SOLID

MENSURATION
Mensuration of Plane
Figures
Engr. Michael George A. Baraquel
Mensuration of Plane Figures
Triangles
Quadrilaterals
Polygons
Circles and Ellipse
Composite Figures
TRIANGLES
Theorems and Properties of Triangle
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is
equal to two right angles or 180 degrees.
The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater
than the third side, and their difference is less
than the third side.
If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the
angles opposite are unequal, and the greater
angle is opposite the greater side; and
conversely.
If two sides of a triangle are equal (an isosceles
triangle), the angles opposite these sides are
equal; and conversely.
Theorems and Properties of Triangle
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides, and
the bisectors of the angles of a triangle, meet
in points which are the centers of the
circumscribed circle and the inscribed circle.
The altitudes of a triangle meet in a point
(called orthocenter)
Two triangles are CONGRUENT if two angles
and the included side of the one are equal,
respectively, to two angles and the included
side of the other
Theorems and Properties of Triangle
Two triangles are CONGRUENT if two sides
and the included angle of the one are equal,
respectively, to two sides and the included
angle of the other.

Two triangles are CONGRUENT if the three

sides of the one are equal, respectively, to the
three sides of the other.
Right Triangles
Theorem of Pythagoras. In any right triangle,
the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Two right triangles are equal if a side and the
hypotenuse of the one are equal, respectively,
to a side and the hypotenuse of the other.
Two right triangles are equal if the hypotenuse
and an adjacent angle of one are equal,
respectively, to the hypotenuse and an adjacent
angle of the other.
Right Triangles
If a perpendicular is drawn from the
vertex of the right angle to the
hypotenuse of a right triangle;
1. The two triangles formed are similar
to each other and to the given
triangle;
2. The perpendicular is a mean
proportional between the segment of (1) ABC, BDC, and ADC are proportional
the hypotenuse; (2) BD: CD = CD: AD or (CD)² = (BD)(AD)
3. The square of either side about the (3) (BC)²= (AB)(BD) and (AC)²= (AB)(AD)
right angle equals the product of the
whole hypotenuse and the segment
adjacent to that side
Similar Triangles
Two triangles are similar if the angles of one
are respectively equal to the angles of the
other; or if too angles of one are respectively
equal to two angles of the other.
Two triangles are similar if an angle of one
equals on angle of the other and the sides
including these angles are proportional,
Two triangles are similar if their sides are in
the same ratio.
If two triangles have their sides respectively
parallel, or respectively perpendicular, each
to each, they are similar
AREA of TRIANGLE
Given base b and altitude h

Given two sides a and b and included angle θ

Given three sides a, b, and c: (Hero's Formula)

 Semi-Perimeter
AREA of TRIANGLE
There are some conditions that there are
unknown sides and angles. For that, we can
use the pythagorean theorem, sine and cosine
law to find the unknowns.
Pythagorean Theorem

Sine Law

Cosine Law
QUADRILATERAL
Rectangle
Area

Perimeter

Diagonal
Square
Area

Perimeter

Diagonal
Parallelogram
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are
equal, and so also are the opposite angles.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other,
If two sides of a quadrilateral are equal and
parallel, then the other two sides are equal
and parallel, and the figure is a parallelogram.

Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included

angle

Given two sides a and b and one angle A

Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at an
angle of 90°.

Given diagonals d1 and d2

Given side a and one angle A

Trapezoid
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two and only two
of whose sides are parallel.
POLYGONS
Polygons
There are two basic types of polygons, a convex and a concave
polygon. A convex polygon is one in which no side, when extended,
will pass inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave polygon.
Polygons are classified according to the number of sides. The
following are some names of polygons.
No. of sides Name
2 Digon
3 Triangle (trigon)
4 Quadrilateral (tetragon)
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon (enneagon)
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon (hendecagon)
Polygons are classified according to the number of sides. The
following are some names of polygons.
No. of sides Name
12 Dodecagon
13 Tridecagon (triskaidecagon)
14 Tetradecagon (tetrakaidecagon)
15 Pentadecagon (pentakaidecagon)
16 Hexadecagon (hexakaidecagon)
17 Heptadecagon (heptakaidecagon)
18 Octadecagon (octakaidecagon)
19 Enneadecagon (enneakaidecagon)
20 Icosagon
30 Triacontagon
Polygons are classified according to the number of sides. The
following are some names of polygons.
No. of sides Name
40 Tetracontagon
50 Pentacontagon
60 Hexacontagon
70 Heptacontagon
80 Octacontagon
90 Ennneacontagon
100 Hectogon
1000 Chilliagon
10000 myriagon
Theorems of Polygon
The sum of the angles of a convex polygon of “n” sides is
2(n -2) right angles.

The exterior angles of a polygon, made by producing each

of its sides in succession, are together equal to 4 right
angles, or 360

Homologous parts of congruent figures are equal.

Sum of Interior Angles
The sum of interior angles of a polygon of
n sides is:

Sum of Exterior Angles

The sum of exterior angles is equal to 360°
Number of Diagonals
The diagonal of a polygon is the line
segment joining two non-adjacent sides. The
number of diagonal is given by:
Regular Polygons
Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral
polygons.
Polygons with equal interior angles are called equiangular
polygons.
Polygons that are both equilateral and equiangular are
called regular polygons.
The area of a regular polygon can be found by considering
one segment, which has the form of an isosceles triangle
Regular Polygons
CIRCLES
CIRCLE
Theorems of Circles
Through three points not in a
straight line one circle, and only
one, can be drawn.
A tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius at the
point of tangency; and conversely.
The tangents to a circle drawn from
an external point are equal, and
make equal angles with the line
joining the point to the center
An inscribed angle is measured by
one-half the intercepted arc
Theorems of Circles
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a
right angle. Thus, if a right triangle is
inscribed in a circle, its hypotenuse is
the diameter of the circle. B
An angle formed by two chords
intersecting within the circle is
measured by half the sum of the
Intercepted arcs.
If two chords intersect in a circle, the
product of the segments of one is
equal to the product of the segments
of the other.
Theorems of Circles
An angle included by a tangent and a
chord drawn from the point of contact
is measured by half the intercepted arc
An angle formed by two secants, two
tangents, or a tangent and a secant,
drawn to a circle from an external
point, is measured by half the
difference of the intercepted arc
If from a point outside a circle a secant
and a tangent are drawn, the tangent is
the mean proportional between the
whole secant and its external segment,
Area of Circle
Sector of a Circle
Segment of a Circle
Segment of a Circle
Ellipse
Parabolic Segment
Parabolic Segment
 AREA BY APPROXIMATION
The area of any irregular
plane figure (such as the one
shown) can be found
approximately by dividing it
into a number of strips or
panels by a series of
equidistant parallel chords
(offsets) h1, h2, . . . hn, the
common distant between
the chords being d.
 AREA BY APPROXIMATION
Area by Trapezoidal Rule
Assuming each strip as a
trapezoid, then the area is:
 AREA BY APPROXIMATION
Area by Simpson’s One-Third Rule
This method is more accurate
than the previous because it
considers the curved side. Using
this rule, there must be an odd
number of offsets, thus n must
be odd.
 AREA BY COORDINATES
Area of a planar (convex or
concave) with vertices. (X1,Y1),
(X2,Y2), (X3,Y3),…, (Xn,Yn)

The area of a polygon is defined

to be positive if the points are
arranged in a counterclockwise
order, and negative if they are in
clockwise order
AREA BY COORDINATES