID cards. This cards have human identification number i.e. 12 digit
number, which is used to get information regarding each user. RFID technology uses electromagnetic waves for this purpose. The
system works according to the provided software code, in which certain minutes is provided for each user at a time. Hence, this
system reduces pollution and saves time, due to which our future generation get more help to get pollution free environment and
time consuming requirements.

A. Block diagram of Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging

Power Supply
Transistor Driver

RFID Reader

Arduino Mobile
Piezo Sernsors

LED LCD

Fig. 2 Block diagram of proposed system

TABLE 5
Description of Components
Components Description
Power Supply The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to the
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So, in order to
get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any
a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure dc voltage.
Arduino Microcontroller The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller based on the Microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. the board is equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (6 capable of PWM
output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE, via a type B USB
cable or by an external 9V battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.
RFID Reader and Tag (EM- This is a low frequency (125KHz) RFID reader with Serial Output with at range of 8-
18) 12cm. It is a compact unit with built in antenna and can be directly connected to the PC
using RS232 protocol. Since this also outputs Serial TTL Level Data (Tx/Rx), this can
also be directly connected to the Serial Port of any Micro-controller. RFID tag includes
microchip with radio antenna mounted on substrate which carries 12 Byte unique

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identification number.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 16x2 Character LCD – Black on Green is a 16 character wide, 2 rows character LCD
module. It utilizes industry-standard controller, works in 4/8-bit parallel interface.
Display area is LED back-lit in yellow color. This alphanumerics display can be easily
interfaced with any host controller such as 8051 derivatives, PIC Series, AVR, ARM
Series of controllers or using development boards such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi. it fits
in quite well for any electronic device design.
Transistor Driver Circuit The transistor used in this system to drive the buzzer is BC547. This transistor provides
charging to the mobile phone using chord.
Piezoelectric Sensor A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in
pressure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting
them to an electrical charge.

IV. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Methodology
The system designed here, is relatively efficient and also affordable. The advantage of our model is that the system provide
charging to the user within a limited time as allocated to the system software. Our methodology for the project:
1) Creating an idea for design and construction of a Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging. Designing a
block diagram and circuit diagram to know which components to be connected/implemented in hardware.
2) Implementing all the components according to circuit diagram and programming the Arduino by using Arduino IDE to control
the whole system.
3) Assemling all the blocks in a board and to run the system and for checking purposes.
4) Atlast, to get the work done such as mobile phone charging, this is main task/output of the proposed system.

B. Hardware/Software Requirements
Table 6
Hardware/Software requirement
Component Name Usage

Piezoelectric Sensor It is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Arduino Uno A microcontroller which is easy to use as a software and

hardware. It is used to take inputs from the sensors, RFID
reader and card and output the result by using LCD and
Mobile.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) This apparatus has been used to display the current status of
the proposed system.
RFID Reader It is used to transmit and receive signal with Arduino Uno and
used to detect user identification number using RFID cards.
RFID Cards Used to give signal to the RFID reader according to user
requirements.
Power Supply Used to provide 5V, 1A supply to the system.
Breadboard Used to implement the required circuitry to connect the
system.
Connecting Wires Used to connect the components and devices for hardware
implementation.

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C. Circuit Diagram of Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging

Fig. 3 Circuit Diagram of proposed system

The circuit diagram shown above is of “Advanced Footstep Power Generation using RFID for Charging”, in which various devices
and components to be implemented according to the user requirements. Firstly, input of 230V is fed to the power supply from
which output of the range 5V, 1A is generated. This power supply output is provided to battery and piezoelectric sensors.
Piezoelectric sensors connected in parallel, to control the voltage and to provide electrical energy to the battery. Then, our system
implemented by interfacing EM-18 RFID reader and LCD with Arduino due to which system works according to the user needs.

D. Hardware Implementations Steps

TABLE 7
Implementation and Output
Step Hardware Implementation Output Comments
s
1 Detection of
user using
RFID
Technology is
done.
Fig. 4 Interfacing EM-18 with Arduino Uno

Fig. 5 Output Generated on Arduino IDE

2 Message
displayed on
LCD.

Fig. 7 Displayed Message on Screen

Fig. 6 Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno

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3 User
Identification
done and
message is
displayed.

Fig. 9 Displayed output i.e. user identification number

Fig. 8 Interfacing LCD and EM-18 Reader with

Arduino Uno
4 Voltage
generated
through
piezoelectric
sensors

Fig. 10 Voltage generation using Piezosensors Fig. 11 Displayed voltage on Multimeter

5 Charged Mobile Mobile Phone

is charged by
identifying
user at a time.

Fig. 12 Designed system

E. Software Requirements
The proposed system works through Arduino IDE software. The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application (for Windows,
macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards,
but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor development boards. This software is used to provide instruction to the
proposed system i.e., to detect user and provide efficient charging to the user within a limited time period as allocated in the
commands.

Fig. 10 Simulation of Software Code

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When system is power on, the system enters into registeration mode. Three users registered in the system. Once all the user is
entered in the system then the system asks to swipe the card and connect the charger. Initially all the user is given 5 minutes of
charging time as default. When the card is swiped, the user is autorized, the system turns on for charging purpose and will charge
the Mobile Phone with given time in coding.

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Performance analysis of the system based on following parameters shown below:

A. Linearity Test

Voltage, V

Pressure
Fig. 11 Voltage vs Pressure Curve

The voltage generated by the piezo-electric sensor is according to the amount of pressure exerted by the human footsteps. The
output shows 0V when no force exerted on the piezo-electric sensor. It is shown that the amount of voltage generated keep
increasing as the amount of pressure exerted increases. For high pressure, the voltage generated is high. Similarly as more pressure,
the voltage increases suddenly.
All the generated voltage will then be store in a battery for future needs. The existence of electric current produced by the
piezoelectric sensor can be proved by using a mobile phone which acts as the output to show that the rechargeable battery which has
been charged by the piezoelectric is well functioning. The functionality of the circuit is checked by connecting USB cable from the
USB port in the circuit to the mobile phone.
The screen of the mobile phone shows the charging symbol. A user can charge his/her mobile phone with the help of an authorized
RFID Tag. It can be summarized that the amount of voltage generated by the piezoelectric sensor is depending on the amount of
pressure exerted into it. The voltage then can be stored in the rechargeable battery and beneficial for future requirements. From this
project, a new source of renewable energy with low-cost budget was developed. Besides that, the knowledge of conventional
process in transforming mechanical energy to electrical energy has been gained.

B. Temperature Test
In 1 square ft. we have used 8 piezo sensors.
As piezo sensors the power generating varies at different steps, hence we get
Min voltage = 1V per step
Max voltage = 10.5V per step
Also taking an average of 50kg weight pressure that form a single person. Likewise, considering the steps of a 50kg weighted single
person, the average calculation comes out to be:
Increase of 1V charge in the battery it takes 800 steps.
So, increment of 12V in battery total steps needed=(8*800)=6400 steps
As the proposed system is done in a polluted area where footstep as source will be available, average of 2 steps in 1 second is
considered.
For 6400 steps time needed = 6400/ (60*2)=53 minutes. (Approx.)

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C. Performance Test
TABLE 8
Performance test of the designed system
User identified Time duration Delay Output on LCD

user 1 1 minute 2000 Completed

user 2 2 minutes 2000 Completed
user 3 5 minutes 2000 Completed

D. Battery Consumption
1) Calculation of battery pack capacity, c-rate, run-time, charge and discharge current
Voltage of battery=12V
Rated capacity of battery=3Ah=36Wh
C-rate: 1 or Charge or discharge current I: 3 A
Time of charge or discharge t (run-time)=1 h
Time of charge or discharge in minutes (run-time)=60 min

2) Calculation of energy stored, current and voltage for a set of batteries in series and parallel
Number of batteries in series= 1 elements
Number of series in parallel= 1 series
Total number of batteries: 1
Voltage of the storage system=12V
Current of the storage system=3A
Capacity of the storage system (energy stored)=3Ah=0.036kWh

VI. FUTURE SCOPES

With a view of future prospects in case of densely populated nations. The optimum use of energy wasted is of very much
importance.
1) Japan is only the first liner to use electric principle for generating mechanical energy from Flooring tiles i.e. by using this plates
on bus stairs. When someone step in the energy is Generated which leads to increase of steps as well as energy also increased.
2) Secondly, Europe is setting another milestone in the field by using such plates on dance floors, so if anyone step on to these
tiles and dance again the energy is released with which even one can charge their mobile and other handy objects.

In coming days, this will prove a great boon to the world, since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants. As the conventional
sources are depleting very fast, then it’s time to think of alternatives. We got to save the power gained from the conventional
sources for efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternative but also adds to the economy of the country. Now, vehicular
traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic can be utilized for power generation by
means of new technique called “power hump”. It has advantage that it does not utilize any external source. Now the time has come
to put forte these types of innovative ideas, and researches should be done to upgrade their implication.

VII. APPLICATIONS
The various other applications of the proposed system are listed below

A. It can be used in crowded places like Railway Station, Airports and Bus Stands.
B. Can be broadly utilized as the part of colleges, schools, public transport places and universities.
C. In rainy season, it can operate street lights rather than using solar lights.
D. This framework can be actualized in swarmed places like shopping centers, pathways, and so forth.

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VIII. ADVANTAGES
A. No need of fuel input.
B. It is authentic and genuine device.
C. Usage of Non-sustainable power sources are less.
D. It is self producing device using our footsteps.
E. No moving parts – long administration life.
F. Power generation is strolling on the step.
G. Compact yet highly sensitive.
H. The system is reduced yet exceedingly touchy.
I. It is reliable, Economical, Eco-friendly and non-conventional system.
J. Less consumption of renewable energies.
K. Power also generated by running or exercising on the step.
L. Battery is used to store generated power.
M. Extremely wide dynamic range, almost free of noise.

IX. DRAWBACKS
A. Only applicable for the particular place.
B. Initial cost of this arrangement is high.
C. Output affected by temperature variation.
D. Care ought to be taken for batteries.
E. It isn’t reasonable for estimation in static conditions.
F. Since the device operate with a small electric charge, they, need high impedance cable for electrical interface.
G. The output may vary according to the temperature variation of the crystal.

X. CONCLUSIONS
A. The system gives an effective power generation in very populated nations as it diminishes control request without
contamination. As a reality, just 11% of sustainable power source adds to our essential vitality. On the off chance that this
undertaking is sent at that point not just, we can conqure the vitality emergency issue yet, besides make a solid worldwide
ecological change.
B. The project undertaken is effectively tried and actualized which is the best conservative, reasonable vitality answer for average
citizens of our country.
C. As India is a creating nation where vitality administration is a major test for gigantic populance. By utilizing this task we can
drive both A.C, and besides, D.C loads as indicated by the power we connected on the piezoelectric sensor.
D. The project “Advanced Footstep Power Generation System using RFID for charging” is successfully tested and implemented
which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people.
E. RFID technology is most efficient to produce the desired output for user in a required time domain.

XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thanks Prof. A. S. Bhide for his valuable guidance and for providing the necessary facilities, which were
indispensable in completion of the work. First of all I am thankful to Dr. G. A. Kulkarni (H.O.D, E&TC Engg. Dept.) to give us
presentation facility.
I am also thankful to all the staff members of the E&TC Engineering Department. I would also like to thank the college for
providing required journals, books and access to the internet for collecting information related to the project. Finally I am also
thankful to my friends and well wishers for their valuable comments and suggestions.

REFERENCES
[1] Ghosh, S. Sen, A. Saha, S. Basak, “Electrical Power Generation using foot step for urban area energy Applications”, 2013 International Conference on
Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 22-25 Aug 2013.
[2] M. Ajmal, W. Sarwar, M. Anum, “Footstep Power Generation using Piezoelectric Sensor”, thesis of University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, June
2018.
[3] OECD, “RFID Radio Frequency Identification”, OECD Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, 17-18 June 2008.

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[4] M. Bhuptani, S. Moradpur, “RFID Field Guide- Developing Radio Frequency Identification Systems”, pp-7-9, 16-225, 160, 231, 2005.
[5] Shi-Cho Cha Kaun-Ju Huang Hsiang-Meng Chang, “An Efficient and Flexible Way to Protect Privacy in RFID Environment with Licences”, IEEE
International Conference RFID, April 16-17, 2008.
[6] S. Nainan, R. Parekh, T. Shah, “RFID Technology based Attendance Management System”, IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10,
Issue 1, No 1, January 2013.

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