A Report On

Different Statistical Tools and It’s Uses along with Implications

Course Code: EMBA: 5305

Course Title: Applied Business Statistics

Submitted to:

Mr. Md. Reaz Uddin

Associate Professor

Business Administration Discipline

Management & Business Administration School

Khulna University

Submitted by:

Aziz Ibne Faisal, EMBA- 200303

Tanvir Ahmed Tarique, EMBA- 200318

BM Mahmudul Hasan Shohug, EMBA- 200340

Umme Humaira Banna, Emba- 200341

Year- 1st Term- 3rd

Business Administration Discipline

Management & Business Administration School

Khulna University

Submission Date: 18th January, 2022

 Content

Serial No. Title Page No.

Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of Study 2
1.3 Objective of Study 2-3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Methodology 3
1.6 Necessary Statistic Tools 3
Chapter 2
2.1 Frequency Distribution 4-5
2.2 Histogram 5-6
2.3 Frequency Polygon 7
2.4 Bar Chart 8-9
2.5 Pie Chart 10
2.6 Line Graph 11
Chapter 3
3.1 Central Tendency 12
3.2 Mean 12
3.3 Median 13
3.4 Mode 13-14
Chapter 4
4.1 Dispersion 14
4.2 Range 14-15
4.3 Variance 15
4.4 Standard Deviation 16
4.5 Correlation 17-18
4.6 Regression 19
4.7 Co-efficient 19-20
 Chapter 5
5.1 T-Test 20
5.2 One Sample test 20-21
5.3 Independent T-test 22-23
5.4 Paired T-test 23-24
5.5 ANOVA 25-26
Chapter 6
6.1 Conclusion 27
Reference 28-29
 List of Table

Serial No. Title Page No.

1 Frequency Distribution of Age 4

2 Frequency Distribution of Weight 5

3 Mean of GDP & GNP 12

4 Median of GNP & GDP 13

Mode of GNP & GDP

5 13
6 Range of GNP & GDP 14

7 Variance of GDP & GNP 15

8 Standard Deviation of GNP &GDP 16

9 Correlation between GNP & GDP 17

10 Regression 19

11 Co-efficient 19

12 One-Sample Statistics 21

13 One-Sample Test 21

14 Independent Samples Test 22

15 Paired Samples Statistics 23

16 Paired Samples Correlations 24

17 Paired Samples Test 24

18 ANOVA 25
 List of Figure

Serial No. Title Page No.

1 Histogram of Weight 6

2 Frequency Polygon (Age) 7

3 Bar chart in Gender 8

4 Comparison shown in Bar Chart 9

5 Age Grouped in Pie Chart 10

6 Age Classes in Line Chart 11

7 Scatter Diagram Chart 18

 Chapter 1

1. Introduction

The mathematical computations used for data analysis is called statistics. It is the
practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities,
especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample. Statistical analysis is a method of making decisions about the
parameters of a population, using random sampling. It helps to assess the relationship
between the dependent and independent variables. Statistical knowledge helps to
choose the proper method of collecting the data, and employ those samples in the
correct analysis process. In This report, we have used different types of statistics
research tools to make interpretation, relationship between ageing population and per
capita GDP growth and GNI in Bangladesh. There is a long-run positive relationship
between aging population and per capita GDP growth in Bangladesh
and the relationship is statistically significant at 5% level. GDP is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and
minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Bangladesh GDP
growth rate for 2020 was 2.38%, a 5.78% decline from 2019. The population growth
rate has significantly decreased in Bangladesh over the last 60 years, peaking at
3.23% in 1967 and is now as low as 1%. Despite this, the population continues to
grow and Bangladesh continues to be one of the most populated countries in the
world. The current population of Bangladesh is 166,859,447 and total GDP is $350
billion (nominal) and $970 billion (PPP) in the year 2021. Its GDP rank is 37th
(nominal) and 31st (PPP) in the year 2021. Its GDP growth rate is 6.8% in the year
2021. Bangladesh’s GDP per capita is $2,120 (nominal) and $5,800 (PPP) in the year
2021. Per capita, GNI has increased to US$2,554 in 2021. This positive growth
amidst the pandemic time recognized Bangladesh as one of the top economic
performers.
This report gives the analysis of the variables, their estimation, correlation, modeling
relationships means regression and hypothesis testing

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1.2. Background of Study
Everything measurable that has happened, is happening, and will happen, can be
boiled down to data. But not all data is immediately comprehensible to the human
mind. Data analysis is the practice of cleaning, modifying, and examining data to find
helpful information. The practice can be performed by machines and software, but it
often requires human interpretation to make the insights contextually
relevant. Depending on the working data, the results can be presented either of these
two types of analysis: (1) Descriptive statistics, type of statistical analysis is all about
visuals and (2) Statistical inference, practices involve more upfront hypothesis and
follow-up explanation than descriptive statistics. Statistical data analysis is more
effective than most other types of data analysis. Also known as descriptive analysis,
statistical data analysis is a wide range of quantitative research practices in which data
is collected and analyzed to find meaningful patterns and trends. Statistical data
analysis is often applied to survey responses and observational data. The data in
statistical data analysis is basically two types- (1) continuous data and (2) discreet
data. A continuous variable is a specific kind a quantitative variable used in statistics
to describe data that is measurable in some way. If data deals with measuring a height,
weight, or time, then it is a continuous variable. A discrete distribution, as mentioned
earlier, is a distribution of values that are countable whole numbers. Example- number
of bedrooms in a house. Statistical data analysis is done by some form of statistical
tools. There are various software packages to analysis data. This software includes
Statistical Analysis System (SAS), Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS),
Stat soft, etc.

1.3. Objective of Study

The objectives of the report are-

 To organize data into frequency distribution

 To portray frequency distribution in histogram, frequency polygon.
 To present data using bar chart, pie chart, line graph.
 To calculate central tendency of a distribution including mean, median and
mode.
 To measure dispersion of a distribution including range, mean deviation,
variance, and standard deviation.

2|Page
  To determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables of
a distribution and their interpretation.
 To calculate and interpret the coefficient of correlation, coefficient of
determination.
 To determine hypothesis and hypothesis testing by T-test, one sample test,
independent t-test, paired t- test, ANOVA and Chi square test.

1.4. Scope of the study

Different use of statistical tools and the way how they work to develop the statistical
results can be understood from the study. Here it is used to describe broadly the
relation between population and GDP and GNI of Bangladesh.

1.5. Methodology

In this study, various statistical tools were used to generate different results and the
interpretation of the data. Here secondary data was used and collected from different
websites. The data was constructed and classified and placed into the SPSS, Microsoft
word, Microsoft excel and then the frequency distribution, histogram, cumulative
frequency polygon, bar chart, pie chart, line graph, mean, median, mode, correlation,
regression, one sample t-test, independent t-test paired t-test and ANOVA and Chi
Square test were calculated. After computing, the interpretation was stated and a
conclusion was made at the end.

1.6. Necessary Statistic Tools

At first we organized quantitative data into a frequency distribution and plotted the
results in a histogram. Other graphical techniques were also showed such as pie
charts, bar chart, line graph and frequency polygons, mean, median, mode, t-test,
independent sample test, ANOVA etc.

3|Page
 Chapter 2

2.1. Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution tells us how frequencies are distributed over values.
Specifically, it is a list of either qualitative or quantitative values that a variable takes
in a data set and the associated number of times each frequencies. Frequency
distributions are mostly used for summarizing categorical variables. Some of the
graphs that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, frequency
polygon, cumulative frequency polygon, line charts, bar charts and pie charts.
Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.
I am using some quantitative data to show frequency distribution where sample of 22
people participated in a head and tail coin game.

Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Age

Age Classes

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
0-19 6 27.3 27.3 27.3

20-39 9 40.9 40.9 68.2

Valid 40-59 4 18.2 18.2 86.4

60-79 3 13.6 13.6 100.0

Total 22 100.0 100.0

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 The table shows that 68.2% of the observations take place in the first and
second classes which contains the age from to 0 to 39. This shows that the data

4|Page
 is clustered among the two classes only and the rest of the classes contain 32%
of the data.
 The Frequency distribution table shows that the class 20-39 contains the most
amounts of observations. It contains 9 ages which is 40.91% of the total
observation. This represents that almost one third of people age are ranging
from 20-30 year.
 60-90 class shows that it is the lowest age people with 3 ages, who joined the
game.

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of Weight

Weight Classes (lbs)

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
100 to less than
7 31.8 31.8 31.8
150
150 to less than
12 54.5 54.5 86.4
Valid 200
200 to less than
3 13.6 13.6 100.0
250
Total 22 100.0 100.0

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 There are 7 participants whose weight class is between 100 to 150 pounds.
Which consist 31.8% of people.
 There are 12 participants whose weight class is between 150 to 200 pounds.
Which is the highest frequency with 54.5%.
 There are 3 participants whose weight class is between 200 to 250 pounds.
Which is the lowest frequency with 13.6%

5|Page
2.1. Histogram
Histogram is a type of graph that is widely used in mathematics, especially in
statistics. The histogram represents the frequency of occurrence of specific
phenomena which lie within a specific range of values, which are arranged in
consecutive and fixed intervals. It looks very much like a bar graph. The general
purpose of a histogram is to present an easily understood summary about certain data;
it can be almost any type of data. The written data is transposed onto a chart that has
vertical blocks; the number of blocks depends on the categories of data collected.
Figure 1: Histogram of Weight

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 It is a normal or bel shaped distribution.
 We have the highest weighted people between 185 to 200

6|Page
2.3. Frequency Polygon

Figure 2: Frequency Polygon (Age)

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:

 The Frequency Polygon shows that the class 20-39 contains the most
amounts of observations. It contains 9 age grouped people. which is 40.9% of
the total observation.

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2.4. Bar chart
A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or
length of lines or rectangles of equal width. Bar graphs are used to show relationships
between different data series that are independent of each other. The height or length
of the bar indicates the measured value or frequency and the width shows the data
categories.

Figure 3: Bar chart in Gender

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 This chart shows that we have more male participants than female
participants which is 29% more than female

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Comparison Among Percentage of gender got Head and Tail

Figure 4: Comparison shown in Bar Chart

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 There is more female got tail than male. Also, more head got by males
then male

9|Page
2.5. Pie Chart

A Pie Chart is a type of graph that displays data in a circular graph. The pieces of the
graph are proportional to the fraction of the whole in each category. In other words,
each slice of the pie is relative to the size of that category in the group as a whole. The
entire “pie” represents 100 percent of a whole; while the pie “slices” represent
portions of the whole.

Figure 5: Age Grouped in Pie Chart

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:
 Pie chart is used to have an easy visual effect of the data.
 The Pie chart shows the age density of this game. 20-39 aged people
are maximum with 40.91%. then 0-19 aged people 27.27%. furthermore 40-59
aged people are 18.18%. At last, 60-79 aged people are 13.64%.
 This pie chart helps us to get a one glace view of the major effects of
density.

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2.6. Line Graph

Line graphs can also be used to compare changes over the same period of time for
more than one group. Line charts are used to display trends over time. It is a display
of information that changes continuously over time. Within a line graph, there are
points connecting the data to show a continuous change.

Figure 6: Age Classes in Line Chart

Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:

 This chart shows that the class 20-39 contains the most amounts of
observations. It contains 9 ages which is 40.91% of the total observation. This
represents that almost one third of people age are ranging from 20-30 year.

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 Chapter 3

3.1. Central Tendency

Central tendency Central tendency is defined as “the statistical measure that identifies
a single value as representative of an entire distribution.”[2] It aims to provide an
accurate description of the entire data. It is the single value that is most
typical/representative of the collected data.

3.2. Mean

A mean is the simple mathematical average of a set of two or more numbers. The
mean for a given set of numbers can be computed in more than one way, including the
arithmetic mean method, which uses the sum of the numbers in the series, and the
geometric mean method, which is the average of a set of products.

Table 3: Mean of GDP & GNP

Mean
Gross National Profit Gross Domestic Product
Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0
Mean 6.4982 6.4618
Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-
national-product

Interpretation:

 Mean is simply taking the sum of a group of numbers, then dividing that sum
by the count of the numbers used in the series. Both the mean of Gross
National Profit, 6.4982 and Gross Domestic Product, 6.4618 indicate where
the center of the data is located.

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3.3. Median

Median, in statistics, is the middle value of the given list of data, when arranged in an
order.

Table 4: Median of GNP & GDP

Median
Gross National Profit Gross Domestic Product
Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0
Median 6.3600 6.5200
Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-
national-product

Interpretation:

 The median is a simple measure of central tendency. So, the median of Gross
National Profit is 6.3600 and Gross Domestic Product is 6.5200 and it means
there is same number of areas below it or above it.

3.4. Mode

In statistics, the mode is the value that is repeatedly occurring in a given set. We can
also say that the value or number in a data set, which has a high frequency or appears
more frequently, is called mode or modal value. It is one of the three measures
of central tendency, apart from mean and median.

Table 5: Mode of GNP & GDP

Mode
Gross National Profit Gross Domestic Product
Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0
Mode 8.29 3.51a
Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-
national-product

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Interpretation:

 The Mode of Gross National Profit is 8.29 and Gross Domestic Product is
3.51. It means this appears most frequently.

Chapter 4

4.1. Dispersion

Dispersion, which is also called Variability, is the extent to which a distribution is

stretched or clustered. It is a tool to measure the length among the data or measure
how much the data set scattered is. There are different tools to measure dispersion.
Such as: Range, Variance, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation etc.

4.2. Range

The difference here is calculated by subtracting the smallest value to the largest value.
It describes how well the central tendency represents the data. It is useful for showing
the spread within a data set and for comparing the spread between similar datasets.

Table 6: Range of GNP & GDP

Range

Gross National Gross Domestic

Profit Product

Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0

Range 3.74 4.64

Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-

national-product

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Interpretation:

 The range of GNP is 3.74. Meaning, the difference between the highest
percentage of GNP and the lowest percentage of GNP from 2010 to 2021 is
3.74.
 The range of GDP is 4.64. Meaning, the difference between the highest
percentage of GDP and the lowest percentage of GDP from 2010 to 2021 is
4.64.
 There is less dispersion in GNP compared with GDP

4.3. Variance

To calculate the variance, the mean of the data set has to be found out, and then
subtracted from each of the numbers and the result squared. The variance is the
average of the squared results. It is used to determine whether there are any
significant differences between means of different independent groups.

Table 7: Variance of GDP & GNP

Variance

Gross National Gross Domestic

Profit Product

Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0

Variance 1.743 1.578

Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-

national-product

Interpretation:

 The table shows that the variance of GNP is 1.743 (percentage), which means
the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean of percentage of
GNP from 2010-2021 is 1.743 (percentage).
 GNP is less dispersed than GDP

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  By comparing all the variance, it is clear that the data is highly dispersed from
the population mean of the data.

4.4. Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation is measured by using the square root of variance. The variance of
a data set can often be incomprehensible. For this reason, standard deviation is used to
tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the mean value and the
expected value.

Table 8: Standard Deviation of GNP &GDP

Standard Deviation

Gross National Gross Domestic

Profit Product

Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0

Std. Deviation 1.32022 1.25618

Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-

national-product

Interpretation:

 The table shows that GNP has the high S.D. It has a S.D. of 1.32022.
Meaning, the data about GNP (percentage) is more scattered.
 GDP has the low S.D of 1.25618. Meaning, the data about GDP (percentage)
is more clustered.

16 | P a g e
4.5.Correlation
The Correlation is determined by dividing the covariance by the product of two
variables standard deviations. By Understanding this, we can use the value of one
variable to predict the value of the other variable.
Here we have used GNP (Gross National Product) and GDP (Gross Domestic
Product) and have tried to find out the relationship between these two variable.
Table 9: Correlation between GNP & GDP

Correlations
Gross National Gross Domestic
Profit Product
Gross National Profit Pearson Correlation 1 .713**
Sig. (1-tailed) .007
N 11 11
Gross Domestic Product Pearson Correlation .713** 1
Sig. (1-tailed) .007
N 11 11
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-

national-product

Interpretation:

 The table shows that the correlation between GNP and GDP of Bangladesh is
0.713.
 This indicates that the two variables are strongly positively correlated.

So for that reason any change with GNP will significantly motivate GDP to change in
a positive manner.

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 Figure 7: Scatter Diagram Chart

Interpretation:

 From the scatter diagram it is clear that there is a single outlier in the data.
 It indicates a strong positive correlation between GNP & GDP of Bangladesh.
 Also the positive slope indicates that there is a positive correlation between the
two variables.

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4.6. Regression

With the correlated data of last 11 years of GNP and GDP here we can find
the regression from the below table:

Table 10: Regression

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square
Square Estimate
1 .713a .508 .453 .92864
a. Predictors: (Constant), Gross National Profit

Interpretation:
 The table shows that the value of r square is 0.508 or 50.80%.
 It means 50.80% of variation can be explained.
 The table also shows that the value of adjusted R square is 0.453 or 45.30%. It
concludes that if we use this model by population instead of sample, the R
square value will not be less than 45.30%.

4.7. Coefficients
Table 11: Co-efficient
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 2.054 1.472 1.395 .196
Gross National
.678 .222 .713 3.049 .014
Profit
a. Dependent Variable: Gross Domestic Product

Data Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/gnp-gross-

national-product

19 | P a g e
Interpretation:

 The table gives us the value of constant, a, which is 2.054. It also gives us the
value of the slope, b, which is 0.678. By using this information, we get the
complete regression line equation.
 The regression line equation is, Y= 2.054+ 0.678X.
 That means any change in GNP will have such effect on GDP that will change
such a way which will support the equation.
 Coefficient standard error is 1.472, which indicates that any standard deviation
from the regression line will be not more than 1.472.
 We can also conclude that 1(one) unit change of GNP will cause change of
0.678.

Chapter 5

5.1. T-Test
The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test static follows a student’s t-
distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most commonly applied when the test
statistic would follow a normal distribution. A t-test allows us to match the typical
values of the 2 data sets and determine if they came from a similar population.

5.2. One Sample T- Test

One sample t-test is a statistical procedure usually performed for testing mean value
of a distribution. It can be used under the assumptions that sampled distribution is
normal.
We are going to test the average weight of student population which is 140 pound, is
same by calculating a random sample of 22 student’s weight from student population.
Here,
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference in mean number of the
population.

20 | P a g e
 Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a difference in the mean number of the
population.
It has been considered that the level of significance is at 5%.

Table 12: One-Sample Statistics

One-Sample Statistics
Std. Std. Error
N Mean Deviation Mean
Students_Weig
22 166.8636 35.17750 7.49987
ht

Table 13: One-Sample Test

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 140
95% Confidence Interval
Sig. (2- Mean of the Difference
t df tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Students_Weig
3.582 21 .002 26.86364 11.2668 42.4605
ht
Data Source: Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:

 The table shows that the value of T is 3.582

 The p-value from this statistics is .002 which is less than 0.05 (the level of
significance).
 So we reject Null Hypothesis.

So the table indicates that the average weight of the sampled population is statistically
different from 140 pound. And the 95% confidence interval estimate for the
difference between the population mean weight and 140 pound is (11.27, 42.46).

21 | P a g e
 5.3. Independent Sample T- Test
The independent sample t-test compares the means of two independent groups in
order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population
means are significantly different.We are comparing average weights of male and
female subjects with a random sample of weights, one from male population and
another from female population. Here,

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference in the mean number of weights

between Male & Female.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is difference in the mean number of

weights between Male & Female.

It has been considered that the level of significance is at 5%.

Table 14: Independent Samples Test

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Std. Confidence
Mean Error Interval of the
Sig. (2- Differe Differe Difference
F Sig. t df tailed) nce nce Lower Upper
Students Equal
5.46
_Weight variances .033 .857 20 .000 54.111 9.895 33.470 74.752
8
assumed
Equal
5.38 16.3
variances not .000 54.111 10.054 32.837 75.385
2 74
assumed

Data Source: Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

22 | P a g e
Interpretation:

 The table shows that p-value is 0.857; it indicates that the difference between
the variances is statistically insignificant.
 The p-value 0.000 less than 0.05 indicates that there is significant different
between averages weights for male and female.
 So we reject Null hypothesis.

So the table indicates that the 95% confidence interval for the difference between two
means is (33.47, 74.75).

5.4. Paired Sample T- Test

The paired sample t-test compares the means of two measurements taken from yhe
same individual, object, or related units.

We have data of patients pulse compared in the situation of before and after treatment.
There pulse rate were compared. As there is one person in two situation that’s why its
called paired sample t-test. Here,

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference in the mean number of pulse

rate between before and after treatment.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is difference in the mean number of

pulse rate between before and after treatment.

It has been considered that the level of significance is at 5%.

Table 15: Paired Samples Statistics

Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Std. Error
Mean N
Deviation Mean
pulse1
70.0000 12 3.41121 .98473
Pair 1 (before)
pulse2 (after) 72.4167 12 2.46644 .71200

23 | P a g e
 Table 16: Paired Samples Correlations

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
pulse1 (before) &
Pair 1 12 .551 .063
pulse2 (after)

Table 17: Paired Samples Test

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence Sig.
Std. Interval of the (2-
Std. Error Difference tailed
Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df )
Pai pulse1 (before)
-2.41667 2.90637 .83900 -4.26328 -.57005 -2.880 11 .015
r 1 - pulse2 (after)
Data Source: Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:

 The table shows that, the sig. value (P Value) is 0.015 or 15% & the level of
significance is .05 or 5%.
 So, P value is > Level of significance
 So we failed to reject Null Hypothesis with this data.

So we can conclude that there is insufficient evidence to suggest a difference between

Pulse rates, on average, in these two options.

24 | P a g e
5.5. ANOVA

The analysis of variance used to identify if there is a difference between the

means of three or more independent groups. It helps to figure out if we need to reject
the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis.

Four methods (A, B, C, D) are used to see whether there is difference in

learning time using different training methods.

Here,

Null Hypothesis (H0): All the methods (A, B, C and D) are

equal. So there is no variation among the samples.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): All the methods (A, B, C and

D) are not equal. So there is variation among the samples.

Table 18: ANOVA

ANOVA
time
Sum of
df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
Between Groups 348.000 3 116.000 11.600 .003
Within Groups 80.000 8 10.000
Total 428.000 11
Data Source: Data Source: http://gchang.people.ysu.edu/SPSS/student.htm

Interpretation:

 Table shows that the value of F is 11.60 and the value of p (Sig.) is 0.003
 Here the degree of freedom for the numerator is 3 & the degree of freedom for
Denominator is 8, So the table value of F distribution at 5% significance level
is 4.07.

25 | P a g e
  Here, F(cal.) > F(tab).
 Here the Computed value 11.60 is higher than the level of significance 4.07.
 So, it’s likely to reject Null Hypothesis.

So we can conclude that there is difference in learning time using different training
methods.

26 | P a g e
 Chapter 6

6.1. Conclusion

Statistics is widely used in almost all fields like Biology, Botany, Commerce,
Medicine, Education, Physics, Chemistry, Bio-Technology, Psychology, Zoology etc.
While doing research in the above fields, the researchers should have some awareness
in using the statistical tools which helps them in drawing rigorous and good
conclusions. Because an wrong entry of data can change the whole answer. so It is
very important to know the use of the statistical tools. This will help to lead a properly
well-designed study leading to valid and authentic results. In this study, the relation
between the variables, the sample population and its GDP and GNI, gives the result
and is used in interpreting the analysis by statistics tools. All are done by using the
proper statistical tools. Therefore, sufficient knowledge of statistical tools is essential
for research and proper result might be used in preparing the standard guidelines.

27 | P a g e
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