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 ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

VISION
A university that produces graduates who are academically competitive, locally
responsive and globally sustained.

MISSION
We are committed to be agents in the development of Abra through enhanced
instruction creative and innovative researches and projects for public and community
services towards globally competitive professionals who contribute to the realization of a
nation that enjoys strongly rooted comfortable and secure life.

GOALS
1. To produce quality graduates who are globally competitive.
2. To develop/generate new knowledge and verify client-oriented technologies and
other solutions to development problems.
3. To disseminate and showcase client-responsive technologies and other solutions
to development problems towards an improved welfare of local communities.
4. To engage in viable income generating projects (IGP) to augment the finance of
the college.
5. To transform ASIST as a dynamic and responsive, learning and performing,
organization efficiently and effectively managing its resources.

CORE VALUES
N obility -learned and educated
E ntrepreneurship -productivity and self-reliance
W isdom -love of God
A ction -performance-focused
S incerity -high commitment to duty
I ntegrity -personal transformation
S ervice -client-orientation
T eamwork -coordinated group work

ASIST QUALITY POLICY

The Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology, commits a continual

improvement of its system processes to ensure effective and efficient delivery of the
services towards sustained clientele satisfaction
 Module 1

INTRODUCTION

Art appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of the universal and

timeless qualities that identify all great art. The more you appreciate and understand the
art of different eras, movements, styles and techniques, the better you can develop,
evaluate and improve your own artwork.
This course helps develop students’ ability to appreciate, analyze, and critique
works of art. Through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches, this course equips
students with a broad knowledge of the practical, historical, philosophical, and social
relevance of the arts in order to hone students’ ability to articulate their understanding of
the arts. The course also develops students’ competency in researching and curating art
as well as conceptualizing, mounting, and evaluating art productions. The course aims to
develop students’ genuine appreciation for Philippine arts by providing them opportunities
to explore the diversity and richness and their rootedness in Filipino culture.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES

After successfully completing this learning module, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including their
function, value, and historical significance
2. Define and demonstrate the elements and principles of design
3. Explain and evaluate different theories of art
4. Situate Philippine arts in a global context
5. Analyze and appraise works of art based on aesthetic value, historical context,
tradition, and social relevance
6. Mount an art exhibit (concept development, production and postproduction,
marketing, documentation, critiquing)
7. Create their own works of art and curate their own production or exhibit
8. Utilize art for self-expression and for promoting advocacies
9. Deepen their sensitivity to self, community, and society
10. Discover and deepen their identity through art with respect to their nationality,
culture, and religion
11. Develop an appreciation of the local arts
Lectures

LESSON 1
Nature and Assumptions of Arts: Creativity, Imagination and
Expression

Learning Outcomes:

1. Characterize artistic expression based on personal experiences with art.

2. Differentiate art history from art appreciation;
3. Discuss the nature of art's preliminary
expression.

Why do people create art?

What is Art?

ART comes from the Latin language “ars” which means skill or craft. It constitutes
one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by human being
sand has been a part of every society across the globe.

The arts represent an outlet of human expression, usually influenced by culture,

and driven by human creative impulse. Major constituents of the arts include literature–
including poetry, novels and short stories, and epics; performing arts–among them music,
dance, opera, theatre and film; and visual arts–including drawing, painting, and sculpting.
Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g. film) and the written
word (e.g. comics).

ART HISTORY: OVERVIEW

The history of art focuses on objects made by
humans in visual form for aesthetic purposes. Visual
art can be classified in diverse ways, such as
separating fine arts from applied arts; inclusively
focusing on human creativity; or focusing on different
media such
as architecture, sculpture, painting, film, photography,
and graphic arts. In recent years, technological advances
have led to video art, computer art, Performance
art, animation, television, and videogames.

The history of art is often told as a chronology of masterpieces created during

each civilization. It can thus be framed as a story of high culture, epitomized by
the Wonders of the World. On the other hand, vernacular art expressions can also be
integrated into art historical narratives, referred to as folk arts or craft. The more closely
that an art historian engages with these latter forms of low culture, the more likely it is that
they will identify their work as examining visual culture or material culture, or as
contributing to fields related to art history, such as anthropology or archaeology. In the
latter cases, art objects may be referred to as archeological artifacts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art
 ASSUMPTIONS OF ART
“Art is good because it is popular" or “Art is good because it is universal"
Why is art universal? Why is art not a nature? Why does art demand involvement?

Art is Universal - Art has always been timeless and universal, spanning generations and
continents through and through. Age is not a factor in determining art.

Art is Cultural - Art influences society by changing opinions, instilling values and
translating experiences across space and time. Research has shown art affects the
fundamental sense of self.

Painting, sculpture, music, literature and the other arts are often considered to be
the repository of a society’s collective memory. Art preserves what fact-based historical
records cannot: how it felt to exist in a particular place at a particular time.

Art in this sense is communication; it allows people from different cultures and
different times to communicate with each other via images, sounds and stories. Art is
often a vehicle for social change. It can give voice to the politically or socially
disenfranchised. A song, film or novel can rouse emotions in those who encounter it,
inspiring them to rally for change. https://www.masterpiecemixers.com/art-affect-culture-
society/

Art is not a Nature -Setting us apart from the animals, humans learned and perceived
logic and pattern in our everyday lives. And art is not an exception. Art that is composed
of patterns and aesthetics. Furthermore, art is not nature because art is not universal. Art
is relative and does not necessarily appeal to everyone. The art couldn't get any better
than nature it because millions of people tries to copy the nature. Because nature is what
you see and art is what you do. (brainly.com) Art is man's expression of his reception of
nature. Art is a man's way of interpreting nature. Art is made by man, whereas nature is
given around us.
•What we find in nature should not be expected to be present in art too.

Art Involves Experience - The notion of "Art as experience" implies that the creation of
art must be something of personal and knowledgeable value. In this conception of art,
the creator must have intimate or a subjective link with their creation in order for both to
have validity. Art as experience is best applied when studying, for example, the Romantic
poets, who stressed that the artist must fully believe and immerse themselves in their
art. This is a stark contrast to those who believe that art can be created from one's own
mind, without a personal link to it. For those that believe creating art is "simply a job," the
art as experience folk have something to say about that. In the belief of art as experience,
the artists as sacrifice becomes a central archetype. These individuals sacrificed
themselves to become more understanding about their art and produce better art. A
modern example of this would be Heath Ledger's acting approach to portraying the Joker
in The Dark Knight. His isolation in a hotel room with only the script and other elements
that helped him "understand" the character more became a critical reason why when seen
on the screen, we genuinely believe that Ledger is The Joker. When examining art as
experience, we begin to understand that there is a glory or artistic expression in who we
are as human beings and what we do as authors of our own narratives. (Ashley Kanan)

Art is a form of communication and a man’s way of expressing his innermost

thoughts and feelings. In fact, man is inseparable from nature – nature that encompasses
so many things. A person with experience and skill in art can create many forms of art.

ART APPRECIAIOTN AND ARTHISTORY

Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination and expression. It centers on the

ability to view art throughout history, focusing on the cultures and the people, and how art
developed in the specific periods. It is difficult to understand art without understanding the
culture, their use of materials, and a sense of beauty. Art is conveyed by the simple act
of creating art for art's sake. Every person is born with the innate desire to create art, and
similar to other professions, training is essential in honing skills to produce art. Art
education broadens a person's comprehension, development, and visions of art. Art
brings an understanding of diversity, how people lived in the past, and connects the issues
concerning contemporary life and art today.

The history of the world is similarly the history of art, continually intertwined. For
millions of years, as humans roamed the earth, evolution, and environment shaped many
different cultures depending on location, weather, natural resources, and food. These
cultures formed the foundation of all art today. Art appreciation analyzes art using the
methods and materials, allowing people to make connections to the context of art and the
interactions of societies. (Deborah Gustlin & Zoe Gustlin)

It is difficult to understand the art without understanding the culture.

According to David Morrison, Culture has a major impact on an artist’s work. As

well as providing the imminent background against which a work of art is created, it also
invariably shapes what is actually produced. In some cultures, painting is the predominant
art form, whereas in others it may be pottery or ceramics. In both cases, it is the dominant
culture that determines what kind of artworks are to be produced, especially if there is a
thriving art market that responds to changes in taste among collectors and connoisseurs.

ART APPRECIATION

Art appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of the universal and timeless
qualities that identify all great art. The more you appreciate and understand the art of
different eras, movements, styles and techniques, the better you can develop, evaluate
and improve your own artwork.

What is Creativity?

“Imagination is the beginning of creation. You imagine what you desire; you will
what you imagine; and alt last you create what you will.” -George Bernard Shaw

According to the dictionary, “creativity is the use of imagination or original ideas to

create something, to come up with a new, unique and original surprising idea”. Creativity
focuses on the process of forming original ideas through exploration and discovery.
Creativity is not to be confused with talent, skill, or intelligence. Creativity is not about
doing something better than others, it is about thinking, exploring, discovering, and
imagining. Creativity is found in the obvious art and music, but can also be found in
science and play.

Creativity focuses on the process of forming original ideas through exploration and
discovery. In children, creativity develops from their experiences with the process, rather
than concern for the finished product. Creativity is not to be confused with talent, skill, or
intelligence. Creativity is not about doing something better than others, it is about thinking,
exploring, discovering, and imagining. Creativity is found in the obvious art and music,
but can also be found in science and play. (Mary Ann F. Khol)

Why is creativity important?

1. Creativity is necessary to study because it is a vital part of the human experience

and encapsulates the highest level of human performance.
2. Creativity is necessary because it is the same thing that makes us do the things,
we call ART
3. Creativity means that we have a huge supply of imagination and original ideas
coming out of our head and we use it to create something that will either satisfy us
or other people in a way that it will be appreciated as an Art

Art as Expression
“Expression in the field of art is always communication.” -Martin Foss (Philosopher and
Professor)

Throughout ages and time immemorial, art has survived even if the dynasties have
vanished and villages have become cities. Rulers have established themselves and are
remembered because of what their dynasty left behind through their paintings, murals
and also their architecture. Trying to tell for the ages and generations to come, of what
they held important and their rule. Art was an important source to convey the same.

Even today the choice of art as communication continues. Living with an innate
need to communicate and express, humans have always been creative in letting out their
emotions. And art gives an immense possibility to those who opt it as a medium. It gives
the freedom to reign one's imagination and articulate or profess what one feels. Art just
doesn’t communicate emotions but also the time and the era that went by or might come,
the sense of a place, the customs and practices of the place and so much more that
maybe words might fall short of.

Every organism survives because they can communicate and express themselves
to their own or other species. Art channelizes one’s expression through colors, materials,
text, etc. And the liberty to choose from these channels helps the artist to convey better.
Expressing through art has also been considered to be therapeutic and many
psychiatrists and psychologists have considered 'Art Therapy' as one of the ways to heal
and help people who suffer from mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia. The
gestures of hand, the co-ordination of movement used in making the art, and the colors
together become curative in nature during the process of creation. The intriguing use of
the textures, colors and materials and their interesting manipulation to bring out one's
inner thoughts and emotions help the person to overcome the inhibitions that they might
hold in expressing through other mediums. https://www.artzolo.com/blog/art-visual-
medium-communication

The view that “art is imitation (representation)” has not only been challenged, it has
been moribund in at least some of the arts since the 19th century. It was subsequently
replaced by the theory that art is expression. Instead of reflecting states of the external
world, art is held to reflect the inner state of the artist. This, at least, seems to be implicit in
the core meaning of expression: the outer manifestation of an inner state. Art as a
representation of outer existence (admittedly “seen through a temperament”) has been
replaced by art as an expression of humans’ inner life.

But the terms express and expression are ambiguous and do not always denote
the same thing. Like so many other terms, express is subject to the process-product
ambiguity: the same word is used for a process and for the product that results from that
p\process. “The music expresses feeling” may mean that the composer expressed
human feeling in writing the music or that the music when heard is expressive (in some
way yet to be defined) of human feeling. Based on the first sense are theories about the
creation of art. Founded on the second are theories about the content of art and the
completion of its creation.

Different Types of Arts

Visual arts are forms of art that you can see, such as drawing, painting, sculpture,
printmaking, photography and filmmaking. Design and working with textiles are also often
referred to as visual art. Visual arts have changed over the centuries. During the Middle
Ages artists created paintings, sculptures or prints and became famous. Today visual arts
apply to many different forms.

What is the difference of two dimensional and three-dimensional art?

2D Art
 1. Drawing is creating a picture with a variety of tools, in most cases pencils, crayons,
pens or markers. Artists draw on different types of surfaces, like paper or canvas.
The first drawings were discovered in
caves, that date back about 30,000 years.

Ancient Egyptians drew on papyrus,

Greeks and Romans made drawings on
other objects, like vases. In the Middle
Ages drawings were sketches that were
made on parchment. When paper became
common in the Renaissance, drawing became an art perfected by Michelangelo,
Leonardo Da Vinci and others. https://www.english-online.at/art-
architecture/visual-arts/visual-art-forms.htm

2. Painting the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain
aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. (Peter D. Owen)

Painting is the art of splashing colours with the help of brushes in a certain way
to create an art. Painting can be done on almost any surface and they can be digital
(on computers) or manual using paints and brushes. There are different kinds of
painting materials like sand, paper, clay and many more. Painting is all about
creativity, so artists don't restrict themselves to only limited medium and materials, it's
an ever-growing process. There are different types of painting styles but modern style
of painting is the most sought-after technique, it allows the artist to bring forth his/her
ideas on the canvas with a mixture of modernism, abstract and surreal techniques.
There are different styles of painting like abstract art, conceptual art, Hyperrealism,
pop art, Futurism, Impressionism and so on. As artists you can focus on single styles
or a combination of styles.

Types of Painting Techniques

a. Oil painting can be a difficult task for beginners. Oil painting is suitable for almost
all kinds of styles. You get to work with smooth texture of paint and it has a
wonderful scent to it. Oil paint uses some drying oil as a binder to the pigments,
which gives the wonderful buttery feel to the paint. The most common drying oils
used as a binder are walnut oil, linseed oil, poppy seed oil and many more. Oil
painting was first used by Indian and Chinese artists in the 5th century, but it
became popular only in the 15th century.

b. Watercolor painting is usually done on the paper. In this particular type of painting,
one uses water-based solutions to mix the colors and hence the name water color
painting. Compared to oil painting, watercolor painting is also similarly tough task.
Nowadays you have plenty of artists trying out realistic looking portraits using
watercolors. The mixing of colors is very crucial in this, since too much of anything,
changes the shade of the colors

c. Pastel Painting. Pastel sticks are normally used to create the pastel paintings.
Using pastel sticks, you can immediately start drawing and coloring, it uses the
same binding pigments, except pastel sticks are a powder form which are bound
together using a binding agent, and they are readymade. If you are looking for pure
and deep colors, then it's highly recommended to use the pastel sticks. Pastel
paintings can be done on canvas, so you can do beautiful layering of colors with
pastels.

d. Acrylic Painting. These are water soluble paints, yet once the painting is complete,
it turns water resistant. Most hobbyists love to work with acrylic paints. For
sculptures, molding, facial features, many artists use acrylic painting. It is easier to
clean the brushes after use, since acrylic paints need only water to wash them off.
e. Digital painting is the art of creating artwork on a computer, which makes it
resemble a watercolor painting, oil painting or even an acrylic painting. A digitally
prepared oil painting and manually done oil painting will have plenty of differences,
since you have access to plenty of other textures and instruments which are easily
available on the system. Yes, you don't have to worry about paint spills a standing
for long hours. You can do the same art in a relaxed manner, at the comfort of your
homes.

f. Sand Painting. Painting on sand can be quite messy and it's a temporary art. The
sand painting can be captured on video using speed motion, to understand how
the artist works on them. It's normally done with minimal light, but has a focus light
under the table where the sand painting is being created. Sand painting is created
using coloured sands, which is moved around on a fixed surface using hands. It is
practiced in many countries and is known by several names; in India it's known as
kolam or rangoli.

g. Texture Painting – Texture to Paint. Texture paintings are mostly used with oil
paints, since while working with acrylic paints, they effects are lost when the
acrylics dry up. But oil paints tend to be expensive, so as a substitute one can use
acrylic impasto which works amazing on textures. Apart from regular paint
brushes, flat knifes, blunt objects are used to create texture paintings.

h. Matte Painting. Beautiful landscapes are usually created with the help of matte
paintings. Matte paintings are widely used in the film and video game industry. In
the film industries large sets are created after a matte painting of the locations are
finalized. Sometimes the environments like fairytale, sci-fi are very expensive to
build, in such cases matte paintings are used as background screen and merged
with other footages.

i. Spray Painting. Paint is usually administered from a spray bottle to achieve the
desired results. Mostly spray paints are used on streets (street art), graffiti, canvas,
wood, metal, glass, ceramic and more. If a large are of canvas requires the same
pigment, spray painting technique is used to cover the areas for a faster turnout.

j. Graffiti Painting. Graffiti art is mostly done on public buildings with/without

permissions. Graffiti is not meant to be understood by the general public, it's a style
of writing or drawing/scribbling which has no absolute meaning. The first graffiti
artist was a high school student in 1967, who used to write on walls to get his lady
love's attention. Graffiti became a full-fledged known painting technique in 1980,
were many artists resorted to public walls to showcase their talent.

k. Ink wash Painting or Literati painting - Chinese black ink.

l. Ink Wash Painting is also known as Literati Painting. Chinese black ink is used to
create these artworks. The Chinese black ink is quite popular in the Asian country
since it's mostly used for calligraphy. Various shades of black are created by
mixing water to the black ink to create the desired consistency.

m. Hot wax painting or Encaustic painting. Hot Wax Painting is also known as
Encaustic painting. This painting technique uses beeswax which is melted and
added to color pigments. Both cold wax and hot beeswax are used in this
technique. Encaustic paintings are usually created on a wood canvas.

n. Fresco secco paintings - Wall painting technique. Fresco secco paintings are
usually created on a freshly created lime plaster. The color pigments are mixed
water solution and directly applied on the lime plaster, thus creating a permanent
painting. Fresco secco paintings have been around since the renaissance period,
one can view these paintings in the Vatican walls and ceilings.
o. Gouache - opaque watercolor medium. Gouache is an opaque watercolor medium
used with other binding agents to create art. A white chalk or white color is added
to the water color mixture to attain the opacity in the Gouache technique. The
gouache cannot be applied directly onto a canvas, since it does not bind well, if
you want to use it on canvas, then acrylic pigments have to be mixed. Take care
not to dilute the acrylic colors, since the paintings may not have your desired look.

p. Tempera paintings - Long Lasting Painting. Tempera paintings are known as egg
tempera art. They are fast drying and the paint long last than others. Egg yolks are
used as a binding medium with paints and since it's highly glutenous, they tend to
dry faster. This is one of the oldest known painting techniques. Instead of eggs,
sometimes, gum, glycerin, casein is used as a binding agent to the mixture of water
and colors.

q. Enamel paintings - Art with Enamel Paint. Enamel paints give a glossy or shiny
look once they are dried completely.

r. Drip Painting - Paint Drips. As the name suggests, paint is dripped on the canvas
to create drip paintings.

s. Underpainting - Layer Painting. A base paint is added to the canvas and more
layers of colors are added to create beautiful underpaintings.

t. Panel Painting - Multiple Parts Painting. Panel paintings are created on multiple
panels of wood and joined together.

u. Velvet Painting - Art on Velvet Material. Velvet painting is usually created on a

piece of velvet cloth.

v. Leaf Painting - Art on/with leaves. A painting created on a leaf or creating leaf
shapes with paintings is known as leaf painting.

w. Reverse Glass Painting - Glass Painting. Reverse glass painting is applying paint
on glass and the picture is visible when you look through the glass.

x. Miniature Painting - Small Paintings. Miniature paintings are small handmade

paintings.

y. Action Painting - Fast, Direct Sweeping Brushstrokes. Action Painting is a fast,

spontaneous painting with direct brushstrokes on the canvas. The drips of paint
cause a beautiful effect.

z. Anamorphosis - Perspective Painting. Anamorphosis is perspective painting.

3. Printmaking. A print is an impression on paper taken from a matrix, most usually

a specially prepared printing plate or block. In the past, prints were always
produced in editions, that is, as multiples, but sometimes today printmakers make
unique impressions from the plate. (The Sydney Printmakers)

Categories of Prints

a. Intaglio Printmaking
An intaglio print is one where the image is printed from a recessed design
incised or etched into the surface of a plate. In this type of print the ink lies
below the surface of the plate and is transferred to the paper under pressure
using an intaglio press.
 This is a heavy press with a flat, metal bed suspended between two rollers;
blankets are used soften and spread the pressure and to help push the
dampened paper in to the deeper areas of the upturned plate. Examples of
intaglio printmaking are etching, mezzotint, aquatint, engraving, dry point and
collagraph.

b. Relief Printmaking
A relief print is one where the image is printed from a design raised on the
surface of a block. The plate is made by cutting away those areas of the block
which you do not want to appear in the design, and rolling ink onto the top
surface. In this type of print the ink lies on the top of the block and is transferred
to the paper under light pressure.

Most popular examples of this style of printmaking are woodcut and linocut
but collagraphs can also be printed as relief plates. Relief printing presses
typically have a bed on which the block is placed face up, a dry sheet of paper
placed on top and an upper surface is brought down to press the paper onto
the block. Examples: Woodcut, Chiaroscuro Woodcut, Wood Engraving,
Linocut or linoleum cut and monotype.

c. Lithography (Planographic Printing)

Lithography allows the artist to paint and draw directly on to the surface of
a stone or metal plate. The image is created with greasy materials on a grease-
sensitive surface to accept ink and the remainder treated with water-based
materials to repel ink. A characteristic of the resultant image is often a crayon-
like texture or ink line-and-wash drawing. The lithographic printing process is
'off-set' and requires a long bed on which the paper and plate are positioned
side by side. A full-width roller passes along the entire length of the bed, picks
up the ink form the plate then passes back again putting the ink down on the
paper. Examples: collotype, offset lithography or offset/photo-mechanical print,
cliche0verre (glass print), Chine Colle.

d. Serigraphy (Screen Printing)

Serigraphy is a process where a flat implement (usually a squeegee) is used
to force ink through a stencil and directly on to paper underneath. The most
popular form of this style of printmaking is called Screen printing, where a mesh
is stretched over a frame, areas are blocked and a squeegee pulled across the
mesh, prints the image around the blocked areas. Screen printing is a popular
form of commercial art such as printing on fabric and large poster style images
and does not require any type of press. Example: Stencil

e. Monotype
A monotype is a unique image taken from a matrix rather than drawn or
painted directly onto the paper. The image is painted or rolled onto the smooth
surface of a plate which is usually made of plastic. It is usually printed using an
intaglio press. Because the detail of the image is removed by the process of
printing the plate, the print cannot be repeated.

4. Photography. Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable

images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or
chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

Types of Photography
1. Portrait Photography
 One of the most common photography styles, portrait photography, or
portraiture, aims to capture the personality and mood of an individual or group.
Images may be candid or posed, full body or close-ups. Either way, the subject’s
face and eyes are typically in focus. Lighting and backdrop help to convey tone
and emotion. Popular types of photography portraits include senior portraits, family
portraits, engagement photos, and professional headshots. The best portrait
photographers make clients feel completely comfortable, so that their expressions
are natural and relaxed.

2. Photojournalism

Photojournalism is a way of telling the story of a newsworthy (perhaps even

historic) event or scene through photographs. Photojournalism should be as
objective and truthful as possible and capturing candid moments as they happen
is more important than getting picture-perfect shots. Generally, photojournalists
attend planned events with the hope of capturing unplanned, unscripted moments.
Their work is routinely published in magazines and newspapers.

3. Fashion Photography

Fashion photography showcases and

glamorizes fashion clothing, shoes, and
accessories to make them more desirable to
consumers. It is commonly published in
magazines and online. People may choose this
niche over different types of photography
because of the opportunity to be highly creative
in making photographs eye-catching and
appealing. Fashion photographers take a lot of
full body shots and work in an array of locations, from fashion shows to studios
with full lighting setups to city streets and open fields. They utilize many of the
same skills as portrait photographers and must practice good teamwork and
communication when working with shoot stylists, creative directors, and models.

4. Sports Photography

By catching athletes, coaches, and even fans at the perfect moment, sports
photographs can depict the passion, drama, and emotion that fuels sporting
events. Sports photographers must aim and shoot quickly to keep up with the
action around them, and its best practice to use a higher ISO to shoot at a faster
shutter speed. Sports photographers also usually use long, heavy lenses for
zooming in on the action. Interesting angles can help make your work stand out in
this competitive genre.

5. Still Life Photography

Like it sounds, still life photography features inanimate objects—natural or

manmade. Still life photography can be artistic or commercial. It is commonly used
in stock photography as well as product advertising. (Think of the product images
shown in catalogs, magazines, and billboards.) For still life photographers, object
selection, arrangement, and lighting are key to getting a great shot.

6. Editorial Photography

Editorial photography is taken to illustrate a story or article, typically for a

magazine or newspaper. The subject of editorial photography can vary widely and
is entirely dependent on the topic of the text it accompanies. Generally, for editorial
photography, you’ll want to get shots that work for a variety of layouts, including
horizontal and vertical compositions. When working in editorial photography, you
 are likely to work closely with writers and art directors, and demonstrating good
communication skills and professionalism will help you succeed.

7. Architectural Photography

Both the interior and exterior design of buildings and structures are the
subject of architectural photography. From warehouses to city bridges to old
country barns, this genre encompasses diverse structures. Often, the photograph
showcases the structure’s most aesthetically pleasing parts, such as a particular
beam or archway. Interesting materials and colors may also be emphasized.
Lighting can be challenging in architectural photography and, for exteriors,
photographers must know how to work with natural light. Gear such as a tilt-shift
lens, a tripod, and a panorama head are often useful. Architectural photographs
can be of value to designers, architects, leasing companies, and building investors.
https://www.artinstitutes.edu/about/blog/38780-v2-7-types-of-photography-styles-to-master

3D Art

Three-dimensional art is observed in terms of its height, width and depth.

It is not flat like two-dimensional art, which consists of paintings, drawings and
photographs. Pottery and sculpture are examples of three-dimensional art.
https://www.reference.com/world-view/three-dimensional-art-daa1f7e9deea87a3

This category includes sculpture, environmental art, craft and folk art, architecture,
and other mixed media art.

Sculpture

Sculpture is created in four basic ways: carving, modeling, casting, and

construction. The two primary types of sculpture are freestanding, which have all sides
showing, and relief, which are those that stick out from a surface or background piece.
Such sculptures may be in high relief—projecting boldly from the surface—or low relief—
projecting only slightly from the surface. We usually think of sculpture as being
freestanding, but sculptures can be attached to surfaces such as doors, altars, or church
walls. Such reliefs may be carved into the stone or wood of the structure itself, or they
may be cast of metal and fixed to the surface of the structure. Reliefs can only be seen
from a limited range, whereas a freestanding sculpture can be seen from every angle.

Carving is a process in which some of the original material is removed. For

example, a stone or wood sculpture can be made by removing material and gouging with
chisels, hammers, and files to bring the artist’s imagined form into physical existence. The
scale of carved sculptures can range considerably, from miniature figures that rest on the
tip of a finger to massive forms carved of living rock.

Modeling is sort of the opposite of carving, because instead of removing materials,

materials are added to form the sculpture. A soft, workable material like clay, wax, plaster,
or papier-mâché is formed by hand. Amounts of these materials can be added to the
surface, and the surface can be shaped and decorated by hand or with simple tools.

Sometimes an unfired clay or wax sculpture can become the basis for a cast form.
In this process, the original form is encased in plaster. When the plaster hardens, it is
removed from the original form and retained for use as a mold. The mold can then be
filled and thus used to create one or more casts of the original object. Sculptures may be
cast in plaster, metal, and more recently, synthetic materials like plastic or polyester
resins.

Some sculpture is constructed using a variety of methods. Metal sculpture can be

welded from sheet metal or bent from wire. Some artists use paper, board, or wood that
is cut and glued, nailed, or joined together by some other means and then possibly
painted. Sometimes found objects are combined to create a new sculpture.
 Some sculptures can move or can have moving parts. For example, Alexander
Calder (1898–1976) created mobiles with forms suspended by wire that can be moved
by wind or air currents. Other artists have used a wide variety of motors, pulleys, ropes,
pumps, or other mechanical means to introduce movement to their sculptures.

Environmental art, also called Earthworks, is a newer category of art form that first
emerged in the 1960s, and many works that fit in this category could be classified as
sculpture. Environmental art is usually large in scale, is constructed on-site, and is usually
not permanent. Environmental art occupies space that may be outside in the natural world
or inside a gallery or museum. In either case, the artwork redefines the space in which it
is installed. Sometimes, performance may be coupled with the actual installation, and
often the viewer is, to some degree, drawn into and involved with the artwork. Often, an
essential part of the work of environmental artists is the process of collaborating with the
community and governmental agencies to gain approval for their proposed works.
Environmental art is often designed to be impermanent or to change over time.
Photographs provide us with documentation of these projects that are not always meant
to last. http://f8finearts.weebly.com/art-3d-processes--techniques.html

Film (Digital arts/analog)

Digital art is an artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as part of the
creative or presentation process. Since the 1960s, various names have been used to
describe the process, including computer art and multimedia art. Digital art is itself placed
under the larger umbrella term new media art.

Types of Digital Art

a. Fractal Art/Algorithmic Art is a form of

digital art including the use of
mathematics. This process of deriving art
through mathematics is also termed as
algorithmic art. There is a specific type of
beauty involved in the culmination of this
art form which is considered as a part of
computer art and digital art, being a part
of the greater family of new media art.

Fractal art is an amalgamation of

generative art and computer art, which
give eminence to a new form of abstract
art in which a new kind of software
supporting the calculation of the fractal
structures is adopted.

These structures are calculated mathematically to produce fractal

images, videos, and art. It requires a specific set of skills to profess this
art with an apt for digital mathematics and a flair for handling software
data.

b. Data-Moshing
 Data-moshing can be termed as a process whereby media files can
be manipulated to produce the desired visual effects or images when
the file is decoded.

The status of the decoded file

allows the entry of snippets
from other media files and
editing of the existing ones.
This data-moshing process is
most common in videos rather
than images.
c. Dynamic Painting
Dynamic painting is
considered as the most modern and advanced form of digital art.
Historically, the denotation of art was assumed to be created by the
hands of man himself and art was supposed to remain in that terrain.
However, modernity and Industrial Revolution gave birth to
technology and the adoption of new methods of turning physical labor
into mental labor, where the work of the manual laborers was
demolished and was instead replaced by the use of specialized skills to
operate these machines produced by capitalist giants.
Dynamic painting developed as a form of digital art, where the art or
picture was painted by an autonomous system, namely a computer,
where there was minimal physical labor used to complete the work.

d. 2D Computer Graphics

Traditional paintings and drawings had a particular charm about

them for sure, because of
their authenticity and the
hard work put behind
them to turn them into
masterpieces.

This art was well

appreciated, until the
advent of technology and
the use of computers
which demanded that art be transformed into digitally specific claims
which could be applied to the modern world of entertainment and media.

2D computer graphics are derived from 2D dimensional models like

texts and digital images. It works on transforming the traditional forms of
art into digital art which can be used in projects and animation for the
media and entertainment industry. 2D graphics are generally derived on
traditional graphics like typography, cartography, technical drawing and
advertising.

e. 3D Computer Graphics

You must have come across this term several times while
watching videos, movies or learning a concept that involves
animation. The 3D computer graphics is a modern concept which
has come in with technological advancement and the development
of the computer sciences and is a modified version of the 2D
computer graphics.
 The 3D computer
graphics has the task of
representing the three-
dimensional aspect of
geometric data which is found
in almost every model or
structure. The 3-dimensional
computer graphics calculates
these geometric data and
stores it in the device for
future reference. The 3D
computer graphics are also
used to render 2D images to
provide it with a better
representative quality. There
is not much difference in the processes involving the 2D and 3D
graphics when it comes to the programs and software that these two
forms imbibe to produce the calculations.

Another important aspect of 3D model is that the model aspect

is only defined by the mathematical representation of the structure.
A 3D model only becomes graphic once it is displayed.

f. Pixel Art

This type of digital art is mainly associated with videos and

images which are used for movies, games, or aesthetic ventures.

There is a specific software where the pixel art can be produced,

and it supports the 8-bit and 16-bit
computers, including some graphic
calculators and video game
consoles. Pixel art is a pure form of
aesthetic used in the elaboration of
video games and other animated
videos where it produces the
desired effect which is incomplete
in the case of other forms of digital
art.
The idea of pixel art eminently
emerged with the idea of
modernizing of video games. This
means that the aesthetic level of the video games created must
match with the societal standards and expectations on these games.

This form of visual ecstasy can only be achieved with the

adoption of pixel art as a form of digital art to infiltrate movements in
the characters of the video games.
What you see on the screen or play
with is an intersection of several
software programs to produce the
desired art.

In case the video games or

images need to be modified, or new
effects need to be produced, the
process of spriting is taken over.
Spriting is specifically a term used to
denote the editing and specialization
of the already existing pixel art that
you have produced.
 g. Digital Photography

This term was

invented with the
discovery of computers,
which introduced the
use of digital cameras to
produce the perfect
shot which other
cameras could not
achieve.

Prior to the advent of digital cameras was the era of

photographic films stuffed into camera rolls which after being clicked,
took a long time to be developed. Even after being developed, these
pictures weren’t as professional as expected.

h. Photo-painting

This form of digital art was invented with the use of computers
where editing and photoshopping came into the picture. Photo-
painting is done in succession to digital photography. After clicking
the perfect picture and viewing it on the computer, there are a bunch
of professionals who are equipped to handle the editing part
specifically.

The photo painting is not a manual process. Rather, the digital

picture is painted on the computer itself with some tools downloaded
from certain software and apps.

Photo-painting is a very crucial editing skill which should be

undertaken by every photographer. The company which hires a
professional editor who is well versed with photo painting is better
equipped to send out pictures dictating the company’s goals. This is
extremely beneficial to the company because the edits will put them
on a pedestal.

Since photo painting is available on apps which is

downloadable, it is accessible through phones as well, which can be
easily linked to social media. However, not everyone can do photo
painting. A certain amount of skill is required in that expertise.

i. Digital Collage

We are all familiar with the

concept of a collage because
we use it in our day to day lives,
when we tend to edit pictures or
create memories. However, just
as the definition of a normal
collage goes, digital collage is
slightly different.

This means that instead of

putting several whole pictures together, different textures and ideas
are taken from several sites and then collaborated under one picture.

j. 2D Digital Painting
 Digital painting forms the crux of digital art right now and is effectively
one of the most practiced digital art forms of this era. By this era, I meant
the era of technologically advanced machines which come in handy in
almost all digital art operations. With the help of the computer, 2D art
can be undertaken professionally,
using multiple features which it
can entail.

The cruciality of 2D digital

painting for business propaganda
and campaigns is reflected in the
company’s success in the long-
run. 2D digital painting is basically
digital painting on a plain surface
with no added effects.

It is a very basic form of digital painting which is required to be very

catchy for visual as well as artistic satisfaction. 2D illustrations are
imperative in a company’s marketing process to gain publicity by putting
the goals and aspiration out in the form of artistic representation.

2D digital painting fulfills this need and is preferred over hand-

drawings which come with a lot of imperfections which may take ages to
re-do. 2D art is digitized and can be altered with the app itself. For this
purpose, all companies hire an exceptionally skilled group of digital
artists who specialize in the creation of 2D digital art.

k. 3D Digital Painting

Another imperative part of the digital painting domain is the 3D digital

painting, a more popularized version of 2D digital paintings.

This precisely implies that it contains

features which are common with 2D
digital paintings, but is a more
specialized version which can also be
rendered. Basically, the 2D digital
illustration forms a base on which the 3D
digital painting is structured.

In the 3D digital paintings, extra

effects can be incorporated into the
illustrations. This concept of digital art
has been more popularized and widely used than the 2D digital painting
model. It has been recorded that the 3D model of digital painting has a
better chance of catching the eye of customers than the 2D model,
resulting in an increase in consumer traffic.

l. Manual Vector Drawing

The term “vector” is used to refer to

a certain format that allows images to
be saved while still being available for
usage within a painting. ‘Bezier curves’
is the French-based term used for
representing the mathematical basis of
vectors.

Vector painting includes shapes

and lines that can be represented in
geometrical formulas. One can control their colors, shadows,
transparency, groups, and so on.
 The size of manual vector paintings can be converted from small to
large without compromising the quality and sharpness of the piece.
These changes can be done by simply entering the desired dimensions
of the painting.

m. Integrated Art / Mixed Media and Hybrid Painting

The original meaning of this term is a combination of more than one

form of art, also known as “interdisciplinary art”, that is mostly used in
learning environments to help the audience grasp a concept better, or
can also be for the sole purpose of
entertainment.

The gist of integrated art in the

digital world is to merge two or more
media in order to achieve one single
piece of art.

In this type of art, there is a lesser

influence of restrictions when it comes
to the digital environment rather than
mediums which are conventional. The
artist has immense control over how
he/she wants the outcome to look like.

n. Raster Painting

Another very important domain of the forms of digital art is raster

paintings. This is a form of
digital painting which has been
popularized because of its
innate resemblance to that of a
real hand painting. Since the
other forms of digital art was
giving out a rather virtual image
of illustrations, deep down,
traditionality is always
appreciated more than virtual
illustration.

So, to give it a more aesthetic vibe, traditional forms of painting are

converted to digital art where there are apps you get a brush to make
your own painting online.

It resembles an actual painting because the drawing takes place in

strokes. Given the features, not everyone can do raster paintings
without having to know the art of using a brush in reality first, before
applying it on the computer.

To illustrate art in its raw form digitally, raster paintings are the best
way to go about it. But other than this, it is not advisable to go for this
form of digital art on a professional basis. The diameter of the creation
is very restrictive because it is as low as 72 dots per inch.

In addition to this, the image cannot be expanded. Corrections to the

image is also a very long and hard process which can be fatal if certain
targets have to be met for the business.
 o. Computer-Generated Painting

A computer-
generated painting is an
artwork in which the artist
gives instructions to the
computer on how to
“paint” a desired piece.
Keep in mind that the term
does not mean the
computer creates a
painting by itself.

The artist is still fully involved in many ways including planning the
concept, subject, color combination, etc.

Performance Arts

Performance art is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed

by the artist or other participants. It may be live, through documentation, spontaneously
or written, presented to a public in a Fine Arts context, traditionally interdisciplinary.
Performance art, also known as artistic action, has been developed through the years as
a genre of its own in which art is presented live. It had an important and fundamental role
in 20th century Avant Garde art.

The performing arts refer to the forms of art where an artist uses his own face,
body and presence. The major types of performing arts include music, opera, dance,
drama, and spoken words.

It involves four basic elements: time, space, body, and presence of the artist, and
the relation between the creator and the public. The actions, generally developed in art
galleries and museums, can take place in the street, any kind of setting or space and
during any time period. Its goal is to generate a reaction, sometimes with the support of
improvisation and a sense of aesthetics. The themes are commonly linked to life
experiences of the artist themselves, or the need of denunciation or social criticism and
with a spirit of transformation. (Wikipedia)

Major Performing Arts

a. Music is a form of art whose medium is silence and sound. The word "music" was
derived from the Greek word "mousike" which means the art of the muses. The common
elements of music include rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and texture. The performance,
creation, significance and definition of this art depend on the social context and culture.
Music can range from organized composition up to improvisational music to aleatoric
forms.
Music can be assorted into different genres or subgenres, although the divisions
of these genres are usually vague and subtle. It is also said that there is a very strong
connection between mathematics and music. To a lot of people who belong to various
cultures, music plays an important part in their lives. Music is usually associated with the
way of life of different kinds of people across the land.

b. Opera is a form of performing arts wherein musicians and singers perform a dramatic
work that combines text, which is called the libretto and musical score. This form of art is
a popular part of the Western classical music tradition. The art incorporates a lot of
elements of spoken theatre, including scenery, acting and costumes. Sometimes it also
includes dance. The performance in an Opera is usually done in an opera house. It is
also accompanied by either a musical ensemble or an orchestra. Opera originated in Italy
by the 16th century and it soon spread to the rest of Europe as it gains popularity. Various
musicians in Europe developed a lot of ways in flourishing this form of art and made it
even more popular.
c. Dance is a form of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body rhythmically
and usually in accordance to music. It is used as a form of social interaction and
expression, or it is commonly presented in a performance or spiritual setting. It is also
seen as a form of nonverbal communication, a type of communication where words are
not used. Definitions of what dance is really all about usually varies in each culture,
society or person.
Some people considered even the movement of the leaves as a form of dance
while some even considered martial arts, like karate, as one form of it. Dance can also
be social, participatory, and performed for an audience. It can as well be erotic,
ceremonial or competitive in purpose. Nowadays, dancing has evolved into many styles.
These styles include ballet, break dancing, and krumping. Nevertheless, each type of
dance, whether what style, has something that is common. It does not only involve the
usage of the human body kinetics and flexibility but also physics.
d. Drama refers to a mode of fiction represented in a performance. The word "drama"
originated from the Greek word "drao" which means action. Dramas are usually enacted
by actors on a stage for an audience. The structure of the text for dramas is usually
influence by collective reception and collaborative production. Masterpieces that can be
considered to be in this form include the classical Athenian tragedy, "Oedipus the King"
of Sophocles and "Hamlet" of William Shakespeare.
e. Spoken word is often used as an entertainment or musical term, referring to works that
are intended to be performed by a single person who will speak by himself naturally.
Musically, this is different from rapping for the latter involves rhythm while spoken words
do not follow such. Spoken words is said to be more akin to speaking or narration.
https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/subject_matter/arts/performing/
Performance poetry (spoken word) is poetry that is specifically composed for or
during performance before an audience. During the 1980s, the term came into popular
usage to describe poetry written or composed exclusively for performance and not for
print distribution, mostly open to improvisation. (Wikipedia)

Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. People
in every culture and geographic area have designed shelters that meet their needs for
protection. As people have imagined structures for a variety of communal and personal
uses, they have developed various methods of construction to realize their ideas.
Specialists in designing structures have become known as architects.

In early times, materials that could be found locally were used for building. Sticks,
mud, grass, animal skins, ice, and wood were used depending on which climate you lived
in. Later, brick and stone were also used. An important architectural development was
the use of the post-and-lintel construction technique in which a long stone or wooden
beam is placed horizontally across upright posts. The famous Greek Parthenon is an
example of post-and-lintel construction. This method is still commonly used today, with
steel and wood being the favored materials.

Other key developments in architecture include the arch, the vault, and the dome.
Each of these is a variation of the same concept that allowed for greater height and more
interior open space inside a building. The Romans were great engineers, and the
Pantheon in Rome provides a fine example of vaulted construction. The Romans
developed concrete as a building material, which they used in building aqueducts, great
baths, and other public works projects.

In the medieval period, a skeletal building style developed that alternated between
strong parts and thin walls with stained-glass windows, which admitted lighter and color
into the building. Many medieval cathedrals provide classic examples of this method. The
addition of external arches that counterbalanced the outward thrust of the high, vaulted
ceilings allowed for even more height and window openings.

During the Industrial Revolution, many new materials and processes for building
were developed. In 1851 the Crystal Palace, so named because it consisted mainly of
glass walls that were held in place by a framework of slim, iron rods, was built for the
world’s fair in London. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, an amazing and beautiful monument, is
primarily a framework of wrought iron. Steel and concrete have become the favored
materials for large public, commercial, and multi-family housing while wood and brick
continue to be commonly used for residential homes. While many buildings are still
designed by builders using more standardized plans, leading architects continue to
explore new and exciting designs and materials.
http://f8finearts.weebly.com/art-3d-processes--techniques.html

Applied Arts (Fashion, Furniture)

The term "applied art" refers to the application (and resulting product) of artistic
design to utilitarian objects in everyday use. Whereas works of fine art have no function
other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation to the viewer, works of applied
art are usually functional objects which have been "prettified" or creatively designed with
both aesthetics and function in mind. Applied art embraces a huge range of products and
items, from a teapot or chair, to the walls and roof of a railway station or concert hall, a
fountain pen or computer mouse. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/applied-art.htm

Throughout history, especially in the Western world, arts have always existed
under a sort of hierarchy - history painting was above portraiture, portraiture above still
life, poetry was above prose, opera above the popular song. Applied arts, as necessary
and ever present as they may have been, always had to take the proverbial back seat to
their more "important" creative counterparts. It was only in the late 19th century, with the
rise of Arts & crafts movement and the Art nouveau that the applied arts come to the
forefront of public attention.

In the broadest sense of the word,

Applied arts are those in which artistic design
is applied to utilitarian objects of everyday
use (as opposed to Fine arts which have no
function other than to aesthetically and
intellectually stimulate the viewer).[1]
Industrial design, graphic design, fashion
design, interior design, and the decorative
arts all belong to the realm of Applied arts.[2]
Offering endless opportunities for originality, these arts, with their truly immense scope of
influence, enrich our daily lives and can make even the most mundane utensil in our home
a pleasure for the eyes.

A. Industrial Design (ID) is the professional practice of designing products, devices,

objects, and services used by millions of people around the world every day.
 Industrial designers typically focus on the physical appearance, functionality
and manufacturability of a product,
though they are often involved in far
more during a development cycle.
All of this ultimately extends to the
overall lasting value and experience
a product or service provides for
end-users.

Every object that you interact

with on a daily basis in your home,
office, school, or public setting is the
result of a design process. During
this process, myriad decisions are
made by an industrial designer (and
their team) that are aimed at improving your life through well-executed design.
https://www.idsa.org/what-industrial-design

B. Graphic Design

Graphic design arose as a separate discipline soon after the advent of the
printing press in the 15th century. Engravings soon replaced hand-painted book
illustration, and communication through visual images started to gain
momentum.[5] Sign-painting was
yet another early form of graphic
design, soon to be followed by
poster painting in the 19th century
(Toulouse-Lautrec and Mucha
spring to mind as the supreme
masters of this genre), newspaper
advertising, and pamphlets.

Graphic design always was used to convey ideas in a symbolic yet

memorable manner and has for the most part remained a practical method of
communication using images, words, or graphic forms. With the advent of the
internet, it has become one of the dominant branches of applied arts and an
inseparable part of web development.
C. Fashion Design

Possibly the most attractive to the

general public and definitely the most
discussed in the media, fashion has been
a hot topic for centuries. Still, design as we
know it today started with Charles
Frederick Worth, the first who was able to
dictate style instead of obey it. Before him,
the bourgeoisie and the common people
simply copied the garments of their social
superiors. The court was the source of
inspiration, not the runway. Yet it all changed with the advent of the fashion house,
the designer who could predict and dictate the trends. Soon came French Chanel
and Dior, Italian Gucci, Versace and many more.

Influenced by social and cultural norms and expectations, fashion has had a
tremendous impact on how we see ourselves and each other. A creative outlet, it
was also a way to either reinforce or challenge the status quo. Be it expensive
haute couture or affordable mass-market, it is wearable art.
https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/applied-arts-meaning-kinds

D. Fashion design. Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics and
natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by cultural and social
 attitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number
of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklaces.
Because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, designers must
at times anticipate changes to consumer tastes.

Designers conduct research on fashion trends and interpret them for their
audience. Their specific designs are used by manufacturers. This is the essence
of a designer's role; however, there is variation within this that is determined by the
buying and merchandising approach, and product quality; for example, budget
retailers will use inexpensive fabrics to interpret trends, but high-end retailers will
ensure that the best available fabrics are used.

Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as

aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the
situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials,
colors, patterns and styles. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls
within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought
for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses. (Wikipedia)

E. Decorative Arts

Decorative art, any of those arts that are

concerned with the design and decoration of objects that
are chiefly prized for their utility, rather than for their
purely aesthetic qualities. Ceramics, glassware,
basketry, jewelry, metal ware, furniture, textiles, clothing,
and other such goods are the objects most commonly
associated with the decorative arts. Many decorative
arts, such as basketry or pottery, are also commonly
considered to be craft, but the definitions of both terms
are arbitrary. It should also be noted that the separation
of decorative arts from art forms such as painting and sculpture is a modern
distinction. (Britannica)

Post Assessment

1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist would you like to be? Why?
Think of any form on how you are going to present your work. Use your creativity.

2. Choose at least one Filipino artwork that you are familiar with or one that
impacted you. Evaluate it by using the following guide questions:
a. What is the artwork all about?
b. What is it for?
c. What is it made of?
d. What is the style?
e. How good is the artwork?

Think of any form on how you are going to present your work. Use your creativity.

(Note: You will be graded according to: how you follow directions, understand
the concept, how good your explanation is and how creative you are.)
 LESSON 2
Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art

Learning Outcomes:

1. Distinguish directly functional and indirectly functional art.

2. Explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspective of art.
3. Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios.

Lectures

What artform/artwork has changed something in your life? Why?

FUNCTIONS OF ARTS

1. PERSONAL FUNCTION – communicates life experiences, emotions or feelings of an

individual -

EXAMPLES: Expressive Art, Art Therapy

The personal functions of art are

often the most difficult to explain. There are many types of personal function, and they
are subjective and will therefore vary from person to person. An artist may create out of
a need for self-expression, or gratification. S/he might have wanted to communicate a
thought or point to the viewer. Perhaps the artist was trying to provide an aesthetic
experience, both for self and viewers. A piece might have been meant to
"merely" entertain others. Sometimes a piece isn't meant to have any meaning at
all. Art is often used to bring order to a messy and disorderly world. Conversely, art can
be used to create chaos when an artist feels life is too static and ordinary. Art can also
be therapeutic - for both the artist and the viewer.

2. SOCIAL FUNCTION - addresses aspects of (collective) life, as opposed to one

person's point of view or experience, enhances the shared sense of identity of those
within a family, community, or civilization

EXAMPLES: Activist Art, Political Propaganda, Ceremonial Art

The public art in 1930s Germany had an overwhelming social function. The art directly
exerted influence on the German population, as did the political and patriotic posters in
Allied countries during the same time. Political art always carries a social function. Art
that depicts social conditions performs social functions. The Realists figured this out
early in the 19th century. Dorothea Lange (and, indeed, many other photographers) often
photographed people in conditions we'd rather not think
about. Additionally, satire performs social functions. Francisco Goya and William
Hogarth both went this route, with varying degrees of success at enacting social change.

3. PHYSICAL FUNCTION – performs some service or has a specific use.

EXAMPLES: Architecture, Interior Design, Furniture Design, Utilitarian Art, Crafts

The physical functions of art are often the easiest to understand. Works of art that are
created to perform some service have physical functions. If you see a Fijian war club, you
may assume that, however wonderful the craftsmanship may be, it was created to perform
its task in the midst of a deadly battle. A Japanese raku bowl is art that performs a physical
function in the tea ceremony.

4. DECORATIVE FUNCTION - meant to entertain or excite the eye and may not have
any meaning at all.

EXAMPLES: Ornamental Art, Crafts

5. SPIRITUAL FUNCTION – expresses beliefs about the destiny of life controlled by a

higher power

EXAMPLES: Religious Art

1. EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION – symbols and signs that illustrate knowledge, meant to

inform or tell a true story

EXAMPLES: Science or Math Illustrations, Infographics, Historical or Narrative Art

Philosophical Importance of Art

Beauty is defined as a transcendental, albeit one that is implied, rather than

explicitly enumerated in Thomistic philosophy. "One," "True," and "Good" are the three
explicitly enumerated by St. Thomas Aquinas and referred in classical philosophy. A
transcendental is defined as an attribute belonging to every object in so far as that object
has existence, but considering that object's existence from a certain perspective. Beauty,
as a transcendental, considers an object from the point of view of knowing the object, but
with the condition of producing joy in the one beholding the object; beauty is "that which
gives pleasure [joy] on sight" as succinctly and authoritatively defined by St. Thomas
Aquinas. This joy presupposes a subjective quality of the one beholding in so far as the
beholder must be capable of grasping the beauty of the object, but more importantly, this
joy presupposes objective conditions of the object that must be present; the greater
degree that these conditions are present, the greater beauty that will ensue.

Integritas or Integrity (wholeness) may be defined as an object possessing all

qualities necessary which express its essence. Consider the following example as an
application of Integrity to a work of architecture. Let us suppose we are designing a
military academy. This academy may be said to be deficient in Integrity if it be lacking
exercise facilities, because essential to the purpose of this academy will be the physical
fitness of its students.
~ Denis Robert McNamara, Catholic Church Architecture and the Spirit of the Liturgy (2009)

Consonantia or Proportion may be defined as an object

being harmonized among its parts and according to its final
end. Considering the previous example of a military
academy, this academy may be said to be deficient in
Proportion if some of the facility were designed for the
training of ballerina students. These parts of the school
would not only be in dissonance with the other parts of the
school, but would be at odds with the specific educational
purpose of the academy.

Claritas or Clarity (radiance) may be defined as an object radiating its essence in

a clear manner; a decisive intelligibility. Again, considering the example of the military
academy, clarity would be lacking if a visitor cannot identify the use of the academy
because the building employs forms and language representative of another building
type, say a spa, circus, etc. https://www.stellamarisarchitecture.com/principles.html

Assessment Task

What artform/artwork has changed something in your life? Why?

(Print the artwork and paste it in a short bond paper. Handwritten or
computerized. Double spaced. Maximum of three paragraphs.)

Take a photo or provide classic examples of the functions of art that you can find
in your home or community and tell the philosophical importance of the artwork.
(present it in a form of collage)
 LESSON 3

Subject and Content

Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiate content from subject.

2. Differentiate representational art and non-representational art
3. Analyze how artists present their subjects in relation to the real subject.
4. Characterize sources and kinds of art.

Lectures

In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and
the viewer, allowing the viewer to more easily comprehend what he is
seeing.

These clues are the three basic components of a work of art:

a. Subject – the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from examining the
artwork; the “what”. It refers to any person object, scene or event.
b. Content – the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork; the “why”
c. Form – the development and configuration of the art work – how the elements and
the medium or material are put together; the “how”

Representational
And Non-Representational - Art Vocab Definition.mp4

Types of Subject

1. Representational Art or Object Art aims to represent actual objects or objects from
reality. They attempt t copy, even if in a subjective manner, something that is real.
It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork.
Examples: sculpture, painting, literature, theatre arts, etc

2. Non-Representational – refers to art that does not attempt to represent or

reference reality. It has often been explored by artist as a means to spiritual
expression.

Methods of representing art subject:

a. Realism – subject is portrayed as it is.

b. Abstraction - the artist selects and renders the objects with their shapes,
colors and positions altered. In some abstract works, enough of a
likeness has been retained to represent real things.

c. Symbolism - the art or practice of using symbols especially by

investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the
invisible or intangible by means of visible or sensuous
representations
d. Fauvism - style of painting that flourished in France around the turn of the
20th century. Fauve artists used pure, brilliant color aggressively applied
straight from the paint tubes to create a sense of an explosion on the
canvas.

e. Dadaism – Dadaism is system of art which is per se “nonsensical.”

Some would say it is not an art because it strives to have no
meaning at all.
f.

g. Futurism – (Italian: Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that

originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasised speed,
technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane,
and the industrial city. (wikipedia)

h. Surrealsim – a method where the artist in giving expression to what it

is in the subconscious composes dreamlike scenes that show an
irrational arrangement of objects.

Two Types of Surrealism

1. Veristic Surrealism. It allowed the images of the subconscious to be

undisturbed so that the meaning could be understood through analysis. They
follow images of the subconscious until consciousness could understand the
meaning.

Examples: Rene Magritte would show a nighttime sky, then a daytime

foreground, or Salvador Dali would melt clocks to show how unreal how time
and space were; slice of a cheese with a face on it.

2. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism. Images of the subconscious should

notbbe burdened by meaning, so they are represented in an abstract form. It
isbfocused more on feelings and less analytical. Proponents: Carl Jung
andnSigmund Freud. (Marionito L. Hinacay’s report)

Surrealistic Techniques:

1. Scale – changing an object’s scale, or relative size.

Example: ordinary small size of glass to a big extraordinary size.

2. Levitation – Floating objects that don’t normally float.

Example: Stone Floating
3. Juxtaposition – Joining two images together in impossible combinations.

Example: Car running and on top of it is a horse running with a man riding.

4. Dislocation – Taking an object form its usual environment and placing it in an

unfamiliar one.
 Example: a face wrapped by a piece of cloth; an electric burner inside the
car.

5. Transparency – Making objects transparent that are not transparent.

6. Transformation – Changing objects in unusual way.

i. Expressionism – the artist seeks to depict not objective reality

but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and
events arouse within a person.

Kinds of Subjects:

a. Still life (plural: still lifes) is a Patricia Perez

work of art depicting mostly Eustaquio
inanimate subject matter,
typically commonplace Still Life”, 26 October
– 25 November 2017,
objects which are either installation view at
natural (food, flowers, dead Silverlens, Manila.
animals, plants, rocks, Image courtesy
shells, etc.) or man-made Silverlens.
(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.)

b. Portraiture or Portrait – a portrait can be a sculpture, a

painting, a form of photography or any other
representation of a person, in which the face is the
main theme (Wikipedia)

c. Landscape – is the depiction of landscapes in

art—natural scenery such as mountains,
valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, especially
where the main subject is a wide view—with its
elements arranged into a coherent
composition.

d. Animal-made art is art created

RODEL TAPAYA
by an animal. Animal- (Filipino, B. 1980)
made works of art have been signed,Animal Rescue
titled, inscribed, and
created by apes, dated (on the reverse)
acrylic on canvas
elephants, cetacea, 190 x 190 cm. (74 3/4 x 74
3/4 in.)
reptiles, and bowerbirds, Painted in 2010
among other species.
(Wikipedia) Through time
animals have appeared in paintings, sculptures, and prints. Animals are
also symbolic. Many cultures through the ages have regarded specific
animals as representing gods, power, the supernatural, and in the
cases. (Incredible @rt Department)

a. Figures - A figure painting is

a work of fine art in any of the The Golden Apple of
Discord at the wedding
painting media with the of Peleus and Thetis,
primary subject being the Jacob Jordaens, 1633,
human figure, whether 181 cm × 288 cm (71
in × 113 in), oil on
clothed or nude. Figure canvas
painting may also refer to the
activity of creating such a work. The human figure
has been one of the constant subjects of art since the first stone age
 cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout
history. (Wikipedia)

b. Nature paintings also referred to as Landscape or

scenery paintings mostly shows references of
mountains, trees or other natural elements. In
recent times, Nature paintings have also depicted
a mix of landscape paintings mixing with those of
nature paintings. (artzolo.com)

c. Mythology Traditionally classified

as a form of history painting, Et in Arcadia Ego
(1637)
mythological pictures are based (The Arcadian
on themes taken from mythology Shepherds)
- that is, from traditional tales By Nicolas Poussin.
Louvre Museum,
invented to explain a particular Paris.
belief, historical event, or fact of
nature. Mythological imagery can
also be based on fables or parables, or historical legends. Whatever
their origin, these pictures usually involve figure painting and are often
executed in a large format.

d. Dreams- Dream art is any form of art directly based on

material from dreams, or which employs dream-like
imagery. (Wikipedia)

e. Fantasy paintings (also referred to as Fantastic Art) are

characterized by their realistic depiction of non-real
subject matter including fictional characters, creatures,
and lands, often derived from literature (both classic and
contemporary) as well as ancient folklore and
mythology. (Saatchi Art)

Sources of Subject

1. Nature
2. History
3. Greek and Roman Mythology
4. Judeo-Christian Tradition
5. Sacred oriental texts
6. Other works of art

Subject Matter’s Different Levels of Meaning

1. Factual Meaning - the literal statement or the narrative content in the work which
can be directly apprehended because the objects presented are easily
recognized

2. Conventional meaning – refers to the special meaning that a certain object or color
has a particular culture or group of people. Examples: heat – symbol of love, dove
for peace,

3. Subjective Meaning – Subjectivity in art is the word we use to explain how different
people can respond to a work of art in different ways. Subjectivity is based on
personal opinions and feelings rather than on agreed facts. A painting might be
“beautiful” to one person and “ugly” to another, but the material object remains
unchanged. (Christopher P. Jones)
 Assessment Task

Have you ever been exposed to visual art? In what particular art activities?
Is it in school? Social activities? or from family? Do you make art? what
kind? What medium or style did you use? Who is your audience? (write it in
a bordered short bond paper. Double spaced. Computerized)

Analyze the artwork below and then give the subject matter’s different
levels of meaning. Present your analysis in a form of a video. Send it
through our Group Chat (GC)

Subject:

Factual Meaning:

Conventional Meaning:

Subjective Meaning:

Search any digital or printed copies of Filipino contemporary artworks and

then identify and discuss the subject, source, type, and kind of subject.
(Place it in a short bond paper
Get a copy of the logo or emblem of your municipality and explain the
symbolisms depicted in them. Use short bond paper. Computerized
 LESSON 4
Artists and Artisans

Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the medium in various forms of art, viz, visual, auditory, and combined
arts
2. Define an artist’s or artisan’s medium and technique
3. Define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealers in the art
world
4. Differentiate between artists' and artisan approach/ technique toward a
particular medium
5. Identify national and GAMABA artists' notable works and their contribution to
society

Lectures

Artist
An artist is a person who performs any of
the creative arts. This captures all forms of art. For
an example, a person who paints can be referred
to as an artist. In the modern world, the term artist
is also used for musicians as well. This is why
people often tend to hear the words ‘young artist,’
through media to refer to emerging musicians.
Here it is important to highlight that the term artist
is not only attributed for those who create art as
an occupation, but also for those who are skilled
in a particular activity such as drawing, designing, composing, etc.
Artisan
Artisans are craftsmen who make practical
artistic products, such as earrings, urns, stained
glass and other accessories. Artisans gain their
knowledge by studying under master craftsmen
and then practicing with continued study. Artisans
work to create something new, original, and at
times, provocative. They spend a good portion of
their time selling and promoting their items in
various marketplaces. They are skilled worker who
makes things by hand.

ROLE OF MANAGERS, CURATORS, BUYERS, COLLECTORS, ART DEALERS IN

THE ARTWORLD
Artists make art and once that art is made, they make more. Once that art is made,
they make more. When they have enough art, many of them call or email or post or
otherwise present it to art world professionals like dealers, gallery owners, curators,
consultants, representatives, so-called agents and others who sell art for a living. Some
of these professionals like the art so much they tell the artists they want to represent,
show or sell it. The artists give them the art to sell... and it sells. From that point on, their
only obligation is to make more art, give it to their galleries or dealers, let it sell and collect
the profits. And that's how artists live happily ever after, working in their studios and
creating away while the money rolls in. Their mantra is simple-- "I make art; other people
sell it." (ArtBusiness.com)
Managers
❖ Chooses and presents art for sale
❖ Manages both the creative and business sides of running an art gallery, as well
as organizing and exhibiting, privates’ sales and loaning an art

Skills required:
• An eye for art
• Creative flair
• An awareness of trends, business, financial, marketing, sales,
negotiation and communication
Curators
❖ In charge of a collection of exhibits in a museum or art gallery
❖ Responsible for assembling, cataloguing, managing, presenting and displaying
artworks, cultural collections and artifacts
❖ Their work involves buying exhibits, organizing exhibitions, arranging restoration
of artifacts, identifying and recording items
Skills required
• Research, art/cultural history and awareness, organization
• Project management, communication, presenting and creative flair
Buyers
❖ Find and purchase artwork to suit the distinguished taste of their clients
❖ Well-versed in all types of art, techniques and development processes, keep up to
date on art theory and criticism, and use this knowledge to evaluate the quality and
worth of a piece of art within an economic framework
❖ Daily tasks include previewing auction transportation for purchased pieces, and
company to understand what they want
Collector
❖ A person who loves a certain piece of art/paintings and collect art not necessary
to sell later but the chance is there
❖ Also called an art lover with possibility of having a personal project in his/her
collection in the future, such as having a museum
Dealer
❖ Is a person or company that buys and sells work of art
❖ Typically seeks out various artists to represent, and builds relationship with
collectors and museums
❖ Anticipate market trends
❖ Inspect the objects of painting closely and compare the fine details

FILMMAKING
Filmmaking (or, in an academic context, film production) is the process of
making a film, generally in the sense of films intended for extensive theatrical exhibition.
Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or
commission, through screenwriting, casting, shooting, sound recording and pre-
production, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result
in a film release and exhibition. Filmmaking takes place in many places around the world
in a range of economic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of technologies
and cinematic techniques. (Wikipedia)
Stages of Film Production
1. Pre-Production Process
The pre-production process starts after there’s a script. It’s when you set up
your company to actually produce the film. In short, pre-production is where
preparations are made for the shoot. Elements of video production such as
the script, casting, location scouting, equipment and crew, and the shoot list
all happen during pre-production. Pre-pro is the planning stage. It’s where
we get all of the ducks in a row so the rest of the production process is as
smooth as gravy.

2. Procduction Process

Production starts after you’ve

hired everyone and secured everything.
So that means the locations, equipment,
and any other materials you’ll need to
physically produce your film. One of the
first steps in pre-production is budgeting.

Film’s Budget in divided into four categories:

1. Above the line – which includes payment towards creative talent such as writer,
actors, director, producer;

2. below the line – which relates to direct production costs such as transport,
accommodation, costumes, crew wages, live set and studio etc;

3. post-production – includes editing, dubbing, sound effects, visual effects

etc.;
 4. other expenses – such as insurance, contracts, and bonds. It is advisable to
leave enough room for provisions while budgeting because one cannot really
foresee the contingencies. (Antoin de Saint)

3. Post Production Process

The work that is done on a film or recording after filming or recording has taken
place. Post-production, which is often referred to as ‘post’, is organizing, cutting,
coloring and editing the footage captured in production. (Digital Crew)
MEDIUMS AND TECHNIQUES IN VISUAL ARTS
The choices a designer or artist can make are determined by the characteristics
of the materials used, and the techniques applied to those materials. The combination
of materials and techniques used are also referred to as the medium used.
Medium
Medium refers to the art materials or artist supplies to create an art.
The fundamental methods of classifying the arts is by their mediums. (Daniel Heller)
1. Visual arts
Visual arts are two-dimensional arts such as paintings and drawings, as well as
three-dimensional arts such as sculpture and architecture. These arts appeal first and
foremost, though not exclusively, to the sense of sight, and an artifact is an object in the
visual medium. All the visual arts are also spatial arts or arts of space. In spatial arts, the
entire work of art is present simultaneously; attention to the parts of it is successive—it is
impossible to concentrate on the whole at once, at least on first viewing—but the entire
object is nevertheless there, and it is up to the viewer which part he shall examine first.
In three-dimensional art, such as sculpture and architecture, the entire object is present,
but it is impossible to even to see (much less to look at) all of it at once: the back of a
statue cannot be seen at the same moment as the front and the exterior of a cathedral
cannot be viewed by someone inside it.
2. Auditory art
Auditory art is music except for songs or opera. While the medium of visual art is
sound, the medium of auditory art is sound. In this group, there are no real objects that
can be viewed and or touched. “…Unlike the existence of paintings and sculptures, the
existence of musical sounds is intermittent. In what sense, then, does the music exist
between performances? It exists only in the sense that it is reproducible from the written
score…” (Britannica). Music is a temporal form of the arts, or arts of time.
3. Verbal art
Verbal art is literature. In this medium, the sound values in poetry, particularly when
read aloud, is paired with the knowledge of the meanings of the words heard. The
importance in literature of knowing the meanings of the words is paramount in verbal art.
“…It is almost exclusively a knowledge of word meanings that makes it possible to
appreciate the art of literature…” (Britannica). Literature is a temporal form of the arts, or
arts of time.
3. Mixed arts
Mixed arts combine the above three types of arts. This group is the art of
performance. “…Drama combines the art of literature (verbal art) with the visual arts of
costuming, stage designing, and so on. Opera combines the art of music (its predominant
component) with the art of literature (the libretto) and the visual arts of stage design.
Dance combines the visual spectacle of moving bodies (the principal component) with
musical accompaniment, sometimes with accompanying words and often with stage
design. Song combines words with music. The motion picture combines the visual
component (a series of pictures presented in such rapid succession that they appear to
be moving) with the verbal component (the script) and usually an intermittent musical
background as well.
4. Temporal arts
All the visual arts are also spatial arts or arts of space. Music and literature are
both temporal arts or arts of time. This leads to very great differences in the things each
can do. In temporal arts, the parts do not appear together before the audience but appear
successively in time, the second moment not beginning until the first one has finished. In
spatial arts, the entire work of art is present simultaneously; attention to the parts of it is
successive—it is impossible to concentrate on the whole at once, at least on first
viewing—but the entire object is nevertheless there, and it is up to the viewer which part
he shall examine first. In three-dimensional art, such as sculpture and architecture, the
entire object is present, but it is impossible to even to see (much less to look at) all of it
at once: the back of a statue cannot be seen at the same moment as the front and the
exterior of a cathedral cannot be viewed by someone inside it.
Temporal arts must be attended to in a certain order: it is impossible to hear the symphony
played backward, or the drama, or the movie; even when technically it can be done (as
in running a motion picture in reverse), the results usually are an aesthetic catastrophe.
The recipient is supposed to attend to the temporal work’s various parts in an order
predetermined by the artist. For this reason, painting is not capable of telling a story in
the way that a novel is, for a story is a series of temporally successive happenings.
Medium of Visual Arts
PAINTING
• The medium of painting is color. Color is applied on surfaces such as canvass,
cloth, wood, paper and the likes to produce images and meanings.
• Pigment is that part of painting that provides the color, and pigment is taken from
organic sources like trees, vegetables
and other natural elements.

Spolarium by Juan Luna. The painting was

submitted by Luna to the Exposición
Nacional de Bellas Artes
in 1884, where it garnered a gold medal.

Common Color Medium

OIL. Features: Color pigments are ground and mixed
with linseed oil to produce a liquid-like constituency
whose viscosity (thickness or fluidness) can be thinned
by turpentine or any other solvent. It is a flexible medium.
It is slow to dry, but it can be applied by any kind and size
of airbrush. It can cover or overlay previous layers, thus,
create translucent effects in the combinations of colors,
or even erase what a painter may wish to change.
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (oil)
ACRYLIC. Features: This is the most common medium,
easily accessible and inexpensive. It is versatile as this
synthetic paint may be mixed with water to tamper
thickness or thinness. It is flexible and can be applied to
any space. It is quick to dry and does not crack or turn
yellow with age.

Miss Sasha Colette (acrylic)

WATERCOLOR. Features: Pigment in

watercolor is mixed with water rather than with
oil. It dries quickly, hence, it is a difficult medium
to control. It is characterized by the
transparency of its texture which is controlled by
the amount of water that the artist mixes with the
paint.
Watercolor Painting

TEMPERA. Features: Pigments are taken from organic

pigments mixed with egg. It is usually applied on wooden
panels surfaced with gesso (combination of gypsum and
gelatine). It dries quickly.

Egg Tempera Painting by Niccolo Semiticolo (tempera)

FRESCO. Features: Fresco painting is produced when organic

pigments are mixed with water and applied to a damp plaster
wall. This allows water to seep into the surface and become a
part of the wall and remains so until the wall falls. This was the
process that Michelangelo used in painting the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome.
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo (fresco)

ENCAUSTIC. Features: Encaustic process adds colored

pigments to heated beeswax. The mixture is then applied to
porous surfaces like wood. This is an ancient technique used
to paint portraits and other images on coffins.
Encaustic Painting

RELATED VISUAL ARTS

DRAWING
Drawings are the outlined designs of paintings. It is the most
fundamental of the skills in the visual arts and is the route
artists take to acquire technique. It often sets the final
designs in paintings, the rough draft of a proposed work. The
mediums used in drawing are pencil, lead, ink, pastel, chalk,
charcoal, crayons and silverpoint.
MOSAIC
Mosaic is the art of creating a picture by assembling pieces of
colored glasses, stones, and other materials. These small cubic
pieces glued to a surface by glue or plaster to create images are
called tesserae. Mosaic art was important in the interiors of
cathedrals which depicted the life of Christ or the various events in
the Bible.

STAINED GLASS
Stained glass art uses assembled pieces of colored glass to create
pictures. The translucent glass pieces allow light to produce various
color values to affect a glorious atmosphere. These pieces are
assembled with strips of lead or iron placed in positions that will hold
the glass pieces. Subjects were religious personages and images
complementing the teachings of the Church.

TAPESTRY
Tapestries were the art forms of royalty, as tapestry artists were
usually members of royal families who wove these from expensive
silk and gold threads. These were hung on walls of castles, palaces
and cathedrals. It is produced by weaving two sets of interlaced
threads on a vertical loom: one set running parallel to the length
(called the warp) and the other, width (called weft).

PRINTMAKING
This involves creating images from ink that is transferred to paper
from another material, either wooden block or metal plate that are
etched or carved with designs in the reverse position. This is so
when ink is applied over the surface and this mold is pressed over
paper, an image is printed out. Prints have been produced in 4
different ways:
• Relief printing (woodcut). The ink sits on the top surface of a
plate or block that has been carved.
• Intaglio printing (etching and engraving). The ink sits in the
grooves.
• Planographic printing (lithography). The matrix is flat, and the
printing part is treated to hold ink, the other parts, to repel it.
• Stencil printing (silkscreen). There is a hole cut in the matrix and the ink is pushed
through it.

TARPAULIN
Tarpaulin (or tarp) is a durable plastic
sheet that is water resistant and
waterproof. It is easy to reproduce. A
designer makes the art work using digital
graphic design software (like Photoshop)
and bring these files to shops for printing.
SCULPTURE
It is a 3-dimensional work of art made of material like stone, metal, glass, wood, bronze,
clay, iron, steel, paper, metal, marble, wood and even soap, chocolate, butter, balloons,
ice, snow and sand. These are carved, assembled, constructed, fired, welded, molded,
or cast and its final forms are often painted. Most of these are called statues, 3-
dimensional images of persons or animals shaped from solid substances.

Medium. Depending on objective

of the sculptors, they use medium
such as bronze and stone (like
marble, limestone and granite),
precious materials (like gold,
silver, jade and ivory), hard wood
(like narra, molave), glass,
terracotta, ceramics.

PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography (from the Greek 'phos' which means light and
'graphis' which means representation by drawing) is the
process of creating pictures using light projected on a light-
sensitive medium (the photographic film). It is the art of
recording light on a sensitive material called film made from
thin, transparent base coated with light sensitive chemicals.
Photography uses light as its prime source and the
chemical processing of light-sensitive materials, its medium,
to produce its composition: the picture. Photography requires the manipulation of a
camera that captures images through the reflection of light from a subject. The inventions
of photography allowed artists to faithfully "copy" images in the real world.

Traditionally, the images are reproduced in 'negatives' (because these images are in their
reversed states: dark spots are light and light spots are dark) and processed to produce
these images' opposite ('positive') states on photographic paper.

The art in photography does not solely reside on the camera, but on the skills and
techniques of photographer in controlling the tool. Some of the basic concepts that a
photographer needs to control:
• Focus. The adjustment to place the sharpest focus where
it is desired on the subject.
• Exposure. The amount of light that reaches the film.
• Aperture. The aperture (or diaphragm) is like the iris of our
eyes that controls the amount of light passing through the
lens.
• Shutter speed. It controls the time during which the image
is captured. The shutter is the mechanical device in a camera that controls the
amount of time light is allowed to expose the film.
 Foreground - Background Relationship. The foreground
contains the leading line that is the line that leads the eye
into the photograph and toward the point of interest.
Whether this line is an object or series of objects or
shadows, it should be sharply focused. A fuzzy, out-of-focus
foreground usually irritates the senses and detracts from
emphasis on the subject matter.

The background should be subordinate to the main subject in both tone and interest. It
should also make the subject stand out and present it to best advantage. Unharness and
blur are effective ways for separating the subject from the background.

Rules of Third in Photography. The rule of thirds is an

imaginary tic-tac-toe board is drawn across an image to
break it into nine equal squares. The four points where
these lines intersect are strongest focal points. The lines
themselves are the second strongest focal points.
http://scchumanities.blogspot.com/2010/06/lesson-
three-visual-arts.html

GAMABA NATIONAL ARTISTS

The National Living Treasures Award, alternatively known as the Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA; lit. 'Award for the Creators of the Country') is conferred
to a person or group of artists recognized by the Government of the Philippines for their
contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage. A recipient of the award, known
as a National Living Treasures or Manlilikha ng Bayan is defined as "a Filipino citizen or
group of Filipino citizens engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino, whose distinctive
skills have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been
passed on to and widely practiced by the present generations in their community with the
same degree of technical and artistic competence."
The National Living Treasures Award (Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan) was
institutionalized in 1992 through Republic Act No. 7355. The National Commission for
Culture and the Arts, which is the highest policy-making and coordinating body of
the Philippines for culture and the arts, was tasked with the implementation.[2] This is in
line with UNESCO's criteria of Living National Treasures.
To become a National Living Treasure, the candidate must possess the following
qualifications:[2]
1. is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the
Philippines that has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals and traditions
and/or has syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it?
2. must have engaged in a folk-art tradition that has been in existence and
documented for at least 50 years.
3. must have consistently performed or produced over a significant period, works of
superior and distinctive quality.
4. must possess a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have
an established reputation in the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary
technical quality.
5. must have passed on and/or will pass on to other members of the community their
skills in the folk art for which the community is traditionally known.
 A traditional artist who possesses all the qualities of a Manlilikha ng
Bayan candidate, but due to age or infirmity has left them incapable of teaching further
their craft, may still be recognized if:
1. had created a significant body of works and/or has consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of their art, thus achieving important contributions for its
development.
2. has been instrumental in the revitalization of their community's artistic tradition.
3. has passed on to the other members of the community skills in the folk art for which
the community is traditionally known.
4. community has recognized them as master and teacher of their craft.
The categories are, but not limited to, the following categories of traditional folk arts:
• maritime transport
• weaving
• carving
• performing arts
• literature
• graphic and plastic arts
• ornament
• textile or fiber art
• pottery
Other artistic expressions of traditional culture may be added. (Wikipedia)

LIST OF GAMABA AWARDEES

https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/

GINAW BILOG (+ 2003)

Poet
Hanunuo Mangyan
Panaytayan, Oriental
Mindoro
1993
Ambahan – is a kind of poem
consisting of seven syllable
lines which most of the time
contains messages of love
and friendship.

MASINO INTARAY Basal – is kind of musical

Musician and Storyteller, ensemble Played during
Pala’wan Brookes Point, the “tambilaw”, a ritual Of
Palawan (1993) • A rice sharing among the
musician and a poet Palawan People as an
whose Expertise were the offering to the Lord of rice
Basal, Kulilal, and Bagit. and during the “tinapay”, a
rice wine drinking.

SAMAON SULAIMAN
Musician, Mamasa Pano,
Magundanao (1993)
•Master in playing the
kutyapi, a 2-stringed
plucked lute. The Kutyapi
Is one of the most difficult
to master indi- genous
Filipino instrument.
 SALINTA MONON

Textile Weaver, Tagabawa

Bagobo, Bansalan, Davao del
Sur • Start weaving at the of 12
through the Guidance of her
mother. • She used to wear the
traditional hand Woven tube
skirt of the Bagobo. (sinukla
and bandura)

ALONZO SACLAG
Musician and Dancer, Lubugan, Kalinga A master
of dance and performing arts. he has also mastered
the dance patterns and movements associated with
his people’s ritual. He is the founder of the Kalinga
Budong Dance Troupe to ensure that the music and
dance of his ancestor are passed to the younger
generations.

UWANG AHADAS
Musician, Yakan Lamitan, Basailan • Is a
Yakan, a people to whom instrumental music Is
closely connected to the spiritual realm.
Kwintangan kayu – consisting of five wooden
logs Hung horizontally, from the shortest to the
longest. Played to serenade the palay , as
lover woos his beloved.

FEDERICOCABALLERO
Epic Chanter, Sulod-Bukidnon, Calinog, Iloilo
Work for the documentation of the oral literature,
Particularly the epics of his People. Labaw
Dunggon and Humadapnon. One epic could
take as much as 162 hours to recite and
Humadapnon is the longest epic to recite. 2
months of daily performances are required for it
to be completely chanted

EDUARDO MUTUC
Metal smith,
Kapampangan, Apalit,
Pampanga • Creating
religious and secular art in
silver, bronze and wood.
 HAJA AMINAAPPI
Mat Weaver, Sama Tandubas,
Tawi-Tawi • The mat weaving is one
of the treasured traditions of the
Sama People. Their mat is made up
of Pandan Leaves w/c undergo
tedious processes from Stripping, to
sun dying, to dyeing up to weaving.

AMBALANG AUSALIN

Textile Weaver, 2016

(born 4 March 1943)

YABING MASALON
DULO

Ikat Weaver, 2016

(born 8 August 1914)

DARHATA SAWABI
Textile Weaver, Tausug,
Parang, Sulu • Weaving
the Pis Syabit, the
traditional cloth tapestry
worn as a head covering
by the Tausug of Jolo.

MAGDALENA GAMAYO
Textile weaver, Ilokano, Pinili,
Ilocos Norte • Abel – the textile
weaving of Ilokano from local
Cotton and other fibers. Traditional
Patterns: Binakol and Inuritan
(geometric design) Kusikos (spiral
forms similar to orange) Sinan-
sabong (Flowers
 LANG DULAY
Textile weaver, T’boli, Lake
Sebu, South Cotabato Tnalak
– a kind of fabric made up of
fine abaca fibers weaved with
different designs which reflect
the traditions of the Tboli.

TEOFILO GARCIA
Casque maker, Ilokano, San
Quintin, Abra • He make to
wear Tabungaw, the gourd
hat he makes and wears, is
uniquely distinct in
craftsmanship.

Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures) (1).mp4

2018 NEW NATIONAL ARTISTS

PRESIDENTIAL CONFERMENT President Duterte will confer today the Order of National Artists on the late Lauro “Larry” Alcala for
visual arts posthumously (top, clockwise), Ryan Cayabyab for music, Francisco Mañosa for architecture, Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio for
theater, Eric de Guia (Kidlat Tahimik) for film, Resil Mojares for literature and Ramon Muzones, also for literature, posthumously.
(Daily Inquirer)

To be deemed a National Living Treasure, one must possess technical and

creative skills, creating work with fine artistic quality, and ties to community and folk-art
traditions. More than that, they must show a strong character and unfaltering integrity,
leading them to earn the respect and admiration of their people. (CNN Philippines)
 Assessment Task

1. Organize a forum about an artist; artist’s or artisan’s brochure and video

clip to be uploaded on social media (Note before uploading, the teacher
will check the output for validation and observance of ethics)

2. If you were to choose, which of the following figures do you prefer? Why?
a. manager
b. curator
c. buyer
d. collector or
e. art dealer

3. Look for any artwork in your home or place then examine and identify
what medium, technique or approach is applied. Explain

LESSON 6
Principles of Design

Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify various planes in art

2. Identify the principles of design
3. Define and translate principles of design in an artwork
4. Create an artwork depicting the various principles of design

Lectures

Understanding the
Principles of Design.mp4
 The Principles are concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements
of design. Again, the way in which these principles are applied affects the expressive
content, or the message of the work.
What is Design?
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a
system. It may be an architectural blueprint, engineering drawings, business processes,
circuit diagrams or sewing patterns. Design has different connotations in different fields

The elements of design refer to a set of particular guidelines for graphic designers
or artists. Design elements are the basic unit of painting, design, drawing, or any other
visual piece coming into existence.

THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

▪ LINE – The linear marks made with a pen or brush

or the edge created when two shapes meet.

▪ SHAPE – A shape is a self-contained defined area of

geometric (squares and circles), or organic (free formed shapes or
natural shapes). A positive shape automatically creates a negative
shape.

▪ DIRECTION – All lines have direction – Horizontal, Vertical or

Oblique. Horizontal suggests calmness, stability and tranquility.
Vertical gives a feeling of balance, formality and alertness. Oblique
suggests movement and action

▪ SIZE – Size is simply the relationship of the area occupied by one

shape to that of another.

▪ TEXTURE – Texture is the surface quality of a shape – rough,

smooth, soft hard glossy etc.

▪ COLOUR – Colour is light reflected off objects. Color has three main
characteristics: hue or its name (red, green, blue, etc.), value (how light
or dark it is), and intensity (how bright or dull it is).

Principles of Design

1. BALANCE is used to illustrate the visual weight of an image. It can

either unite a photograph or create division. A carefully balanced
image lends a sense of stability to a photograph. An unbalanced
image creates disunity or unrest.
Both applications are okay, depending on the desired outcome.
You can achieve balance in three ways:
• Symmetry – both sides of an image reflect the same subject matter, like a mirror
image.
• Asymmetry – contrasting elements balance the image. For example, a highly
textured surface on one side of an image, counterbalanced by a smooth, matte
surface on the other.
• Radial balance symmetry – elements spaced equally around a central point, like
spokes on a wheel. (Expertphotography)

2. EMPHASIS/DOMINANCE AND FOCAL

POINT – Emphasis is created by visually
reinforcing something we want the viewer to
pay attention to. Focal points are areas of
interest the viewer's eyes skip to. The
strongest focal point with the greatest visual
weight is the dominant element of the work.
Elements of secondary importance could be
termed sub-dominant, and elements with the
least visual weight subordinate. Isolation,
leading lines and convergence, contrast,
anomaly, size, placement, framing, focus
and depth of field, and absence of focal points are some of the strategies used
to help create these degrees of importance.

3. HARMONY – Harmonious elements have a logical

relationship or progression - in some way they work together and
complement each other. When a jarring element is added -
something that goes against the whole - it is said to be dissonant,
just like an off-note in a musical performance. Unity is created by
using harmonious similarity and repetition, continuance, proximity
and alignment, and closure of design elements in different parts of
the work so that the parts RELATE to each other and create a unified
whole, that can be greater than the sum of the parts, rather than an
ill-fitting and meaningless assortment of elements.

4. PATTERN/REPETITION/RHYTHM– Repetition
strengthens a design by tying together individual
elements. It helps to create association and
consistency. Repetition can create rhythm (a
feeling of organized movement). Repeating art
elements in regular or cyclical fashion to create
interest, movement, and/or harmony and unity.
Rhythms can be random, regular, alternating,
flowing, and progressive. Classes of pattern
include mosaics, lattices, spirals, meanders,
waves, symmetry and fractals, among others.
5. CONTRAST – Contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements (opposite
colors on the color wheel, or value light / dark, or direction –
horizontal / vertical). Contrast allows us to emphasize or
highlight key elements in your design. The greater the contrast,
the more something will stand out and call attention to itself.
This applies to whole works of art as well as areas within an
artwork. Areas with greater contrast in value (stronger darks
and lights) will tend to appear more forward in space, as over
 distance atmospheric haze lessens contrast (atmospheric perspective).
Contrast can also be used to set the mood or tone of the work. High contrast
makes a work more vibrant, vigorous, brash, lively - it "pops" more. Low-
contrast work is more quiet, calm, subtle, reflective, soothing.

6. PROPORTION AND SCALE - is the relationship of

sizes between different parts of a work. For example,
how wide it is compared to how tall it is. Some
proportions, such as the golden ratio and the rule of
thirds, are thought to be more naturally pleasing. Scale
is the size of something compared to the world in
general - an artwork might be termed miniature, small
scale, full scale or life-size, large scale or larger than
life, or monumental.
The Rule Of Thirds
As a
compositional rule of
thumb, the rule of
thirds states that it's
a good idea to
imagine the picture
plane divided into
thirds horizontally
and vertically, and
then to align or place key elements along these guidelines or at their
intersections. Placing the subject and/or the horizon off-center allows more
room for important areas and can create interesting asymmetry. If the subject
is moving, emphasis can be given to where the subject is coming from, or where
the subject is going to.
A centered composition is more formally balanced and at rest, and places
all attention on the subject. Placing a subject at center can also be used to
make the subject more confrontational and in-your-face.
The same idea may be applied to three-dimensional art. A vase might look
more pleasing if it swells to its widest 2/3 of the way up rather than at the middle.
Good artists will neither slavishly follow this "rule" nor automatically center
everything in the middle of the canvas or viewfinder. Rather, they will consider
what they want to convey, experiment, and then choose the composition and
proportions that best help express their intent.
7. SPACE – is one of the basic elements of art. It refers to the distance between
or the area around and within shapes, forms, colors and lines. Space can be
positive or negative. It includes the background, foreground and middle ground.
Both positive and negative space can play important roles in the overall
success of a work of art.
By understanding the difference between the two, you will:
✓ Become better at designing unified compositions.
✓ Be more successful in visually communicating your story.
 ✓ Gain important clues about the meaning of an art piece.
There are two types of space
that exist within art — positive
space and negative space. Positive
space is the actual objects or
shapes within an artwork and
negative space is the space around
and between those objects. A good
way to demonstrate positive and
negative space is by utilizing
Rubin’s vase. (Refer to illustration.)
As you can see the vase occupies what would be referred to as positive space and the
space surrounding the vase is negative space. Notice how the negative space is forming
silhouettes of two faces in profile.
Positive Space
Positive space is the area or part of the composition that an object or subject
occupies. It is usually the main focus of the painting, such as a vase of flowers, fruit, or
candle in a still life, a person’s face in a portrait, or an animal in a wild life painting, or a
building, trees and hills in a landscape. When used skillfully, positive space will add
interest by enhancing and balancing the negative space in a composition.
Negative Space
Negative space is that empty or open space that surrounds an object. It helps to
define the object, gives it some breathing room to prevent the painting from being too
crowded and has a huge impact on how the art piece is perceived.
An interesting thing about negative space is it can be used to prompt viewers to
seek out subtle hidden images within the negative space causing your design to get more
attention and to be remembered while other less interesting works aren’t.
Why is negative space so important?
It can add interest and is an excellent way to draw attention to your works of art. A
good balance between great negative space and intrigue will cause the viewer to
desire more time looking at your work of art.
It can draw the viewer in giving them a sense of inclusion because they discovered
a subtle hidden message or image in the composition. Even though it may be a
simple composition, great negative space reveals there is more to the piece than
first meets the eye making it a more rewarding experience for the viewer.
It gives the eye a “place to rest,” thereby adding to the subtle appeal of the
composition. The equal amounts of both negative and positive is considered by
many to be good design. (Teresa Bernard)
FUSION AND OVELAPPING AND INTERRELATED ELEMENTS IN ART
WHAT IS ART FUSION?
Art fusion occurs when an artist (from any field –
music, literature, architecture, fine art, design, graffiti,
etc.) collaborates with a brand (of any kind – product,
service, fashion, charity) to create a product, service,
concept or ‘piece’ (for lack of a less pigeon-holing word)
for the benefit of both parties and society as a whole.
The artist provides the vision, the creativity, the
heart and meaning, while the brand provides the
production infrastructure, scale and marketing channels.
HISTORY AND EXAMPLES
 Art fusion has proliferated over the past decade
but examples of collaborations date back as far as the
1930′s. Fine artists and fashion designers were the first
to engage in this new breed of partnership – the first high
profile union being Salvatore Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli
in 1933. Andy Warhol and Yves Saint Laurent
collaborated in the 1960′s and recently, the idea has
gained the momentum of a movement with many
different types of artists collaborating with many different
types of brands. For examples we find inspiring, please
subscribe to our blog. We post stimulating examples
regularly.
HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS BRANDS
A well-chosen, well-planned, well-executed collaboration
can have many positive effects on a brand. It can bring
newsiness and talk-value, create a feeling of innovation and
excitement, and generate genuine interest in staid or even
forgotten brands. It can be used to activate a quiet brand and
can often be effective in introducing it to a whole new audience.

HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS ARTISTS

Art has a profound impact on society’s capacity to grow and evolve and embrace
change. It is the foreseer and the destroyer of the status quo. Artists have voices that
must be heard to nurture our society’s soul – something art fusion can amplify. A
collaboration with a brand can give an artist the ability to produce work that will reach a
new and wider audience, gain notoriety for their future work, or simply be a means to
permeate culture in places their art wouldn’t otherwise be seen.
HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS SOCIETY
Unlike most traditional marketing, art fusion aims to,
and often succeeds at producing something of value to
society. It gives voice to artists, breathes life into brands
and infuses our everyday lives with interesting ideas, guts
and beauty that nourish our deeper sense of longing. While
art has always played the role of visual philosopher to
stimulate thought, beliefs and emotion in our culture, art
fusion is able to spread the experience of art more broadly,
reaching a larger, more mainstream audience and imbuing
everyday life with the art experience. (Art & Labor)
OVERLAPPING
Overlapping in art is the placement of objects over one another in order to create
the illusion of depth. Painting is a two-dimensional artistic expression. It has length and
width but no depth. It is necessary, therefore, for artists to provide viewers with some sort
of perspective in establishing size and distance in paintings.
WHY WE OVERLAP
It is necessary for artists to provide viewers with some sort of perspective in
establishing size and distance in paintings. This is where overlapping comes into play.
Overlapping was an aspect of works of an art form that emerged just before the
middle of the 20th century called abstract expressionism. Many abstract expressionist
paintings are simply a series of overlapping lines or shapes.
 Three principle outcomes of overlapping shapes within a composition are: 1) to
create the illusion of depth 2) make shapes either dominant or subordinant and 3) to vary
and repeat the shape.

Overlapping in
Art.mp4

What is Transcreation?
Transcreation is the process of adapting content
from one language to another while maintaining the
existing tone, intent and style.
While creative translation will generally include
some of your original content, just a reworking of
specific ideas, transcreation will often be a complete
reimagining of your content so that it better resonates
with a different culture.
How is Transcreation Different from Translation?
While translation focuses on replacing the words in one language with
corresponding words in a new language, transcreation services are focused on conveying
the same message and concept in a new language.
Transcreation enables translators to inject their own creativity and cultural
knowledge to create content that resonates with a new audience.
What Is Transcreation And Why Is It Important?
Transcreation is much more than translation. It takes the
original message and conveys it in another language, making
sure that the text in the target language keeps the original style,
vocal tone, intent, and emotional salience. It is a combination of
discipline and art, translation and interpretation. It is the process
that re-evaluates the marketing material produced for a local
market and re-configures it in order to appeal to an audience
with a very different culture. The process of transcreation
involves understanding the target market and carefully tailoring
the message using suitable language, style imagery and tone for optimal appeal and
effective messaging.
This is the main reason why the process requires not only a good translator with
linguistic skills but a translator with expertise in marketing and a firm grasp of the target
audience’s culture.
When you invest large sums of money in hiring professionals to do your
copywriting, you not only pay for texts that will inform the readers; you pay for the ability
these professionals have to relate to the target audience and motivate them to action.
Unfortunately, these two qualities are lost in translation when trying to get the brand’s
message across by only translating “word for word”. This is why we at Language Reach
believe transcreation is paramount for a global marketing campaign, because it minimizes
the risk of brand erosion or miscommunication and preserves your investment.
Important Things to Consider When Hiring Transcreation Services
The main goal of transcreation is to maintain the original style, intent, emotion and
tone of the source texts when translating it into the target language. We at Language
Reach want to bring to your attention some important things to consider when thinking of
hiring transcreation services for your marketing campaign.
Extensive copywriting expertise
 The transcreation provider you decide to hire must also be an expert copywriter,
as good quality transcreation involves expertise in writing. What is the point of using the
best professionals to write your message in your original language if the same quality will
not be reflected on the message when written in the target language? By choosing
professionals with extensive writing and marketing expertise, as well as the linguistic skills
required, you are protecting your brand and ensuring that your message is properly
tailored to reach local customers.
Use only native language speakers
Transcreation services must be carried out only by people whose mother tongue
is the target audience’s language. No
matter how good a person’s second
language is, the communication will not
be as natural as if communicating in their
native language. Therefore, it makes
sense to only hire professionals that are
native speakers of your target language,
as this will maximize success.
Understanding of the target market
It is crucial that the transcreation provider has a clear understanding and
knowledge of the target market. When looking for transcreation services you are not
looking for just a translation of your text. You are looking for someone to reach the hearts
and minds of your new market, and that can only be achieved if the transcreator
understands perfectly well this audience. A service provider that has a very clear
understanding of the market will know the local regulations for advertising, commercial
and media codes and will not make embarrassing mistakes at the time of introducing the
marketing campaign to the new audience.
Content Expert
The transcreation provider you choose must be an expert on the information that
is going to be localized. If the language service provider doesn’t understand the content
they have to work on, how can you expect it to be translated and localized successfully?
Unfortunately, an excellent knowledge of the target language is not enough when it comes
to transcreation.
Location of your provider
The transcreation provider you choose for your campaign or texts should be
located in the same country or region of your target audience. It is not enough to share
the same language as your target audience; the provider needs to live, share and breathe
the target language, understand and experience the trends, humour and timeliness of
what is relevant to the audience you are targeting.
Going Beyond the Language and Cultural Boundaries
With the globalization and the continuous widening of the markets, more and more
challenges are appearing for advertisers. In order to have an effective marketing
campaign, companies must create ads that not only reach the minds of their target
consumers but also their hearts. This is not simple and requires the ability to transcend
language and cultural barriers if they want to have a successful global marketing strategy.
The marketing material for the new target audience must be translated correctly
and the translation must consider other factors such as culture, dialects, idiom, humour
and context. If for some reason the marketing campaign shows, even though
unintentionally, a lack of respect for their local culture, values, heritage or beliefs, it can
have a very negative impact on the target market. This is the main reason why
transcreation is one of the most important tools for businesses that market their products
internationally.
 Transcreation is about creating new content that captures the brand voice and
message in an entirely new language. This isn't a simple translation, but a recreation
tailored to a specific culture.

The difference
between Translation, Localization, & Transcreation.mp4

READING THE IMAGE

1. Semiotic
▪ Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce are the
founders of semiotics.
▪ is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.
The word semiotics is derived from the ancient Greek word
“semeion” which means sign.
Signs can take many forms. They can be words, numbers,
sounds, photographs, paintings and road signs.
A sign is anything that creates meaning
It’s anything that can be used to represent something else.
Two parts of Sign
▪ Signifier – are the physical forms of a sign, such as a sound, word or image
that creates communication.
▪ Signified – is the concept that signifier refers to.
Three types of signifier:
a. Signifier as Icon. Icons bear a physical resemblance to what is being
represented
b. Signifier as Symbol. Symbols are at the opposite end from icons, the
connections between signifier and signifies in symbols is completely
arbitrary and must be culturally learned.
c. Signifier as Index. An index describes the connection between
signifier and signified. With as index, the signifier cannot exist without
the presence of the signifies. An index is a sign that shows evidence
of the concept or object being represented. (Merlyn Cahapon)
Example: Romeo and Juliet (9168)
The movie shows situations inside the Renaissance period. Originally the
movie was based from the Shakespeare’s recreation of the novel Romeo and Juliet
back from the late 1500’s. It represents a love story of two teenagers that came
from two feuding families. The movie; even the stage play version before, played
several times in the Elizabethan Period usually gives the audience a work of art
by the settings and costumes of the characters. So, at the end, the story marked
the audience with a weary and disappointing feeling.
https://garciaryanryan27.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/four-planes-of-analysis/

2. Contextual Plane analyzes the artwork in different perspective. It looks at

an artwork on a cultural, social or political context. It is often used by
historians, art critics art sociologists.

Elements of Contextual Plane

d. History
▪ When was the context written?
▪ Where was the text written?
e. Author
▪ Who made the artwork?
 ▪ Why did the author make the artwork?
▪ Which is the author’s target audience?
f. Influence
▪ What are some political, cultural or social factors that could
have affected the author?
▪ What influence the author to create this artwork?
g. Reaction
▪ Does the text prompt readers to a certain action?
▪ What does the readers feel when encountering the artwork?
(Mary Verg Mabida)
Example: EDSA People power Revolution Monument
This sculpture truly means a lot to Filipinos, because this monument
represents freedom and democracy over a dictator who led the country into
darkness at those times. The creator expresses his feelings and thoughts
about what happening at that time, a very tragic and hopeless period to the
country but through the power of faith, unity and courage, Filipinos defeated
the dictator and caused him to flee the country.
https://garciaryanryan27.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/four-planes-of-
analysis/

3. The Iconic Plane or the image itself

- it has to do with the particular features, aspects, and qualities of the
image, which are the second-level signifiers
The Iconic Plane includes:
▪ the choice of the subject
▪ -the presentation of the image and its relationship to the viewer
▪ the positioning of the figure or figures, whether frontal, in profile,
three-fourths, and so forth, and the significations that arise from
these different presentations
▪ cropping of the figure of figures. Some kinds of cropping are
intended to create a random, arbitrary effect as against the
deliberate and controlled in order to draw attention to its physical
qualities, when a part stands for the whole
▪ taking into account the relationship of the figures to one another
Impressionist figuration is fluid and informal, often catching the subject
unaware like a candid camera.
Expressionist figuration follows emotional impulses and drives, thus often
involving distortion and clashing of colors that come from strong emotion.
Iconic Plane deals with the aspects of the image itself.
I. It is said that art and society hold a dialogic relationship. No
matter how you detach yourself from the society and how
abstract your works are, incorporating art with societal
elements is inevitable. The artist does not exist in a vacuum.
He or she is not suspended in mid-air.
II. He interacts and moves in the framework of what we call
society. Therefore, in every work that an artist makes, social,
if not socio-political, values are deemed present. These
values will be used as the basis for evaluation.
III. Evaluation depends on how one views the work. It also lies
on what value system one has. Whether we like it or not, our
subjective views will dictate what this work tells us or what
makes up the values of this work."
1. To analyze the various ways in which images impart ideas & values
to people and consequently heighten their sensitivity to a visual
environment.
 2. To sharpen one's consciousness of the transformative power of art.

Example: Romeo and Juliet (1968)

The movie gives the audience a choice of what can they feel because of the
scenarios, the two teenagers go through between their feuding families, because this
isn’t just a love story, this story includes political changes in the society because of
the two main families where Romeo and Juliet came from are battling for years to
gain Political respect and benefits to overcome certain circumstances. The scenery
and fashion of the people in the movie was a glimpse of the past, it is because it is
like traveling through another time that, there are bountiful harvest, unlimited
resources and criminals that can be freed again if they escaped the authorities and
if no one saw what they did. Truly, the government or the authorities in this time of
what the movie conveys, does have rules but do not know how to implement it
thoroughly. https://garciaryanryan27.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/four-planes-of-
analysis/

4. Axiology or Evaluative Plane

The axiological plane has to do with analyzing the values of a work. After
the understanding of the work is the difficult task of evaluating it. Often, it is facile
to say that evaluation involves the two aspects of form and content. But this division
is theoretically conservative because the two are conceptually separated. It is
semiotic analysis involving the basic semiotic plane, the iconic plane and the
contextual plane that shows how meaning is produced through the interrelationship
of the signifiers (material features) and signified (concepts, values) in the unique
pictorial sign that is the work of art. At all points, meaning is anchored in material
form. Again, empirical, physical fact is value-laden and value ensues from material
fact. Thus, the first consideration in evaluating would be to what degree the
material basis of the work conveys meaning or particular intellectual/emotional
contents. (Alice G. Guillermo)

Some questions may be posed.

1. Is the medium (which includes surface, ground, or material block, instruments,
tools, pigments calling for appropriate techniques) used with a high degree of
skill?
2. Is the particular medium chosen in view of the semantic potential of its
combined properties which is realized in the completed work?

Example: Photos of Banaue Rice Terraces

Made by the ancient Filipinos hand by hand and with minimal equipment for a
millennium, it represents a culture of the Ifugao tribe and shows how united and devoted
they are to make their harvest at its best. Because of the beauty of how the ancients
created this, this enormous step of rice fields now goes and voted as the eighth wonder
of the world. Even now that a younger generation of Ifugao’s tribe holds the rights of
keeping this big pile of lands for maintaining it, the value of their ancestors of how they
managed this before will remain to them as a knowledge and wisdom their ancestors truly
want to exists for the whole eternity and for prosperity and wealth of the tribe.
https://garciaryanryan27.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/four-planes-of-analysis/

ART HISTORY
 Encyclopedia of Art

A timelin e of visu al
art movemen ts.mp4

Egyptian Art (from 3100 BCE)

Egypt, arguably the greatest civilization in the history of ancient art, was the first
culture to adopt a recognizable style of art. Egyptian painters depicted the head, legs and
feet of their human subjects in profile, while portraying the eye, shoulders, arms and torso
from the front. Other artistic conventions laid down how Gods, Pharaohs and ordinary
people should be depicted, regulating such elements as size, colour and figurative
position. A series of wonderful Egyptian encaustic wax paintings, known as the Fayum
portraits, offer a fascinating glimpse of Hellenistic culture in Ancient Egypt. In addition,
the unique style of Egyptian architecture featured a range of massive stone burial
chambers, called Pyramids. Egyptian expertise in stone had a huge impact on later Greek
architecture. Famous Egyptian pyramids include: The Step Pyramid of Djoser (c.2630
BCE), and The Great Pyramid at Giza (c.2550 BCE), also called the Pyramid of Khufu or
'Pyramid of Cheops'.
Ancient Greek Art (c.1100-100 BCE)
Ancient Greek art is traditionally divided into the following periods: (1) the Dark
Ages (c.1100-900 BCE). (2) The Geometric Period (c.900-700 BCE). (3) The Oriental-
Style Period (c.700-625 BCE). (4) The Archaic Period (c.625-500 BCE). (5) The Classical
Period (c.500-323 BCE). (6) The Hellenistic Period (c.323-100 BCE). Unfortunately,
nearly all Greek painting and a huge proportion of Greek sculpture has been lost, leaving
us with a collection of ruins or Roman copies. Greek architecture, too, is largely known to
us through its ruins. Despite this tiny legacy, Greek artists remain highly revered, which
demonstrates how truly advanced they were.
Like all craftsmen of the Mediterranean area, the ancient Greeks borrowed a
number of important artistic techniques from their neighbours and trading partners. Even
so, by the death of the Macedonian Emperor Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, Greek art
was regarded in general as the finest ever made. Even the Romans - despite their
awesome engineering and military skills - never quite overcame their sense of inferiority
in the face of Greek craftsmanship, and (fortunately for us) copied Greek artworks
assiduously. Seventeen centuries later, Greek architecture, sculptural reliefs, statues,
and pottery would be rediscovered during the Italian Renaissance, and made the
cornerstone of Western art for over 400 years.
Dark Ages
After the fall of the Mycenean civilization (12th century BCE) Greece entered a
period of decline, known as the Dark Ages - because we know so little about it. Sculpture,
painting and monumental architecture almost ceased.
Geometric Period
Then, from around 900 BCE, these arts (created mainly for aristocratic families
who had achieved power during the Dark Ages) reappeared during the Geometric period,
named after the decorative designs of its pottery.
Oriental Period
The succeeding Orientalizing period was characterized by the influence of
Near Eastern designwork, notably curvilinear, zoomorphic and floral patterns.
Archaic Period
The Archaic period was a time of gradual experimentation; the most prized sculptural form
was the kouros (pl.kouroi), or standing male nude. This was followed by the Classical
period, which represents the apogee of Greek art.
Classical Period
Greek architecture blossomed, based on a system of 'Classical Orders' (Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian) or rules for building design, based on proportions of and between
the individual parts. The Parthenon on the Acropolis complex in Athens is the supreme
example of classical Greek architecture: other famous examples include: the Temple of
Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Hephaistos, the Temple of Athena Nike, the Theatre at
Delphi, and the Tholos Temple of Athena Pronaia. In the plastic arts, great classical Greek
sculptors like Polykleitos, Myron, and Phidias demonstrated a mastery of realism which
would remain unsurpassed until the Italian Renaissance. But painting remained the most-
respected art form - notably panel-paintings executed in tempera or encaustic paint - with
renowned Greek painters like Zeuxis, Apelles, and Parrhasius added new techniques of
highlighting, shading and colouring.
Hellenism
The beginning of the final Hellenistic phase coincided with the death of Alexander
and the incorporation of the Persian Empire into the Greek world. Stylewise, classical
realism was superceded by greater solemnity and heroicism (exemplified by the massive
statue "The Colossus of Rhodes", the same size as the Statue of Liberty) as well as a
growing expressionism. The period is characterized by the spread of Greek culture
(Hellenization) throughout the civilized world, including techniques of sculpture and
mosaic art. Famous Hellenistic sculptures include: the celebrated "Venus de Milo", "Dying
Gaul" by Epigonus; the Pergamon Altar of Zeus (c.166-156 BCE); "Winged Victory of
Samothrace"; and "Laocoon and His Sons" by Hagesandrus, Polydorus and
Athenodorus.
Roman Art (c.200 BCE-400 CE)
Architecture
Unlike their intellectual Greek neighbours, the Romans were primarily practical
people with a natural affinity for engineering, military matters, and Empire building.
Roman architecture was designed to awe, entertain and cater for a growing population
both in Italy and throughout their Empire. Thus, Roman architectural achievements are
exemplified by new drainage systems, aqueducts, bridges, public baths, sports facilities
and amphitheatres (eg. the Colosseum 72-80 CE), characterized by major advances in
materials (eg. the invention of concrete) and in the construction of arches and roof domes.
The latter not only allowed the roofing of larger buildings, but also gave the exterior far
greater grandeur and majesty. All this revolutionized the Greek-dominated field of
architecture, at least in form and size, if not in creativity, and provided endless opportunity
for embellishment in the way of scultural reliefs, statues, fresco murals, and mosaics. The
most famous examples of Roman architecture include: the massive Colosseum, the Arch
of Titus, and Trajan's Column.
Painting, Sculpture
If Roman architecture was uniquely grandiose, its paintings and sculptures
continued to imitate the Greek style, except that its main purpose was the glorification of
Rome's power and majesty. Early Roman art (c.200-27 BCE) was detailed, unidealized
and realistic, while later Imperial styles (c.27 BCE - 200 CE) were more heroic. Mediocre
painting flourished in the form of interior-design standard fresco murals, while higher
quality panel painting was executed in tempera or in encaustic pigments. Roman
sculpture too, varied in quality: as well as tens of thousands of average quality portrait
busts of Emperors and other dignitaries, Roman sculptors also produced some
marvellous historical relief sculptures, such as the spiral bas relief sculpture on Trajan's
Column, celebrating the Emperor's victory in the Dacian war.
History of Medieval Art
Constantinople, Christianity and Byzantine Art
With the death in 395 CE, of the Emperor Theodosius, the Roman empire was
divided into two halves: a Western half based initially in Rome, until it was sacked in the
5th century CE, then Ravenna; and an eastern half located in the more secure city of
Constantinople. At the same time, Christianity was made the exclusive official religion of
the empire. These two political developments had a huge impact on the history of Western
art. First, relocation to Constantinople helped to prolong Greco-Roman civilization and
culture; second, the growth of Christianity led to an entirely new category of Christian art
which provided architects, painters, sculptors and other craftsmen with what became the
dominant theme in the visual arts for the next 1,200 years. As well as prototype forms of
early Christian art, much of which came from the catacombs, it also led directly to the
emergence of Byzantine art. See also: Christian Art, Byzantine Period.
Art of Byzantium (Constantinople) (330-1450 CE)
Byzantine art was almost entirely religious art, and centred around its Christian
architecture. Masterpieces include the awesome Hagia Sophia (532-37) in Istanbul; the
Church of St Sophia in Sofia, Bulgaria (527-65); and the Church of Hagia Sophia in
Thessaloniki. Byzantine art also influenced the Ravenna mosaics in the Basilicas of
Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, San Vitale, and Sant' Apollinare in Classe. Secular examples
include: The Great Palace of Constantinople, and Basilica Cistern. As well as new
architectural techniques such as the use of pendentives to spread the weight of the ceiling
dome, thus permitting larger interiors, new decorative methods were introduced like
mosaics made from glass, rather than stone. But the Eastern Orthodox brand of
Christianity (unlike its counterpart in Rome), did not allow 3-D artworks like statues or
high reliefs, believing they glorified the human aspect of the flesh rather than the divine
nature of the spirit. Thus, Byzantine art (eg. painting, mosaic works) developed a
particular style of meaningful imagery (iconography) designed to present complex
theology in a very simple way. For example, colours were used to express different ideas:
gold represented Heaven; blue, the colour of human life, and so on.
After 600 CE, Byzantine architecture progressed through several periods - such
as, the Middle Period (c.600-1100) and the Comnenian and Paleologan periods (c.1100-
1450) - gradually becoming more and more influenced by eastern traditions of
construction and decoration. In Western Europe, Byzantine architecture was superceded
by Romanesque and Gothic styles, while in the Near East it continued to have a significant
influence on early Islamic architecture, as illustrated by the Umayyad Great Mosque of
Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.
Byzantine Painting
In the absence of sculpture, Byzantine artists specialized in 2-D painting, becoming
masters of panel-painting, including miniatures - notably icons - and manuscript
illumination. Their works had a huge influence on artists throughout western and central
Europe, as well as the Islamic countries of the Middle East.
Irish Christian Art (c.600-1100 CE)
Located on the remote periphery of Western Europe, Ireland remained free of
interference from either Rome or the barbarians that followed. As a result, Irish Celtic art
was neither displaced by Greek or Roman idioms, nor buried in the pagan Dark Ages.
Furthermore, the Church was able to establish a relatively secure network of Irish
monasteries, which rapidly became important centres of religious learning and
scholarship, and gradually spread to the islands off Britain and to parts of Northern
England. This monastic network soon became a major patron of the arts, attracting
numerous scribes and painters into its scriptoriums to create a series of increasingly
ornate illuminated gospel manuscripts: examples include: the Cathach of Colmcille
(c.560), the Book of Dimma (c.625), the Durham Gospels (c.650), the Book of Durrow
(c.670), and the supreme Book of Kells (also called the Book of Columba), considered to
be the apogee of Western calligraphy. These gospel illuminations employed a range of
historiated letters, rhombuses, crosses, trumpet ornaments, pictures of birds and animals,
occasionally taking up whole pages (carpet pages) of geometric or interlace patterns. The
creative success of these decorated manuscripts was greatly enhanced by the availability
of Celtic designs from jewellery and metalwork - produced for the Irish secular elite - and
by increased cultural contacts with Anglo-Saxon craftsmen in England.
Another early Christian art form developed in Ireland was religious metalwork,
exemplified by such masterpieces as the Tara Brooch, the Ardagh Chalice, the
Derrynaflan Chalice, and the Moylough Belt Shrine, as well as processional crosses like
the 8th/9th century Tully Lough Cross and the great 12th century Cross of Cong,
commissioned by Turlough O'Connor. Finally, from the late eighth century, the Church
began commissioning a number of large religious crosses decorated both with scenes
from the bible and abstract interlace, knotwork and other Celtic-style patterns. Examples
include Muiredach's Cross at Monasterboice, County Louth, and the Ahenny High Cross
in Tipperary. These scripture high crosses flourished between 900 and 1100, although
construction continued as late as the 15th century.
Unfortunately, with the advent of the Vikings (c.800-1000), the unique Irish
contribution to Western Civilization in general and Christianity in particular, began to fade,
despite some contribution from Viking art. Thereafter, Roman culture - driven by the
Church of Rome - began to reassert itself across Europe.
A Word About Asian Art
In contrast to Christianity which permits figurative representation of Prophets, Saints and
the Holy family, Islam forbids all forms of human iconography. Thus, Islamic art focused
instead on the development of complex geometric patterns, illuminated texts and
calligraphy.
In East Asia, the visual arts of India and Tibet incorporated the use of highly coloured
figures (due to their wide range of pigments) and strong outlines. Painting in India was
extremely diverse, as were materials (textiles being more durable often replaced paper)
and size (Indian miniatures were a specialty). Chinese art specialized in ceremonial
bronze sculpture, calligraphic and brush painting and jade carving, as well as lacquerware
and Chinese pottery. In Japan, Buddhist temple art, Zen Ink-Painting, Yamato-e and
Ukiyo-e woodblock prints were four of the main types of Japanese art.
Romanesque Art (Carolingian, Ottonian) (c.775-1050)
On the continent, the revival of medieval Christian art began with Charlemagne I,
King of the Franks, who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, by Pope Leo III in 800.
Charlemagne's court scriptoriums at Aachen produced a number of magnificent
illuminated Christian texts, such as: the Godscalc Evangelistary, the Lorsch Gospels and
the Gospels of St Medard of Soissons. Ironically, his major architectural work - the
Palatine Chapel in Aachen (c.800) - was influenced not by St Peter's or other churches
in Rome, but by the Byzantine-style Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. The Carolingian
empire rapidly dissolved but Carolingian Art marked an important first step in the spread
of Medieval art and the revitalization of Continental culture. Furthermore, many of the
Romanesque and Gothic churches were built on the foundations of Carolingian
architecture. Charlemagne's early Romanesque architectural achievements were
continued by the Holy Roman Emperors Otto I-III, in a style known as Ottonian Art, which
morphed into the fully fledged "Romanesque." (In England and Ireland, the Romanesque
style is usually called Norman architecture.)
The Church Invests in Art to Convey Its Message
The spread of Romanesque art in the 11th century coincided with the re-
assertiveness of Roman Christianity, and the latter's influence on secular authorities led
to the Christian re-conquest of Spain (c.1031) as well as the Crusade to free the Holy
Land from the grip of Islam. The success of the Crusaders and their acquisition of Holy
Relics triggered a wave of new cathedrals across Europe. In addition to its influence over
international politics, Rome exercised growing power via its network of Bishops and its
links with Monastic orders such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, Carthusians and
Augustinian Canons. From these monasteries, its officials exercised growing
administrative power over the local population, notably the power to collect tax revenues
which it devoted to religious works, particularly the building of cathedrals (encompassing
sculpture and metalwork, as well as architecture), illuminated gospel manuscripts, and
cultural scholarship - a process exemplified by the powerful Benedictine monastery at
Cluny in Burgundy.
Romanesque Architecture (c.1000-1200)
Although based on Greek and Roman Antiquity, Romanesque architecture
displayed neither the creativity of the Greeks, nor the engineering skill of the Romans.
They employed thick walls, round arches, piers, columns, groin vaults, narrow slit-
windows, large towers and decorative arcading. The basic load of the building was carried
not its arches or columns but by its massive walls. And its roofs, vaults and buttresses
were relatively primitive in comparison with later styles. Above all, interiors were dim and
comparatively hemmed in with heavy stone walls. Even so, Romanesque architecture did
reintroduce two important forms of fine art: sculpture (which had been in abeyance since
the fall of Rome), and stained glass, albeit on a minor scale.
Gothic Art (c.1150-1400)
Largely financed by monastic orders and local bishops, Gothic architecture
exploited a number of technical advances in pointed arches and other design factors, in
order to awe, inspire and educate the masses. Thus, out went the massively thick walls,
small windows and dim interiors, in came soaring ceilings ("reaching to heaven"), thin
walls and stained-glass windows. This transformed the interior of many cathedrals into
inspirational sanctuaries, where illiterate congregations could see the story of the bible
illustrated in the beautiful stained-glass art of its huge windows. Indeed, the Gothic
cathedral was seen by architects as representing the universe in miniature. Almost every
feature was designed to convey a theological message: namely, the awesome glory of
God, and the ordered nature of his universe. Religious Gothic art - that is, architecture,
relief sculpture and statuary - is best exemplified by the cathedrals of Northern France,
notably Notre Dame de Paris; Reims and Chartres, as well as Cologne Cathedral, St
Stephen's Cathedral Vienna and, in England, Westminster Abbey and York Minster.
History of Renaissance Art (c.1300-1620)
Strongly influenced by International Gothic, the European revival of fine art
between roughly 1300 and 1600, popularly known as "the Renaissance", was a unique
and (in many respects) inexplicable phenomenon, not least because of (1) the Black
Death plague (1346), which wiped out one third of the European population; (2) the 100
Years War between England and France (1339-1439) and (3) the Reformation (c.1520) -
none of which was conducive to the development of the visual arts. Fortunately, certain
factors in the Renaissance heartland of Florence and Rome - notably the energy and
huge wealth of the Florentine Medici family, and the Papal ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV
(1471-84), Pope Julius II (1503-13), Pope Leo X (1513-21) and Pope Paul III (1534-45) -
succeeded in overcoming all natural obstacles, even if the Church was almost bankrupted
in the process.
Renaissance art was founded on classicism - an appreciation of the arts of
Classical Antiquity, a belief in the nobility of Man, as well as artistic advances in both
linear perspective and realism. It evolved in three main Italian cities: first Florence, then
Rome, and lastly Venice. Renaissance chronology is usually listed as follows:
• Proto-Renaissance (c.1300-1400)
This introductory period was largely instigated by the revolutionary painting style
of Giotto (1270-1337), whose fresco cycle in the Capella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel) in
Padua introduced a new realism into painting which challenged many of the iconographic
conventions then in use.
• Early Renaissance (c.1400-1490)
Triggered in part by the unearthing of a copy of De Architectura ("Ten Books
Conerning Architecture") by the 1st century Roman architect Vitruvius (c.78-10 BCE), and
Filippo Brunelleschi's magnificent 1418 design for the dome of Florence's Gothic
cathedral (1420-36), this period of activity was centred on Florence. Major early
Renaissance artists included the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), the sculptor
Donatello (1386-1466), and the painter Tommaso Masaccio (c.1401-28). Later important
contributors included Piero della Francesca (1420-92), Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1432-98)
and Botticelli (1445-1510), plus the Northerner Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506).
• High Renaissance (c.1490-1530)
Regarded as the apogee of the Italian Renaissance and its aesthetic ideals of
beauty and harmony, the High Renaissance was centred on Rome and dominated by the
painting of Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) (eg. "The Last Supper", "The Mona Lisa") and
Raphael (1483-1520) (eg. "The School of Athens"), and the immortal works of
Michelangelo (1475-1564) (including masterpieces of Italian Renaissance sculpture such
as "Pieta" and "David", and the "Genesis" Sistine Chapel fresco). Other leading high
Renaissance artists included members of the school of Venetian painting school, such as
Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Paolo Veronese and Tintoretto.
Renaissance architecture employed precepts derived from ancient Greece and
Rome, but kept many modern features of Byzantine and Gothic invention, such as domes
and towers. Important architects included: Donato Bramante (1444-1514) the greatest
exponent of High Renaisance architecture; Baldassare Peruzzi (1481-1536), an
important architect and interior designer; Michele Sanmicheli (1484-1559), the leading
pupil of Bramante; Jacopo Sansovino (1486-1570), the most celebrated Venetian
architect; Giulio Romano (1499-1546), the chief practitioner of Italian Late Renaissance-
style building design; Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), an influential theorist; and of course
Michelangelo himself, who helped to design the dome for St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
• Northern Renaissance (c.1400-1530)
In Northern Europe (Flanders, Holland, England and Germany), the Renaissance
developed in a different manner. A damper climate unsuited to fresco painting
encouraged the early use of oils, while differing skills and temperament led to the early
espousal of printmaking, and the the invention of the printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg in the 1450s. In most countries of Northern Europe, the Reformation caused
a serious loss of patronage, and a consequent decline in large-scale religious works. In
its place there emerged new traditions of portraiture, and other easel-works, which led
ultimately to the wonderful still lifes and genre painting of the Dutch Realism school in the
17th century. The greatest artists of the Northern Renaissance were: the Dutchman Jan
Van Eyck (1390-1441), noted for his luminous colours and detailed realism; the versatile
German Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), noted for his drawing, self-portraiture, oils,
watercolours, woodcuts and engravings; Robert Campin (1375-1444) the Master of
Flemalle, an elusive but outstanding artist who taught Van der Weyden and was a key
founder of the Dutch School; the Belgian Roger van der Weyden (1400-1464), noted for
his powerful religious paintings; the Netherlandish painter Hieronymus Bosch (1450-
1516), noted for his moralizing fantasy works illustrating the sins of Man; the austere
religious fanatic Mathias Grunewald (1470-1528), whose dramatic style of art influenced
later schools of Expressionism; and the portraitists Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) and Hans
Holbein (1497-1543).
Among the greatest sculptors of the Northern Renaissance were: the German
limewood sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider (1460-1531), noted for his reliefs and
freestanding wood sculpture; and the wood-carver Veit Stoss (1450-1533) noted for his
delicate altarpieces.
• Mannerism (1530-1600)
 This style grew up partly as a reaction against the idealistic forms of the High
Renaissance and partly as a reflection of troubled times - Martin Luther had begun the
Reformation, while Rome itself had just been sacked by mercenaries. Mannerist artists
introduced a new expressiveness into their works, as exemplified by the marvellous
sculpture Rape of the Sabine Women by Giambologna, and Michelangelo's Last
Judgement fresco in the Sistine Chapel. Other important exponents of Mannerism include
El Greco (c.1541-1614) and Caravaggio (1571-1610), whose dramatic use of light and
shadow influenced a generation of Caravaggisti.
History of Post-Renaissance Art
Baroque Art (c.1600-1700)
It was during this period that the Catholic Counter-Reformation got going in an attempt to
attract the masses away from Protestantism. Renewed patronage of the visual arts and
architecture was a key feature of this propaganda campaign, and led to a grander, more
theatrical style in both areas. This new style, known as Baroque art was effectively the
highpoint of dramatic Mannerism.
Baroque architecture took full advantage of the theatrical potential of the urban
landscape, exemplified by Saint Peter's Square (1656-67) in Rome, in front of the domed
St Peter's Basilica. Its architect, Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) employed a widening
series of colonnades in the approach to the cathedral, conveying the impression to visitors
that they are being embraced by the arms of the Catholic Church. The entire approach is
constructed on a gigantic scale, to induce feelings of awe.
In painting, the greatest exponent of Catholic Counter-Reformation art was Peter
Paul Rubens (1577-1640) - "the Prince of painters and the painter of Princes". Other
leading Catholic artists included Diego Velazquez (1599-1660), Francisco Zurbaran
(1598-1664) and Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665).
In Protestant Northern Europe, the Baroque era was marked by the flowering of
Dutch Realist genre painting, a style uniquely suited to the new bourgeois patrons of
small-scale interiors, genre-paintings, portraits, landscapes and still lifes. Several schools
of 17th century Dutch painting sprang up including those of Haarlem, Delft, Utrecht, and
Leiden. Leading members included the two immortals Rembrandt (1606-1669) and Jan
Vermeer (1632-1675), as well as Frans Snyders (1579-1657), Frans Hals (1581-1666),
Adriaen Brouwer (1605-38), Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606-84), Adriaen van Ostade (1610-
85), David Teniers the Younger (1610-90), Gerard Terborch (1617-81), Jan Steen (1626-
79), Pieter de Hooch (1629-83), and the landscape painters Aelbert Cuyp (1620-91),
Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82) and Meyndert Hobbema (1638-1709), among others.
Rococo Art (c.1700-1789)
This new style of decorative art, known as Rococo, impacted most on interior-
design, although architecture, painting and sculpture were also affected. Essentially a
reaction against the seriousness of the Baroque, Rococo was a light-hearted, almost
whimsical style which grew up in the French court at the Palace of Versailles before
spreading across Europe. Rococo designers employed the full gamut of plasterwork,
murals, tapestries, furniture, mirrors, porcelain, silks and other embellishments to give the
householder a complete aesthetic experience. In painting, the Rococo style was
championed by the French artists Watteau (1684-1721), Fragonard (1732-1806), and
Boucher (1703-70). But the greatest works were produced by the Venetian Giambattista
Tiepolo (1696-1770) whose fantastic wall and ceiling fresco paintings took Rococo to new
heights. See in particular the renaissance of French Decorative Art (1640-1792), created
by French Designers especially in the form of French Furniture, at Versailles and other
Royal Chateaux, in the style of Louis Quatorze (XIV), Louis Quinze (XV) and Louis Seize
(XVI). As it was, Rococo symbolized the decadent indolence and degeneracy of the
French aristocracy. Because of this, it was swept away by the French Revolution which
ushered in the new sterner Neoclassicism, more in keeping with the Age of Enlightenment
and Reason.
Neoclassical Art (Flourished c.1790-1830)
In architecture, Neoclassicism derived from the more restrained "classical" forms of
Baroque practised in England by Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723), who designed St
Paul's Cathedral. Yet another return to the Classical Orders of Greco-Roman Antiquity,
the style was characterized by monumental structures, supported by columns of pillars,
and topped with classical Renaissance domes. Employing innovations like layered
cupolas, it lent added grandeur to palaces, churches, and other public structures. Famous
Neoclassical buildings include: the Pantheon (Paris) designed by Jacques Germain
Soufflot (1756-97), the Arc de Triomphe (Paris) designed by Jean Chalgrin, the
Brandenburg Gate (Berlin) designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans (1732-1808), and the
United States Capitol Building, designed by English-born Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-
1820), and later by Stephen Hallet and Charles Bulfinch. See also the era of American
Colonial Art (c.1670-1800).
Neoclassicist painters also looked to Classical Antiquity for inspiration, and emphasized
the virtues of heroicism, duty and gravitas. Leading exponents included the French
political artist Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), the German portrait and history painter
Anton Raphael Mengs (1728-79), and the French master of the Academic art style, Jean
Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867). Neoclassical sculptors included: Antonio
Canova (1757-1822),
Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770-1844), and Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828).
Romanticism Movement (Flourished c.1790-1830)
In contrast to the universal values espoused by Neo-Classicism, Romantic artists
expressed a more personal response to life, relying more on their senses and emotions
rather than reason and intellect. This idealism, like Neoclassism, was encouraged by the
French Revolution, thus some artists were affected by both styles. Nature was an
important subject for Romantics, and the style is exemplified, by the English School of
Landscape Painting, the plein air painting of John Constable (1776-1837), Corot (1796-
1875) along with members of the French Barbizon School and the American Hudson
River School of landscape painting, as well as the more expressionistic JMW Turner
(1775-1851). Arguably, however, the greatest Romantic landscape painter is arguably
Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840). Narrative or history painting was another important
genre in Romanticism: leading exponents include: Francisco Goya (1746-1828) Henry
Fuseli (1741-1825), James Barry (1741-1806), Theodore Gericault (1791-1824) and
Eugene Delacroix (1798-63), as well as later exponents of Orientalist painting, and moody
Pre-Raphaelites and Symbolists.
Realism (c.1845 onwards)
As the 19th century progessed, growing awareness of the rights of man plus the
social impact of the Industrial Revolution caused some artists to move away from
idealistic or romantic subjects in favour of more mundane subjects, depicted in a more
true-life, style of naturalism. This new focus (to some extent anticipated by William
Hogarth in the 18th century, see English Figurative Painting) was exemplified by the
Realism style which emerged in France during the 1840s, before spreading across
Europe. This new style attracted painters from all the genres - notably Gustave Courbet
(1819-77) (genre-painting), Jean Francois Millet (1814-75) (landscape, rural life), Honore
Daumier (1808-79) (urban life) and Ilya Repin (1844-1930) (landscape and portraits).
History of Modern Art
Impressionism (c.1870-80)
French Impressionism, championed above all by Claude Monet (1840-1926), was
a spontaneous colour-sensitive style of pleinairism whose origins derived from Jean-
Baptiste Camille Corot and the techniques of the Barbizon school - whose quest was to
depict the momentary effects of natural light. It encompassed rural landscapes [Alfred
Sisley (1839-1899)], cityscapes [Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)], genre scenes [Pierre-
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), Edgar Degas (1834-1917), Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), and
Berthe Morisot (1841-95)] and both figurative paintings and portraits [Edouard Manet
(1832-83), John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)]. Other artists associated with
Impressionism include, James McNeil Whistler (1834-1903) and Walter Sickert (1860-
1942).
Impressionists sought to faithfully reproduce fleeting moments outdoors. Thus, if
an object appeared dark purple - due perhaps to failing or reflected light - then the artist
painted it purple. Naturalist "Academic-Style" colour schemes, being devised in theory or
at least in the studio, did not allow for this. As a result, Impressionism offered a whole
new pictorial language - one that paved the way for more revolutionary art movements
like Cubism - and is often regarded by historians and critics as the first modern school of
painting.
In any event, the style had a massive impact on Parisian and world art, and was
the gateway to a series of colour-related movements, including Post-Impressionism, Neo-
Impressionism, Pointillism, Divisionism, Fauvism, Intimism, the American Luminism or
Tonalism, as well as American Impressionism, the Newlyn School and Camden Town
Group, the French Les Nabis and the general Expressionist movement.
Post Impressionism (c.1885 onwards)
Essentially an umbrella term encompassing a number of developments and
reactions to Impressionism, Post-Impressionism involved artists who employed
Impressionist-type colour schemes, but were dissatisfied with the limitations imposed by
merely reproducing nature. Neo-Impressionism with its technique of Pointillism was
pioneered by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac (1863-1935), while major Post-
Impressionists include Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Cezanne. Inspired by
Gauguin's synthetism and Bernard's cloisonnism, the Post-Impressionist group Les Nabis
promoted a wider form of decorative art; another style, known as Intimisme, concerned
itself with genre scenes of domestic, intimate interiors. Exemplified by the work of Pierre
Bonnard (1867-1947) and Edouard Vuillard (1868-1940), it parallels other tranquil
interiors such as those by James McNeil Whistler, and the Dutch Realist-influenced Peter
Vilhelm Ilsted (1861-1933). Another very important movement - anti-impressionist rather
than post-impressionist - was Symbolism (flourished 1885-1900), which went on to
influence Fauvism, Expressionism and Surrealism. Note also that many post-
Impressionist artists adopted the forms and aesthetics of classicism, as a response to the
passive naturalism of Impressionist art. This led to a widespread Classical Revival in
modern art, known as the 'return to order', between 1900 and 1930.
Colourism: Fauvism (1900 onwards)
The term "Fauves" (wild beasts) was first used by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles at
the 1905 Salon d'Automne exhibition in Paris when describing the vividly coloured
paintings of Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Andre Derain (1880-1954), and Maurice de
Vlaminck (1876-1958). Other Fauvists included the later Cubist Georges Braque (1882-
1963), Raoul Dufy (1877-1953), Albert Marquet (1875-1947) and Georges Rouault (1871-
1958). Most followers of Fauvism moved on to Expressionism or other movements
associated with the Ecole de Paris.
Expressionist Art (c.1900 onwards)
Expressionism is a general style of painting that aims to express a personal
interpretation of a scene or object, rather than depict its true-life features, it is often
characterized by energetic brushwork, impastoed paint, intense colours and bold lines.
Early Expressionists included, Vincent Van Gogh (1853-90), Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
and Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944). A number of German Expressionist schools sprang
up during the first three decades of the 20th century. These included: Die Brucke (1905-
11), a group based in Dresden in 1905, which mixed elements of traditional German art
with Post-Impressionist and Fauvist styles, exemplified in works by Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Erik Heckel, and Emil Nolde; Der Blaue Reiter (1911-14),
a loose association of artists based in Munich, including Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc,
August Macke, and Paul Klee; Die Neue Sachlichkeit (1920s) a post-war satirical-realist
group whose members included Otto Dix, George Grosz, Christian Schad and to a lesser
extent Max Beckmann. Expressionism duly spread worldwide, spawning numerous
derivations in both figurative painting (eg. Francis Bacon) and abstract art (eg. Mark
Rothko). See also: History of Expressionist Painting (c.1880-1930).
Decorative Arts: Art Nouveau (1890-1910) and Art Deco (1920s-30s)
Art Nouveau (Late 19th Century - Early 20th Century)
Art Nouveau (promoted as Jugendstil by the Munich Secession (1892) and Berlin
Secession (1898), as Sezessionstil in the Vienna Secession (1897), and as Stile Liberty
in Italy, and Modernista in Spain) derived from William Morris and the Arts and Crafts
Movement in Britain, and was also influenced by both the Celtic Revival arts movement
and Japanonisme. Its popularity stemmed from the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris,
from where it spread across Europe and the United States. It was noted for its intricate
flowing patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, based on plant-forms (dating back to the
Celtic Hallstatt and La Tene cultures), as well as female silhouettes and forms. Art
Nouveau had a major influence on poster art, design and illustration, interior design,
metalwork, glassware, jewellery, as well as painting and sculpture. Leading exponents
included: Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939), Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98), Eugene Grasset
(1845-1917) and Albert Guillaume (1873-1942). See also: History of Poster Art.
Cubism (c.1908-12)
Invented by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963) and
considered to be "the" revolutionary movement of modern art, Cubism was a more
intellectual style of painting that explored the full potential of the two-dimensional picture
plane by offering different views of the same object, typically arranged in a series of
overlapping fragments: rather like a photographer might take several photos of an object
from different angles, before cutting them up with scissors and rearranging them in
haphazard fashion on a flat surface. This "analytical Cubism" (which originated with
Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon") quickly gave way to "synthetic Cubism", when
artists began to include "found objects" in their canvases, such as collages made from
newspaper cuttings. Cubist painters included: Juan Gris (1887-1927), Fernand Leger
(1881-1955), Robert Delaunay (1885-1941), Albert Gleizes (1881-1953), Roger de La
Fresnaye (1885-1925), Jean Metzinger (1883-1956), and Francis Picabia (1879-1953),
the avant-garde artist Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), and the sculptors Jacques Lipchitz
(1891-1973), and Alexander Archipenko (1887-1964). (See also Russian art.) Short-lived
but highly influential, Cubism instigated a whole new style of abstract art and had a
significant impact the development of later styles such as: Orphism (1910-13), Collage
(1912 onwards), Purism (1920s), Precisionism (1920s, 1930s), Futurism (1909-1914),
Rayonism (c.1912-14), Suprematism (1913-1918), Constructivism (c.1919-32), Vorticism
(c.1914-15) the De Stijl (1917-31) design movement and the austere geometrical style of
concrete art known as Neo-Plasticism.
Surrealism (1924 onwards)
Largely rooted in the anti-art traditions of the Dada movement (1916-24), as well
as the psychoanalytical ideas of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Surrealism was the most
influential art style of the inter-war years. According to its chief theorist, Andre Breton, it
sought to combine the unconscious with the conscious, in order to create a new "super-
reality" - a "surrealisme". The movement spanned a huge range of styles, from abstraction
to true-life realism, typically punctuated with "unreal" imagery. Important Surrealists
included Salvador Dali (1904-89), Max Ernst (1891-1976), Rene Magritte (1898-1967),
Andre Masson (1896-1987), Yves Tanguy (1900-55), Joan Miro (1893-1983), Giorgio de
Chirico (1888-1978), Jean Arp (1886-1966), and Man Ray (1890-1976). The movement
had a major impact across Europe during the 1930s, was the major precursor to
Conceptualism, and continues to find adherents in fine art, literature and cinematography.
Abstract Expressionism (1945-60)
The first international modern art movement to come out of America (it is
sometimes referred to as The New York School - see also American art), it was a
predominantly abstract style of painting which followed an expressionist colour-driven
direction, rather than a Cubist idiom, although it also includes a number of other styles,
making it more of a general movement. Four variants stand out in Abstract
Expressionism: first, the "automatic" style of "action painting" invented by Jackson Pollock
(1912-56) and his wife Lee Krasner (1908–1984). Second, the monumental planes of
colour created by Mark Rothko (1903-70), Barnett Newman (1905-70) and Clyfford Still
(1904-80) - a style known as Colour Field Painting. Third, the gestural figurative works by
Willem De Kooning (1904–1997). Four, the geometric "Homage to the Square" geometric
abstracts of Josef Albers (1888-1976).
Highly influential, Abstract Expressionist painting continued to influence later
artists for over two decades. It was introduced to Paris during the 1950s by Jean-Paul
Riopelle (1923-2002), assisted by Michel Tapie's book, Un Art Autre (1952). At the same
time, a number of new sub-movements emerged in America, such as Hard-edge painting,
exemplified by Frank Stella. In the late 1950s/early 1960s, a purely abstract form of Colour
Field painting appeared in works by Helen Frankenthaler and others, while in 1964, the
famous art critic Clement Greenberg helped to introduce a further stylistic development
known as "Post-Painterly Abstraction". Abstract Expressionism went on to influence a
variety of different schools, including Op Art, Fluxus, Pop Art, Minimalism, Neo-
Expressionism, and others.
Pop Art (Late 1950s-60s)
The bridge between modern art and postmodernism, Pop art employed popular
imagery and modern forms of graphic art, to create a lively, high-impact idiom, which
could be understood and appreciated by Joe Public. It appeared simultaneously in
America and Britain, during the late 1950s, while a European form (Nouveau Realisme)
emerged in 1960. Pioneered in America by Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) and
Jasper Johns (b.1930), Pop had close links with early 20th century movements like
Surrealism. It was a clear reaction against the closed intellectualism of Abstract
Expressionism, from which Pop artists sought to distance themselves by adopting simple,
easily recognized imagery (from TV, cartoons, comic strips and the like), as well as
modern technology like screen printing. Famous US Pop artists include: Jim Dine
(b.1935), Robert Indiana (b.1928), Alex Katz (b.1927), Roy Lichtenstein (1923-97), Claes
Oldenburg (b.1929), and Andy Warhol (1928-87). Important Pop artists in Britain were:
Peter Blake (b.1932), Patrick Caulfield (1936-2006), Richard Hamilton (b.1922), David
Hockney (b.1937), Allen Jones (b.1937), RB Kitaj (b.1932), and Eduardo Paolozzi (1924-
2005).
Installation Art
(My Modern Met)

Installation art is a modern movement

characterized by immersive, larger-than-life
works of art. Usually, installation artists
create these pieces for specific locations,
enabling them to expertly transform any
space into a customized, interactive
environment.

Characteristics
 IMMERSIVE
A key attribute of installation art is its ability to
physically interact with viewers. While all artistic mediums
have the ability to engage individuals, most do not
completely immerse them in interactive experiences.

In addition to facilitating dialogues between observers and works of art, these

unique characteristic invites individuals to view art from new and different perspectives—
literally!
LARGE-SCALE
Given their interactive nature, most works of
installation art are large in scale. Their sizable statures
enable viewers to become completely immersed in each
larger-than-life environment. In many cases, it even
allows them to sit, stand, or walk through it—a distinctive
capability not commonly found in more traditional forms
of art.

SITE-SPECIFIC
Unlike sculptures, paintings, and similar pieces,
installations are usually planned with certain sites in
mind, from rooms in galleries and museums to outdoor
spaces. Given the strategic nature of their designs and
the uniqueness of their surroundings, site-specific works
of art ensure a one-of-a-kind aesthetic and experience.

What is Body Art? Characteristics

The term "Body art" describes a type of contemporary art, in which the artist's own
body becomes the "canvas" or "artwork". Although closely related to conceptual art and
performance art, Body art embraces a wide range of disciplines, including: Body-Painting;
Tattoo art; Face-Painting; Nail art; Piercings; Make-up; Mime and Living Statues; and
Photography. Sometimes it is made in private and then displayed in photos or video
recordings; sometimes it is created 'live' in front of an audience. A number of
performance-based contemporary artists (like Chris Burden, Gina Pane and Benjamin
Vautier) have achieved fame by causing themselves pain or by shocking the audience
with extreme forms of behaviour, including drug-taking, self-mutilation, eroticism and
masochism. Showcased at some of the best contemporary art festivals - including
specialist events like Body Painting festivals - as well as several of the best galleries of
contemporary art, these body-related disciplines exemplify the postmodernist tendency
to expand the definition of art far beyond the traditionalist sphere of drawing, painting and
sculpture. Some art critics, however, take a narrower view, preferring to classify
performance-related body art as entertainment, rather than an independent form of visual
art.
Origins and History
Body art - at least in the form of body painting - dates back to the era of prehistoric
art and the use of colour pigments, like red ochre, for cultural purposes. Face painting
and tattooing, also derive from ancient art as practised around the world, from North
America to New Zealand, while mime dates back to dramatic gestural art forms of Ancient
Greece. The most modern forms include body statues (a form of street art), nail art, and
performance body art. The latter first emerged during the mid-60s and, after something
of a decline, reappeared in the 1990s.
Types
The main forms of body art include the following:
a. Performance-Related Body Art
This form (known as "art corporel" in France) is exemplified by the Serbian artist
Marina Abramovic (b.1946), whose most famous performance - "Rhythm 0", first
performed in 1974 - involved her passively enduring a range of acts performed upon her
by the audience, whose members cut her, pricked her with thorns, tickled her with
feathers, took off her clothes and even pressed a loaded gun to her head. Other famous
postmodernist artists involved in body performance art include Michel Journiac (1935-
1995); Benjamin Vautier (b.1935); Ketty La Rocca (1938-76); Gina Pane (1939-90); Vito
Acconci (b.1940); Ulay (Frank Uwe Laysiepen) (b.1943); Rebecca Horn (b.1944) best-
known for her performance "Einhorn"; Chris Burden (1946-2015); and Stelarc (Stelios
Arcadiou) (b.1946). Body-related performances have also been associated with feminist
art: see for example "Interior Scroll" (1975) by Carolee Schneemann (b.1939).
b. Body Painting
First practised during the Stone Age, body painting has become a distinctive
feature of late 20th century postmodernist art, as illustrated by the trompe-l'oeil painting
of New Zealander Joanne Gair (b.1958), notably her creation of "Demi Moore's Birthday
Suit" - photographed by Annie Leibovitz - which appeared on the front cover of Vanity
Fair magazine in August 1992. Body Art Festivals - like the World Bodypainting Festival
(Seeboden, Austria) and the Sydney Body Art Ride - are also growing in popularity.
c. Tattoo Art
A Tattoo is a permanent mark or design on the body made by introducing indelible
ink into the dermis layer of the skin. Tattooing has been a popular form of bodily
decoration since the era of Neolithic art: the oldest known example of tattooed skin
belongs to a mummified man of the Chilean Chinchorro culture (c.6000 BCE), while the
oldest European tattoo is on the body of "Otzi the Iceman" (c.3100 BCE, South Tyrol
Museum of Archeology, Bolzano). Modern tattoo art dates from the mid-18th century
when explorers came into contact with tattooed Indians and Pacific islanders - the word
tatto actually derives from the Polynesian word "tatau".
d. Face-Painting (including Make-up)
Face painting also dates from the era of Paleolithic art and culture, and was first
employed as a means of identifying key individuals such as shamans and tribal chiefs.
Later it became a common feature of tribal art, where it had several uses including that
of "war paint" - see, for instance, American Indian art. Paints used included: ochre, henna,
charcoal, woad, or annatto. Modern face painting - commonly referred to as "cosmetic
makeup" - is seen in the theatrical, television, film and fashion industries. Varieties include
"fashion makeup" (to create a "look"), "stage makeup" (to offset the effects of stage
lighting) and "prosthetic makeup" (to create special facial effects). There is even an Oscar
Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling.
e. Mime and Living Statues
Mime (from the Greek word "mimos" meaning "actor") is the art of conveying
action, emotion and/or character, solely by using bodily gestures or movements. Dating
back to Classical Antiquity, it was also inspired by cultural forms like the Japanese Noh
theatre (14th century) and the Italian Commedia dell'arte (16th century). Modern mime,
which emerged in Paris during the late 19th century, has been dominated by mime artists
such as Jacques Copeau (1879-1949), Etienne Decroux (1898-1991), Jacques Tati
(Jacques Tatischeff) (1907-82), and Marcel Marceau (1923-2007).
 In contrast, the term "Living statue" is commonly used to describe a street artist
who stands completely still - just like a statue or mannequin - typically for hours at a time.
The World Championship of Living Statues is held every year at Arnhem in the
Netherlands. See also: Gilbert and George, the living sculptures.
f. Nail Art
The latest type of body art to hit the beauty salons and catwalks, nail art includes
any form of decorative art applied to fingernails and toenails. It includes nail polish, UV
gel, hybrid coatings like Shellac, processes like water marbling and stenciling, as well as
artificial extensions. Although a reflection of developments in the beauty and
pharmaceutical industries, nail art dates as far back as Ancient Babylonia, around 3200
BCE. For other hypermodern art forms, see: Contemporary Art Movements (from 1970).
g. Human Nude-scape Photography
Related to installation art, this type of body art is exemplified by the work of
American photographer Spencer Tunick (b.1967), who is famous for his surrealistic
photography of large numbers of female nudes, positioned in unlikely public locations.
Another exponent of "body-photography" is the German-born camera artist Helmut
Newton (1920-2004), whose dramatic black-and-white photos attained near-permanent
status on the covers of Vogue and Harper's Bazaar magazine during the 1980s and
1990s. (visual-art.com)

Land Art
Land art or earth art is art that is made directly
in the landscape, sculpting the land itself into
earthworks or making structures in the landscape
using natural materials such as rocks or twigs.
Land art was part of the wider conceptual art
movement in the 1960s and 1970s. The most famous
land art work is Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty of
1970, an earthwork built out into the Great Salt Lake
in the USA. Though some artists such as Smithson
used mechanical earth-moving equipment to make
their artworks, other artists made minimal and
temporary interventions in the landscape such as
Richard Long who simply walked up and down until he
had made a mark in the earth.
Land art, which is also known as earth art, was
usually documented in artworks using photographs
and maps which the artist could exhibit in a gallery.
Land artists also made land art in the gallery by
bringing in material from the landscape and using it to create installations. (tate.org)
Famous Land Art

Robert Smithson, “Spiral Jetty,” 1970. Photo by Eve Andree

Laramee (invaluable)
 Nancy Holt, “Sun Tunnels,” 1976. Photo by Calvin Chu
via (invaluable)

Walter de Maria, “The Lightning Field,” 1977. (invaluable)

Performance Art

Artworks that are created through actions performed by the artist or other
participants, which may be live or recorded, spontaneous or scripted.
the terms ‘performance’ and ‘performance art’ only became widely used in the
1970s, the history of performance in the visual arts is often traced back to futurist
productions and dada cabarets of the 1910s.
Throughout the twentieth century performance was often seen as a non-traditional
way of making art. Live-ness, physical movement and impermanence offered artists
alternatives to the static permanence of painting and sculpture.
In the post-war period performance became aligned with conceptual art, because
of its often-immaterial nature.
Now an accepted part of the visual art world, the term has since been used to also
describe film, video, photographic and installation-based artworks through which the
actions of artists, performers or the audience are conveyed.
More recently, performance has been
understood as a way of engaging directly with
social reality, the specifics of space and the
politics of identity. In 2016, theorist Jonah
Westerman remarked ‘performance is not (and
never was) a medium, not something that an
artwork can be but rather a set of questions and
concerns about how art relates to people and the
wider social world’.

Senga Nengudi. Performance Piece (1978).

Black and white photographs. Photographer: Harmon
Outlaw. Courtesy of Lévy Gorvy Gallery, New York and
Thomas Erben Gallery, New York. (artnet.news))

Instrumental Music
 An instrumental is a recording without any vocals, although it might include some
inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. Through
semantic widening, a broader sense of the word song may refer to instrumentals. The
music is primarily or exclusively produced using musical instruments. An instrumental can
exist in music notation, after it is written by a composer; in the mind of the composer
(especially in cases where the composer themselves will perform the piece, as in the case
of a blues solo guitarist or a folk music fiddle player); as a piece that is performed live by
a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble, which could range in components from a
duo or trio to a large Big Band, concert band or orchestra.
In a song that is otherwise sung, a section that is not sung but which is played by
instruments can be called an instrumental interlude, or, if it occurs at the beginning of the
song, before the singer starts to sing, an instrumental introduction. If the instrumental
section highlights the skill, musicality, and often the virtuosity of a particular performer (or
group of performers), the section may be called a "solo" (e.g., the guitar solo that is a key
section of heavy metal music and hard rock songs). If the instruments are percussion
instruments, the interlude can be called a percussion interlude or "percussion break".
These interludes are a form of break in the song.
Musical Genres
1. Jazz
2. Rock
3. Hip Hop
4. Pop Music
5. Folk Music
6. Blues
7. Rhythm and Blues
8. Classical Music
9. Country Music
10. Heavy Metal
11. Soul Music
12. Reggae
13. Punk Rock House Music
14. Funk
15. Electronic Dance Music
16. Disco
17. Electronic music
18. Techno
19. Gospel Music
20. Trance Music
21. Singing
22. Orchestra
23. Ambient Music
24. Dance Music
25. Swing Music
26. Alternative Rock
27. Popular Music
28. Dubstep
29. World
30. Indie Rock
31. Hardcore
32. Ska
33. Easy Listening
34. Music of Africa
35. Breakbeat
36. Drum and Base
37. Experimental Music
38. Progressive Rock
 39. Baroque Music
40. Dub
41. Blue grass
42. Opera
43. Synth-pop
44. Crossover Music

Assessment Task

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Download the painting by Oscar Navarro and analyze it using the planes of
analysis. (use bordered short bond paper. 1.5 space)

Oil on canvas painting of a man holding rooster by Filipino painter

Oscar Navarro. The painting measurements are 24" by 20" and
33" by 29" framed

2. Look or search of any movie of your choice and make an evaluative analysis of
it applying what you have learned on “Reading the Image”. Choose only the
plane of analysis that best applies to the movie you have chosen. (upload your
output to our google classroom).
3. Create the history and movements of the arts through a timeline. Do it in a long
bond paper. Be creative. Do not download. Make your won.

SCORING RUBRIC

NAME: _______________________ DATE:

_________________

20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

Followed directions
Understood the concepts
 Used creativity; work is original
Has a good explanation &
composition
Extra effort is applied to work
TOTAL POINTS

References:
Collingwood, R. G. The Principles of Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938.
Dewey, John. Art as Experience. New York: Minton, Balch, 1934.
Goodman, Nelson. Languages of Art. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968
The Human Image in the Arts by Steven Patrick C. Fernandez, DFA

https://www.enotes.com/people/akannan
https://brainly.ph/question/1662838

https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/A_World_Perspective_of_Art_Appreciation_(Gustli
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reciation
https://www.artyfactory.com/art-appreciation.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_painting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_art#:~:text=%22Visions%22%2C%20whether%20fr
om%20dreams,dream%20imagery%20into%20visual%20art.
https://medium.com/@chrisjones_32882/subjectivity-and-objectivity-in-art-
cc41d55c76a5#:~:text=Subjectivity%20in%20art%20is%20the,the%20material%20obje
ct%20remains%20unchanged.
https://www.artzolo.com/nature-paintings
https://www.saatchiart.com/paintings
https://webneel.com/types-of-paintings-techniques-styles

http://angusfisherarts.com/-various

https://www.artinstitutes.edu/about/blog/38780-v2-7-types-of-photography-styles-to-master

https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/subject_matter/arts/performing/

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https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/applied-arts-meaning-kinds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design

https://www.architecturelab.net/types-of-digital-art/

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sts%20work%20with%20paint,and%20functionality %20more%20than%20aesthetics.
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-artist-and-vs-artisan/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking
https://srushtivfx.com/how-an-entire-movie-is-made-before-nearing-a-camera-the-
power-of-pre
production/#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20pre%2Dproduction%20is,the%20recorded%20f
ilm%20are%20edited.
https://www.digitalbrew.com/pre-production-production-post-production-defined/
https://www.britannica.com/art/decorative-art

https://artgreet.com/mediums-of-art/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Living_Treasures_Award_(Philippines)
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1046278/7-new-national-artists-to-be-proclaimed-
wednesday#ixzz6Uemknqb4
https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2017/10/10/indigenous-artists-national-living-treasures.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-
made_art#:~:text=Animal%2Dmade%20art%20is%20art,and%20bowerbirds%2C%20a
mong%20other%20species.
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/middle/animals2.htm
https://www.artbusiness.com/servicesartists.html
http://brightring.com/about-creativity/fostering-creativity/
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-
profile/gamaba/http://www.geocities.ws/vitasophia_bookcenter/humanities2.pdf
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https://www.j6design.com.au/6-principles-of-design/
http://flyeschool.com/content/proportion-and-scale
http://teresabernardart.com/basic-art-element-space/
http://old.artsandlabour.com/art-fusion-101/
http://asymptotik.net/artweb/reading_the_image_3.html
https://expertphotography.com/principles-of-design-photography/
https://prezi.com/p/qvwbxcfkdmtf/semiotic-plane/
https://prezi.com/p/mwywxnxd_jg2/contextual-plane/
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https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/l/land-art
https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/senga-nengudi-1312703