What I Know…. a. Japanese Period b.

American Period
c. Pre-Spanish Period d. American Period
6. Haiku and Tanaga were influenced by what period?
a. Spanish Period b. Japanese Period
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a c. 21st Century Period d. Period of Enlightenment
separate sheet of paper. 7. This period presented new trends in writing using modern
technology.
1. During this period, Jose Rizal’s works such as Noli Me Tangere and a. Edsa I Period b. 21st Century Period
El Filibusterismo were written to awake the mind of our c. Pre-Spanish Period d. The 3rd Republic Period
countrymen. 8. This literary period witnessed newspapers which were once
a. Spanish Period b. American Period branded crony newspapers become instant opposition papers.
c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment a. Japanese Period b. American Period
2. The Philippines had literature such as legends, folktakes, c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Edsa I Period
folksongs, and the like. 9. Poetry during this period were during this period were romantic
a. Spanish Period b. Japanese Period and revolutionary.
c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment a. The 3rd Republic Period b. Edsa I Period
3. In this period, religious books were written, such as Doctrina c. 21st Century Period d. Pre-Spanish Period
Cristiana and Urbana and Felisa, to support or contradict the 10. Poetry during this period were dealt with patience, regard for
Catholic Church. native culture and customs.
a. Spanish Period b. American Period a. The 3rd Republic Period b. 21st Century Period
c. 21st Century Period d. Period of Enlightenment c. Edsa I Period d. New Society Period
4. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, 11. Philippine regional literature can be BEST described as
reporting, poetry, stories play, essays, and novels which clearly ___________.
depicted their love of country and their longings for independence. a. Dynamic b. Outdated c. Spoken d. Traditional
a. Edsa I Period b. American Period 12. Imagery in poetry pertains to _____________.
c. Pre-Spanish Period d. The 3rd Republic Period a. Mental pictures b. Unique drawings
5. Filipino literature was given a break during this period for the c. Vague resemblances d. Word creations
Filipino literature was prohibited from using. Many wrote plays, 13. The use of the vernacular in regional literature is ___________
poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life a. discouraged because many people do not understand a piece not
in the provinces. written in either English or Tagalog.

1
 b. encouraged so that the culture and tradition of a people are What’s In…..
upheld despite effects of modernity.
c. opposed for the reason that it constraints the expression of
thoughts, feelings, and ideas of a writer. 1. What do you know about the different Literary Periods in
d. affirmed by many for it allows free flow of feelings and in-sights Philippine Literature?
not understandable to readers. 2. What are the essential elements of the literary pieces under
14. A valid observation of literary development in the Philippines is different periods of literature?
that _______.
a. History is recorded only in the oral tradition of the country.
b. No literature could reflect the richness of our country's
experiences.
c. Literary masterpieces are written by great persons with great
remembrances. What’s NEW…..
d. Literature developed alongside Philippine history.
15. Because of the archipelagic nature of the Philippines, its Task 1. Literary Timeline
geographical features, and the presence of various ethno-linguistic Directions: Try to complete the literary TIMELINE below. Choose
groups in the country, regional literature has become __________. your answers from the given choices written below.
a. Anti-modern and traditional b. Short yet vivid
1566- 1872- 1898- 1941- 1946- 1970- 1981- 1886- 2001-
c. Rich and varied d. Nationalistic 1565 1871 1898 1841 1945 1970 1980 1885 1999 present

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 1
a. Japanese Period f. 21st Century
Geographic, Linguistic and Ethnic b. Rebirth of Freedom g. Spanish
Dimensions of Philippine Literary History c. Post EDSA h. Period of Enlightenment
d. American Period i. Period of Activism & New Society
from Pre-Colonial to the Contemporary e. Pre-Spanish Period j. Period of Literature in English

2
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE - is characterized by: PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1972- 1898)
• Folk tales. These are made up of stories about life, adventure, In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called
love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons. An example Ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization.
of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) - This movement was
• The Epic Age. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal,
heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano
length. Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.
• Folk Songs. These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine  Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios,
literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos and Filipinas Dentro De
mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 Cien Aňos.
syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman, Kumintang o  Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning (Love of Country), Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful), and Dasalan
and Talindaw at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes).
Understanding Literary History  Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile
Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and (The Child of the Friar), and Everything Is Hambug
poetry and secular prose and poetry. (Everything is mere show), Sa Mga Pilipino...1891), and
• Spanish Influences On Philippine Literature The first Filipino Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to
alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman alphabet. Commemorate Columbus).
Also, the teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1944)
religious practices. European legends and traditions brought here Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino writers to write using
became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. English language. Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse.
• Folk Songs It manifests the artistic feelings of the Filipinos and Characteristics of Literature during this period: The languages
shows their innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the
examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong different regions. But the writers in Tagalog, continued in their
Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing. lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to
• Recreational Plays There were many recreational plays arouse love for one’s native tongue and the writers in English
performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.
were in a poetic form such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong and THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
Zarzuela. Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when
another foreign country, Japan, conquered the Philippines

3
between1941-1945. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972- 1980)
This led to all newspapers not to be circulated in the community The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The
except for TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW. Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Poems
 Filipino Poetry during this period The common theme of dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the
beauties of nature and surroundings. Newspapers donned new
most poems during the Japanese occupation was
forms.
nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the
religion, and the arts. like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of
 Three types of poems emerged during this period: killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in reading
a. Haiku , a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was magazines and comics.
made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines and PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it had measure and After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the
rhyme. Filipino, which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at
c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) last lifted on January 2, 1981. The Philippines became a new nation,
and this, former President Marcos called “The New Republic of the
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) Philippines.” Poems during this period of the Third Republic were
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the romantic and revolutionary. Many Filipino songs dealt with themes
writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in that were true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for
English experienced a dark period. For the first twenty years, many freedom, love of God, of country and fellowmen.
books were published both in Filipino and in English.
In the New Filipino Literature, Philippine literature in Tagalog was POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995)
revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people
Japanese brutalities, the poverty of life under the Japanese regained their independence, which they lost twenty years
government, and the brave guerilla exploits. ago. In four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972) People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. In the short span of
According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to the existence of the real Republic of the Philippines, several
domestic and worldwide causes. Because of the ills of society, the changes already became evident. It was noticed in the new
youth moved to seek reforms. Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the
The Literary Revolution television programs. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed
The youth became vocal with their sentiments. They demanded a
an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER,
change in the government. It was manifested in the bloody
MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL.
demonstrations and the sidewalk expressions and also in literature.

4
21st CENTURY PERIOD Assessment 1. Characterize Me!
The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs
and tastes of the new generation. 21st Century learners are Directions: Complete the table below by writing the
demanded to be ICT inclined to compete with the style and format characteristics of the following literature during the Pre-
of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the Spanish Period.
literary pieces produced nowadays.

Legends Folk Tales The Epic Age Folk Songs

WHAT’S MORE…..

Activity 1. Who’s Who?

Direction: Identify the author of the following literary pieces

written by the illustrados. Write the letter of your correct answer.

A. Jose Rizal B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar C. Graciano Lopez Jaena

1. Sa Mga Pilipino 6. El Filibusterismo Activity 2. Thinker’s View

2. Mi Ultimo Adios 7. Kaingat Kayo
3. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Aňos 8. Ang Fray Botod Directions: Given below is a sample of a Filipino Folktale in the
4. Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa 9. Sobre La Indolencia Delos Pre-Spanish Period. Answer the questions that follow.
Filipinos
5. La Hija del Fraile 10. Dasalan at Tocsohan

5
 THE SUN AND THE MOON
(Tingguian folk tale) 1. 2. 3.

In the olden days, like the moon, the sun had also star
children which were yellowish in color, very bright and very
hot. The star children of the moon, however, were reddish KASAYSAYAN NG PASYONG MAHAL NI HESUKRISTONG
and cool. That moon was scared that his stars would wither PANGINOON NATIN
and die if they play with the star children of the sun. The (COPYRIGHT 1949 BY IGNACIO LUNA & SONS)
moon suggested to the sun that they kill their children who Panalangin sa Diyos Oh Diyos
were crowding the heavens with their number. When the sun sa kalangitan Hari ng sangkalupaan
had killed her children, the moon merely hid behind the Diyos na walang kapantay,
clouds. In the evening, when the clouds faded, the moon mabait lubhang maalam
stars appeared. This angered the sun so he gave chase to the at puno ng karunungan.
moon. Thus, when he overtakes the moon, we have the so- Ikaw ang Amang tibobos
called eclipse. Every morning, the sun kills the moon stars ng nangungulilang lubos
that he catches. Until now, this chase continues and because amang di matapus-tapos,
the moon still continues… maawi't mapagkupkop sa taong lupa't alabok. Iyong itulot sa
1. What is the concern of the moon regarding his stars? amin
2. Why does the moon anger the sun? Diyos Amang maawain mangyaring aming dalitin.
3. What particular phenomenon is described in the Filipino
Folktale?
Assessment 3. Saying a Song

Assessment 2. Closer Look Directions: One of the songs in the Post-EDSA I era is the song
Ang Bayan Ko. Analyze and interpret the emotions of Filipinos and
Directions: Write three words that will highlight the message of situations of the country found in each paragraph of the song.
the excerpt from one of the most famous literary pieces during
Spanish time, Pasyon.

6
 3. In the American Regime, Americans influenced Filipino
Ang Bayan Ko writers to write using the English language. English as a
medium of instruction was introduced in the schools as the
I. II.
intellectual language of education.
Ang bayan kong Pilipinas At sa kanyang yumi at ganda
4. In the Period of Activism, campus newspapers were written
Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak Dayuhan ay nahalina
to show their protest. They held pens and wrote on placards in
Pag-ibig na sa kanyang palad Bayan ko, binihag ka
Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag Nasadlak sa dusa red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
5. Period of the New Society poems dealt with patience,
CHORUS: regard for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature
Ibon mang may layang lumipad and surroundings.
kulungin mo at umiiyak 6. The period of the Third Republic was romantic and
bayan pa kayang sakdal-dilag revolutionary.
ang 'di magnasang makaalpas, 7. Post EDSA I noticed in the new Filipino songs, in the
Pilipinas kong minumutya newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the television
pugad ng luha at dalita programs.
aking adhika makita kang sakdal laya

WHAT CAN I DO….

What I Have Learned…..
Task 1. As a grade 11 Filipino learner, in what way you can show a
1. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by Legends, Folk sense of adaptability to the diverse Philippines Literary History?
Tales, The Epic Age, and Folk Songs. State your answer in a 3 -5 paragraph essay.
2. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) was spearheaded
mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo
del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce,
Jose Ma. Panganiban and Pedro Paterno.

7
 Gabu
Lesson 2 by Carlos A. Angeles
The battering restlessness of And neutral where the sea
the sea has beached its brine,
Identifying Representative Texts Insists a tidal fury upon the Where the spilt salt of its
beach heart lies spread
from the Regions At Gabu, and its pure Among the dark habiliments
consistency of Time.
Havos the wasteland hard The vital splendor misses.
within its reach. For here, here
Brutal the daylong bashing of At Gabu where the ageless
What’s In….. its heart tide recurs
Against the seascape where, All things forfeited are most
for miles around, loved and dear.
1. What are the different Literary Periods in Philippine
Farther than sight itself, the It is the sea pursues a habit of
Literature? rockstones part shores.
2. What are the basic elements of the literary pieces under the And drop into the elemental
Japanese Regime? American Period? Spanish Period? wound.
3. What are changes in Literature during the 21st Century? The waste of centuries is grey
and dead

1. What image does the poem, Gabu, try to create?

2. Which word or group of words from the poem help you
What’s New…..
form this image? Draw this on a separate sheet of paper.

Imagery is a poetic element that tries to create a picture in the

A Taste of Philippine Poetry
mind of the reader or a mental image through the use of figural
Located in the northwest of Luzon, the Ilocos Region or
language. It represents objects, places, ideas, or even actions that
appeal to the senses of the readers. Region 1 is comprised of four provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte,
Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan. It is bordered to the
west by the turbulent South China Sea, to the east by the

8
Cordillera Administrative Region, the northeast and southeast More popularly known now as the CALABARZON
by Cagayan Valley and the South by Central Luzon. Most of the referring to the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal,
inhabitants of the Ilocano homeland are concentrated along a and Quezon, Region IV-A is home to Tagalogspeaking people
narrow coastal plain. Because of geographical boundaries, in the Philippines. Recognized all over the country for their
these people often experience heavy rains and violent bravery and fearlessness in battles, CALABARZON has
typhoons, especially during rainy seasons. participated actively in the country’s fight for freedom and
The region, then, takes pride in long stretches of white sand democracy. It is home to many Philippine heroes foremost,
and clear waters alongside its rich cultural heritage. What you and among them are Rizal of Laguna, Mabini of Batangas, and
are about to read is a poem written by a Carlos Palanca Aguinaldo of Cavite.
Memorial Awardee in Poetry in 1964, Carlos A. Angeles. His A Taste of Creative Nonfiction
collection of poems entitled, Stun of Jewels, also bagged him The island of Visayas is one of the major geographical
the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in Literature in the same divisions in the Philippines, the other two being Luzon and
year. A Moment of Silence Gabu depicts a coastline in Ilocos Mindanao. It is divided into Western, Central, and Eastern
that is constantly experiencing the battering restlessness of Visayas. The Visayas region is comprised of several islands
the sea. The water that comes back to the shore seems furious circling the Visayan Sea. Its people, therefore, share a sea-
and ruthless with its daylong bashing, which havocs the based culture and tradition that may be rooted in a strong
wasteland. Being an archipelagic country, the Philippines religious foundation.
knows the importance of water and the sea. The dwelling place of many festivals such as the Ati-Atihan, Di-
A Taste of Tagalog Essay nagyang, Sinulog, Pintados, and Maskara, the Visayas may
indeed be considered as one of the cradles of Philippine
civilization.

What’s More…..
Activity 1. Graphic Organizer

9
Directions: Delve deeper into the poem Gabu by Carlos A. Angeles Assessment 1. Reflect On Me
using the graphic organizer. You may re-read the poem to get the
details that would complete the organizer. Direction: Read and answer the questions.

Title of the Text:

Aug 2009 by SIGLIWA
Author: Salubungin ang (Bagong) Daluyong ng mga Agos sa Disyerto
QUESTIONS RESPONSE
TOPIC SA PANAHONG tila natutuyuan ang mga linang ng panitikan noong
What is the text all about? gitnang bahagi ng dekada ’60, dumaloy ang mga akda nina Efren R.
SITUATION Abueg, Dominador B. Mirasol, Rogelio L. Ordo-ñez, Edgardo M.
What is the setting referred to Reyes at Rogelio R. Sikat, sa aklat katipunang Mga Agos sa
or described in the text? Disyerto.
CLIENT
Who is the target group of Unang buhos ng daluyong ay noong 1964 at isang dekada ang
readers of the text? lumipas, muling umalon at binasa ang namimitak na lupain ng
How would you describe the panitikang Filipino nang mailimbag ang ikalawang edisyon ng Mga
group in terms of skills, values,
Agos sa Disyerto noong 1974.
beliefs and attitudes?
PURPOSE Huling sargo ng daluyong ng Agos ay 16 na taon ang nakararaan,
Why was the text nang lumabas ang ikat-long edisyon nito noong 1993.
written? What does it
hope to achieve Ngayon, sa panahong sampu isang pera ang patakbuhing
especially among its
client? literaturang patuloy na lumuluoy sa diwa at kaluluwa ng mga
PERSONA
Pilipino, muling nagbabanta ang pagbugso ng mga Agos sa
Who is the voice behind the Disyerto.
text?
What is known about him or
1. In what language was the text, Maga Agos sa Disyerto written?
her?
2. What did the text aim to accomplish?

10
Activity 2. Outline Sinalamin ng 25 akdang isinama sa Agos (na 20
lamang
What does the writer want to say about the use of Filipino
especially in awakening the social and moral consciousness of the noong ika-2 edisyon) katotohanang umiiral sa lipunan.
masses? Outline the main points of the essay through the graphic Binigyang mukha ng mga ito ang kalagayan ng
organizer below.
karaniwang tao, maging ang pingkian ng
kapangyarihan

at karumaldumal na karalitaan at kawa-

langhiyaang
umiiral sa ating lipunan.

Nilaro ng mga akda ang emosyon at kaisipan, na bagaman

ginagawa na noon, hindi ganoong kahantad.

1. What is the central theme of this text?

What I Can Do….

Activity 1. Verse of the Day

The text you are about to encounter is written by a native Visayan

Assessment 2. Theme’s Up who was born in Maribojoc, Bohol. Considered by many as a
feminist Filipina who strongly promotes women’s rights, Marjorie
Pananalamin sa Tubig ng Katotohanang Evasco is not only a Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awardee but also
Panlipunan recipient to several accolades here and abroad. Give the meaning of
the following verses: 1, 6, & 7

11
 Dreamweavers Assessment….
Marjorie Evasco
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
We are entitled to our own definitions of the worlds we have in
common : the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

earth house (stay) 1. Chant (Bulong) was used in witchcraft or enchantment

water well (carry)
especially in remote places in the Visayas.
fire stove (tend)
air song (sigh) a. Japanese Period b. Rebirth of Freedom
ether dream (died) c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment
and try out new combinations 2. Lagaylay was used in a special occasion for the Pilareños of
with key words
Sorsogon during May time to get together.
unlocking power
house on fire sing! a. Spanish Period b. New Society Period
stove under water stay. c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of 3rd Republic
earth filled well die. 3. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA was translated from the
The spells and spellings
Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882,
Of our vocabularies
Are oracular In translation in Diariong Tagalog.
One woman in Pagnito-an a. Spanish Period b. American Period
Another in Solentiname c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment
Still another in Harxheim
4. Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the
And many other women
Naming Half the world together Muslims were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater,
can move their earth the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of the
must house their fire Philippines.
be water to their song
a. New Society Period b. American Period
will their dreams
c. 21st Century Period d. Period of 3rd Republic

12
5. Haiku, is short with a measure and rhyme consisting of 17 a. It mirrors the deeply ingrained Filipino values, culture and
syllables which had favorable diminishing effect on Tagalog tradition even when keeping up with the changing times.
literature. b. It reflects the conservatism of indigenous folks who have
a. New Society Period b. American Period maintained a backward expression style.
c. 21st Century Period d. Period of 3rd Republic c. It embraces only the written compilation of literary works
6. English as medium of instruction was introduced in the in various styles and genres.
schools as intellectual language of education in this period. d. It depicts the influences of various colonizers that
a. New Society Period b. American Period occupied the country for more than three centuries.
c. 21st Century Period d. Period of 3rd Republic 12. An element in poetry that refers to the image or picture
7. This is the period wherein the youth became vocal with created in the minds of readers that helps give light to the
their sentiments and demanded change in the government. main idea is _______.
a. Spanish Period b. Period of Activism a. form b. imagery c. rhythm d. sound pattern
c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of 3rd Republic 13. Many Filipino authors, writers, or poets are encouraged to
8. Filipinos during this period were hooked in reading use the mother tongue as the medium of expression in their
magazines and comics. craft because _______.
a. New Society Period b. American Period a. Readers fail to comprehend a piece not written in either
c. Period of 3rd Republic d. 21st Century Period English or Tagalog.
9. “Ang Bayan ko” was a song popularized in this period. b. Our people’s culture and tradition are upheld through this
a. Period of 3rd Republic b. New Society Period despite effects of colonization or even modernity.
c. 21st Century Period d. Post-EDSA 1 Period c. The expression of thoughts, feelings, and ideas of a writer
10. This period is notable in the reawakening of the Filipino are emphasized in the personalized codes that they use.
spirit when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were d. The continuous flow of feelings and insights are inhibited
guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. when a foreign language is used instead.
a. Post-EDSA 1 Period b. Period of 3rd Republic 14. The development of literature in the Philippines
c. Period of Enlightenment d. Period of Activism __________.
11. A statement of fact about Philippine regional literature is a. is given life only in the oral tradition of the country.
_______. b. could reflect the richness of our country’s resources.

13
 c. may be attributed to both local and foreign influences. ____________________________________________
d. grew and prospered alongside the country’s history. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
15. Philippine regional literature has become rich and varied
because of _______.
a. the contributions of numerous artists who patterned after
the Western literary masters. References….
b. the nationalistic fervor of texts written in various stages of
our history as a nation. Chua, R. G. (2016). 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the
World. Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems
c. various topics used as themes by the writers and their
Croghan SJ, Richard V. (1975). The Development of Philippine Literature in
alignment to world events. English: Quezon City:Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House.
d. the archipelagic nature of the Philippines, its geographical Fosdick, Carolyn, and Tarrosa (1954). Literature for Philippine High Schools.
features, and the presence of various ethno-linguistic groups New York: Macmillan Company.
in the country. SIGLIWA, “Salubungin ang (bagong) Daluyong ng mga Agos sa Disyerto,
Agosto 20, 2019,
https://panitikanatbp.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/salubungin- ang
bagong-daluyong-ng-mga-agos-sa-disyerto/
Velasco, Nel, “CNF Figures of Speech and Literary Devices, February 26,
Additional Activities…. 2020, https://versozanelson.blogspot.com/
Zaide, Gregorio F. (1970). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings. Manila:
Villanueva Book Store. Retrieved from
Activity 1. Short Reflection https://www.scribd.com/doc/26364271/Philippine-Literature-Pre-Spanish
Period.
1. In what ways can you as a Filipino reader be affected by
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
such works (short stories in Tagalog) that endeavor to open
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City,
the minds of people on socio-political and moral issues Philippines 1600
confronting the country. Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

14