Asst. Prof. Awadh E.

Ajeel
4th Year Stage
Structural Analysis and Design of Concrete Bridges

:‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ :‫اﻻﺳم اﻟﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬

General
• 𝐿𝐿 , 𝑆𝑆 (ft) = center/center of supports
• ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (ft) = 0.04(𝑆𝑆 + 10) [simple slab bridge] or 0.07𝐿𝐿 [simple beam bridge]
• 𝛶𝛶𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 (kip/ft 3 ) = 0.15 , 𝛶𝛶𝑐𝑐 (kip/ft 3 ) = 0.145 , 𝛶𝛶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (kip/ft 3 ) = 0.14 , 𝛶𝛶𝑠𝑠 (kip/ft 3 ) = 0.49
• 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (in) = 1.5 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 2 [slab bottom or slab top and beam]
• 0.65 ≤ 𝛽𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 4) ≤ 0.85
• 𝑐𝑐 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 /(0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝛽𝛽1 𝑏𝑏)
• 𝑎𝑎 = 𝛽𝛽1 𝑐𝑐
• 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎/2) [rectangular section]
• 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎/2) + 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 )ℎ𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎 − ℎ)/2 [T-section]
• 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 (ksi) = 1820�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
• 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (ksi) = 0.24�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
• 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.2𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐
• 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ≤ 0.8𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟
• 𝑘𝑘 = �𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛2 + 2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
• 𝑗𝑗 = 1 − 𝑘𝑘/3
• 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠 /(𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) ≤ 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
• 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 = 1.0 + 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 /[0.7(ℎ − 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 )
• 𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (in) = 700𝛾𝛾𝑒𝑒 /(𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) − 2𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐
• ∆𝑐𝑐 = 5𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿4 /(384𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 ) [distributed load] , ∆𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿3 /(48𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 ) [concentrated load]
• ∆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐿𝐿2 − 𝑏𝑏 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )/(6𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿)
• 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3 /3 + 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)2
• 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = (𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ⁄𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 )3 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + [1 − (𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ⁄𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 )3 ]𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 4∆𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 ≥ 3∆𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 [𝐴𝐴′𝑠𝑠 = 0]
• ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷∆ ∆ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ≥ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷∆ (0.25∆ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 )
• ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ≤ ∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝐿/800
• 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (ksi) ≤ 0.095�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
• 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓 (ksi) = 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓1 /(𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) ≤ (𝛥𝛥𝐹𝐹) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 26 − 22𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 /𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
LRFD Specifications
• 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 = 𝜙𝜙𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 ≥ 𝑄𝑄
• 𝑄𝑄 = 1.25𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 1.5𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 1.75(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) [Strength I]
• 𝑄𝑄 = 1.5𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 1.5𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 [Strength IV]
• 𝑄𝑄 = 1.0𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 1.0𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 1.0(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) [Service I]
• 𝑄𝑄 = 1.75(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) [Fatique I]
• 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = [𝑄𝑄𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (1 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) + 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ]𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
• 𝜙𝜙𝑓𝑓 = 0.9 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 1.0 [reinforced or prestressed]
• 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 = 0.9

OR
32 kip 32 kip 8 kip 25 kip 25 kip
V 14ʹ-0ʺ 4ʹ-0ʺ
Design Truck Design Tandem
AND
0.64 kip/ft

Design Lane
Vehicular Live Load According to AASHTO LRFD Specifications
1-4
Asst. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
4th Year Stage
Structural Analysis and Design of Concrete Bridges

Live Load
• 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0.33 or 0.15 for Fatique
• 𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑤𝑤/12)
• 𝑚𝑚 = 1.2, 1.0, 0.85 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 0.65 [𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 1, 2, 3 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 > 3]
Main Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 (in2 /ft) = 1.25𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 /𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 . 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠
• 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 = 0.003[(𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 − 𝑐𝑐)/𝑐𝑐] ≥ 0.005
• 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 ≥ 1.2𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 1.33𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
Distribution Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (in2 /ft) = %𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
• % = 100/�𝑆𝑆 (ft) ≤ 0.50 [𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ∥ traffic]
• % = 200/�𝑆𝑆 (ft) ≤ 0.67 [𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ⊥ traffic]
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
• 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ (in2 /ft) = 1.3𝑏𝑏ℎ/�2(𝑏𝑏 + ℎ)𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 �
• 0.11 ≤ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ ≤ 0.6
Spacing of Reinforcing Bars
• 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (in) = 1.5Ø𝑏𝑏 ≥ 1.5𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ≥ 1.5 [CIP concrete]
= Ø𝑏𝑏 ≥ 1.33𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ≥ 1.0 [precast concrete]
= Ø𝑏𝑏 ≥ 1.0 [multilayers]
• 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (in) = 1.5ℎ or 3ℎ [for 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ ] ≤ 18
Shear Reinforcement
• 𝑤𝑤𝑏𝑏 (in) = 12
• 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 (in) = 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠
• 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 /(𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ) ≥ 0.9𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 ≥ 0.72ℎ
• 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤𝑏𝑏 /2
• 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 = 0.25𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 ≥ 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 + 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
• 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 [section is adequate]
• 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.0316𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
• 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 )/𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣
• 𝑠𝑠 [in] = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 /𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
• 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 /𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑏𝑏𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
• 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (in) = 0.8𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 ≤ 24 [𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 < 0.125𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ]
= 0.4𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 ≤ 12 [𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ≥ 0.125𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ]

Table 5.A.1: Cross-Sectional Area of Reinforcing Bars

2-4
Asst. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
4th Year Stage
Structural Analysis and Design of Concrete Bridges

Equivalent Strip Widths for Slab Bridges

• 𝐿𝐿1 (ft) = 𝑆𝑆 ≤ 60
• 𝑊𝑊1 (ft) = 𝑊𝑊 ≤ 30 [𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 1] ≤ 60 [𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 ≥ 2]
• 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖1 (ft) = 10 + 5�𝐿𝐿1 𝑊𝑊1 [𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 1]
• 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖2 (ft) = 84 + 1.44�𝐿𝐿1 𝑊𝑊1 ≤ 𝑊𝑊/𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 [𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 ≥ 2]
• 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 (ft) = 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖2 ≥ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖1
• 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒 (ft) = 𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑒 + 300 + 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 /4 ≤ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 /2 ≤ 6
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 1/𝐸𝐸

Table 2.5: Distribution of Live Load per Lane for Concrete Deck on Steel or Concrete Beams
Location Action Loaded Lanes Equation Range of Applicability
0.1
𝑆𝑆 0.4 𝑆𝑆 0.3 𝐾𝐾𝑔𝑔 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 ≥ 4
Single 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚1 = 0.06 + � � � � � �
14 𝐿𝐿 12𝐿𝐿ℎ𝑑𝑑 3 20 ≤ 𝐿𝐿(ft) ≤ 240
0.1
Moment 𝑆𝑆 0.6 𝑆𝑆 0.2 𝐾𝐾𝑔𝑔 3.5 ≤ 𝑆𝑆(ft) ≤ 16.0
𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚2 = 0.075 + � � � � � � 4.5 ≤ ℎ𝑑𝑑 (ft) ≤ 12.0
Multiple 9.5 𝐿𝐿 12𝐿𝐿ℎ𝑑𝑑 3
Lever Rule if 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 = 3 104 ≤ 𝐾𝐾𝑔𝑔 (in4 ) ≤ 7x106
Interior
𝑆𝑆
Single 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣1 = 0.36 + 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 ≥ 4
25
20 ≤ 𝐿𝐿(ft) ≤ 240
Shear 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2.0
𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣2 = 0.2 + −� � 3.5 ≤ 𝑆𝑆(ft) ≤ 16.0
Multiple 12 35
Lever Rule if 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 = 3 4.5 ≤ ℎ𝑑𝑑 (ft) ≤ 12.0
Single Lever Rule
𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚2
Moment
Multiple 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚 = 0.77 + 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 /9.1
Lever Rule if 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 = 3
Exterior −1.0 ≤ 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 (ft) ≤ 5.5
Single Lever Rule
𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑣 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣2
Shear
Multiple 𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑣 = 0.6 + 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 /10
Lever Rule if 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 = 3

R=P
P/2 P/2
2 ft
Hinge
de

6 ft
X

Re Ri
Lever Rule for Exterior Girder

Special Approach for Exterior Girders

𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔
• 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 = 𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 /𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 ∑1 𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒 / ∑1 𝑥𝑥 2
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒1 = 𝑚𝑚𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒

3-4
Asst. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
4th Year Stage
Structural Analysis and Design of Concrete Bridges

Table A4-1: maximum Live Load Moments per Unit weight (kip.ft/ft)

4-4