1MRK504051-UEN - AM RET670 IEC 1pB

Application manual
Transformer protection IED

RET 670
Innovation from ABB

Document ID: 1MRK504051-UEN
Issued: December 2007
Revision: D
IED product version: 1.B
© Copyright 2007 ABB. All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT
WE RESERVE ALL RIGHTS TO THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IN THE EVENT
THAT A PATENT IS ISSUED AND A DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL
PROPRIETARY RIGHT IS REGISTERED. IMPROPER USE, IN
PARTICULAR REPRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATION TO THIRD
PARTIES, IS NOT PERMITTED.
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN CAREFULLY CHECKED. HOWEVER, IN

CASE ANY ERRORS ARE DETECTED, THE READER IS KINDLY
REQUESTED TO NOTIFY THE MANUFACTURER AT THE ADDRESS
BELOW.
THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED SOLELY FOR

THE CONCEPT OR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND IS NOT TO BE
DEEMED TO BE A STATEMENT OF GUARANTEED PROPERTIES. IN
THE INTEREST OF OUR CUSTOMERS, WE CONSTANTLY SEEK TO
ENSURE THAT OUR PRODUCTS ARE DEVELOPED TO THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGICAL STANDARDS. AS A RESULT, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT
THERE MAY BE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE HW/SW
PRODUCT AND THIS INFORMATION PRODUCT.
Manufacturer:
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Västerås
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation
Table of contents
Table of contents
Section 1 Introduction.....................................................................11
Introduction to the application manual..............................................11
About the complete set of manuals for an IED............................11
About the application manual......................................................12
Intended audience.......................................................................12
Related documents......................................................................12
Revision notes.............................................................................13
Section 2 Engineering of the IED...................................................15

Introduction.......................................................................................15
The interface between Signal matrix and Configuration tool.......16
The configurable LEDs...........................................................18
The analog preprocessing function block (SMAI)...................18
Configuration alternatives.................................................................20
Adapting a configuration to satisfy special needs.............................21
Signal Matrix Tool (SMT).............................................................21
Application configuration tool CAP 531.......................................22
Preparing a specific application configuration of the IED.................23
Configuring an IED with CAP531................................................23
Using the Signal monitoring tool (SMT).......................................26
Using the Event viewer tool.........................................................26
Setting of the IED.............................................................................26
Handling the password functionality.................................................27
Blocking of setting after commissioning of the IED..........................28
How to use the configurable logics blocks........................................28
Some application ideas....................................................................29
Voltage selection.........................................................................29
Fuse failure protection.................................................................30
Automatic opening of a transformer disconnector and closing
the ring breakers..........................................................................31
Automatic load transfer from bus A to bus B...............................32
Testing of the IED.............................................................................32
Engineering checklist........................................................................33
How to use the IED in conjunction with PCM 600 toolbox...........33
Section 3 Requirements.................................................................35
Current transformer requirements....................................................35
Current transformer classification................................................35
Conditions....................................................................................36
Fault current................................................................................37
RET 670 Application manual 1

1MRK504051-UEN rev. D
Table of contents
Secondary wire resistance and additional load...........................37

General current transformer requirements..................................37
Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements........................38
Transformer differential protection.........................................38
Distance protection.................................................................39
Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other
standards.....................................................................................40
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1,
class P, PR.............................................................................40
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX,
IEC 60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class
X)............................................................................................40
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE.......................41
Voltage transformer requirements....................................................41
SNTP server requirements...............................................................42
Section 4 IED application...............................................................43

General IED application....................................................................43
Analog inputs....................................................................................44
Application...................................................................................44
Setting guidelines........................................................................45
Setting of the phase reference channel..................................45
Setting parameters......................................................................51
Local human-machine interface.......................................................57
Human machine interface............................................................57
LHMI related functions.................................................................59
Introduction.............................................................................59
General setting parameters....................................................59
Indication LEDs...........................................................................60
Introduction.............................................................................60
Setting parameters.................................................................60
Basic IED functions..........................................................................62
Self supervision with internal event list........................................62
Application..............................................................................62
Time synchronization...................................................................63
Application..............................................................................63
Setting guidelines...................................................................64
Parameter setting groups............................................................67
Application..............................................................................67
Test mode functionality................................................................69
2 Application manual RET 670

Table of contents
Application..............................................................................69
IED identifiers..............................................................................69
Application..............................................................................69
Rated system frequency (RFR)...................................................70
Application..............................................................................70
Signal matrix for binary inputs (SMBI).........................................71
Application..............................................................................71
Signal matrix for binary outputs (SMBO).....................................71
Application..............................................................................71
Signal matrix for mA inputs (SMMI).............................................72
Application..............................................................................72
Signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI)........................................72
Application..............................................................................72
Summation block 3 phase (SUM3Ph).........................................75
Application..............................................................................75
Differential protection........................................................................76
Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)...........................76
Application..............................................................................77
Restricted earth fault protection (PDIF, 87N)..............................89
Application..............................................................................89
High impedance differential protection (PDIF, 87).......................98
Application..............................................................................98
Setting guidelines.................................................................104
Connection examples...........................................................115

Table of contents
Setting parameters...............................................................118
Distance protection ........................................................................118
Distance protection zones (PDIS, 21).......................................118
Application............................................................................119
Phase selection with load encroachment (PDIS, 21)................142
Application............................................................................142
Power swing detection (RPSB, 78)...........................................149
Application............................................................................150
Automatic switch onto fault logic (PSOF)..................................159
Application............................................................................159
Current protection...........................................................................160
Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection (PIOC, 50)...........160
Application............................................................................161
Four step phase overcurrent protection (POCM, 51_67)...........165
Application............................................................................165
Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection (PIOC, 50N)......181
Application............................................................................181
Four step residual overcurrent protection (PEFM, 51N/
67N)...........................................................................................184
Application............................................................................184
Thermal overload protection, two time constants (PTTR,
49).............................................................................................196
Application............................................................................196
Setting guideline...................................................................197
Breaker failure protection (RBRF, 50BF)...................................201
Application............................................................................201

Table of contents
Pole discordance protection (RPLD, 52PD)..............................205
Application............................................................................206
Voltage protection...........................................................................207
Two step undervoltage protection (PUVM, 27)..........................207
Application............................................................................208
Two step overvoltage protection (POVM, 59)............................214
Application............................................................................214
Two step residual overvoltage protection (POVM, 59N)...........220
Application............................................................................220
Overexcitation protection (PVPH, 24)........................................227
Application............................................................................227
Frequency protection......................................................................234
Underfrequency protection (PTUF, 81).....................................234
Application............................................................................234
Overfrequency protection (PTOF, 81).......................................236
Application............................................................................237
Rate-of-change frequency protection (PFRC, 81).....................238
Application............................................................................238
Multipurpose protection..................................................................240
General current and voltage protection (GAPC)........................240
Application............................................................................240
Secondary system supervision.......................................................264
Current circuit supervision (RDIF).............................................264
Application............................................................................264

Table of contents
Fuse failure supervision (RFUF)................................................265
Application............................................................................265
Control............................................................................................270
Synchrocheck and energizing check (RSYN, 25)......................270
Application............................................................................270
Application examples...........................................................274
Setting guidelines ................................................................281
Apparatus control (APC)............................................................286
Application............................................................................286
Interaction between modules...............................................293
Interlocking................................................................................299
Configuration guidelines.......................................................300
Interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE)....................................300
Interlocking for bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC)..........................305
Interlocking for transformer bay (AB_TRAFO).....................306
Interlocking for bus-section breaker (A1A2_BS)..................307
Interlocking for bus-section disconnector (A1A2_DC)..........307
Interlocking for busbar earthing switch (BB_ES)..................307
Interlocking for double CB bay (DB).....................................313
Interlocking for 1 1/2 CB diameter (BH)...............................314
Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI
presentation (GGIO)..................................................................315
Application............................................................................315
Generic double point function block (DPGGIO).........................317
Application............................................................................317
Logic...............................................................................................317
Tripping logic (PTRC, 94)..........................................................317
Application............................................................................318
Trip matrix logic (GGIO, 94X)....................................................323
Application............................................................................323

Table of contents
Configurable logic blocks (LLD).................................................324
Application............................................................................324
Fixed signal function block (FIXD).............................................326
Application............................................................................326
Monitoring.......................................................................................326
Measurements (MMXU)............................................................326
Application............................................................................327
Event counter (GGIO)................................................................351
Application............................................................................351
Event function (EV)....................................................................352
Application............................................................................352
Measured value expander block................................................355
Application............................................................................355
Disturbance report (RDRE).......................................................355
Application............................................................................356
Event list (RDRE)......................................................................376
Application............................................................................376
Indications (RDRE)....................................................................376
Application............................................................................376
Event recorder (RDRE).............................................................377
Application............................................................................377
Trip value recorder (RDRE).......................................................378
Application............................................................................378
Disturbance recorder (RDRE)...................................................379
Application............................................................................379

Table of contents
Metering..........................................................................................380
Pulse counter logic (GGIO).......................................................380
Application............................................................................380
Section 5 Station communication.................................................383

Overview.........................................................................................383
IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol.........................................383
Application.................................................................................383
Setting guidelines......................................................................385
Generic single point function block (SPGGIO)..........................385
Application............................................................................385
Generic measured values function block (MVGGIO)................385
Application............................................................................385
LON communication protocol.........................................................386
Application.................................................................................386
Setting parameters....................................................................388
SPA communication protocol.........................................................388
Application.................................................................................388
IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol.....................................392
Application.................................................................................392
Single command, 16 signals (CD)..................................................402
Application.................................................................................402
Multiple command (CM) and Multiple transmit (MT).......................404
Application.................................................................................404
Settings................................................................................404
Section 6 Remote communication................................................407

Binary signal transfer to remote end...............................................407
Application.................................................................................407
Communication hardware solutions.....................................408

Table of contents
Section 7 Configuration................................................................413
Introduction.....................................................................................413
Section 8 Setting examples..........................................................415

Setting of the IED670.....................................................................415
Setting examples............................................................................415
RED670 Example......................................................................417
REL670 Example 1....................................................................417
REL670 Example 2....................................................................417
REL670 Example 3....................................................................417
RET670 Example 1...................................................................417
RET670 Example 2...................................................................417
Section 9 Glossary.......................................................................419
Glossary.........................................................................................419

10
Section 1
Introduction
Section 1 Introduction
About this chapter

This chapter introduces the user to the manual as such.
1.1 Introduction to the application manual
1.1.1 About the complete set of manuals for an IED

The user’s manual (UM) is a complete set of five different manuals:
Application Technical Installation and Operator´s Engineering

manual reference commissioning manual guide
manual manual
en06000097.vsd
The Application Manual (AM) contains application descriptions, setting guidelines

and setting parameters sorted per function. The application manual should be used to
find out when and for what purpose a typical protection function could be used. The
manual should also be used when calculating settings.
The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains application and functionality

descriptions and it lists function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals,
setting parameters and technical data sorted per function. The technical reference
manual should be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase,
installation and commissioning phase, and during normal service.
The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions on how

to install and commission the protection IED. The manual can also be used as a
reference during periodic testing. The manual covers procedures for mechanical and
electrical installation, energizing and checking of external circuitry, setting and
configuration as well as verifying settings and performing directional tests. The
chapters are organized in the chronological order (indicated by chapter/section
numbers) in which the protection IED should be installed and commissioned.
The Operator’s Manual (OM) contains instructions on how to operate the protection
IED during normal service once it has been commissioned. The operator’s manual
can be used to find out how to handle disturbances or how to view calculated and
measured network data in order to determine the cause of a fault.

Section 1
Introduction
The IED 670 engineering guide (EG) contains instructions on how to engineer the
IED 670 products. The manual guides to use the different tool components for IED
670 engineering. It also guides how to handle the tool component available to read
disturbance files from the IEDs on the basis of the IEC 61850 definitions. The third
part is an introduction about the diagnostic tool components available for IED 670
products and the PCM 600 tool.
1.1.2 About the application manual

The application manual contains the following chapters:
• The chapter “Engineering of the IED” describes the overall procedure regarding
the engineering process of an IED.
• The chapter “Requirements“ describes current and voltage transformer
requirements.
• The chapter “IED application” describes the use of the included software
functions in the IED. The chapter discuss application possibilities and gives
guidelines for calculating settings for a particular application.
• The chapter “Station communication“ describes the communication possibilities
in a SA-system.
• The chapter “Remote communication“ describes the remote end data
communication possibilities through binary signal transferring.
• The chapter “Configuration” describes the preconfiguration of the IED and its
complements.
• The chapter “Setting examples” describes different settings.
• The chapter “Glossary” is a list of terms, acronyms and abbreviations used in
ABB technical documentation.
1.1.3 Intended audience

General
The application manual is addressing the system engineer/technical responsible who
is responsible for specifying the application of the IED.
Requirements
The system engineer/technical responsible must have a good knowledge about
protection systems, protection equipment, protection functions and the configured
functional logics in the protection.
1.1.4 Related documents

Documents related to RET 670 Identity number
Operator’s manual 1MRK 504 049-UEN
Installation and commissioning manual 1MRK 504 050-UEN
Technical reference manual 1MRK 504 048-UEN
Table continued on next page

Section 1
Introduction
Documents related to RET 670 Identity number

Application manual 1MRK 504 051-UEN
Buyer’s guide 1MRK 504 080-BEN
Connection diagram, Two winding transf. Single breaker arrangements 1MRK 002 801-LA
Connection diagram, Two winding transf. Multi breaker arrangements 1MRK 002 801-HA
Connection diagram, Three winding transf. Single breaker arrangements 1MRK 002 801-KA
Connection diagram, Three winding transf. Multi breaker arrangements 1MRK 002 801-GA
Configuration diagram A, Two winding transf. with single or double busbar but 1MRK 004 500-93
with a single breaker arr. on both sides
Configuration diagram B, Two winding transf. in multi breaker arr. on one or both 1MRK 004 500-94
sides
Configuration diagram C, Three winding transf. with single or double busbar but 1MRK 004 500-95
with a single breaker arr. on both sides
Configuration diagram D, Two winding transf. in multi breaker arr. on one or 1MRK 004 500-96
both sides
Setting example 1, 400/230 kV 500 MVA Transformer, YNyn connected 1MRK 504 083-WEN
Setting example 2, 132/230 kV 40 MVA Transformer, YNd1 connected 1MRK 504 084-WEN
Connection and Installation components 1MRK 013 003-BEN

Test system, COMBITEST 1MRK 512 001-BEN
Accessories for IED 670 1MRK 514 012-BEN
Getting started guide IED 670 1MRK 500 065-UEN
SPA and LON signal list for IED 670 1MRK 500 075-WEN
IEC 61850 Data objects list for IED 670 1MRK 500 077-WEN
Generic IEC 61850 IED Connectivity package 1KHA001027–UEN
Protection and Control IED Manager PCM 600 Installation sheet 1MRS755552
Engineering guide IED 670 products 1MRK 511 179–UEN
Latest versions of the described documentation can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation
1.1.5 Revision notes

Revision Description
D No functionality added. Minor changes made in content due to problem reports.

14
Section 2
Engineering of the IED
Section 2 Engineering of the IED
About this chapter

This chapter describes the overall procedure regarding the engineering process of an
IED.
2.1 Introduction
The IED 670 includes all the necessary functions to build any application.
The functions are available in a software library and there is a basic library of
functions always included in any supply that are sufficient for most applications.
For special applications there is a number of software options which must be ordered
separately.
The function library with available basic functions and options are shown in figure
below.
Basic functions Basic Application functions Optional Application functions

Disturbance recorder Differental protection Frequency protection
Event list Directional earth fault General U/I
Time syncronisation Fuse failure Apparatus control
Event Counter
Measuring
Configurable logic en05000775.vsd
Figure 1: Typical function library for RET 670,
To allow applications on different voltage levels and station arrangements there is

also a choice of hardware to be included. The IED can be ordered in 1/1 resp 1/2 size
19” rack with 6U height cases and with a small or medium size HMI as a local user
interface.
The cases can be mounted in 19” rack, flushed or wall mounted as preferred.
The engineering is done with use of the PCM 600 engineering toolbox.
Install the PCM 600 toolbox with the connectivity package for IED 670 series and
open it from the Start menu or from the short-cut on the desktop.
The PCM 600 platform includes following components:

Section 2
• Application Configuration tool

• Signal matrix tool
• Parameter setting tool
• Disturbance recorder tools for upload and viewing
• Graphical Mimic editing tool
• Signal monitoring tool
• Event viewer tool
2.1.1 The interface between Signal matrix and Configuration tool

The complete configuration of an IED 670 includes both the configuration with the
graphic configuration tool and the configuration of the hardware done with the Signal
Matrix Tool SMT.
The Application configuration tool is used to set up the included hardware structure
and the software functions.
The hardware is set-up under the Edit/Function selector menu where for each location
the physical analog and digital IO is defined. The figure 2 shows an example from
this set-up.
Figure 2: The Function selector options allows definition of the specific

hardware.
The hardware also includes e.g. the configurable LEDs and the remote end line data
communication module LDCM. These are also important parts of the physical
interface and will be shown with the signal matrix tool.

Section 2
The graphical configuration includes a number of virtual elements forming the

interface between the software functions and the hardware. These function blocks are
configured at all interface points where a physical IO is foreseen to be required.
These virtual IO blocks are:
• Analog pre-processing function block SMAI

• Virtual binary input function block SMBI
• Virtual binary output function block SMBO
Figure 3 shows an example for RET 670 of these function blocks configured for use
in the signal matrix tool.
en05000530.vsd
Figure 3: Virtual IO blocks SMBI and SMBO configured in an application

configuration
These function blocks will, as the graphical configuration has been compiled, show-
up in the signal matrix tool when this has been opened. The use of the Signal Matrix
tool is described below.

Section 2
2.1.1.1 The configurable LEDs.
The fifteen configurable LEDs can be connected to virtual inputs or virtual outputs
only with the signal matrix tool This means that signals foreseen to be used on an
LED such as group signals must be connected through an OR function block to a
virtual output for use by the LED. Naturally the same signal can be connected to a
physical output e.g. for SCADA signaling. The six first LEDs are red and the
remaining nine are yellow.
2.1.1.2 The analog preprocessing function block (SMAI).
This function block is vital for the IED 670 functionality. Interfaces both to local
analog inputs as well as remote analog inputs through the LDCM communication
module are connected through this function block. The signals from this block is
connected to the different applications. Some important comments for the
understanding of the function:
• The function block can be used for voltage inputs or current inputs. Which of the
two is defined as a setting parameter (TYPE input) on the function block.
• The output AI3P is a general output for all of the phases. It is normally connected
to the functions. The only difference is the Disturbance recorder block where the
individual channels are connected to individual channels. The four individual
outputs are the three phases and the neutral where the neutral is residually
summated from the phases if no physical connection is made to the fourth input
with the signal matrix tool. If the physical connection is made the physical input
is used instead. When e.g. a neutral overcurrent protection is connected to the
function block output AI3P it will measure the fourth neutral channel. For each
application it can then be decided if this is the residual sum or e.g. if a neutral
current transformer is connected there.
• The physical inputs can be connected phase-phase instead of phase to neutral.
This is acceptable and the setting of the pre-processing block (under
GeneralSettings/Powersystem/3PhAnalogueGrp) ConTypeGrpn must then be
set to Phase to phase. The pre-processing block will then use the physical values
as phase to phase values and calculate the phase to neutral values.
• The name of the pre-processing block and the names of the four inputs are the
names shown on the signal matrix tool and the function block name should be
selected for simple understanding what the input means.

Section 2
en05000531.vsd
Figure 4: The analog preprocessing block.
The analog pre-processing blocks shall also be configured to have the correct
frequency tracking. This is included in the SMAI function blocks. The first block in
each task time group is provided with a possibility to keep track of the frequency for
adjustment of the fouriers filter to the correct frequency. In principle the first function
block in the series should have the DFT ref setting for the group set to preferable L1
phase voltage input, typical input 7 which means setting of DFTRefGrp1 to be set to
Grp7AdDFTRef. The L1 voltage frequency will then be the frequency reference. If
SMAI block for other task times (e.g.13-24 resp 25-36) also are included they can be
given the same reference by connecting the output SYNCOUT to input DFTSPSC
on the function blocks SMAI 13 resp 25. These function blocks must then have setting
DFTRefGrp13=ExternalDFTRef.
The function block sending the signal must have the setting of the DFT reference
output set to DFTRefExtOut1= Grp7AdDFTRef.

Section 2
Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default

value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available.
2.2 Configuration alternatives
There are four different software alternatives with which the IED can be managed.
The intention is that these configurations shall suit most applications with minor or
no changes.
The configurations are:
• Single breaker arrangement. Three phase tripping arrangement.

• Single breaker arrangement. Single phase tripping arrangement.
• Multi breaker arrangement. Three phase tripping arrangement.
• Multi breaker arrangement. Single phase tripping arrangement
The Multi breaker arrangement includes One- and a half, Double breaker and Ring
breaker arrangements.
The number of IO must be ordered to the application where more IO is foreseen for
the Single phase tripping arrangements respectively the Multi-breaker arrangement.
The basic ordering includes one Binary input module (16 inputs) and one Binary
Output module (24 outputs), sufficient for the default configured IO to trip and close
circuit breaker and with possible communication interface.
Each of the four alternative solutions is of course possible to re-configure to an user-

defined configuration.
Optional functions and optional IO ordered will not be configured at delivery. As the
standard delivered hardware only includes one binary input and one binary output
module only the key functions such as tripping are connected to the outputs in the
signal matrix tool.
The required total IO must be calculated and specified at ordering and the IO adapted
with help of the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT).
Typical connection diagrams are provided in following appendices available in

separate documents, refer to section "Related documents"
1MRK002801-BA Single breaker arrangement. Three phase tripping arrangement.

1MRK002801-CA Single breaker arrangement. Single phase tripping arrangement.
1MRK002801-DA Multi breaker arrangement. Three phase tripping arrangement.
1MRK002801-EA Multi breaker arrangement. Single phase tripping arrangement.

Section 2
The diagrams show an example of how to connect the primary apparatuses to the IED
when also the control functionality is required. It is intended as a reference for the
alternative applications. As there normally is two sub-systems and not always all
functions in both there is a need for exchange of data between the sub-systems. The
configurations are prepared to cover for the most common applications but not all
possibilities.
The Application configuration tool CAP 531, which is part of the PCM600
engineering platform, will further to the four arrangements above include also
alternatives for each of them with all of the software options configured. These can
then be used directly or as assistance where only minor adaptation will be necessary.
The detailed configuration diagrams are available in separate documents, refer to

section "Related documents"
The configurations are as far as found necessary provided with application comments
to explain why the signals have been connected in the special way. This is of course
for the special application features created not standard functionality.
2.3 Adapting a configuration to satisfy special

needs
Each application is individual. Therefore there is full flexibility and it is simple to

adjust the delivered configuration. Note also that special user configurations will be
supported and IED will as alternative be delivered with your specific configuration.
ABB is of course willing to assist in developing the adapted configuration.
When the IED has been received, or before from the configuration templates, there
are two possibilities to adapt to the specific needs.
2.3.1 Signal Matrix Tool (SMT)

The PCM 600 engineering platform includes a Signal Matrix Tool (SMT). From this
tool inputs and outputs are available and can be tied together in the requested way.
For example. if more signal outputs are required, outputs from functions can be
connected to the physical IO with the signal matrix tool.
The signal matrix tool uses information from the compiled application configuration
performed with CAP 531. At saving the information will be sent to the SMT tool.
Open the Signal Matrix Tool by a right click on the IED in the Plant structure of PCM
600.
The physical IO will be shown up on the horizontal axis and the virtual IO on the
vertical IO. The user has then full freedom for each application to connect the virtual
signal from the graphical configuration to analog or digital IO. The physical IO is set
up under Application configuration tool in menu Edit/Function selector.

Section 2
In this menu the included IO boards must be edited and must match the ordered
hardware. It is commonly required that this menu is edited, the configuration
compiled and downloaded and then the PST tool can be used to connect the physical
inputs with the virtual IO.
This is done with an X at the connection point between the two.
One virtual signal on the vertical axis can be connected to several physical binary IO.
One analog input may also be connected to several preprocessing elements for the
analog signals.
Figure 5: Example (RET 670) from signal matrix tool tabs for binary input defines the connection between
the physical and virtual IO.
This gives the user flexibility to connect any signal he needs to an IO without doing
any changes in the graphical configuration. To allow full flexibility a number of
logically prepared signals has also been generated.
2.3.2 Application configuration tool CAP 531

The application configuration tool allows free configuration of the IED with
additional use of any logic element to create special logic e.g. for Auto Switching of

Section 2
Disconnectors in Multi-breaker arrangements. The logic is created by inserting logic

blocks and connecting them together.
Interface elements to make signals available in the signal matrix tool can also be
added so that in future applications the same configuration can be used and the
adaptation made with the signal matrix tool.
en05000532.vsd
Figure 6: A typical view from the application configuration tool showing an

added AND element during wiring.
2.4 Preparing a specific application configuration of

the IED
2.4.1 Configuring an IED with CAP531

The application configuration tool can be utilized to prepare an adapted IED with
special functions when required. Here we are giving some basic guidelines of how to
prepare a configuration.
It is advisable to start from one of the four basic configurations and delete and add
function blocks and connections in the selected configuration, closest to the
application. Refer to the “Help in CAP 531” for more information. For the basic
configuration available in the ordered IED and the alternative configurations available
as templates refer to the “configuration section” later in this manual.
The PCM 600 toolbox with the configuration tool CAP 531 shall be installed prior
to the below sequence.
Procedure
1. Open the configuration program CAP 531 under the PCM 600 platform by
opening Start/Programs/ABB/PCM 600.
The below view will show up.

Section 2
Figure 7: Open view for PCM 600
2. Start the configuration tool under the menu or by clicking the wrench symbol.
In the configuration tool open the template to start from under Edit. Note that
the IED has default configuration as ordered, open the correct or a more suitable
alternative template.
Default password is ”abb”
Information how to log on as an administrators is available in “Operator's
manual”. Please refer to section "Related documents".
The template will be installed and you can see the worksheets used in the
template.
3. Open the worksheets to be adjusted. Check in the configuration diagrams and
verify what you need to change e.g. logic added or IO signals adjusted.
Following guidelines can be given.
New function blocks are added by selecting the function from the function
library. It is also possible to copy an existing by marking the existing and take
Ctrl+C.
The following view is shown.

Section 2
Figure 8: Adding a new function block
The new function block is selected and added to the worksheet. Note that all
inputs needs to be connected either with a signal or with a True (On) or False
(Off) signal.
4. Click the input and take key “v” or click the “var” symbol to add a variable on
an input or output.
5. Type the name you want to use for the signal. Type True or False for fixed On
or Off.
This is defined on the outputs On-Off for binary status on the

Fixed signals function block. The designations there must be
used for fixed binary status.
6. If the input shall be connected to the output on a function close by, take the line
tool and connect the two.
All variables will be available and with the same variable name you connect
inputs and outputs. An output can be connected to several inputs, e.g. on IO
boards, on Trip function block, on an OR, AND or TIMER function block etc.
Inputs cannot be connected to several places without an OR gate.
When you select your function blocks e.g. logic elements to build a logic you
must, for high speed circuits, keep track of the processing order. The processing
number is shown on each function block. A sequence should have raising task
numbers not to loose one processor loop, e.g. 1, 3, 8 or even 100 ms.
You can copy and paste variables and function blocks/logic elements. You will
at pasting of e.g. an OR gate be requested to select the new one with the correct
sequence number.
7. When you are satisfied with the logic you have created, save, close and click on
the IED symbol and Compile the configuration.

Section 2
You will then get warnings and errors for all mistakes. All errors must be
corrected, warnings can be checked to see if they are acceptable, mostly due to
connection of function blocks with different cycle times.
8. Click on the Errors and Warnings in the Error list to directly open the worksheet
where the problem is found. Correct all mistakes, save and compile again.
9. When no errors occur, download the configuration to the IED.
You must have the correct IP address and you must have either a straight
Ethernet cable with a HUB in between or a crossed Ethernet cable when you
are directly connected PC-IED.
2.4.2 Using the Signal monitoring tool (SMT)

The Signal Monitoring Tool is opened by right clicking and selecting the tool. It gives
access to measured values from Binary Inputs, Binary Outputs and Measuring
function blocks (MMXU). The status update can with a menu symbol be updated.
2.4.3 Using the Event viewer tool

The Event List tool gives access to the locally stored Event lists. It gives access both
to the internal signal event list and to the Disturbance report event list where the last
1000 events are stored in a FIFO list.
2.5 Setting of the IED
The IED are set using the PCM 600 setting tool. The IED is delivered with a default
setting where many parameters are selected to be default suitable. However of course
all important settings such as currents, impedances and times always need to be set.
To simplify the use the tool has a normal user view and an advanced user view. The
normal user does not need to set parameters defined as parameters for the advanced
user. Switching is simply done from the symbols on the toolbar.
Setting can be done locally from the HMI or from the engineering tool. The settings
are always under password control and the user must log-in with an authority level
to match the settings to be changed.
The IED has the settings available in six setting groups and switching between these
setting groups can be performed either from physical IO or from a SA system or the
SCADA system over the communication link. The special function block
ACTGROUP is used for this purpose and this switching is not password controlled.
The function block includes a definition how many setting groups are used to prevent
switching to a not set group.
The local setting can be blocked after commissioning by activating a digital input or
from SA system as defined in the configuration. Default there is a software switch
which can be set to block the setting from the HMI.

Section 2
Figure 9: A typical view from the PCM 600 setting tool
A special function block is included for block of setting changes,

locally of from the tool. This should be activated from a physical input
at the end of commissioning to prevent changes of setting in a
commissioned station as setting changes requires new
commissioning. If setting changes are required these should be
prepared in a separate setting group and tested and activated by a
setting group switching.
2.6 Handling the password functionality
The handling of setting and configuration parameters, application configurations,

graphical MIMIC and Disturbance records are under strict password control in the
PCM toolbox. The administrator must define a number of users and give them access
with authority levels:
• Control
• Advanced Control
• Administrator
The higher level will always include the rights of the lower level. Without logging in
giving the correct authority the user can only view the values.

Section 2
The parameters are selected to belong to some of the authority levels. The higher
levels are always authorized to set lower level parameters.
The default administrator password is “abb” resp “ABB”. This shall be changed by
the administrator responsible for setting up the user names, the authority levels and
the passwords for the different users.
Information how to log on as an administrator is available in “Operator's manual”.

Please refer to section "Related documents".
The IED does not have any password handling until users are set-up in the IED. This
is done from the front Local HMI to prevent access by mistake or purposely in from
a network.
2.7 Blocking of setting after commissioning of the

IED
It is important to ensure that a commissioned station may not be changed without a

new commissioning. Settings or configurations may not be changed without a new
commissioning with a new test record. To prevent changes there is a CHANGE LOCK
function block is used and activated when commissioning is finalized. Preferable with
a direct connection to a disconnectable cubicle terminal with a plus on one side and
which is closed when commissioning is finalized.
Alternatively it can be arranged with an internal blocking e.g. by a General switch

which can be controlled from the HMI and switched “On” when commissioning is
finalized. It should require a special knowledge to open up the change possibility so
it advisable to use this function block.
Refer to below figure.
Disconnectable terminal
or key-switch
+
ChangeLock
en05000754.vsd
Figure 10: Blocking of setting
For example, the COMBIFLEX key selector switch can be used.
2.8 How to use the configurable logics blocks
The IED has a very powerful logic capability.

Section 2
Logic blocks of each type are available in different task times and task orders. This
allows the user to define own logic with all the logic elements and function in the
correct sequence. At creating the logic the elements sequence number and task times
should always be checked and logic components with the suitable values selected.
An example of a logic with increasing sequence number throughout the logic.
en05000537.vsd
Figure 11: It is important to ensure that the task numbers are in sequence to
have a fast processing of logic.
2.9 Some application ideas
The advanced logic capabilities and the flexible functions give the user a possibility
to manage any type of application.
Below some examples are given to show the possibilities.
2.9.1 Voltage selection

The Busbar voltage must in many cases be used as reference for line or bay protection.
Examples are:
Line distance protection where the busbar is provided with three phase voltage
transformers and the lines with only single-phase sets for Synchrocheck reference.
The Synchrocheck function in IED 670 has a built-in voltage

selection.
Bus voltage protection e.g. Over- and Undervoltage, Over- and Underfrequency
protection functions in the bay.

Section 2
Voltage reference for metering functions - where three phase voltage transformers
does not exist on the object.
A voltage selection can be created in IED 670 with a user defined logic where
positions of disconnectors (and breakers) are used to create the required voltage
selection.
An example is shown in figure 12 where the voltage transformers for a double bus
system are connected to the line protection function, which may be line distance relays
or voltage or frequency relays.
Supervision of the fuse/MCB failures can be fed through the same logic and connected
to e.g. block operation of undervoltage functions.
Its is also a possible to block functions when both disconnectors are open.
Figure 12: The voltage selection logic for busbar voltage transformers in a double bus arrangement.
2.9.2 Fuse failure protection

It is possible to create a fuse failure protection (60) based on comparison from two
fuse groups on the same voltage transformer or two fuses on separate voltage
transformers windings or voltage transformers on the same bus. The signal can be
used to block protection functions and give alarms.
The proposed scheme is based on comparison of not simultaneous occurring negative

sequence voltage on the two voltages respectively low positive sequence voltages.

Section 2
Overvoltage functions measuring negative sequence voltage and Undervoltage

function measuring positive sequence voltages are combined as shown in figure 13.
The negative sequence part will detect one and two phase fuse failures and the positive
sequence part will detect three phase fuse failures. Due to the combination it can
detect failures of fuses as well as MCB’s.
Figure 13: Arrangement of Multipurpose functions to measure fuse failures
2.9.3 Automatic opening of a transformer disconnector and closing

the ring breakers
The available function blocks to create user defined logic can be utilized for many
functions. One example is to open the transformer High voltage disconnector at
internal transformer faults in multi-breaker arrangements and then close the ring or
one- and a half breaker diameter.
The logic can include status supervision before the fault was tripped to ensure that
the sequence is only closing apparatuses already closed before the fault, information
about the fault to ensure it was a transformer fault, check that the disconnector is open
before the breaker/s is/are closed and verification that the new status has been reached
before next sequence is started.

Section 2
Due to space restrictions examples cannot be shown here but contact your local ABB
for support on advanced special logic.
2.9.4 Automatic load transfer from bus A to bus B

With transformer applications it is sometimes required to automatically transfer the
load from one transformer to the other. It includes closing bus tie and closing
transformer breakers. It mostly also involves switching back after the normal supply
has been restored to the original transformer. The load transfer scheme includes a
combination of advance logic checking apparatus positions and the measurement of
bus and transformer voltage and the use of Synchrocheck device to control the closing.
An advanced alternative exists for generating station where the unit transformer
supplies will need to synchronize at switching and this synchronizing is done on a
decaying bus voltage on voltage level as well as frequency level depending on the
available synchronous and asynchronous machines maintaining the bus voltage.
It shall be noticed that the exchange of information between the two transformers can
be with peer- to-peer communication across IEC61850-8-1 or over LON bus as
alternative to a hardwire connection. With the fast Goose IO transfer times are in the
level 4 ms which is sufficient also for this type of logic.
Due to space restrictions examples cannot be shown here but contact your local ABB
for support on advanced special logic.
2.10 Testing of the IED
The testing requirement is minimized with the use of an advanced internal self
supervision. This in, combination with the numerical design and the use of measured
values in the substation control, means that the need of scheduled maintenance testing
does not exist. However, during commissioning, changes in the system with setting
or configuration changes etc. there is a need of simple access to test the IED 670.
The test interface is preferable done with test switches from the COMBITEST test
system. The COMBITEST test switches and test handles provides a high amount of
IO allowing test of integrated IEDs such as the IED 670 family.
Test switch contacts should be provided on selected inputs and outputs to allow
verification of setting values such as current, voltage, impedance and set timers. Due
to the high amount of functionality some interfaces must be switched off in software.
It is then important to ensure that e.g. times to trip can be measured from other signals
with test switches. In the connection diagrams for the four configurations, the typical
location of test switch contacts is indicated. The outputs without test switches must
either be provided with a second test switch or blocked by software. This can be done
e.g. by blocking virtual outputs SMBO with “In test” condition. The “In test” is with
COMBTEST test switches RTXP24 provided by contact 29-30 (early closing)
activating a binary input and connected to the test function block.

Section 2
2.11 Engineering checklist
2.11.1 How to use the IED in conjunction with PCM 600 toolbox
The below check list gives a short guideline of how to use the protection and control
IED with help of the PCM 600 toolbox. Uploading of disturbance record is not
included below but is available from PCM 600.
Procedure
1. Select the IED configuration.

The IED is available with four alternative configurations as described above.
2. Select and order the IED which best suits the application.
There are a number of templates including options for your use. Check if some
of them is more suitable for your application.
3. Adjust the configuration if required by adjusting the input and outputs with the
Signal Matrix Tool (SMT) in PCM 600.
If you have added physical IO compared to the default single Binary input
module and Binary output module you need to add this in CAP 531 under Edit/
Function selector. This is required to have the physical IO showing up in the
SMT tool. Also decide on how many setting groups you will be using.
4. Select the number of setting groups in CAP 531 on the Activate setting group
function block.
If more logic adjustments are necessary open the configuration tool CAP 531
and perform the changes, add logic gates, change connections, add connections
etc.
5. Save the IED, compile and download to the relay.
At compilations you can get warnings and errors. Warnings are

normal as e.g. warnings for different cycle times connected
which is normal to happen. Errors are defined as mistakes
needing to be corrected. Click the error in the error list, this will
open up the location on the worksheet with the error and allow
you to find the mistake.
6. Set the IED with use of the PCM 600 Parameter Setting Tool PST.
7. Adjust the setting to the values suitable for your application.
Remember to also do the general settings. General setting values have only one
set and are the basic parameters such as CT and VT ratios etc.
8. Download to the IED, you can download from any level in your structure but
ensure to download all parts.
The active setting group function block ACGR has a setting

parameter where the number of setting groups in use can be set.
This is important and will minimize the risk of someone
switching to a setting group which has not been verified at
commissioning. The default setting is use of one group and this

Section 2
setting will also decide how many setting groups are initiated in
the parameter setting menu.
9. Test the IED. Use the Debug tool in the CAP 531 configuration tool to se on-
line the status of digital signals.
This simplifies the evaluation. Note that faults need to be put on continuously
to follow a fault signal as the debug update time is on second level.
10. Check also Measurements/Functions where each function measured result can
be seen.
This shows mistakes in CT or VT settings, mistakes in setting function ON-OFF
etc. If values do not show up the most probably reason is that it is OFF, secondly
it can be incorrect configured. If the function is ON, open the CAP, not in debug
mode, and upload options from the relay.
11. Click the Red-Green Leaf and update the function block from the occurring list.
You will notice if e.g. the function has not been ordered as it will not show up
as available.
12. Save, Compile and download again.
If that does not take care of the problem, contact ABB SA-T Supportline.

Section 3
Requirements
Section 3 Requirements
About this chapter

This chapter describes current and voltage transformer requirements.
3.1 Current transformer requirements
The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured
current signal. Saturation of the current transformer (CT) will cause distortion of the
current signal and can result in a failure to operate or cause unwanted operations of
some functions. Consequently CT saturation can have an influence on both the
dependability and the security of the protection. This protection IED has been
designed to permit heavy CT saturation with maintained correct operation.
3.1.1 Current transformer classification

To guarantee correct operation, the current transformers (CTs) must be able to
correctly reproduce the current for a minimum time before the CT will begin to
saturate. To fulfil the requirement on a specified time to saturation the CTs must fulfil
the requirements of a minimum secondary e.m.f. that is specified below.
There are several different ways to specify CTs. Conventional magnetic core CTs are
usually specified and manufactured according to some international or national
standards, which specify different protection classes as well. There are many different
standards and a lot of classes but fundamentally there are three different types of CTs:
• High remanence type CT

• Low remanence type CT
• Non remanence type CT
The high remanence type has no limit for the remanent flux. This CT has a magnetic
core without any airgap and a remanent flux might remain almost infinite time. In
this type of transformers the remanence can be up to around 80% of the saturation
flux. Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P, PX, TPS, TPX
according to IEC, class P, X according to BS (old British Standard) and nongapped
class C, K according to ANSI/IEEE.
The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. This CT is made
with a small airgap to reduce the remanence to a level that does not exceed 10% of
the saturation flux. The small airgap has only very limited influence on the other
properties of the CT. Class PR, TPY according to IEC are low remanence type CTs.

Section 3
Requirements
The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanent flux. This
type of CT has relatively big airgaps in order to reduce the remanence to practically
zero level. In the same time, these airgaps reduce the influence of the DC-component
from the primary fault current. The airgaps will also decrease the measuring accuracy
in the non-saturated region of operation. Class TPZ according to IEC is a non
remanence type CT.
Different standards and classes specify the saturation e.m.f. in different ways but it
is possible to approximately compare values from different classes. The rated
equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044 – 6 standard is
used to specify the CT requirements for IED 670. The requirements are also specified
according to other standards.
3.1.2 Conditions
The requirements are a result of investigations performed in our network simulator.
The current transformer models are representative for current transformers of high
remanence and low remanence type. The results may not always be valid for non
remanence type CTs (TPZ).
The performances of the protection functions have been checked in the range from
symmetrical to fully asymmetrical fault currents. Primary time constants of at least
120 ms have been considered at the tests. The current requirements below are thus
applicable both for symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents.
Depending on the protection function phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and three-phase

faults have been tested for different relevant fault positions e.g. close in forward and
reverse faults, zone 1 reach faults, internal and external faults. The dependability and
security of the protection was verified by checking e.g. time delays, unwanted
operations, directionality, overreach and stability.
The remanence in the current transformer core can cause unwanted operations or
minor additional time delays for some protection functions. As unwanted operations
are not acceptable at all maximum remanence has been considered for fault cases
critical for the security, e.g. faults in reverse direction and external faults. Because of
the almost negligible risk of additional time delays and the non-existent risk of failure
to operate the remanence have not been considered for the dependability cases. The
requirements below are therefore fully valid for all normal applications.
It is difficult to give general recommendations for additional margins for remanence

to avoid the minor risk of an additional time delay. They depend on the performance
and economy requirements. When current transformers of low remanence type (e.g.
TPY, PR) are used, normally no additional margin is needed. For current transformers
of high remanence type (e.g. P, PX, TPS, TPX) the small probability of fully
asymmetrical faults, together with high remanence in the same direction as the flux
generated by the fault, has to be kept in mind at the decision of an additional margin.
Fully asymmetrical fault current will be achieved when the fault occurs at
approximately zero voltage (0°). Investigations have shown that 95% of the faults in

Section 3
Requirements
the network will occur when the voltage is between 40° and 90°. In addition fully
asymmetrical fault current will not exist in all phases at the same time.
3.1.3 Fault current

The current transformer requirements are based on the maximum fault current for
faults in different positions. Maximum fault current will occur for three-phase faults
or single-phase-to-earth faults. The current for a single phase-to-earth fault will
exceed the current for a three-phase fault when the zero sequence impedance in the
total fault loop is less than the positive sequence impedance.
When calculating the current transformer requirements, maximum fault current for
the relevant fault position should be used and therefore both fault types have to be
considered.
3.1.4 Secondary wire resistance and additional load

The voltage at the current transformer secondary terminals directly affects the current
transformer saturation. This voltage is developed in a loop containing the secondary
wires and the burden of all relays in the circuit. For earth faults the loop includes both
the phase and neutral wire, normally twice the resistance of the single secondary wire.
For three-phase faults the neutral current is zero and it is just necessary to consider
the resistance up to the point where the phase wires are connected to the common
neutral wire. The most common practice is to use four wires secondary cables so it
normally is sufficient to consider just a single secondary wire for the three-phase case.
The conclusion is that the loop resistance, twice the resistance of the single secondary
wire, must be used in the calculation for phase-to-earth faults and the phase resistance,
the resistance of a single secondary wire, may normally be used in the calculation for
three-phase faults.
As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-to-earth
faults it is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-to-earth
fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earth fault can
be dimensioning for the CT depending on the higher burden.
In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault is not the
dimensioning case and therefore the resistance of the single secondary wire always
can be used in the calculation, for this case.
3.1.5 General current transformer requirements

The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data like e.g.
maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to the protection is
higher than the minimum operating value for all faults that are to be detected with
the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is different for different
functions and normally settable so each function should be checked.

Section 3
Requirements
The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a very
sensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If a very sensitive
setting of this function will be used it is recommended that the current transformer
should have an accuracy class which have an current error at rated primary current
that is less than ±1% (e.g. 5P). If current transformers with less accuracy are used it
is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during the commissioning.
3.1.6 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements

With regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of high
remanence and low remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the rated
equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal below can be used. The characteristic of the non
remanence type CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error is
concerned. If no explicit recommendation is given for a specific function we therefore
recommend contacting ABB to confirm that the non remanence type can be used.
The CT requirements for the different functions below are specified as a rated
equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard.
Requirements for CTs specified in different ways are given at the end of this section.
3.1.6.1 Transformer differential protection
The current transformers must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is
larger than the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 30 × I nt × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
(Equation 1)
Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 2 × I tf × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
(Equation 2)
where:
Int The rated primary current of the power transformer (A)
Itf Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs and
the power transformer (A)
Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)
Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)
Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)
RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)
RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (W). The loop resistance
containing the phase and neutral wires must be used for faults in solidly earthed
systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should be used for faults in
high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of IED 670 a current input channel (VA). SR=0,25 VA/channel

Section 3
Requirements
In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breaker arrangement,

the fault current may pass two main CTs for the transformer differential protection
without passing the power transformer. In such cases and if both main CTs have equal
ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfy equation 1 and
equation 3.
Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = If × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
(Equation 3)
where:
If Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs without passing
the power transformer (A)
3.1.6.2 Distance protection
The current transformers must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is
larger than the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
I k max ×Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = × a × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
(Equation 4)
I kzone1× Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = × k × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
(Equation 5)
where:
Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in forward and reverse
faults (A)
Ikzone1 Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for faults at the end of zone 1
reach (A)
Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)
Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)
Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)
RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)
RL The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (W). In solidly earthed
systems the loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires should be used
for phase-to-earth faults and the resistance of the phase wire should be used for
three-phase faults.
In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the resistance of the single
secondary wire always can be used.

Section 3
Requirements
SR The burden of IED 670 a current input channel (VA). SR=0,25 VA/channel
a This factor is a function of the primary time constant for the dc component in the
fault current.
a= 2 for the primary time constant Tp£ 50 ms
a = 3 for the primary time constant Tp> 50 ms
k A factor of the primary time constant for the dc component in the fault current for a
three-phase fault at the set reach of zone 1.
k = 4 for the primary time constant Tp£ 30 ms
k = 6 for the primary time constant Tp> 30 ms
3.1.7 Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other

standards
All kinds of conventional magnetic core CTs are possible to use with REx 670 IEDs
if they fulfill the requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as the
rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard. From
different standards and available data for relaying applications it is possible to
approximately calculate a secondary e.m.f. of the CT comparable with Eal. By
comparing this with the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq it is possible to judge if the
CT fulfills the requirements. The requirements according to some other standards are
specified below.
3.1.7.1 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR
A CT according to IEC 60044-1 is specified by the secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max.

The value of the E2max is approximately equal to the corresponding Eal according to
IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to class P and PR must have a secondary
limiting e.m.f. E2max that fulfills the following:
E 2 max > max imum of E alreq

(Equation 6)
3.1.7.2 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX, IEC

60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class X)
CTs according to these classes are specified approximately in the same way by a rated
knee-point e.m.f. Eknee (Ek for class PX, EkneeBS for class X and the limiting secondary
voltage Ual for TPS). The value of the Eknee is lower than the corresponding Eal
according to IEC 60044-6. It is not possible to give a general relation between the
Eknee and the Eal but normally the Eknee is approximately 80 % of the Eal. Therefore,
the CTs according to class PX, X and TPS must have a rated knee-point e.m.f.
Eknee that fulfills the following:
2 + j 20
ZC = = 0.0125 + j 0.125 pu = 0.126Ð84° pu
160 (Equation 7)

Section 3
Requirements
3.1.7.3 Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE are partly specified in different ways.

A rated secondary terminal voltage UANSI is specified for a CT of class C. UANSI is
the secondary terminal voltage the CT will deliver to a standard burden at 20 times
rated secondary current without exceeding 10 % ratio correction. There are a number
of standardized UANSI values e.g. UANSI is 400 V for a C400 CT. A corresponding
rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. EalANSI can be estimated as follows:
E a lANSI = 20 × I s n × R C T + U A NSI = 20 × I s n × R C T + 20 × Is n × Z b ANSI

(Equation 8)
where:
ZbANSI The impedance (i.e. complex quantity) of the standard ANSI burden for the specific C class
(W)
UANSI The secondary terminal voltage for the specific C class (V)
The CTs according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limiting
secondary e.m.f. EalANSI that fulfills the following:
E alANSI > max imum of E alreq

(Equation 9)
A CT according to ANSI/IEEE is also specified by the knee-point voltage

UkneeANSI that is graphically defined from an excitation curve. The knee-point voltage
UkneeANSI normally has a lower value than the knee-point e.m.f. according to IEC and
BS. UkneeANSI can approximately be estimated to 75 % of the corresponding Eal
according to IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to ANSI/IEEE must have a
knee-point voltage UkneeANSI that fulfills the following:
EkneeANSI > 0.75 · (maximum of Ealreq) (Equation 10)
3.2 Voltage transformer requirements
The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured
input signal. Transients caused by capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) can affect
some protection functions.
Magnetic or capacitive voltage transformers can be used.
The capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should fulfill the requirements according
to the IEC 60044–5 standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients. The ferro-
resonance requirements of the CVTs are specified in chapter 7.4 of the standard.

Section 3
Requirements
The transient responses for three different standard transient response classes, T1, T2
and T3 are specified in chapter 15.5 of the standard. CVTs according to all classes
can be used.
The protection IED has effective filters for these transients, which gives secure and
correct operation with CVTs.
3.3 SNTP server requirements
The SNTP server to be used shall be connected to the local network, i.e. not more
than 4-5 switches/routers away from the IED. The SNTP server shall be dedicated
for its task, or at least equipped with at real-time operating system, i.e. not a PC with
SNTP server software. The SNTP server shall be stable, i.e. either synchronized from
a stable source like GPS, or local i.e. without synchronization. Using a local SNTP
server i.e. without synchronization as primary or secondary server in a redundant
configuration is not recommended.

Section 4
IED application
Section 4 IED application
About this chapter

This chapter describes the use of the included software functions in the IED. The
chapter discuss application possibilities and gives guidelines for calculating settings
for a particular application.
4.1 General IED application
RET 670 provides fast and selective protection, monitoring and control for two- and
three-winding transformers, autotransformers, generator-transformer units, phase
shifting transformers, special railway transformers and shunt reactors. The
transformer IED is designed to operate correctly over a wide frequency range in order
to accommodate power system frequency variations during disturbances and
generator start-up and shut-down.
A very fast differential protection function, with automatic CT ratio matching and
vector group compensation, makes this IED the ideal solution even for the most
demanding applications. RET 670 has very low requirements on the main CTs, no
interposing CTs are required. It is suitable for differential applications with multi-
breaker arrangements with up to six restraint CT inputs. The differential protection
function is provided with 2nd harmonic and wave-block restraint features to avoid
tripping for magnetizing inrush, and 5th harmonic restraint to avoid tripping for
overexcitation.
The differential function offers a high sensitivity for low-level internal faults. RET
670's unique and innovative sensitive differential protection feature, based on well-
known theory of symmetrical components provide best possible coverage for winding
internal turn-to-turn faults.
A low impedance restricted earth-fault protection function is available as

complimentary sensitive and fast main protection against winding earth faults. This
function includes a directional zero-sequence current criterion for additional security.
Alternatively a high impedance differential function is available. It can be used as

restricted earth fault or, as three functions are included, also as differential protection
on autotransformers, as differential protection for a tertiary connected reactor, as T-
differential protection for the transformer feeder in a mesh-corner or ring
arrangement, as tertiary bus protection etc.

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IED application
Tripping from Buchholz and temperature devices can be done through the IED where
pulsing, lock-out etc. is performed. The binary inputs are heavily stabilized against
disturbance to prevent incorrect operations at e.g. dc system capacitive discharges.
Distance protection functionality for phase to phase and/or phase to earth faults is
available as back-up protection for faults within the transformer and in the connected
power system.
Versatile phase, earth, positive, negative and zero sequence overcurrent functions,
which can optionally be made directional and/or voltage controlled, provide further
alternative backup protection. Thermal overload, volts per hertz, over/under voltage
and over/under frequency protection functions are also available.
Built-in disturbance and event recorder provides valuable data to the user about status
and operation for post-fault disturbance analysis.
Breaker failure protection for each transformer breaker allow high speed back-up
tripping of surrounding breakers.
The IED can also be provided with a full control and interlocking functionality
including Synchrocheck function to allow integration of the main or a local back-up
control.
The advanced logic capability, where user logic is prepared with a graphical tool,
allows special applications such as automatic opening of disconnectors in multi-
breaker arrangements, closing of breaker rings, load transfer logic etc. The graphical
configuration tool ensures simple and fast testing and commissioning.
Serial data communication is via optical connections to ensure immunity against

disturbances.
The wide application flexibility makes this product an excellent choice for both new
installations and the refurbishment of existing installations.
4.2 Analog inputs
4.2.1 Application
In order to get correct measurement results as well as correct protection operations
the analog input channels must be configured and properly set. It is necessary to define
a reference PhaseAngleRef for correct calculation of phase angles. For power
measuring and all directional and differential functions the directions of the input
currents must be properly defined. The measuring and protection algorithms in IED
670 are using primary system quantities and the set values are done in primary
quantities as well. Therefore it is extremely important to properly set the data about
the connected current and voltage transformers.

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IED application
VT inputs are sometimes not available depending on ordered type of

Transformer Input Module (TRM).
4.2.2 Setting guidelines
The available setting parameters related to analog inputs are

depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration
made in PCM 600.
4.2.2.1 Setting of the phase reference channel
All phase angles are calculated in relation to a defined reference. An appropriate

analog input channel is selected and used as phase reference. The parameter
PhaseAngleRef defines the analog channel that is used as phase angle reference
Example
The setting PhaseAngleRef=7PhaseAngleRef=10 shall be used if a phase-to-earth
voltage (usually the L1 phase-to-earth voltage connected to VT channel number
710 of the analogue card) is selected to be the phase reference.
Setting of current channels

The direction of a current to the IED is depending on the connection of the CT. The
main CTs are always supposed to be star connected and can be connected with the
star point to the object or from the object. This information must be set to the IED.
The convention of the directionality is defined as follows: A positive value of current,
power etc means that the quantity has the direction into the object and a negative
value means direction out from the object. For directional functions the direction into
the object is defined as Forward and the direction out from the object is defined as
Reverse. See figure 14

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IED application
Definition of direction Definition of direction

for directional functions for directional functions
Reverse Forward Forward Reverse
Protected Object
Line, transformer, etc
e.g. P, Q, I e.g. P, Q, I
Measured quantity is Measured quantity is
positive when flowing positive when flowing
towards the object towards the object
Set parameter Set parameter

CTStarPoint CTStarPoint
Correct Setting is Correct Setting is
"ToObject" "FromObject"
en05000456.vsd
Figure 14: Internal convention of the directionality in IED 670.
With correct setting of the primary CT direction, CTStarPoint set to FromObject or

ToObject, a positive quantities always flowing towards the object and a direction
defined as Forward always is looking towards the object. The following examples
show the principle.
Example 1
Two IEDs used for protection of two objects
Line
Ip
Transformer Ip Ip
Line
Reverse Forward
Definition of direction
for directional functions
Transformer
Is Is
protection Line protection
Setting of current input: Setting of current input: Setting of current input:

Set parameter Set parameter Set parameter
CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as Line as
reference object. reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "ToObject" "FromObject"
en05000753.vsd
Figure 15: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in IED 670

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IED application
The figure 15 shows the most normal case where the objects have their own CTs. The
settings for CT direction shall be done according to the figure. To protect the line the
direction of the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward.
This means that the protection is looking towards the line.
Example 2
Two IEDs used for protection of two objects and sharing a CT
Transformer
Line
Reverse Forward
for directional functions
Transformer
protection Line protection
Setting of current input: Setting of current input: Setting of current input:

Set parameter Set parameter Set parameter
CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as Line as
reference object. reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "ToObject" "FromObject"
en05000460.vsd
Figure 16: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in IED 670.
This example is similar to example 1 but the transformer is feeding just one line and
the line protection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does. The CT
direction is set with different reference objects for the two IEDs though it is the same
current from the same CT that is feeding two IEDs. With these settings the directional
functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to look towards the line.
Example 3
One IED used to protect two objects

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IED application
Transformer
Line
Forward Reverse
for directional
Transformer and line functions
Line protection
Setting of current input: Setting of current input:

CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as
reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "ToObject"
en05000461.vsd
Figure 17: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in IED 670
In this example one IED includes both transformer and line protection and the line
protection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does. For both current input
channels the CT direction is set with the transformer as reference object. This means
that the direction Forward for the line protection is towards the transformer. To look
towards the line the direction of the directional functions of the line protection must
be set to Reverse. The direction Forward/Reverse is related to the reference object
that is the transformer in this case.
When a function is set to Reverse and shall protect an object in reverse direction it
shall be noted that some directional functions are not symmetrical regarding the reach
in forward and reverse direction. It is in first hand the reach of the directional criteria
that can differ. Normally it is not any limitation but it is advisable to have it in mind
and check if it is acceptable for the application in question.
If the IED has a sufficient number of analog current inputs an alternative solution is
shown in figure 18. The same currents are fed to two separate groups of inputs and
the line and transformer protection functions are configured to the different inputs.
The CT direction for the current channels to the line protection is set with the line as
reference object and the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to
Forward to protect the line.

Section 4
IED application
Transformer
Line
Reverse Forward
for directional
Transformer and line functions
Line protection
Setting of current input

for line functions:
Set parameter
CTStarPoint with
Line as
reference object.
Setting of current input Setting of current input Correct setting is
for transformer functions: for transformer functions: "FromObject"
CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as
reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "ToObject"
en05000462.vsd
Figure 18: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in IED 670.

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IED application
Busbar
2
Busbar
Protection
2 1
en06000196.vsd
Figure 19: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters for REB 670
For busbar protection it is possible to set the CTStarPoint parameters in two ways.
The first solution will be to use busbar as a reference object. In that case for all CT
inputs marked with 1 in figure 19, set CTStarPoint=ToObject, and for all CT inputs
marked with 2 in figure 19, set CTStarPoint=FromObject.
The second solution will be to use all connected bays as reference objects. In that
case for all CT inputs marked with 1 in figure 19, set CTStarPoint=FromObject, and
for all CT inputs marked with 2 in figure 19, set CTStarPoint=ToObject.
Regardless which one of the above two options is selected busbar differential
protection will behave correctly.
The main CT ratios must also be set. This is done by setting the two parameters
CTsec and CTprim for each current channel. For a 1000/1 A CT the following setting
shall be used: CTprim=1000 (value in A) CTsec=1 (value in A).

Section 4
IED application
Setting of voltage channels

As the IED uses primary system quantities the main VT ratios must be known. This
is done by setting the two parameters VTsec and VTprim for each voltage channel.
The phase-to-phase value can be used even if each channel is connected to a phase-
to-earth voltage from the VT.
Example
Consider a VT with the following data:
132 kV 110 V
3 3
The following setting should be used: VTprim=132 (value in kV) VTsec=110 (value
in V)
4.2.3 Setting parameters
The available setting parameters related to analog inputs are

depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration
made in PCM 600.
Table 1: General settings for the AISERVAL (AISV-) function

Parameter Range Step Default Unit Description
PhaseAngleRef 1 - 24 1 1 Ch Reference channel
for phase angle
presentation
Table 2: General settings for the ANALOGIN12I (TA40-) function

CTStarPoint1 FromObject - ToObject - ToObject= towards
ToObject protected object,
FromObject= the
opposite
CTsec1 1 - 10 1 1 A Rated CT secondary
current
CTprim1 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Rated CT primary
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current

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IED application

FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite

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IED application

current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
Table 3: General settings for the ANALOGIN6I (TB40-) function

FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite

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IED application

current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
Table 4: General settings for the ANALOGIN9I3U (TC40-) function

FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite

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IED application

current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current

Section 4
IED application

VTsec10 0.001 - 999.999 0.001 110.000 V Rated VT secondary
voltage
VTprim10 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Rated VT primary
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
Table 5: General settings for the ANALOGIN6I6U (TD40-) function

FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current

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IED application

FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
FromObject= the
opposite
current
current
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
4.3 Local human-machine interface
4.3.1 Human machine interface

The local human machine interface is available in a small, and a medium sized model.
The principle difference between the two is the size of the LCD. The small size LCD

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IED application
has a four lines and the medium size LCD can display the single line diagram with
up to 15 objects.
The local human machine interface is equipped with an LCD that can display the
single line diagram with up to 15 objects.
The local human-machine interface is simple and easy to understand – the whole front
plate is divided into zones, each of them with a well-defined functionality:
• Status indication LEDs

• Alarm indication LEDs which consists of 15 LEDs (6 red and 9 yellow) with
user printable label. All LEDs are configurable from the PCM 600 tool
• Liquid crystal display (LCD)
• Keypad with push buttons for control and navigation purposes, switch for
selection between local and remote control and reset
• An isolated RJ45 communication port
Figure 20: Small graphic HMI

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IED application
Figure 21: Medium graphic HMI, 15 controllable objects
4.3.2 LHMI related functions
4.3.2.1 Introduction
The adaptation of the LHMI to the application and user preferences is made with:
• function block LHMI (LocalHMISign)

• function block HLED (LEDMonitor)
• setting parameters
4.3.2.2 General setting parameters
Table 6: General settings for the localHMI (LHM1-) function

Language English - English - Local HMI language
OptionalLanguage
DisplayTimeout 10 - 120 10 60 Min Local HMI display
timeout
AutoRepeat Off - On - Activation of auto-
On repeat (On) or not
(Off)
ContrastLevel -10 - 20 1 0 % Contrast level for
display

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IED application

DefaultScreen 0-0 1 0 - Default screen
Password SimplePassw - SimplePassw - Password type for
DOEG205.3-1 authorization
EvListSrtOrder Latest on top - Latest on top - Sort order of event list
Oldest on top
4.3.3 Indication LEDs
4.3.3.1 Introduction
The function block HLED (LEDMonitor) controls and supplies information about
the status of the indication LEDs. The input and output signals of HLED are
configured with the PCM 600 tool. The input signal for each LED is selected
individually with the PCM 600 Signal Matrix Tool (SMT). LEDs (number 1–6) for
trip indications are red and LEDs (number 7–15) for start indications are yellow.
Each indication LED on the LHMI can be set individually to operate in six different
sequences; two as follow type and four as latch type. Two of the latching types are
intended to be used as a protection indication system, either in collecting or restarting
mode, with reset functionality. The other two are intended to be used as signalling
system in collecting (coll) mode with an acknowledgment functionality. The light
from the LEDs can be steady (-S) or flickering (-F).
4.3.3.2 Setting parameters
Table 7: General settings for the LEDMonitor (HLED-) function

Operation Off - Off - Operation mode for
On the LED function
tRestart 0.0 - 100.0 0.1 0.0 s Defines the
disturbance length
tMax 0.0 - 100.0 0.1 0.0 s Maximum time for the
definition of a
disturbance
SeqTypeLED1 Follow-S - Follow-S - Sequence type for
Follow-F LED 1
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 2
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S

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IED application

Follow-F LED 3
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 4
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 5
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 6
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 7
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
SeqTypeLED8 Follow-S - Follow-S - sequence type for
Follow-F LED 8
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 9
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 10
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 11
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S

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IED application

Follow-F LED 12
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 13
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 14
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
Follow-F LED 15
LatchedAck-F-S
LatchedAck-S-F
LatchedColl-S
LatchedReset-S
4.4 Basic IED functions
4.4.1 Self supervision with internal event list
4.4.1.1 Application
The protection and control IEDs have a complex design with many included
functions. The included self-supervision function and the INTernal signals function
block provide good supervision of the IED. The fault signals make it easier to analyze
and locate a fault.
Both hardware and software supervision is included and it is also possible to indicate
possible faults through a hardware contact on the power supply module and/or
through the software communication.
Internal events are generated by the built-in supervisory functions. The supervisory
functions supervise the status of the various modules in the IED and, in case of failure,
a corresponding event is generated. Similarly, when the failure is corrected, a
corresponding event is generated.
Apart from the built-in supervision of the various modules, events are also generated
when the status changes for the:

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IED application
• built-in real time clock (in operation/out of order).

• external time synchronization (in operation/out of order).
Events are also generated:
• whenever any setting in the IED is changed.
The internal events are time tagged with a resolution of 1 ms and stored in a list. The
list can store up to 40 events. The list is based on the FIFO principle, that is, when it
is full, the oldest event is overwritten. The list cannot be cleared and its content cannot
be modified.
The list of internal events provides valuable information, which can be used during
commissioning and fault tracing.
The information can only be retrieved with the aid of a Station Monitoring System
(SMS). The PC can be connected either to the port at the front or at the rear of the
IED.
The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection and
Control IED Manager (PCM 600)
4.4.2 Time synchronization
4.4.2.1 Application
Use time synchronization to achieve a common time base for the IEDs in a protection
and control system. This makes comparison of events and disturbance data between
all IEDs in the system possible.
Time-tagging of internal events and disturbances are an excellent help when

evaluating faults. Without time synchronization, only the events within the IED can
be compared to one another. With time synchronization, events and disturbances
within the entire station, and even between line ends, can be compared at evaluation.
In the IED 670 IED, the internal time can be synchronized from a number of sources:
• BIN (Binary Minute Pulse)

• GPS
• SNTP
Out of these, LON and SPA contains two types of synchronization messages:

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IED application
• Coarse time messages are sent every minute and contain complete date and time,
i.e. year, month, day, hour, minute, second and millisecond.
• Fine time messages are sent every second and comprises only seconds and
milliseconds.
The setting tells the IED which of these that shall be used to synchronize the IED.
It is possible to set several time-sources, i.e. for instance both SNTP and GPS, and
in that case the IED will automatically choose the time-source that will provide the
best accuracy. At a given point in time, only one time-source will be used.
4.4.2.2 Setting guidelines
System time
The time is set with years, month, day, hour, minute, second and millisecond.
Synchronization
The setting parameters for the real-time clock with external time synchronization
(TIME) are set via the local HMI or the PCM 600 tool.
TimeSynch
When the source of time synchronization is selected on the local HMI, the parameter
is called TimeSynch. The time synchronization source can also be set from the PCM
600 tool. The setting alternatives are:
FineSyncSource which can have the following values:
• Off
• SPA
• LON
• BIN (Binary Minute Pulse)
• GPS
• GPS+SPA
• GPS+LON
• GPS+BIN
• SNTP
• GPS+SNTP
CoarseSyncSrc which can have the following values:
• Off
• SPA
• LON
Only use value LON for setting FineSyncSource. The setting

CoarseSyncSrc shall not be set to LON. The result is that the coarse
part of time (minute to year) has to be set from the IED LHMI if the
time has been lost due to auxiliary power off during more than 48

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IED application
hours. Daylight Saving Time change will occur according to DST

rules (by default on at last Sunday of March at 1:00 AM UTC and off
at last Sunday of October at the same time).
The function input to be used for minute-pulse synchronization is called TIME-

MINSYNC.
The system time can be set manually, either via the local HMI or via any of the
communication ports. The time synchronization fine tunes the clock (seconds and
milliseconds).
Path in local HMI: Setting/Time
Path in PCM 600: Settings/Time/Synchronization
Table 8: Basic general settings for the TimeSynch (TSYN-) function

CoarseSyncSrc Off - Off - Coarse time
SPA synchronization
LON source
SNTP
FineSyncSource Off - Off - Fine time
SPA synchronization
LON source
BIN
GPS
GPS+SPA
GPS+LON
GPS+BIN
SNTP
GPS+SNTP
SyncMaster Off - Off - Activate IEDas
SNTP-Server synchronization
master
TimeAdjustRate Slow - Fast - Adjust rate for time
Fast synchronization
Table 9: General settings for the TimeSynchBIN (TBIN-) function

ModulePosition 3 - 16 1 3 - Hardware position of
IO module for time
synchronization
BinaryInput 1 - 16 1 1 - Binary input number
for time
synchronization
BinDetection PositiveEdge - PositiveEdge - Positive or negative
NegativeEdge edge detection

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IED application
Table 10: General settings for the TimeSynchSNTP (TSNT-) function

ServerIP-Add 0 - 18 1 0.0.0.0 - Server IP-address
RedServIP-Add 0 - 18 1 0.0.0.0 - Redundant server IP-
address
Table 11: General settings for the DaySumDSTBegin (TSTB-) function

MonthInYear January - March - Month in year when
February daylight time starts
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
DayInWeek Sunday - Sunday - Day in week when
Monday daylight time starts
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
WeekInMonth Last - Last - Week in month when
First daylight time starts
Second
Third
Fourth
UTCTimeOfDay 0 - 86400 1 3600 s UTC Time of day in
seconds when
daylight time starts

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IED application
Table 12: General settings for the DaySumTimeEnd (TSTE-) function

MonthInYear January - October - Month in year when
February daylight time ends
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
DayInWeek Sunday - Sunday - Day in week when
Monday daylight time ends
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
WeekInMonth Last - Last - Week in month when
First daylight time ends
Second
Third
Fourth
UTCTimeOfDay 0 - 86400 1 3600 s UTC Time of day in
seconds when
daylight time ends
Table 13: General settings for the TimeZone (TZON-) function

NoHalfHourUTC -24 - 24 1 0 - Number of half-hours
from UTC
4.4.3 Parameter setting groups
4.4.3.1 Application
Six sets of settings are available to optimize IED operation for different system
conditions. By creating and switching between fine tuned setting sets, either from the
human-machine interface or configurable binary inputs, results in a highly adaptable
IED that can cope with a variety of system scenarios.
Different conditions in networks with different voltage levels require highly adaptable
protection and control units to best provide for dependability, security and selectivity
requirements. Protection units operate with a higher degree of availability, especially,
if the setting values of their parameters are continuously optimized according to the
conditions in the power system.

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IED application
Operational departments can plan for different operating conditions in the primary
equipment. The protection engineer can prepare the necessary optimized and pre-
tested settings in advance for different protection functions. Six different groups of
setting parameters are available in the IED. Any of them can be activated
automatically through the different programmable binary inputs by means of external
or internal control signals.
A function block, SGC, (available in CAP 531) defines how many setting groups are
used. Setting is done with parameter MAXSETGR and shall be set to the required
value for each application. Only the number of setting groups set will be available in
PST and for activation with the ACGR function block.
The setting ActiveSetGrp, which is set via from the local HMI or from the PCM600
tool, is used to select which parameter group to be active. The active group can also
be selected with configured input to the function block SGC.
The length of the pulse, sent out by the output signal SETCHGD when an active group
has changed, is set with the parameter t.
The parameter MAXSETGR defines the maximum number of setting groups in use
to switch between.
Table 14: General settings for the ActiveGroup (ACGR-) function

t 0.0 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 s Pulse length of pulse
when setting changed
Table 15: General settings for the NoOfSetGrp (SGC--) function

ActiveSetGrp SettingGroup1 - SettingGroup1 - ActiveSettingGroup
SettingGroup2
SettingGroup3
SettingGroup4
SettingGroup5
SettingGroup6
MAXSETGR 1-6 1 1 No Max number of setting
groups 1-6

Section 4
IED application
4.4.4 Test mode functionality
4.4.4.1 Application
The protection and control IEDs have a complex configuration with many included
functions. To make the testing procedure easier, the IEDs include the feature to
individually block a single, several or all functions.
This means that it is possible to see when a function is activated or trips. It also enables
the user to follow the operation of several related functions to check correct
functionality and to check parts of the configuration etc.
Remember always that there are two possible ways to place the IED in the “Test
mode: On” state. If, at the end of one test, you took off the IED from the Test mode,
but the functions are still shown being in the test mode, check your configuration —
you might have the input on the TEST function block activated.
Table 16: General settings for the Test (TEST-) function

TestMode Off - Off - Test mode in
On operation (On) or not
(Off)
4.4.5 IED identifiers
4.4.5.1 Application
The IED identifier function is divided into two parts. One part handles factory defined
settings and the other part handles customer specific settings.
Factory defined settings

The factory defined settings are very useful for identifying a specific version and very
helpful in the case of maintenance, repair, interchanging IEDs between different
Substation Automation Systems and upgrading. The factory made settings can not be
changed by the customer. They can only be viewed. The settings are found in the
local HMI under:
Diagnostics/IED status/Product Identifiers

The following identifiers are available:

Section 4
IED application
• IEDType
• IEDVer
• SerialNo
• OrderingNo
• ProductionDate
Customer specific settings

The customer specific settings are used to give the IED an unique name and address.
The settings are used by a central control system, for instance micro scada, to
communicate with the IED. The customer specific identifiers are found in the local
HMI under:
Settings/General settings/Power system/Identifiers

The settings can also be made from the PCM 600 tool. The following identifiers are
available:
• StationName
• StationNumber
• ObjectName
• ObjectNumber
• UnitName
• UnitNumber
Refer to section "Setting parameters" for more information.
Table 17: General settings for the TerminalID (TEID-) function

StationName 0 - 18 1 Station name - Station name
StationNumber 0 - 99999 1 0 - Station number
ObjectName 0 - 18 1 Object name - Object name
ObjectNumber 0 - 99999 1 0 - Object number
UnitName 0 - 18 1 Unit name - Unit name
UnitNumber 0 - 99999 1 0 - Unit number
4.4.6 Rated system frequency (RFR)
4.4.6.1 Application
The rated system frequency is set under General settings/Power system/Primary

Values in PCM 600 parameter setting tree.

Section 4
IED application
The parameters for the instantaneous non-directional phase overcurrent protection

functions are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM
600).
Set the system rated frequency. Refer to section "Signal matrix for analog inputs
(SMAI)" for description on frequency tracking.
Table 18: General settings for the RatedFreq (RFR--) function

Frequency 50.0 - 60.0 10.0 50.0 Hz Rated system
frequency
4.4.7 Signal matrix for binary inputs (SMBI)
4.4.7.1 Application
The SMBI function block is used within the CAP tool in direct relation with the Signal
Matrix Tool (see the overview of the engineering process in chapter "Engineering of
the IED"). It represents the way binary inputs are brought in for one IED 670
configuration.
There are no setting parameters for the SMBI available to the user in PST. However,
the user must give a name to the SMBI instance and the SMBI inputs, directly in the
CAP tool. These names will define the function block in the Signal Matrix Tool.
4.4.8 Signal matrix for binary outputs (SMBO)
4.4.8.1 Application
The SMBO function block is used within the CAP tool in direct relation with the
Signal Matrix Tool (see the overview of the engineering process in chapter
"Engineering of the IED"). It represents the way binary outputs are sent from one IED
670 configuration.

Section 4
IED application
There are no setting parameters for the SMBO available to the user in PST. However,
the user must give a name to the SMBO instance and the SMBO outputs, directly in
the CAP tool. These names will define the function block in the Signal Matrix Tool.
4.4.9 Signal matrix for mA inputs (SMMI)
4.4.9.1 Application
The SMMI function block is used within the CAP tool in direct relation with the
Signal Matrix Tool (please see the overview of the engineering process in chapter
"Engineering of the IED"). It represents the way milliamp (mA) inputs are brought
in for one IED 670 configuration.
There are no setting parameters for the SMMI available to the user in PST. However,
the user must give a name to the SMMI instance and the SMMI inputs, directly in the
CAP tool.
4.4.10 Signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI)
4.4.10.1 Application
The SMAI function block (or the pre-processing function block PreProc, as it is also
named) is used within the CAP tool in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (see
the overview of the engineering process in chapter "Engineering of the IED"). It
represents the way analog inputs are brought in for one IED 670 configuration.
The parameters for the signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI) functions are set via
the local HMI or Protection and Control Manager (PCM 600).

Section 4
IED application
Every SMAI function block can receive four analog signals (three phases and one
neutral value), either voltage or current. The outputs of the SMAI are giving
information about every aspect of the 3ph analog signals acquired (phase angle, RMS
value, frequency and frequency derivates, etc. – 244 values in total). Besides the block
“group name”, the analog inputs type (voltage or current) and the analog input names
that can be set directly in CAP, the user has several settings available in PST:
DFTRefExtOut: Parameter valid for function block PR01, PR13, PR25 only.
Reference DFT block for external output (SYNCOUT function output).
DFTReference: Reference DFT block for that specific instance of the SMAI.
These DFT reference block settings decide which DFT block will be used as reference
in the calculation of frequency and other values (Internal DFTRef will use set system
frequency. GrpnAdDFTRef will use calculated frequency from the selected analog
input n on AIM1, ExternalDFTRef will use input DFTSYNC as frequency reference.)
ConnectionType: Connection type for that specific instance (n) of the SMAI (if it is
Ph-N or Ph-Ph). Depending on connection type setting the not connected Ph-N or
Ph-Ph outputs will be calculated.
Negation: If the user wants to negate the 3ph signal, it can choose to negate only the
phase signals Negate3Ph, only the neutral signal NegateN or both Negate3Ph+N;
negation means rotation with 180° of the vectors.
UBase: Base voltage setting (for each instance n).
MinValFreqMeas: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is
calculated, expressed as percent of UBase (for each instance n).
Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default

value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available.

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IED application
Table 19: General settings for the SMAI (PR01-) function

DFTRefExtOut InternalDFTRef - InternalDFTRef - DFT reference for
AdDFTRefCh1 external output
AdDFTRefCh2
AdDFTRefCh3
AdDFTRefCh4
AdDFTRefCh5
AdDFTRefCh6
AdDFTRefCh7
AdDFTRefCh8
AdDFTRefCh9
AdDFTRefCh10
AdDFTRefCh11
AdDFTRefCh12
External DFT ref
DFTReference InternalDFTRef - InternalDFTRef - DFT reference
AdDFTRefCh1
AdDFTRefCh2
AdDFTRefCh3
AdDFTRefCh4
AdDFTRefCh5
AdDFTRefCh6
AdDFTRefCh7
AdDFTRefCh8
AdDFTRefCh9
AdDFTRefCh10
AdDFTRefCh11
AdDFTRefCh12
External DFT ref
ConnectionType Ph-N - Ph-N - Input connection type
Ph-Ph
Negation Off - Off - Negation
NegateN
Negate3Ph
Negate3Ph+N
MinValFreqMeas 5 - 200 1 10 % Limit for frequency
calculation in % of
UBase
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base voltage
TYPE 1-2 1 1 Ch 1=Voltage,2=Current

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IED application
Table 20: General settings for the SMAI (PR02-) function

AdDFTRefCh1
AdDFTRefCh2
AdDFTRefCh3
AdDFTRefCh4
AdDFTRefCh5
AdDFTRefCh6
AdDFTRefCh7
AdDFTRefCh8
AdDFTRefCh9
AdDFTRefCh10
AdDFTRefCh11
AdDFTRefCh12
External DFT ref
ConnectionType Ph-N - Ph-N - Input connection type
Ph-Ph
Negation Off - Off - Negation
NegateN
Negate3Ph
Negate3Ph+N
MinValFreqMeas 5 - 200 1 10 % Limit for frequency
calculation in % of
UBase
TYPE 1-2 1 1 Ch 1=Voltage,2=Current
4.4.11 Summation block 3 phase (SUM3Ph)
The analog summation block SUM3Ph function block is used in order to get the sum
of two sets of 3 ph analog signals (of the same type) for those IED functions that
might need it.
The summation block receives the 3ph signals from the SMAI blocks. The summation
block has several settings.
SummationType: Summation type (Group 1+ Group2, Group 1 – Group 2, Group 2-

Group 1 or –(Group1 + Group 2)).
DFTReference: The reference DFT block (InternalDFT Ref, Grp1AdDFTRef or

External DFT ref) as above.
FreqMeasMinVal: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is
calculated, expressed as percent of UBase (for each instance n).

Section 4
IED application
Ubase: Base voltage setting (for each instance n).
Table 21: General settings for the Sum3Ph (SU01-) function

SummationType Group1+Group2 - Group1+Group2 - Summation type
Group1-Group2
Group2-Group1
-
(Group1+Group2)
AdDFTRefCh1
External DFT ref
FreqMeasMinVal 5 - 200 1 10 % Amplitude limit for
frequency
calculation in % of
Ubase
4.5 Differential protection
4.5.1 Transformer differential protection (PDIF, 87T)
Table 22: Transformer differential protection, two winding
Function block name: T2Dx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 87T
IEC 61850 logical node name:
T2WPDIF 3Id/I
Table 23: Transformer differential protection, three winding
Function block name: T3Dx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 87T
T3WPDIF 3Id/I

Section 4
IED application
4.5.1.1 Application
The transformer differential protection is a unit protection. It serves as the main

protection of transformers in case of winding failure. The protective zone of a
differential protection includes the transformer itself, the bus-work or cables between
the current transformer and the power transformer. When bushing current
transformers are used for the differential relay, the protective zone does not include
the bus-work or cables between the circuit breaker and the power transformer.
In some substations there is a current differential protection for the busbar. Such a
busbar protection will include the bus-work or cables between the circuit breaker and
the power transformer. Internal electrical faults are very serious and will cause
immediate damage. Short-circuits and earth-faults in windings and terminals will
normally be detected by the differential protection. Interturn faults, which are
flashovers between conductors within the same physical winding, is also possible to
detect if a large enough number of turns are short-circuited. Interturn faults are the
most difficult transformer winding faults to detect with electrical protections. A small
interturn fault including just a few turns will result in an undetectable amount of
current until it develops into an earth-fault. For this reason it is important that the
differential protection has a high level of sensitivity and that it is possible to use a
sensitive setting without causing unwanted operations for external faults.
It is important that the faulty transformer be disconnected as fast as possible. As the

differential protection is a unit protection it can be designed for fast tripping, thus
providing selective disconnection of the faulty transformer. The differential
protection should never operate to faults outside the protective zone.
A transformer differential protection compares the current flowing into the

transformer with the current leaving the transformer. A correct analysis of fault
conditions by the differential protection must take into consideration changes to
voltages, currents and phase angles. Traditional transformer differential protection
functions required auxiliary transformers for correction of the phase shift and ratio.
The numerical microprocessor based differential algorithm as implemented in the
IED compensate for both the turns-ratio and the phase shift internally in the software.
No auxiliary current transformers are necessary.
The differential current should theoretically be zero during normal load or external
faults if the turn-ratio and the phase shift are correctly compensated. However, there
are several different phenomena other than internal faults that will cause unwanted
and false differential currents. The main reasons for unwanted differential currents
are:
• mismatch due to varying tap changer positions

• different characteristics, loads and operating conditions of the current
transformers
• zero sequence currents that only flow on one side of the power transformer
• normal magnetizing currents
• magnetizing inrush currents
• overexcitation magnetizing currents

Section 4
IED application
The parameters for the Transformer differential protection function are set via the
local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600). Refer to the Setting
parameters tables, in section "Setting parameters"
Inrush restraint methods

With a combination of the second harmonic restraint and the waveform restraint
methods it is possible to get a protection with high security and stability against inrush
effects and at the same time maintain high performance in case of heavy internal faults
even if the current transformers are saturated. Both these restraint methods are used
by RET 670. The second harmonic restraint function has a settable level. If the ratio
of the second harmonic to fundamental harmonic in the differential current is above
the settable limit, the operation of the differential protection is restrained. It is
recommended to set parameter I2/I1Ratio = 15% as default value in case no special
reasons exist to choose other value.
Overexcitation restraint method

Overexcitation current contains odd harmonics, because the waveform is symmetrical
about the time axis. As the third harmonic currents cannot possible flow into a delta
winding, the fifth harmonic is the lowest harmonic which can serve as a criterion for
overexcitation. The overexcitation on the delta side will produce exciting currents
that contain a large fundamental frequency component with little odd harmonics. In
this application the fifth harmonic limit must be set to a relatively low value. IED 670
differential protection function is provided with a fifth harmonic restraint to prevent
the protection from operation during an overexcitation condition of a power
transformer. If the ratio of the fifth harmonic to fundamental harmonic in the
differential current is above a settable limit the operation is restrained. It is
recommended to use I5/I1Ratio = 25% as default value in case no special reasons
exist to choose another setting. Transformers likely to be exposed to overvoltage or
underfrequency conditions (i.e. generator step-up transformers in power stations)
should be provided with an overexcitation protection based on V/Hz to achieve trip
before the core thermal limit is reached.
Cross-blocking between phases

Basic definition of the cross-blocking is that one of the three phases can block
operation (i.e. tripping) of the other two phases due to the properties of the differential
current in that phase (i.e. waveform, 2nd or 5th harmonic content). In the algorithm
the user can control the cross-blocking between the phases via the setting parameter
OpCrossBlock. When parameter OpCrossBlock is set to On, cross blocking between
phases will be introduced. There is not any time settings involved, but the phase with
the operating point above the set bias characteristic will be able to cross-block other
two phases if it is self-blocked by any of the previously explained restrained criteria.
As soon as the operating point for this phase is below the set bias characteristic cross
blocking from that phase will be inhibited. In this way cross-blocking of the temporary
nature is achieved. In should be noted that this is the default (i.e. recommended)
setting value for this parameter. When parameter OpCrossBlock is set to Off, any
cross blocking between phases will be disabled.

Section 4
IED application
Restrained and unrestrained differential protection

To make a differential relay as sensitive and stable as possible, restrained differential
protections have been developed and are now adopted as the general practice in the
protection of power transformers. The protection should be provided with a
proportional bias, which makes the protection operate for a certain percentage
differential current related to the current through the transformer. This stabilizes the
protection under through fault conditions while still permitting the system to have
good basic sensitivity. The bias current can be defined in many different ways. One
classical way of defining the bias current has been Ibias = (I1 + I2) / 2, where I1 is
the magnitude of the power transformer primary current, and I2 the magnitude of the
power transformer secondary current. However, it has been found that if the bias
current is defined as the highest power transformer current this will reflect the
difficulties met by the current transformers much better. The differential protection
function uses the highest current of all restrain inputs as bias current. For applications
were the power transformer rated current and the CT primary rated current can differ
considerably, (applications with T-connections), measured currents in the T
connections are converted to pu value using the rated primary current of the CT, but
one additional "measuring" point is introduced as sum of this two T currents. This
summed current is converted to pu value using the power transformer winding rated
currents. After that the highest pu value is taken as bias current in pu. In this way best
possible combination between sensitivity and security for differential protection
function with T connection is obtained. The main philosophy behind the principle
with the operate bias characteristic is to decrease the operate sensitivity when the
current transformers have difficult operating conditions. This bias quantity gives the
best stability against an unwanted operation of the overall differential protection.
The usual practice for transformer protection is to set the bias characteristic to a value
of at least twice the value of the expected spill current under through faults conditions.
These criteria can vary considerably from application to application and are often a
matter of judgment. The second slope is increased to ensure stability under heavy
through fault conditions which could lead to increased differential current due to
saturation of current transformers. Default settings for the operating characteristic
with IdMin = 0.3pu of the power transformer rated current can be recommended as
a default setting in normal applications. If the conditions are known more in detail,
higher or lower sensitivity can be chosen. The selection of suitable characteristic
should in such cases be based on the knowledge of the class of the current
transformers, availability of information on the on load tap changer (OLTC) position,
short circuit power of the systems, etc.
Transformers can be connected to buses in such ways that the current transformers
used for the differential protection will be either in series with the power transformer
windings or the current transformers will be in breakers that are part of the bus, such
as a breaker-and-a-half or a ring bus scheme. For current transformers with primaries
in series with the power transformer winding, the current transformer primary current
for external faults will be limited by the transformer impedance. When the current
transformers are part of the bus scheme, as in the breaker-and-a-half or the ring bus
scheme, the current transformer primary current is not limited by the power
transformer impedance. High primary currents may be expected. In either case, any
deficiency of current output caused by saturation of one current transformer that is

Section 4
IED application
not matched by a similar deficiency of another current transformer will cause a false
differential current to appear. Differential protection can overcome this problem if
the bias is obtained separately from each set of current transformer circuits. It is
therefore important to avoid paralleling of two or more current transformers for
connection to a single restraint input. Each current connected to RET 670 is available
for biasing the differential protection function.
Unrestrained operation level has default value of IdUnre = 10pu, which is typically
acceptable for most of the standard power transformer applications. However in the
following cases these setting need to be changed accordingly:
• When CT from "T-connection" are connected to IED, as in the breaker-and-a-

half or the ring bus scheme, especial care shall be taken in order to prevent
unwanted operation of transformer differential relay for through-faults due to
different CT saturation of "T-connected" CTs. Thus if such uneven saturation is
a possibility it is typically required to increase unrestrained operational level to
IdUnre = 20-25pu
• For differential applications on HV shunt reactors, due to a fact that there is no
heavy through-fault conditions, the unrestrained differential operation level can
be set to IdUnre = 1.75pu
Overall operating characteristic of transformer differential protection is shown in

figure 22 below:

Section 4
IED application
operate current
[ times I1r ]
Operate
5
unconditionally
UnrestrainedLimit
4
Operate
3
conditionally
2
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
SlopeSection3
1
IdMin
SlopeSection2 Restrain
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
EndSection1
restrain current
EndSection2 [ times I1r ]
en05000187.vsd
Figure 22: Description of the restrained-, and the unrestrained operate

characteristics
slope = D Ioperate × 100%

D Irestrain
and where the restrained characteristic is defined by the settings:
1. IdMin
2. EndSection1
3. EndSection2
4. SlopeSection2
5. SlopeSection3
Elimination of zero sequence currents

A differential protection may operate unwanted due to external earth faults in cases
where the zero sequence current can flow only on one side of the power transformer
but not on the other side. This is the situation when the zero sequence current cannot
be properly transformed to the other side of the power transformer. Power transformer

Section 4
IED application
connection groups of Yd or Dy type cannot transform the zero sequence current. If a

delta winding of a power transformer is earthed via an earthing transformer inside
the zone protected by the differential protection there will be an unwanted differential
current in case of an external earth fault. To make the overall differential protection
insensitive to external earth faults in these situations the zero sequence currents must
be eliminated from the power transformer terminal currents, so that they do not appear
as the differential currents. This had once been achieved by means of intermediate
current transformers. The elimination of zero sequence current is done numerically
and no auxiliary transformers or zero sequence traps are necessary. Instead it is
necessary to eliminate the zero sequence current from every individual winding by
proper setting of setting parameters ZSCurrSubtrWx=Off/On.
External/Internal fault discriminator

The internal/external fault discriminator operation is based on the relative position of
the two phasors (in case of two-winding transformer) representing W1 and W2
negative-sequence current contributions, defined by matrix expression see
“Technical reference manual”. It practically performs directional comparison
between these two phasors.
In order to perform directional comparison of the two phasors their magnitudes must
be high enough so that one can be sure that they are due to a fault. On the other hand,
in order to guarantee a good sensitivity of the internal/external fault discriminator,
the value of this minimum limit must not be too high. Therefore this limit value, called
IMinNegSeq, is settable in the range from 1% to 20% of the differential protections
base current, which is in our case the power transformer HV side rated current. The
default value is 4%. Only if magnitudes of both negative sequence current
contributions are above the set limit, the relative position between these two phasors
is checked. If either of the negative sequence current contributions, which should be
compared, is too small (less than the set value for IMinNegSeq), no directional
comparison is made in order to avoid the possibility to produce a wrong decision.
This magnitude check, as well guarantee stability of the algorithm, when power
transformer is energized.
The setting NegSeqROA represents the so-called Relay Operate Angle, which
determines the boundary between the internal and external fault regions. It can be
selected in the range from 30 degrees to 90 degrees, with a step of 1 degree. The
default value is 60 degrees. The default setting somewhat favors security in
comparison to dependability.
If the above condition concerning magnitudes is fulfilled, the internal/external fault

discriminator compares the relative phase angle between the negative sequence
current contributions from the HV side and LV side of the power transformer using
the following two rules:

Section 4
IED application
• If the negative sequence currents contributions from HV and LV sides are in

phase, the fault is internal (i.e. both phasors are within internal fault region)
• If the negative sequence currents contributions from HV and LV sides are 180
degrees out of phase, the fault is external (i.e. HV phasors is outside internal fault
region)
Therefore, under all external fault condition, the relative angle is theoretically equal
to 180 degrees. During internal fault, the angle shall ideally be 0 degrees, but due to
possible different negative sequence source impedance angles on HV and LV side of
power transformer, it may differ somewhat from the ideal zero value.
As the internal/external fault discriminator has proved to be very reliable, it has been
given a great power. If, for example, a fault has been detected, i.e. start signals set by
ordinary differential protection, and at the same time the internal/external fault
discriminator characterized this fault as internal, then any eventual block signals
produced by either the harmonic or the waveform restraints, are ignored. This assures
the response times of the new and advanced differential protection below one power
system cycle (i.e. below 20 ms for 50 Hz system) for all internal faults. Even for heavy
internal faults with severely saturated current transformers new differential protection
operates well below one cycle because the harmonic distortions in the differential
currents do not slow down the differential protection operation. Practically, an
unrestrained operation is achieved for all internal faults.
External faults happen ten to hundred times more often than internal ones. If a
disturbance has been detected and the internal/external fault discriminator
characterized this fault as external fault, the additional criteria are posed on the
differential algorithm before its trip is allowed. This assures high algorithm stability
during external faults. However, in the same time the differential relay is still capable
to trip for evolving faults.
The principle of the internal/external fault discriminator can be extended to power

transformers and autotransformers with three windings. If all three windings are
connected to their respective networks, then three directional comparisons can be
done, but only two comparisons are necessary in order to positively determine the
position of the fault with respect to the protected zone. The directional comparisons,
which are possible, are: W1 - W2, W1 - W3, and W2 - W3. The rule applied by the
internal / external fault discriminator in case of three-winding power transformers is:
• If all comparisons indicate an internal fault, then it is an internal fault.

• If any comparison indicates an external fault, then it is an external fault
If one of the windings is not connected, the algorithm automatically reduces to the
two-winding version. Nevertheless, the whole power transformer is protected,
inclusive the non-connected winding.
Setting example
Setting example is provided for three winding power transformer with the following
rated data:

Section 4
IED application
Rated Power: 31,5/31,5/10,5MVA
Rated Voltages: 110/36,7/10,5 kV
Vector Group: YNyn0d5
From rated power and rated voltages for mid-tap the power transformer rated currents
for every winding can be easily calculated by using formula:
Sr
Irx =
3 × Urx
x = 1, 2or 3
Calculated rated current values for this specific transformer are shown below:
Rated Currents: 165/495/577 A
Transformer rated data shall be entered in PST or built-in HMI under menu Settings/
General settings/Differential protection/TransformerDiff3Wind/T3D1 as shown in
the following table:
Table 24: Settings for rated power transformer data

Group/Parameter name PC Value Unit Min Max
RatedVoltageW1 110,00 kV 0,05 2000,00
RatedCurrentW1 165 A 1 99999
ConnectTypeW1 WYE (Y)
ConnectTypeW2 wye = y
ConnectTypeW3 delta = d
ClockNumberW2 0 [0 deg]
ClockNumberW3 5 [150 deg lag]
ZSCurrSubtrW1 On
ZSCurrSubtrW2 On
ZSCurrSubtrW3 Off
TconfigForW1 No
CT1RatingW1 3000 A 1 99999
CT2RatingW1 3000 A 1 99999
TconfigForW2 No
CT1RatingW2 3000 A 1 99999
CT2RatingW2 3000 A 1 99999

Section 4
IED application

TconfigForW3 No
CT1RatingW3 3000 A 1 99999
CT2RatingW3 3000 A 1 99999
Settings for transformer differential shall be entered in accordance with the following
table:
Table 25: Settings for transformer differential protection

Operation On
IdMin 0,30 currP 0,10 0,60
EndSection1 1,25 currP 0,20 1,50
EndSection2 3,00 currP 1,00 10,00
SlopeSection2 40,0 % 10,0 50,0
SlopeSection3 80,0 % 30,0 100,0
Idunre 10,00 currP 1,00 50,00
I2/I1Ratio 15,0 % 5,0 100,0
I5/I1Ratio 25,0 % 5,0 100,0
OpCrossBlock On
OpNegSeqDiff Yes
IminNegSeq 0,04 currP 0,02 0,20
NegSeqROA 60,0 Deg 30,0 120,0
Table 26: General settings for the T2WPDIF_87T (T2D1-) function

RatedVoltageW1 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Rated voltage of
transformer winding 1
(HV winding) in kV
transformer winding 2 in
kV
RatedCurrentW1 1 - 99999 1 577 A Rated current of
transformer winding 1
(HV winding) in A
transformer winding 2 in
A
ConnectTypeW1 WYE (Y) - WYE (Y) - Connection type of
Delta (D) winding 1: Y-wye (1) or
D-delta (2)

Section 4
IED application

ConnectTypeW2 wye = y - wye = y - Connection type of
Delta = d winding 2: y-wye (1) or d-
delta (2)
ClockNumberW2 0 [0 deg] - 0 [0 deg] - Phase displacement
1 [30 deg lag] between W2 & W1=HV
2 [60 deg lag] winding, hour notation
3 [90 deg lag]
4 [120 deg lag]
5 [150 deg lag]
6 [180 deg]
7 [150 deg lead]
8 [120 deg lead]
9 [90 deg lead]
10 [60 deg lead]
11 [30 deg lead]
ZSCurrSubtrW1 Off - On - Enable zer. seq. current
On subtraction for W1 side,
On / Off
On / Off
TconfigForW1 No - No - Two CT inputs (T-config.)
Yes for winding 1, YES / NO
CT1RatingW1 1 - 99999 1 3000 A CT primary rating in A, T-
branch 1, on transf. W1
side
CT2RatingW1 1 - 99999 1 3000 A CT primary in A, T-
side
side
side
Table 27: Parameter group settings for the T2WPDIF_87T (T2D1-) function
Operation Off - Off - Operation Off / On
On
IdMin 0.10 - 0.60 0.01 0.30 IB Section 1
sensitivity,multiple of
Winding 1 rated current
EndSection1 0.20 - 1.50 0.01 1.25 IB End of section 1, multiple
of Winding 1 rated
current
EndSection2 1.00 - 10.00 0.01 3.00 IB End of section 2, multiple
of Winding 1 rated
current

Section 4
IED application

SlopeSection2 10.0 - 50.0 0.1 40.0 % Slope in section 2 of
operate-restrain
characteristic, in %
operate-restrain
IdUnre 1.00 - 50.00 0.01 10.00 IB Unrestr. prot. limit,
multiple of Winding 1
rated current
I2/I1Ratio 5.0 - 100.0 1.0 15.0 % Max. ratio of 2nd harm. to
fundamental harm dif.
curr. in %
I5/I1Ratio 5.0 - 100.0 1.0 25.0 % Max. ratio of 5th harm. to
fundamental harm dif.
curr. in %
OpCrossBlock Off - On - Operation On / Off for
On cross-block logic
between phases
OpNegSeqDiff Off - On - Operation On / Off for
On neg. seq. differential
protections
IMinNegSeq 0.02 - 0.20 0.01 0.04 IB Neg. seq. curr. must be
higher than this level to
be used
NegSeqROA 30.0 - 120.0 0.1 60.0 Deg Operate Angle for int. /
ext. neg. seq. fault
discriminator
Table 28: General settings for the T3WPDIF (T001-) function

transformer winding 1 (HV
winding) in kV
transformer winding 2 in kV
transformer winding 3 in kV
transformer winding 1 (HV
winding) in A
transformer winding 2 in A
transformer winding 3 in A
ConnectTypeW1 WYE (Y) - WYE (Y) - Connection type of winding
Delta (D) 1: Y-wye (1) or D-delta (2)
ConnectTypeW2 wye = y - wye = y - Connection type of winding
Delta = d 2: y-wye (1) or d-delta (2)
ConnectTypeW3 wye = y - Delta = d - Connection type of winding
Delta = d 3: y-wye (1) or d-delta (2)

Section 4
IED application

ClockNumberW2 0 [0 deg] - 0 [0 deg] - Phase displacement
1 [30 deg lag] between W2 & W1=HV
3 [90 deg lag]
4 [120 deg lag]
5 [150 deg lag]
6 [180 deg]
7 [150 deg lead]
8 [120 deg lead]
9 [90 deg lead]
10 [60 deg lead]
11 [30 deg lead]
ClockNumberW3 0 [0 deg] - 5 [150 deg - Phase displacement
1 [30 deg lag] lag] between W3 & W1=HV
3 [90 deg lag]
4 [120 deg lag]
5 [150 deg lag]
6 [180 deg]
7 [150 deg lead]
8 [120 deg lead]
9 [90 deg lead]
10 [60 deg lead]
11 [30 deg lead]
On / Off
On / Off
On / Off
side
CT2RatingW1 1 - 99999 1 3000 A CT primary in A, T-branch
2, on transf. W1 side
side
side
side
side

Section 4
IED application
Table 29: Parameter group settings for the T3WPDIF (T001-) function
On
IdMin 0.10 - 0.60 0.01 0.30 IB Section 1
sensitivity,multiple of
EndSection1 0.20 - 1.50 0.01 1.25 IB End of section 1, multiple of
EndSection2 1.00 - 10.00 0.01 3.00 IB End of section 2, multiple of
operate-restrain
operate-restrain
IdUnre 1.00 - 50.00 0.01 10.00 IB Unrestr. prot. limit, multiple
of Winding 1 rated current
I2/I1Ratio 5.0 - 100.0 1.0 15.0 % Max. ratio of 2nd harm. to
fundamental harm dif. curr.
in %
I5/I1Ratio 5.0 - 100.0 1.0 25.0 % Max. ratio of 5th harm. to
fundamental harm dif. curr.
in %
OpCrossBlock Off - On - Operation On / Off for
On cross-block logic between
phases
OpNegSeqDiff Off - On - Operation On / Off for neg.
On seq. differential protections
IMinNegSeq 0.02 - 0.20 0.01 0.04 IB Neg. seq. curr. must be
higher than this level to be
used
NegSeqROA 30.0 - 120.0 0.1 60.0 Deg Operate Angle for int. / ext.
neg. seq. fault
discriminator
4.5.2 Restricted earth fault protection (PDIF, 87N)
Function block name: REFx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 87N
REFPDIF IdN/I
4.5.2.1 Application

Section 4
IED application
Break-down of the insulation between a phase conductor and earth in an effectively

or low impedance earthed power system results in a large fault current. A breakdown
of the insulation between a transformer winding and the core or the tank may result
in a large fault current which causes severe damage to the windings and the
transformer core. A high gas pressure may develop, damaging the transformer tank.
Fast and sensitive detection of earth faults in a power transformer winding can be
obtained in solidly earthed or low impedance earthed networks by the restricted earth
fault protection. The only requirement is that the power transformer winding is
connected to earth in the star point (in case of star-connected windings) or via separate
earthing transformer (in case of delta-connected windings).
The restricted earth fault function is used as a unit protection function. It protects the
power transformer winding against the faults involving earth. However, it should be
noted that the earth faults are the most likely and common type of fault.
Restricted earth fault protection is the fastest and the most sensitive protection a power
transformer winding can have and will detect faults such as:
• earth faults in the transformer winding when the network is earthed through an
impedance
• earth faults in the transformer winding in solidly earthed network when the point
of the fault is close to the winding star point.
• interturn faults
The restricted earth fault protection is not affected, as differential protection, with the
following power transformer related phenomena:
• magnetizing inrush currents

• overexcitation magnetizing currents
• on load tap changer
• external and internal phase faults which do not involve earth
• symmetrical overload conditions
Because of its properties the restricted earth fault protection is used as a main
protection of the transformer winding for all faults involving earth.
Application examples
Transformer winding, solidly earthed
The most common application is on a solidly earthed transformer winding. The
connection is shown in figure 23.

Section 4
IED application
REFx
I3PW1CT1
INd>
I3P
en05000210.vsd
Figure 23: Connection of restricted earth fault function for a fully insulated,
directly (solidly) earthed transformer
Transformer winding, earthed through Z-0 earthing transformer

A common application is for low reactance earthed transformer where the earthing
is through separate Z-0 earthing transformers. The fault current is then limited to
typical 800 to 2000 A for each transformer. The connection of a REF for this
application is shown in figure 24.

Section 4
IED application
REFx
I3PW1CT1
INd>
I3P
REFx
I3P
INd>
I3PW1CT1
en05000211.vsd
Figure 24: Connection of restricted earth fault function for a fully insulated
transformer, earthed with a Z-0 earthing transformer
Autotransformer winding, solidly earthed

Autotransformers can be protected with a REF protection. The complete transformer
will then be connected including HV side, neutral connection and the LV side. The
connection of a REF for this application is shown in figure 25.

Section 4
IED application
REFx
I3PW1CT1
INd>
I3PW2CT1
I3P
en05000212.vsd
Figure 25: Connection of restricted earth fault function for an autotransformer,

solidly earthed
Reactor winding, solidly earthed

Reactors can be protected with a REF protection. The connection of a REF for this
application is shown in figure 26.

Section 4
IED application
REFx
I3PW1CT1
INd>
I3P
en05000213.vsd
Figure 26: Connection of restricted earth fault function for a reactor, solidly
earthed
Multi-breaker applications
Multi-breaker arrangements including ring-, one and a half breaker, double breaker
and mesh corner arrangements will have multiple current transformers on the phase
side. The REF function block has inputs to allow two current inputs from each side
of the transformer the second winding set is then basically only applicable for
Autotransformers.
A typical connection for an autotransformer, which is the maximum case, is shown

in figure 27.

Section 4
IED application
REFx
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
INd>
I3P
en05000214.vsd
Figure 27: Connection of restricted earth fault function in multi-breaker

arrangements
CT earthing direction
The main CT's are always supposed to be star connected. The main CT's can be stared
in any way (i.e. either "ToObject" or "FromObject"). However internally the restricted
earth fault function will always use reference directions towards the protected
transformer. Thus the IED will always measure the primary currents on all sides and
in the neutral of the power transformer with the same reference direction towards the
power transformer windings.
The earthing can therefore be freely selected for each of the involved current
transformers.
Setting and configuration

The signals are configured by use of the CAP configuration tool and the SignalMatrix
tool forming part of the PCM 600 tool.
The setting parameters for the overexcitation function are set at the local HMI (Human
Machine Interface) or by use of the PST (Parameter Setting Tool) forming part of
PCM 600 tool installed on a PC connected to the control or protection unit.

Section 4
IED application
Recommendation for analog inputs

• I3P (should be NI or SI)
• Connect the neutral current here
I3PW1CT1: Phase currents for winding 1 first current transformer set.
I3PW1CT2: Phase currents for winding1 second current transformer set for multi-
breaker arrangements. When not required configure input to "REAL ZERO"
I3PW2CT1: Phase currents for winding 2 first current transformer set. Used at
Autotransformers. When not required configure input to "REAL ZERO"
I3PW2CT2: Phase currents for winding 2 second current transformer set for multi-
breaker arrangements. Used at Autotransformers. When not required configure input
to "REAL ZERO"
Recommendation for input signals

Refer to the default factory configuration for examples of configuration.
BLOCK: The input will block the operation of the function. Can be used e.g. to for
a limited time block the operation during special service conditions.
Recommendation for output signals

Refer to the default factory configuration for examples of configuration.
START: The start output indicates that the level IdMin has been reached. It can be
used to initiate time measurement.
TRIP: The trip output is activated after the operate time for the IdMin level has been
reached. The output signal is used to trip the circuit breaker.
DIROK: The output is activated when the directional criteria has been fulfilled.
Output can be used for information purpose normally during testing. It can e.g. be
checked from the debug tool or wired as an event to an event log.
BLK2H: The output is activated when the function is blocked due to too high level
of second harmonic. Output can be used for information purpose normally during
testing. It can e.g. be checked from the debug tool or wired as an event to an event
log.
Setting parameters
Operation: The operation of the restricted earth fault function can be switched On-
Off.
IBase: The Ibase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) current on which all
percentage settings are based. Normally the protected power transformer winding
rated current is used but alternatively the current transformer rated current can be set.
IdMin: The setting gives the minimum operation value. The setting is in percent of
the Ibase value. The neutral current must always be bigger than or equal to half of

Section 4
IED application
this value. A normal setting is 10% of power transformer rated current for the winding
it has been connected to.
CTFactorPri1: A factor to allow a sensitive function also at multi-breaker

arrangement where the rating in the bay is much higher than the rated current of the
transformer winding. The stabilizing can then be high so an unnecessary high fault
level can be required. The setting is normally 1.0 and but in multi-breaker arrangement
the setting shall be ICRated/Ibase (Ibase is normally transformer rated current).



the setting shall be ICRated/Ibase (Ibase is normally transformer rated current)
Table 30: Parameter group settings for the REFPDIF_87N (REF1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base current
IdMin 4.0 - 100.0 0.1 30.0 %IB Maximum sensitivity
in % of Ibase
ROA 60 - 90 1 60 Deg Relay operate angle
for zero sequence
directional feature
CTFactorPri1 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - CT factor for HV side
CT1 (CT1rated/
HVrated current)
CTFactorPri2 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - CT factor for HV side
CT2 (CT2rated/
HVrated current)
CTFactorSec1 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - CT factor for MV side
CT1 (CT1rated/
MVrated current)
CTFactorSec2 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - CT factor for MV side
CT2 (CT2rated/
MVrated current)

Section 4
IED application
4.5.3 High impedance differential protection (PDIF, 87)
Function block name: HZDx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 87
HZPDIF IdN
4.5.3.1 Application
The high impedance differential protection can be used as:
• Autotransformer differential protection

• Restricted earth fault protection
• T-feeder protection
• Tertiary (or secondary busbar) protection
• Tertiary connected reactor protection
• Generator differential protection at block connected generators.
The application will be dependent on the primary system arrangements and location
of breakers, available separate cores on CTs etc.

Section 4
IED application
IdN 3Id
3Id
3Id
3Id/I>
3Id
3Id/I>
3Id
G
en05000163.vsd
Figure 28: Different applications of a high impedance differential protection

function
The basics of the high impedance principle

The high impedance principle has been used through many years for differential
protection due to the capability to manage through faults also with heavy CT
saturation. The principle is based on the CT secondary current circulating between
involved current transformers and not through the relay due to its high impedance,
normally in the range above kOhm. When a fault occurs the current cannot circulate
and is forced through the differential circuit causing operation.

Section 4
IED application
IdN
en05000164.vsd
Figure 29: The high impedance principle for one phase with three current
transformer inputs
For a through fault one current transformer might saturate when the other still will
feed current. For such a case a voltage can be achieved across the relay. The
calculations are made with the worst situations in mind and a minimum operating
voltage UR is calculated according to equation 12
UR > IF max × ( Rct + Rl )

(Equation 12)
where:
IFmax is the maximum through fault current at the secondary side,
Rct is the current transformer secondary resistance and
RI is the maximum loop resistance of the circuit at any CT.
The maximum operating voltage have to be calculated (all loops) and the relay is set
higher than the highest achieved value (setting U>Trip). As the loop resistance is the
value to the connection point from each CT it is advisable to do all the CT core
summations in the switchgear to have shortest possible loops. This will give lower
setting values and also a better balanced scheme. The connection in to the control
room can then be from the most central bay.
For an internal fault the circulation is not possible and due to the high impedance the
current transformers will immediately saturate and a rms voltage with the size of

Section 4
IED application
current transformer saturation voltage will be achieved across the relay. Due to the
fast saturation very high top voltages can be achieved. To prevent the risk of flashover
in the circuit, a voltage limiter must be included. The voltage limiter is of type voltage
dependent resistor (Metrosil).
Based on the above calculated operating voltage the relay stabilizing resistor must be
selected. The external unit with stabilizing resistor and the voltage dependent resistor
has a 6800 respectively 2200 ohm resistor (depending on ordered alternative) with a
shorting link to allow adjustment to the required value. Select a suitable value of the
resistor based on the UR voltage calculated. A higher resistance value will give a
higher sensitivity and a lower value a lower sensitivity.
The function has an operating current range 20 mA to 1.0A for 1 A inputs and 100
mA to 5A for 5A inputs. This is together with the selected and set value used to
calculate the required value of current at the set U>Trip and SeriesResitor values.
The table below shows the operating voltages for different resistances and the related
operating current. Adjust as required based on this table or to values in between as
required for the application.
Minimum ohms can be difficult to adjust due to the small value

compared to the total value.
Normally the voltage can be increased to higher values than the calculated minimum
U>Trip with a minor change of total operating values as long as this is done by
adjusting the resistor to a higher value. Check the sensitivity calculation below for
reference.
Table 31: Operating voltages for 1A

Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating
voltage resistor R current level 1 resistor R current level 1 resistor R current
A A level 1 A
20 V 1000 0.020 A -- -- -- --
40 V 2000 0.020 A 1000 0.040 A -- --
60 V 3000 0.020 A 1500 0.040 A 600 0,100 A
80 V 4000 0.020 A 2000 0.040 A 800 0,100 A
100 V 5000 0.020 A 2500 0.040 A 1000 0,100 A
150 V 6000 0.020 A 3750 0.040 A 1500 0,100 A
200 V 6800 0.029 A 5000 0.040 A 2000 0,100 A

Section 4
IED application
Table 32: 5 A input with minimum operating down to 100 mA

Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating
voltage resistor R1 current level 5 resistor R1 current level 5 resistor R1 current
A A level 5 A
20 V 200 0.100 A 100 0.200 A -- --
40 V 400 0.100 A 200 0.200 A 100 0.400
60 V 600 0.100 A 300 0.200 A 150 0,400 A
80 V 800 0.100 A 400 0.200 A 800 0,100 A
100 V 1000 0.100 A 500 0.200 A 1000 0,100 A
150 V 1500 0.100 A 750 0.200 A 1500 0,100 A
200 V 2000 0.100 A 1000 0.200 A 2000 0,100 A
The current transformer saturating voltage must be at least 2*U>Trip to have

sufficient operating margin. This must be checked after calculation of U>Trip.
When you have selected the R value and set the U>Trip value the sensitivity of the
scheme IP can be calculated. The relay sensitivity is decided by the total current in
the circuit according to equation 13.
IP = n × ( IR + Ires + å lmag
(Equation 13)
where:
n is the CT ratio
IP is the current through the relay,
Ires is the current through the voltage limiter and
ΣImag is the sum of the magnetizing currents from all CTs in the circuit (e.g. 4 for Restricted earth
fault protection, 2 for reactor differential protection, 3-4 for Autotransformer differential
protection etc.).
It should be remembered that the vectorial sum of the currents must be used (relays,
Metrosil and resistor currents are resistive). The current measurement shall be
insensitive to DC component in fault current to allow a use of only the AC components
of the fault current in the above calculations.
The voltage dependent resistor (Metrosil) characteristic is shown in figure 36
Series resistor thermal capacity

The series resistor is dimensioned for 200 W. Preferable the U>Trip2/
SeriesResistor should always be lower than 200 W to allow continuos activation on
during testing. If this value is exceeded, testing should be done with transient faults.

Section 4
IED application
Rl Rl
Rct UR Rct
R
Rres
I>
Protected Object
a) Through load situation
UR
b) Through fault situation
UR
c) Internal faults
UR
en05000427.vsd

Section 4
IED application
Figure 30: The high impedance principle for one phase with two current
transformer inputs
The setting calculations are individual for each application. Refer to the different
application descriptions below.
Configuration
The configuration is done in CAP531 graphical configuration tool. Signals from e.g.
check criterias are connected to the inputs as required for the application.
BLOCK input is used to block the function e.g. from an external check criteria.
BLKTR input is used to block the function tripping e.g. from an external check
criteria. The alarm level will be operative.
Settings of protection function

Operation: The operation of the high impedance differential function can be switched
On-Off.
U>Alarm: Set the alarm level. The sensitivity can roughly be calculated as a divider
from the calculated sensitivity of the differential level. A typical setting is 10% of
U>Trip
tAlarm: Set the time for the alarm. Mostly this output is also used to short-circuit the
differential circuit at the alarm. A typical setting is 2-3 seconds.
U>Trip: Set the trip level according to the calculations in the examples for each
application example. The level is selected with margin to the calculated required
voltage to achieve stability. Values can be 20-200 V dependent of the application.
Series resistor: Set the value of the stabilizing series resistor. Calculate the value
according to the examples for each application. Adjust the resistor as close as possible
to the calculated example. Measure the value achieved and set this value here. Note!
The value shall always be a high impedance. This means e.g. for 1A circuits say bigger
than 400 ohms (400 VA) and for 5 A circuits say bigger than 100 ohms (2500 VA).
This ensures that the current will circulate and not go through the differential circuit
at through faults.
T-feeder protection
In many busbar arrangements such as one-and a half breaker, ring breaker, mesh
corner etc there will be a T-feeder from the current transformer at the breakers up to
the current transformers in the transformer bushings. It is often required to separate
the zones so the zone up to the bushing is covered from one differential function and
the transformer from another. The high impedance differential function in REx670
allows this to be done efficiently, see figure 31.

Section 4
IED application
3Id
en05000165.vsd
Figure 31: The protection scheme utilizing the high impedance function for the
T-feeder and the transformer differential protection for the
transformer
Normally this scheme is set to achieve a sensitivity of around 20 percent of the rated
current so the a low value can be used on the resistor.
Setting example
Basic data:
Current transformer ratio: 2000/1 A
CT Class: 20 VA 5P20
Secondary resistance: 6.2 ohms
Cable loop resistance: <100 m 2.5mm2 (one way) gives 2*0,8 ohm at 75° C
Max fault current: Equal to switchgear rated fault current 40 kA

Section 4
IED application
Calculation:
4000
UR > × ( 6.2 + 1.6 ) = 156V
2000
Select a setting of U>Trip=200 V.

The current transformer saturation voltage at 5% error can roughly be calculated from the rated values.
E 5 P > ( 20 + 6.2 ) × 20 = 524V
i.e. bigger than 2*U>Trip
Check from the table of selected resistances the required series stabilizing resistor
value to use. As this application does not need to be so sensitive select
SeriesResistor= 2000 ohm which gives a relay current of 100 mA.
Calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage.
2000
IP = (100 0° + 20 0° + 3 ×10 -60° ) ×10 -3 £ approx.220 A
1 (Equation 16)
The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve for the current
transformer cores which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the
voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 200*√2 is used and the
top current used. Then the rms current is calculated by dividing with √2. Use the
maximum value from the curve.
It can clearly be seen that the sensitivity is not so much influenced by the selected
voltage level so a sufficient margin should be used. The selection of the stabilizing
resistor and the level of the magnetizing current (mostly dependent of the number of
turns) are the most important factors.
Autotransformer differential protection

When Autotransformers are used it is possible to use the high impedance scheme
covering the Autotransformer windings, however not a possible tertiary winding. The
zone and connection of the high impedance differential function is shown in
figure 32.

Section 4
IED application
3Id
en05000173.vsd
Figure 32: Application of the high impedance differential function on an

autotransformer
Setting example
Basic data:
Transformer rated current Irated (on 1150 A
low voltage tap):
Current transformer ratio: 1200/1 A (Note: Must be the same at all locations)
Cable loop resistance: <100 m 2.5mm2 (one way) gives 2*0.8 ohm at 75° C
Max fault current: The maximum through fault current. Use 15*Irated for power
transformer.
Calculation:
1150
UR > 15 × × ( 3.8 + 1.6 ) = 77.625V
1200
Select a setting of U>Trip=100 V

E 5 P > ( 20 + 3.6 ) × 20 = 472V
i.e. bigger than 2*U>Trip

Section 4
IED application
value to use. As this application it is required to have a good sensitive so select
SeriesResistor= 2500 ohm which gives a total relay current of 40 mA.
To calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage, refer to equation 19 which gives an

acceptable value.
1200
IP = × ( 40 0° + 20 0° + 3 × 20 -60° ) £ approx.108 A
1 (Equation 19)
If a higher sensitivity is required the series resistor can be selected to 5000 ohm. The
magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve for the current transformer
cores which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the voltage
dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 100*√2 is used and the top current
used. Then the rms current is calculated by dividing with √2. Use the maximum value
from the curve.
It can clearly be seen that the sensitivity is not so much influenced by the selected
voltage level so a sufficient margin should be used. The selection of the stabilizing
resistor and the level of the magnetizing current (mostly dependent of the number of
turns) are the most important factors.
Tertiary bus protection

For many transformers there can be a secondary system for local distribution and/or
shunt compensation. The high impedance differential function can be used to protect
the tertiary busbar, normally 10-33 kV level and with relatively few feeders.

Section 4
IED application
3Id
en05000774.vsd
Figure 33: Application of the high impedance differential function on tertiary

busbar.
Setting example
Basic data:
CT Class: 10VA 5P20
Cable loop resistance: <50 m 2.5mm2 (one way) gives 1*0.4 ohm at 75° C.
Note! Only one way as the system earthing is limiting the earth fault
current. If high earth fault currents exists use two way cable.
Max fault current: The maximum through fault current given by the transformer reactance
e.g. 28 kA.

Section 4
IED application
Calculation:
28000
UR > × ( 5.5 + 0.4 ) = 82.6V
2000

E 5 P > (10 + 5.5 ) × 20 = 310V
i.e. bigger than 2* U>Trip.
value to use. As this application it is not required to be so sensitive so select
SeriesResistor=1000 ohm which gives a relay current of 100 mA.

acceptable value.
2000
IP = × (100 0° + 20 0° + 4 × 15 -60° ) £ approx.220 A
1 (Equation 22)
voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 100*√2 is used and the
top current used. Then the rms current is calculated by dividing with √2. Use the
Tertiary reactor protection

For many transformers there can be a secondary system for local distribution and/or
shunt compensation. The high impedance differential function can be used to protect
the tertiary reactor for phase as well as earth faults if the earthing is direct or low
impedance.

Section 4
IED application
3Id
en05000176.vsd
Figure 34: Application of the high impedance differential function on an

autotransformer.
Setting example
Basic data:
Note! Only one way as the system earthing is limiting the earth fault current.
If high earth fault currents exists use two way cable.
Max fault current: The maximum through fault current is limited by the reactor reactance and
the inrush will be the worst for a reactor e.g. 800 A.

Section 4
IED application
Calculation:
800
UR > × ( 0.26 + 0.4 ) = 5.28V
1000

æ 10 ö
E 5P > ç + 0.26 ÷ × 20 × 5 = 66V
è 25 ø
i.e. bigger than 2* U>Trip.
value to use. As this application it is required to be so sensitive so select

acceptable value. A little lower sensitivity could be selected by using a lower
resistance value.
100
IP = × (100 0° + 5 0° + 2 × 100 -60° ) £ approx.5 A
5 (Equation 25)
voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 20*√2 is used and the top
current used. Then the rms current is calculated by dividing with √2. Use the
Restricted earth fault protection

For solidly earthed systems a Restricted earth fault protection (REF) is often provided
as a complement to the normal transformer differential relay. The advantage with the
restricted earth fault relays is their high sensitivity. Sensitivities of 2-8% can be
achieved whereas the normal differential relay will have sensitivities of 20-40%. The
level for high impedance restricted earth fault function is dependent of the current
transformers magnetizing currents.
Restricted earth fault relays are also very quick due to the simple measuring principle
and the measurement of one winding only.
The connection of a restricted earth fault relay is shown in figure 35. It is connected
across each directly or low ohmic earthed transformer winding in the figure.

Section 4
IED application
It is quite common to connect the Restricted earth fault relay in the same current
circuit as the transformer differential relay. This will due to the differences in
measuring principle limit the differential relays possibility to detect earth faults. Such
faults are then only detected by the REF function. The mixed connection using the
high impedance differential function should be avoided and the low impedance
scheme should be used instead.
IdN
en05000177.vsd
Figure 35: Application of the high impedance differential function as a restricted

earth fault relay for an YNd transformer.
Setting example
Basic data:
Transformer rated current on HV winding: 250 A
Max fault current: The maximum through fault current is limited by the
transformer reactance, use 15*rated current of the
transformer

Section 4
IED application
Calculation:
250
UR > 15 × × ( 0.66 + 0.8 ) = 18.25V
300

E 5 P > (10 + 0.66 ) × 20 = 213.2V
i.e. bigger than 2* U>Trip
value to use. As this application it is required to be so sensitive so select
To calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage, refer to equation 28 which is

acceptable as it gives around 10% minimum operating current.
300
IP = × ( 20 0° + 5 0° + 4 × 20 -60° ) £ approx.25.5 A
1 (Equation 28)
voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 20*√2 is used and the top
current used. Then the rms current is calculated by dividing with √2. Use the
Alarm level operation

The high impedance differential protection function has a separate alarm level which
can be used to give alarm for problems with an involved current transformer circuit.
The setting level is normally selected to be around 10% of the operating voltage
U>Trip.
As seen in the setting examples above the sensitivity of the function is normally high
which means that the function will in many cases operate also for short circuits or
open current transformer secondary circuits. However the stabilizing resistor can be
selected to achieve a sensitivity higher than normal load current and/or a separate
criteria can be added to the operation, a check zone. This can be another IED with
the same high impedance differential function, it could be a check that the fault is
there with a earth overcurrent function or neutral point voltage function etc.
For such cases where operation is not expected during normal service the alarm output
should be used to activate an external shorting of the differential circuit avoiding

Section 4
IED application
continuous high voltage in the circuit. A time delay of a few seconds is used before
the shorting and alarm is activated.
Figure 36: Current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistors, in the
range 10-200 V, 50 Hz the average range of current is: 0.01–10 mA.
4.5.3.3 Connection examples
WARNING! USE EXTREME CAUTION! Dangerously high

voltages might be present on this equipment, especially on the plate
with resistors. Do any maintenance ONLY if the primary object
protected with this equipment is de-energized. If required by national
low/standard enclose the plate with resistors with a protective cover
or in a separate box!
Connections for three-phase high impedance differential protection

Generator, reactor or busbar differential protection is a typical application for three-
phase high impedance differential protection. Typical CT connections for three-phase
high impedance differential protection scheme with 670 series are shown in figure
CT connections for High Impedance Differential Protection

Section 4
IED application
L1 L2 L3
(A) (B) (C) 8
7
1
CT 1200/1 2 AI01 (I)

Star/Wye 3
Connected 4 AI02 (I)
5
6 AI03 (I)
7
8 AI04 (I) 9
9
10 AI05 (I) 10
1
11
12 AI06 (I)
Protected Object IED 670

N
L3 (C)
L2 (B)
L1 (A)
N 4
L3 (C)
L2 (B)
CT 1200/1 L1 (A) 5
Star/Wye
Connected X1 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
1
3
3
R4
R5
R6
R1
R2
R3
2 U
2 U
2 U
4
X X
2
L1 L2 L3 6
(A) (B) (C) 3-Ph Plate with Metrosils and Resistors
Figure 37: CT connections for High Impedance Differential Protection
• Number 1 shows the scheme earthing point. Note that it is of outmost importance
to insure that only one earthing point exist in such scheme.
• Number 2 shows the three-phase plate with setting resistors and metrosils.
• Number 3 shows the necessary connection for three-phase metrosil set. Shown
connections are applicable for both types of three-phase plate.
• Number 4 shows the position of optional test switch for secondary injection into
the high impedance differential relay.
• Number 5 shows the necessary connection for setting resistors. Shown
connections are applicable for both types of three-phase plate.
• Number 6 shows that the factory made star point on a three-phase setting resistor
set shall be removed for installations with 670 series. This star point is required
for RADHA schemes only!
• Number 7 shows how to connect three individual phase currents for high
impedance scheme to three CT inputs in IED 670.
• Number 8 shows a TRM module where these current inputs are located. Note
that the CT ratio for high impedance differential protection application must be
set as one! Thus for main CTs with 1A secondary rating the following setting
values shall be entered: CTprim=1A and CTsec=1A; while for main CTs with
5A secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim=5A
and CTsec=5A. The parameter CTStarPoint shall be always left to the default
value ToObject.
• Number 9 shows three connections made in Signal Matrix Tool (i.e. SMT) which
connect these three current inputs to first three input channels of the

Section 4
IED application
preprocessing function block (10). For high impedance differential protection

preprocessing function block in 3ms task shall be used.
• Number 10 shows the preprocessing block which has a task to digitally filter the
connected analogue inputs. Preprocessing block outputs AI1, AI2 and AI3 shall
be connected to three instances of high impedance differential protection
function blocks (e.g. HZD1, HZD2 and HZD3 function blocks in the
configuration tool).
Connections for three-phase high impedance differential protection

Restricted earth fault (REF) protection is a typical application for one-phase high
impedance differential protection. Typical CT connections for high impedance based
REF protection scheme with 670 series are shown in figure CT connections for
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
L1 L2 L3
(A) (B) (C) 7
CT 1500/5 2 AI01 (I) 9

Star/Wye 3
Connected 4 AI02 (I)
5
6 6 AI03 (I)
7
8 AI04 (I)
9
10 AI05 (I)
11 8
Protected Object 12 AI06 (I)
L1 L2 L3
IED 670
N
(A) (B) (C)
4
1
N
CT 1500/5
X1 4 5 1 2 3
2
3
5
1
1
3
R1
R2
2 U
4
2
en07000194.vsd 1-Ph Plate with Metrosil and Resistor
Figure 38: CT connections for Restricted Earth Fault Protection
• Number 1 shows the scheme earthing point. Note that it is of outmost importance
to insure that only one earthing point exist in such scheme.
• Number 2 shows the one-phase plate with setting resistor and metrosil.
• Number 3 shows the necessary connection for the metrosil. Shown connections
are applicable for both types of one-phase plate. • Number 4 shows the position
of optional test switch for secondary injection into the high impedance
differential relay.
• Number 4 shows the position of optional test switch for secondary injection into
the high impedance differential relay.
• Number 5 shows the necessary connection for setting resistor. Shown
connections are applicable for both types of one-phase plate.

Section 4
IED application
• Number 6 shows how to connect the REF high impedance scheme to one CT
input in IED 670.
• Number 7 shows a TRM module where this current input is located. Note that
the CT ratio for high impedance differential protection application must be set
as one! Thus for main CTs with 1A secondary rating the following setting values
shall be entered: CTprim=1A and CTsec=1A; while for main CTs with 5A
secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim=5A and
CTsec=5A. The parameter CTStarPoint shall be always left to the default value
ToObject.
• Number 8 shows a connection made in Signal Matrix Tool (i.e. SMT) which
connects this current input to first input channel of the preprocessing function
block (10). For high impedance differential protection preprocessing function
block in 3ms task shall be used.
• Number 9 shows the preprocessing block which has a task to digitally filter the
connected analogue inputs. Preprocessing block output AI1 shall be connected
to one instances of high impedance differential protection function block (e.g.
HZD1 function block in the configuration tool).
Table 33: Parameter group settings for the HZPDIF_87 (HZD1-) function
On
U>Alarm 2 - 500 1 10 V Alarm voltage level in
volts on CT
secondary side
tAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 5.000 s Time delay to activate
alarm
U>Trip 5 - 900 1 100 V Operate voltage level
in volts on CT
secondary side
SeriesResistor 10 - 20000 1 250 ohm Value of series
resistor in Ohms
4.6 Distance protection
4.6.1 Distance protection zones (PDIS, 21)

Section 4
IED application
Function block name: ZMx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 21
ZMQPDIS
4.6.1.1 Application
Introduction
To maintain proper operation in electric power systems, the main transmission system
must hold together at various areas. Practical all produced electric energy is
transmitted over transmission and sub transmission lines and this is a reason why the
operational reliability of the transmission network is of vital importance to the
individual consumer.
The transmission lines are the most widely spread part of the power system and
overhead lines are the least protected parts from environmental influences. The
number of line faults is consequently very high compared to the number of faults on
the other elements in the power system.
Additionally to this is the fact that faults on transmission lines are faults most likely
to cause damages also to the equipment and structures not belonging to the power
system. Therefore the clearing of line fault is subjected to stringent authority
regulations.
Sub transmission networks are being extended and often become more and more
complex, consisting of a high number of multi-circuit and/or multi terminal lines of
very different lengths. These changes in the network will normally impose more
stringent demands on the fault clearing equipment in order to maintain an unchanged
or increased security level of the power system.
The distance protection function in IED 670 is designed to meet basic requirements
for application on transmission and sub transmission lines (solid earthed systems)
although it also can be used on distribution levels.
System earthing
The type of system earthing plays an important roll when designing the protection
system. In the following some hints with respect to distance protection are
highlighted.
Solid earthed networks

In solid earthed systems the transformer neutrals are connected solidly to earth
without any impedance between the transformer neutral and earth.

Section 4
IED application
xx05000215.vsd
Figure 39: Solidly earthed network.
The earth fault current is as high or even higher than the short-circuit current. The
series impedances determine the magnitude of the earth fault current. The shunt
admittance has very limited influence on the earth fault current. The shunt admittance
may, however, have some marginal influence on the earth fault current in networks
with long transmission lines.
The earth fault current at single line to earth in phase L1 can be calculated as
equation 29:
3 × UL1 UL1
3I 0 = =
Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f Z 1 + Z N + Z f (Equation 29)
Where:
UL1 is the phase to earth voltage (kV) in the faulty phase before fault
Z1 is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
Z2 is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
Z0 is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
Zf is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive
ZN is the earth return impedance defined as (Z0-Z1)/3
The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-
to-earth voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to-phase
voltage.
The high zero sequence current in solid earthed networks makes it possible to use
impedance measuring technique to detect earth fault. However, distance protection
has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always
be complemented with other protection function(s) that can carry out the fault
clearance in those cases.
Effectively earthed networks

A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth fault factor fe is less than 1.4.
The earth fault factor is defined according to equation 30.

Section 4
IED application
Vmax
fe =
Vpn (Equation 30)
Where:
Vmax is the highest fundamental frequency voltage on one of the healthy phases at single line to
earth fault.
Vpn is the phase to earth fault fundamental frequency voltage before fault.
Another definition for effectively earthed network is when the following relationships
between the symmetrical components of the network impedances are valid, see
equation 31 and equation 32.
X 0 < 3× X 1 (Equation 31)
R 0 £ R1
(Equation 32)
The magnitude of the earth fault current in effectively earthed networks is high enough
for impedance measuring element to detect earth fault. However, in the same way as
for solid earthed networks, distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high
resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with other protection
function(s) that can carry out the fault clearance in this case.
High impedance earthed networks

In high impedance networks the neutral of the system transformers are connected to
the earth through high impedance, mostly a reactance in parallel with a high resistor.
This type of network is many times operated in radial, but can also be found operating
meshed.
What is typical for this type of network is that the magnitude of the earth fault current
is very low compared to the short circuit current. The voltage on the healthy phases
will get a magnitude of √3 times the phase voltage during the fault. The zero sequence
voltage (3U0) will have the same magnitude in different places in the network due to
low voltage drop distribution.
The magnitude of the total fault current can be calculated according to the formula
below:
3I 0 = IR 2 + ( IL - IC ) 2
(Equation 33)

Section 4
IED application
Where:
3I0 is the earth fault current (A)
IR is the current through the neutral point resistor (A)
IL is the current through the neutral point reactor (A)
IC is the total capacitive earth fault current (A)
The neutral point reactor is normally designed so that it can be tuned to a position
where the reactive current balances the capacitive current from the network that is:
1
wL =
3 ×w × C (Equation 34)
Ic Ic Ic
IR IL
en05000216.vsd
Figure 40: High impedance earthing network.
The operation of high impedance earthed networks is different compare to solid

earthed networks where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high
impedance earthed networks, some system operators do not clear single line to earth
faults immediately; they clear the line later when it is more convenient. In case of
cross country faults, many network operators want to selectively clear one of the two
earth faults. To handle this type phenomena a separate function called “phase
preference logic” is needed, which is not common to be used in transmission
applications.
In this type of network, it is mostly not possible to use distance protection for detection
and clearance of earth faults. The low magnitude of the earth fault current might not
give start of the zero sequence measurement element or the sensitivity will be too low
for acceptance. For this reason a separate high sensitive earth fault protection is
necessary to carry out the fault clearance for single line to earth fault.
Fault infeed from remote end

All transmission and most all sub transmission networks are operated meshed.
Typical for this type of network is that we will have fault infeed from remote end
when fault occurs on the protected line. The fault infeed will enlarge the fault
impedance seen by the distance protection. This effect is very important to keep in
mind when both planning the protection system and making the settings.

Section 4
IED application
With reference to figure 41, we can draw the equation for the bus voltage Va at left
side as:
VA = IA × p × ZL + ( IA + IB ) × Rf (Equation 35)
If we divide Va by IA we get Z present to the relay at A side
Va IA + IB
ZA = = p × ZL + × ZA
IA IA (Equation 36)
The infeed factor (IA+IB)/IA can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences
in source impedances at local and remote end.
VA VA
p*ZL (1-p)*ZL EsB
EsA A IA IB B ZSB
ZSA
ZL
Z< Z<
Rf
en05000217.vsd
Figure 41: Influence of fault infeed from remote end.
The effect of fault current infeed from remote end is one of the most driving factors
for justify complementary protection to distance protection.
Load encroachment
In some cases the load impedance might enter the zone characteristic without any
fault on the protected line. The phenomenon is called load encroachment and it might
occur when an external fault is cleared and high emergency load is transferred on the
protected line. The effect of load encroachment is illustrated to the left in figure 42.
The entrance of the load impedance inside the characteristic is of cause not allowed
and the way to handle this with conventional distance protection is to consider this
with the settings i.e. to have a security margin between the distance zone and the
minimum load impedance. This has the drawback that it will reduce the sensitivity
of the protection i.e. the ability to detect resistive faults.
The REL 670 has a built in function which shapes the characteristic according to the
right figure 4. The load encroachment algorithm will increase the possibility to detect
high fault resistances, especially for line to ground faults at remote end. For example
for a given setting of the load angle ARGLd for the load encroachment function, the
resistive blinder for the zone measurement can be expanded according to the right in
figure 42 given higher fault resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation
due to load encroachment. This is valid in both directions.

Section 4
IED application
The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavy loaded lines,
where there might be a conflict between the necessary emergency load transfer and
necessary sensitivity of the distance protection. The function can also preferably be
used on heavy loaded medium long lines. For short lines the major concern is to get
sufficient fault resistance coverage and load encroachment is not a major problem.
So, for short lines, the load encroachment function could preferable be switched off.
The settings of the parameters for load encroachment are done in the phase selector
function PHS.
Zm Zm
ZL
Load impedance
area in forward ARGLd ARGLd
R
direction R
ARGLd
ARGLd
RLdRv RLdFw
en05000495.vsd
Figure 42: Load encroachment phenomena and shaped load encroachment

characteristic
Short line application

In short line applications, the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance
coverage. Load encroachment is not so common. The line length that can be
recognized as a short line is not a fixed length; it depends on system parameters such
as voltage and source impedance, see table 34.
Table 34: Definition of short and very short line
Line category Un Un
110 kV 500 kV
Very short line 1.1-5.5 km 5-25 km
Short line
5.5-11 km 25-50 km
The possibility in IED 670 to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive
and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance settings for phase-phase
and phase-earth fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the
possibility to detect high resistive faults without conflict with the load impedance,
see figure 42.

Section 4
IED application
For very short line applications the underreaching zone 1 can not be used due to that
the voltage drop distribution through out the line will be too low causing risk for
overreaching.
Load encroachment is normally no problems for short line applications so the load
encroachment function could be switched off (OperationLdCmp = Off). This will
increase the possibility to detect resistive close-in faults.
Zm
ZL
ARGLd ARGLd
R
ARGLd
ARGLd
RLdRv RLdFw
en05000219.vsd
Figure 43: Characteristic of zone measurement with load encroachment

activated.
Long transmission line application

For long transmission lines the margin to the load impedance i.e. to avoid load
encroachment, will normally be a major concern. It is well known that it is difficult
to achieve high sensitivity for line to earth fault at remote end of a long lines when
the line is heavy loaded.
What can be recognized as long lines with respect to the performance of distance
protection is noted in table 35.
Table 35: Definition of long lines

Line category Un Un
110 kV 500 kV
Long lines 77 km - 99 km 350 km - 450 km
Very long lines > 99 km > 450 km
As mentioned in the previous chapter, the possibility in IED 670 to set resistive and
reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual
fault resistance settings for phase-phase and phase-earth fault together with load
encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high resistive faults at the
same time as the security is improved (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment
is eliminated), see figure 44.

Section 4
IED application
Zm
ZL
ARGLd ARGLd
R
ARGLd
ARGLd
RLdRv RLdFw
en05000220.vsd
Figure 44: Characteristic for zone measurement for long line with load
encroachment activated.
Parallel line application with mutual coupling
General
Introduction of parallel lines in the network is increasing due to difficulties to get
necessary area for new lines.
Parallel lines introduce an error in the measurement due to the mutual coupling
between the parallel lines. The lines need not to be of the same voltage in order to
experience mutual coupling, and some coupling exists even for lines that are separated
by 100 meters or more. The reason to the introduced error in measuring due to mutual
coupling is the zero sequence voltage inversion that occurs.
It can be shown from analytical calculations of line impedances that the mutual
impedances for positive and negative sequence are very small (< 1-2%) of the self
impedance and it is practice to neglect them.
From an application point of view there exists three types of network configurations
(classes) that must be considered when making the settings for the protection function.
Those are:
1. Parallel line with common positive and zero sequence network

2. Parallel circuits with common positive but isolated zero-sequence network
3. Parallel circuits with positive and zero sequence sources isolated.
One example of class3 networks could be the mutual coupling between a 400 kV line
and rail road overhead lines. This type of mutual coupling is not so common although
it exists and is not treated any further in this manual.

Section 4
IED application
For each type of network class we can have three different topologies; the parallel
line can be in service, out of service, out of service and earthed in both ends.
The reach of the distance protection zone1 will be different depending on the
operation condition of the parallel line. It is therefore recommended to use the
different setting groups to handle the cases when the parallel line is in operation and
out of service and earthed at both ends.
The distance protection within the REL 670 IED can compensate for the influence of
a zero-sequence mutual coupling on the measurement at single-phase-to-earth faults
in the following ways, by using:
• The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth-return

compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting
parameters.
• Different groups of setting parameters for different operating conditions of a
protected multi circuit line.
Most multi circuit lines have two parallel operating circuits. The application guide
mentioned below recommends in more detail the setting practice for this particular
type of line. The basic principles also apply to other multi circuit lines.
Parallel line applications

This type of networks are defined as those networks where the parallel transmission
lines terminate at common nodes at both ends. We consider the three most common
operation modes:
1. parallel line in service.

2. parallel line out of service and earthed.
3. parallel line out of service and not earthed.
Parallel line in service

This type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission
and transmission networks.
Let us analyze what happens when a fault occurs on the parallel line see figure 45.
From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance Z at the relay point for
normal lines without mutual coupling according to equation 37.
Vph Vph
Z= =
Z 0 - Z 1 Iph + 3I 0 × KN
Iph + 3I 0 ×
3× Z1 (Equation 37)
Where:
Vph is phase to earth voltage at the relay point
Iph is phase current in the faulty phase

Section 4
IED application
3I0 is earth to fault current

Z1 is positive sequence impedance
Z0 is zero sequence impedance
A B
Z0m
Z< Z< en05000221.vsd
Figure 45: Class 1, parallel line in service.
The equivalent circuit of the lines can be simplified, see figure 46.
Z0 - Z0m
A
Z0m
C
Z0 - Z0m
B
99000038.vsd
Figure 46: Equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit,

parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-earth fault at the remote
busbar.
When mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the relay point A will be changed
according to equation 38.
æ Z0L - Z1L Z0 m ö
Vph = Z1L × ç Iph + 3 I0 × + 3 I0p ÷
è 3 × Z1L 3 × Z1L ø
(Equation 38)
By dividing equation 38 by equation 37 and after some simplification we can write

the impedance present to the relay at A side as:
æ 3I 0 × KNm ö
Z = ZL ç 1 + ÷
è Iph + 3I 0 × KN ø (Equation 39)
Where:
KNm = Z0m/(3*Z1L)

Section 4
IED application
The second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the
line impedance.
If the current on the parallel line have negative sign compare to the current on the
protected line i.e. the current on the parallel line has an opposite direction compare
to the current on the protected line, the distance function will overreach. If the currents
have the same direction, the distance protection will underreach.
Maximum overreach will occur if the fault infeed from remote end is weak. If we
consider a single line to earth fault at p unit of the line length from A to B on the
parallel line for the case when the fault infeed from remote end is zero, we can draw
the voltage V in the faulty phase at A side as in equation 40.
VA = p × Z 1L ( Iph + KN × 3I 0 + KNm × 3I 0 p )
(Equation 40)
One can also notice that the following relationship exists between the zero sequence
currents:
3 I 0 × Z 0 L = 3 I 0 p × Z 0 L (2 - p )
(Equation 41)
Simplification of equation 41, solving it for 3I0p and substitution of the result into
equation 40 gives that the voltage can be drawn as:
æ 3I 0 × p ö
VA = p × Z 1L ç Iph + KN × 3I 0 + KNm × ÷
è 2- p ø
(Equation 42)
If we finally divide equation 42 with equation 37 we can draw the impedance present
to the IED as
éæ 3I 0 × p ö ù
êç Iph + KN × 3 I 0 + KN × ú
2 - p ÷ø ú
m
Z = p × Z1L ê è
ê Iph + 3I 0 × KN ú
ê ú
ë û (Equation 43)
Calculation for a 400 kV line, where we for simplicity have excluded the resistance,
gives with X1L=0.303 Ω/km, X0L=0.88 Ω/km, zone 1 reach is set to 90% of the line
reactance p=71% i.e. the protection is underreaching with approximately 20%.
The zero-sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on
the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation. The reduction of
the reach is most pronounced with no infeed in the line terminal closest to the fault.
This reach reduction is normally less than 15%. But when the reach is reduced at one
line end, it is proportionally increased at the opposite line end. So this 15% reach
reduction does not significantly affect the operation of a permissive under-reach
scheme.

Section 4
IED application
Parallel line out of service and earthed
A B
Z0m
Z< Z<
en05000222.vsd
Figure 47: The parallel line is out of service and earthed.
When the parallel line is out of service and earthed at both ends on the bus bar side
of the line CT so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel line, the equivalent
zero sequence circuit of the parallel lines will be according to figure 47.
A I0 Z 0 Zm0
Zm0 I0
C
B Z 0 Zm0
99000039.vsd
Figure 48: Equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for the double-circuit

line that operates with one circuit disconnected and earthed at both
ends.
Here the equivalent zero sequence impedance is equal to Z0-Z0m in parallel with
(Z0-Z0m)/Z0-Z0m+Z0m which is equal to equation 44.
2 2
Z 0 - Z0 m
Z0 E =
Z0 (Equation 44)
The influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach, which

must be considered when calculating the settings. It is a recommendation to use a
separate setting group for this operation condition since it will reduce the reach
considerable when the line is in operation. All expressions below are proposed for
practical use. They assume the value of zero sequence, mutual resistance R0m equals
to zero. They consider only the zero-sequence, mutual reactance X0m. Calculate the
equivalent X0E and R0E zero-sequence parameters according to equation 45 and
equation 46 for each particular line section and use them for calculating the reach for
the underreaching zone.

Section 4
IED application
æ X 2 ö
R0 E = R0 · ç1 + 2 0 m 2 ÷
è R0 + X 0 ø (Equation 45)
æ X 0m2 ö
X 0E = X 0 · ç1 - 2 2 ÷
è R0 + X 0 ø (Equation 46)
Parallel line out of service and not earthed
A B
Z0m
Z< Z<
en05000223.vsd
Figure 49: Parallel line is out of service and not earthed.
When the parallel line is out of service and not earthed, the zero sequence on that line
can only flow through the line admittance to the earth. The line admittance is high
which limits the zero sequence current on the parallel line to very low values. In
practice, the equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit for faults at the remote bus
bar can be simplified to the circuit shown in figure 49
The line zero-sequence mutual impedance does not influence the measurement of the
distance protection in a faulty circuit. This means that the reach of the underreaching
distance protection zone is reduced if, due to operating conditions, the equivalent zero
sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out
of operation and earthed at both ends.
I0 Z0 Z0m
A
Z0m I0
C
Z0 Z0m
B
99000040.vsd
Figure 50: Equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line

with one circuit disconnected and not earthed.
The reduction of the reach is equal to equation 47.

Section 4
IED application
1
3
(
× 2 × Z1 + Z 0 E + R f ) Zm0
2
KU = = 1-
1
(
× 2 × Z1 + Z 0 + R f ) (
Z 0 × 2 × Z 1 + Z 0 + 3R f )
3 (Equation 47)
This means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real
and imaginary components of the constant A are equal to equation 48 and
equation 49.
Re( A ) = R 0 × (2 × R1 + R 0 + 3 × Rf ) - X 0 × ( X 0 + 2 × X 1) (Equation 48)
Im( A ) = X 0 × (2 × R1 + R0 + 3 × R1 ) + R0 × (2 × X 1 + X 0 )
(Equation 49)
The real component of the KU factor is equal to equation 50.
( )
Re A × X m 0 2
( )
Re K U = 1 +
é Re ( A ) ù + é Im ( A ) ù
2 2
ë û ë û (Equation 50)
The imaginary component of the same factor is equal to equation 51.
Im ( A ) × Xm02
Im ( KU ) =
ë 2 ë 2
é Re ( A )é + é Im ( A ) é
ë ë (Equation 51)
Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient
amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit.
Tapped line application

Section 4
IED application
A IA IB B
T
Z< IC Z<
-IB
Z<
C
en05000224.vsd
Figure 51: Example of tapped line with Auto transformer.
This application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section "Fault
infeed from remote end" i.e. increased measured impedance due to fault current
infeed. For example for faults between the T point and B station the measured
impedance at A and C will be
IA + IC
ZA = ZAT + × ZTB
IA (Equation 52)
IA + IC U2
ZC = ZTrf + ( ZCT + × ZTB ) × ( ) 2
IC U1 (Equation 53)
Where:
ZAT and ZCT is the line impedance from the B respective C station to the T point.
IA and IC is fault current from A respective C station for fault between T and B.
U2/U1 Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at U1 side of the transformer to
the measuring side U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken
from U2 side of the transformer).
For this example with a fault between T and B, the measured impedance from the T
point to the fault will be increased by a factor defined as the sum of the currents from
T point to the fault divided by the relay current. For the relay at C, the impedance on
the high voltage side U1 has to be transferred to the measuring voltage level by the
transformer ratio.

Section 4
IED application
Another complication that might occur depending on the topology is that the current
from one end can have a reverse direction for fault on the protected line. For example
for faults at T the current from B might go in reverse direction from B to C depending
on the system parameters (see the dotted line in figure 51), given that the distance
protection in B to T will measure wrong direction.
In three-end application, depending on the source impedance behind the relays, the
impedances of the protected object and the fault location, it might be necessary to
accept zone2 trip in one end or sequential trip in one end.
Generally for this type of application it is difficult to select settings of zone1 that both
gives overlapping of the zones with enough sensitivity without interference with other
zone1 settings i.e. without selectivity conflicts. Careful fault calculations are
necessary to determine suitable settings and selection of proper scheme
communication.
Fault resistance
The performance of distance protection for single-phase-to-earth faults is very
important, because normally more than 70% of the faults on transmission lines are
single phase-to-earth faults. At these faults, the fault resistance is composed of three
parts: arc resistance, resistance of a tower construction, and tower-footing resistance.
The arc resistance can be calculated according to Warrington's formula:
28707 × L
Rarc =
I1.4 (Equation 54)
where:
L represents the length of the arc (in meters). This equation applies for the distance protection
zone 1. Consider approximately three-times arc foot spacing for the zone 2 and wind speed of
approximately 50 km/h
I is the actual fault current in A.
In practice, the setting of fault resistance for both phase-earth (RFPE) and phase-
phase (RFPP) should be as high as possible without interfering with the load
impedance in order to obtain reliable fault detection.
General
The settings for the distance protection function are done in primary values. The
instrument transformer ratio that has been set for the analogue input card is used to
automatically convert the measured secondary input signals to primary values used
in the distance protection function.
The following basics should be considered, depending on application, when doing

the setting calculations:

Section 4
IED application
• Errors introduced by current and voltage instrument transformers, particularly

under transient conditions.
• Inaccuracies in the line zero-sequence impedance data, and their effect on the
calculated value of the earth-return compensation factor.
• The effect of infeed between the relay and the fault location, including the
influence of different Z0/Z1 ratios of the various sources.
• The phase impedance of non transposed lines is not identical for all fault loops.
The difference between the impedances for different phase-to-earth loops can be
as large as 5-10% of the total line impedance.
• The effect of a load transfer between the terminals of the protected fault resistance
is considerable, the effect must be recognized.
• Zero-sequence mutual coupling from parallel lines.
Setting of zone1
The different errors mentioned earlier usually require a limitation of the
underreaching zone (normally zone 1) to 75 - 90% of the protected line.
In case of parallel lines, consider the influence of the mutual coupling according to
section "Parallel line application with mutual coupling" and select the case(s) that
are valid in your application. We recommend to compensate setting for the cases
when the parallel line is in operation, out of service and not earthed and out of service
and earthed in both ends. The setting of earth fault reach should be selected to be
<95% also when parallel line is out of service and earthed at both ends (worst case).
Setting of overreaching zone

The first overreaching zone (normally zone2) must detect faults on the whole
protected line. Considering the different errors that might influence the measurement
in the same way as for zone1, it is necessary to increase the reach of the overreaching
zone to at least 120% of the protected line. The zone2 reach can be even higher if the
fault infeed from adjacent lines at remote end are considerable higher than the fault
current at the relay location.
The setting shall generally not exceed 80% of the following impedances:
• The impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the first zone reach of
the shortest adjacent line.
• The impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the impedance of the
maximum number of transformers operating in parallel on the bus at the remote
end of the protected line.
If the requirements in the dotted paragraphs above gives a zone2 reach less than 120%,
the time delay of zone2 must be increased by approximately 200ms to avoid unwanted
operation in cases when the telecommunication for the short adjacent line at remote
end is down during faults. The zone2 must not be reduced below 120% of the protected
line section. The whole line must be covered under all conditions.
The requirement that the zone 2 shall not reach more than 80% of the shortest adjacent
line at remote end is highlighted wit a simple example below.

Section 4
IED application
If a fault occurs at point F (see figure 11, also for the explanation of all abbreviations
used), the relay at point A senses the impedance:
IA + I B æ I Bö
- × ZC F = Z AC + ç 1 + ----
Zm = Z AC + --------------- -÷ × Z CF
IA è I Aø
(Equation 55)
Z AC Z CD
A IA C Z CF B
I A+ IB
Z< IB
en05000457.vsd
Figure 52:
Setting of reverse zone

The reverse zone is applicable for purposes of scheme communication logic, current
reversal logic, weak-end-infeed logic, and so on. The same applies to the back-up
protection of the bus bar or power transformers. It is necessary to secure, that it always
covers the overreaching zone, used at the remote line terminal for the
telecommunication purposes.
Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from
adjacent lines. Equation 56 can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction
when the zone is used for blocking scheme, weak-end infeed etc.
Zrev ³ 1.2 × ( ZL - Z2rem )

(Equation 56)
Where:
ZL is the protected line impedance
Z2rem is zone2 setting at remote end of protected line.
In some applications it might be necessary to consider the enlarging factor due to

fault current infeed from adjacent lines in the reverse direction in order to obtain
certain sensitivity.
Setting of zones for parallel line application
Parallel line in service – Setting of zone1

With reference to section "Parallel line applications", the zone reach can be set to
85% of protected line.

Section 4
IED application
Parallel line in service – setting of zone2

Overreaching zones (in general, zones 2 and 3) must overreach the protected circuit
in all cases. The greatest reduction of a reach occurs in cases when both parallel
circuits are in service with a single-phase-to-earth fault located at the end of a
protected line. The equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for this case is equal
to the one in figure 46 in section "Parallel line in service".
The components of the zero-sequence impedance for the overreaching zones must be
equal to at least:
R0E = R0 + R m0
(Equation 57)
X 0E = X 0 + Xm0
(Equation 58)
Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero
sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor:
Z 0m
K 0 = 1-
2 × Z1 + Z 0 + Rf
(Equation 59)
If the denominator in equation 59 is called B and Z0m is simplified to X0m, then the
real and imaginary part of the reach reduction factor for the overreaching zones can
be written as:
X 0m × Im( B )
Re( K 0) = 1 -
Re( B ) 2 + Im( B ) 2
(Equation 60)
X 0 m × Re( B )
Im( K 0) = 1 -
Re( B ) 2 + Im( B ) 2
(Equation 61)
Parallel line is out of service and earthed in both ends

Apply the same measures as in the case with a single set of setting parameters. This
means that an underreaching zone must not overreach the end of a protected circuit
for the single-phase-to-earth faults. Set the values of the corresponding zone (zero-
sequence resistance and reactance) equal to:
2
æ Xm0 ö
R 0E = R 0 × ç 1 + -------------------------
-÷
è 2 2
R +X ø 0 0
(Equation 62)
2
æ X m0 ö
X 0E = X 0 × ç 1 – -------------------------
2 2
-÷
è R0 + X0 ø
(Equation 63)

Section 4
IED application
Setting of reach in resistive direction

Set the resistive reach independently for each zone, and separately for phase-to-phase
(RIPP), and phase-to-earth loop (RIPE) measurement.
Set separately the expected fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults (RFPP) and for
the phase-to-earth faults (RFPE) for each zone. Set all remaining reach setting
parameters independently of each other for each distance zone.
The final reach in resistive direction for phase-to-earth fault loop measurement
automatically follows the values of the line-positive and zero-sequence resistance,
and at the end of the protected zone is equal to equation 64.
1
R = --- ( 2 × R1PE + R0PE ) + RFPE
3 (Equation 64)
é 2 × X1 + X0 ù
j loop = arctan ê ú
ë 2 × R1 + R0 û (Equation 65)
Setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone1 should follow the condition:
RFPE £ 4.5 × X1PE

(Equation 66)
The fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults is normally quite low, compared to the
fault resistance for phase-to-earth faults. Limit the setting of the zone1 reach in
resistive direction for phase-to-phase loop measurement to:
RFPP £ 3 × X1PP (Equation 67)
Load impedance limitation, without load encroachment function

The following instructions is valid when the load encroachment function is not
activated (OperationLdCmp is set to Off). If the load encroachment function is to be
used for all or some of the measuring zones, the load limitation for those zones
according to this chapter can be omitted. Check the maximum permissible resistive
reach for any zone to ensure that there is a sufficient setting margin between the relay
boundary and the minimum load impedance. The minimum load impedance (Ω/
phase) is calculated as:
2
U
Z loadmin = -------
S (Equation 68)
Where:
U is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kV
S is the maximum apparent power in MVA.

Section 4
IED application
The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and
the maximum load current:
Umin
Z load = ---------------------
-
3 × Imax
(Equation 69)
Minimum voltage Umin and maximum current Imax are related to the same operating
conditions. Minimum load impedance occurs normally under emergency conditions.
Because a safety margin is required to avoid load encroachment under

three-phase conditions and to guarantee correct healthy phase relay
operation under combined heavy three-phase load and earth faults,
consider both: phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth fault operating
characteristics.
To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-earth measuring elements, the set
resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 80% of the minimum
load impedance.
RFPE £ 0.8 × Z load

(Equation 70)
This equation is applicable only when the loop characteristic angle for the single
phase-to-earth faults is more than three times as large as the maximum expected load-
impedance angle. More accurate calculations are necessary according to the equation
below:
2 × R1PE + R0PE
RFPE £ 0.8 × Zloadmin - cosJ – --------------------------------------------- × sinJ
2 × X1PE + X0PE
(Equation 71)
Where:
ϑ is a maximum load-impedance angle, related to the minimum load impedance conditions.
To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set
resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 160% of the minimum
load impedance.
RFPP £ 1.6 × Zloadr

(Equation 72)
Equation 72 is applicable only when the loop characteristic angle for the phase-to-
phase faults is more than three times as large as the maximum expected load-
impedance angle. More accurate calculations are necessary according to
equation 73.

Section 4
IED application
R1PP
RFPP £ 1.6 × Z loadmin × cosJ – --------------- × sinJ
X1PP
(Equation 73)
All this is applicable for all measuring zones when no power swing detection element
is in the protection scheme. Use an additional safety margin of approximately 20%
in cases when a power swing detection element is in the protection scheme, refer to
the description of the power swing detection function.
Load impedance limitation, with load encroachment function activated

The parameters for load encroachment shaping of the characteristic are found in the
description of the phase selection with load encroachment function, section
"Resistive reach with load encroachment characteristic". If the characteristic for the
impedance measurement shall be shaped with the load encroachment algorithm, the
parameter OperationLdCmp in the phase selection has to be switched On.
Setting of minimum operating currents

The operation of the distance function will be blocked if the magnitude of the currents
is below the set value of the parameter IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE.
The default setting of IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE is 20% of IBase where IBase is the
chosen base current for the analogue input channels. The value have been proven in
practice to be suitable in most of the applications. However, there might be
applications where it is necessary to increase the sensitivity by reducing the minimum
operating current down to 10% of terminal base current. This happens especially in
cases, when the IED serves as a remote back-up protection on series of very long
transmission lines.
If the load current compensation is activated, there is an additional criteria

IMinOpIN that will block the phase-earth loop if the 3I0<IMinOpIN. The default
setting of IMinOpIN is 5% of the IED base current IBase.
The minimum operating fault current is automatically reduced to 75% of its set value,
if the distance protection zone has been set for the operation in reverse direction.
Setting of timers for distance protection zones

The required time delays for different distance-protection zones are independent of
each other. Distance protection zone1 can also have a time delay, if so required for
selectivity reasons. One can set the time delays for all zones (basic and optional) in
a range of 0 to 60 seconds. The tripping function of each particular zone can be
inhibited by setting the corresponding Operation parameter to Off. Different time
delays are possible for the ph-E (tPE) and for the ph-ph (tPP) measuring loops in
each distance protection zone separately, to further increase the total flexibility of a
distance protection.

Section 4
IED application
Table 36: Parameter group settings for the ZMQPDIS_21 (ZM01-) function
Operation Off - On - Operation Off / On
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base current, i.e.
rated current
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base voltage, i.e.
rated voltage
OperationDir Off - Forward - Operation mode of
Non-directional directionality NonDir /
Forward Forw / Rev
Reverse
X1 0.10 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm/p Positive sequence
reactance reach
R1 0.10 - 1000.00 0.01 5.00 ohm/p Positive seq.
resistance for zone
characteristic angle
X0 0.10 - 9000.00 0.01 100.00 ohm/p Zero sequence
reactance reach
R0 0.50 - 3000.00 0.01 15.00 ohm/p Zero seq. resistance
for zone characteristic
angle
RFPP 1.00 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm/l Fault resistance
reach in ohm/loop,
Ph-Ph
RFPE 1.00 - 9000.00 0.01 100.00 ohm/l Fault resistance
reach in ohm/loop,
Ph-E
OperationPP Off - On - Operation mode Off /
On On of Phase-Phase
loops
Timer tPP Off - On - Operation mode Off /
On On of Zone timer, Ph-
Ph
tPP 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of trip, Ph-
Ph
OperationPE Off - On - Operation mode Off /
On On of Phase-Earth
loops
Timer tPE Off - On - Operation mode Off /
On On of Zone timer, Ph-
E
tPE 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of trip, Ph-
E
IMinOpPP 10 - 30 1 20 %IB Minimum operate
delta current for
Phase-Phase loops
IMinOpPE 10 - 30 1 20 %IB Minimum operate
phase current for
Phase-Earth loops
IMinOpIN 5 - 30 1 5 %IB Minimum operate
residual current for
Phase-Earth loops

Section 4
IED application
Table 37: Parameter group settings for the ZDRDIR (ZD01-) function
ArgNegRes 90 - 175 1 115 Deg Angle to blinder in
second quadrant for
forward direction
ArgDir 5 - 45 1 15 Deg Angle to blinder in
fourth quadrant for
forward direction
IMinOp 1 - 99999 1 10 %IB Minimum operate
current in % of IBase
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base Current
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base Voltage
4.6.2 Phase selection with load encroachment (PDIS, 21)
Function block name: PHS-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 21
FDPSPDIS Z<phs
4.6.2.1 Application
The operation of transmission networks today is in many cases close to the stability
limit. The ability to accurate and reliable classifying the different types of fault so
that single pole tripping and auto-reclosing can be used plays an important roll in this
matter. The PHS function is design to accurate select the proper fault loop in the
distance protection function dependent on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some
cases be in opposite to the wanted fault resistance coverage. Therefore the function
has a built in algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the possibility to enlarge
the resistive setting of both the PHS and the measuring zones without interfering with
the load.
The extensive output signals from the PHS gives also important information about
faulty phase(s) which can be used for fault analysis.
Setting instructions with load encroachment characteristics

The phase selector must at least cover the overreaching zone 2 in order to achieve
correct phase selection for utilizing single phase auto-reclosing for faults on the entire

Section 4
IED application
line. It is not necessary to cover all distance protection zones. A safety margin of at
least 10% is recommended. In order to get operation from distance zones, the phase
selection outputs STCNDZ or STCNDI must be connected to input STCND on
distance zones.
For normal overhead lines, the angle for the loop impedance φ for phase to earth fault
defined according to equation 74.
X1L + XN
a tan
R1L + RN (Equation 74)
But in some applications, for instance cable lines, the angle might be less than 60°.
In the later applications the settings of fault resistance coverage in forward and reverse
direction, RFFwPE and RFRvPE for phase to earth fault and RFFwPP and
RFRvPP for phase to phase faults has to be increased to avoid that the PHS
characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone characteristic. The necessary
increased setting of the fault resistance coverage can be derived from trigonometric
evaluation of the basic characteristic for respectively fault type.
The following setting guideline consider normal overhead applications where φloop
and φline is less than 60°.
Phase-to-earth fault in forward direction

With reference to figure 53, the following equations for the setting calculations can
be obtained.

Section 4
IED application
(X1PHS+XN)*tan(60)
X
RFRvPEPHS RFFwPEPHS
PHS R1Zm+RN
RFPEZm RFPEZm
Zm
X1PHS+XN
X1Zm+XN
60°
60°
φloop
φloop
60 R
(Ohm/loop)
X1Zm+XN
X1PHS+XN
RFPEZm RFPEZm
R1Zm+RN
en05000309.vsd
Figure 53: Relation between measuring zone and PHS characteristic for phase-
earth fault ϕloop>60°.
Reactive reach
The reactive reach in forward direction must as minimum be set to cover the
measuring zone used in the Teleprotection schemes, mostly zone 2. For clearance
labels PHS and Zm is introduced to distinguish between setting parameter for PHS
and zone measurement Zm. Equation 75 and equation 76 gives the minimum
recommended reactive reach.
X1PHS ³ 1.44 × X1Zm

(Equation 75)
X0 PHS ³ 1.44 × X0 Zm
(Equation 76)
where:
X1Zm is the reactive reach for the zone to be covered by the PHS, and the constant
1.1 is a safety margin.
X0Zm is the zero sequence reactive reach for the zone to be covered by the PHS

Section 4
IED application
The reactive reach in reverse direction is automatically set to the same reach as for
forward direction. No additional setting is required.
Fault resistance reach RFPE

The resistive reach must cover RFPE for the overreaching zone to be covered, mostly
zone 2. Consider the longest overreaching zone if correct fault selection is important
in the application. Equation 77 gives the minimum recommended resistive reach.
RFFwPE ³ 1.2 × RFPE Zm

(Equation 77)
where:
RFPEZm is the setting of RFPE for the longest overreaching zone to be covered by PHS.
The security margin 1.1 has to be increased to at least 1.2 in the case where ϕloop<60°
to avoid that the PHS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement
characteristic.
The resistive reach is automatically calculated from the formula:

where X1PHS is the reactive setting reach of PHS and XN=(X0PHS-
X1PHS)/3 and tan(60°)=√3. This is also valid for reverse direction.
Phase-to-earth fault in reverse direction

Reactive reach
The reactive reach in reverse direction is the same as for forward so no additional
setting is required.
Resistive reach
The resistive reach in reverse direction must be set longer than the longest reverse
zones. In blocking schemes it must be set longer than the overreaching zone at remote
end that is used in the communication scheme. In equation 78 we use the index ZmRv
for the specific zone to be coordinated to.
RFRvPE min ³ 1.2 × RFPE ZmRv

(Equation 78)
In the case where ϕloop<60° the security factor 1.1 has to be increase to at least 1.2
to avoid that the PHS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement
characteristic.
Phase-to-phase fault in forward direction

Reactive reach
The reach in reactive direction is determined by the setting of X1 parameter of phase-
to earth reach. No extra setting is required.
Resistive reach

Section 4
IED application
In the same way as for phase-to-earth fault, the reach is automatically calculated based
on the setting of X1. The reach will be X1/tan(60°) =X1/SQR(3).
Fault resistance reach

The fault resistance reaches in forward direction RFFwPP, must cover RFPPZm with
a least 25% margin. RFPPZm is the setting of fault resistance for phase-to-phase fault
for the longest overreaching zone to be covered by PHS, see figure 54. The minimum
recommended reach can be calculated according to equation 79.
RFFwPP ³ 1.25 × RFPPZm (Equation 79)
where:
RFPPZm is the setting of the longest reach of the overreaching zones that must be covered by the
PHS.
Equation 79 is also valid for three-phase fault. The proposed margin of 25% will cater
for the risk of cut off of the zone measuring characteristic that might occur at three
phase fault when the PHS characteristic angle is changed from 60 degrees to 90
degrees (rotated 30° anti-clock wise).

Section 4
IED application
X ( W / phase )
X 1PHS
0.5 × RFRvPP 0.5 × RFFwPP
3
PHS 0.5*RFPPZm
0,5*RFPPPm
R1Zm
Zm
X1Zm
j 60
j
60
( W / phase )
0,5*RFPPZm 0,5*RFPPZm
X1
0,5*RFPPZM R1Zm 0,5*RFPPZm
0.5 × RFRvPP
X 1PHS
3 en05000311.vsd
Figure 54: Relation between measuring zone and PHS characteristic for phase-
to-phase fault for ϕline>60°.
Resistive reach with load encroachment characteristic

The procedure for calculating the settings for the load encroachment consist basically
to define the load angle ARGLd, the blinder RLdFw in forward direction and blinder
RLdRv in reverse direction, see figure 55.

Section 4
IED application
RLdFw
ARGLd ARGLd
R
ARGLd ARGLd
RLdRv
en05000226.vsd
Figure 55: Load encroachment characteristic
The load angle ARGLd is the same in forward and reverse direction, so it could be
suitable to begin to calculate the setting for that parameter. Set the parameter to the
maximum possible load angle at maximum active load. A value bigger than 20 should
normally be used.
The blinder in forward direction, RLdFw, can be calculated according to

equation 80.
U min 2
RLdFw = 0.8 ×
P exp max
(Equation 80)
where:
Pexpmax is the maximal exporting active power
Umin is the minimum voltage for which the Pexpmax occurs
0.8 is a security factor to ensure that the setting of RLDFw will be less than the calculated minimal
resistive load.
The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse

direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw, but use maximal importing
power that might occur instead of maximal exporting power and the relevant Umin
voltage for this condition.
Minimum operate currents

The PHS function has two current setting parameters which blocks the respective
phase-to-earth loop and phase-to-phase loop if the RMS value of the phase current
(ILn) and phase difference current (ILmILn) is below the settable threshold.

Section 4
IED application
The threshold to activate the phase selector for phase to earth (IMinOpPE) is set to
securely detect a single line to earth fault at the furthest reach of the phase selection.
It is recommended to set IMinOpPP to double value of IMinOpPE.
The threshold for opening the measuring loop for phase to earth fault
(INReleasePE) is set securely detect single line to earth fault at remote end on the
protected line. It is recommended to set IMBlockPP to double value of
INReleasePE.
Table 38: Parameter group settings for the FDPSPDIS (PHS--) function
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base current for current
settings
INBlockPP 10 - 100 1 40 %IPh 3I0 limit for blocking
phase-to-phase
measuring loops
INReleasePE 10 - 100 1 20 %IPh 3I0 limit for releasing
phase-to-earth
measuring loops
RLdFw 1.00 - 3000.00 0.01 80.00 ohm/p Forward resistive reach
within the load
impedance area
RLdRv 1.00 - 3000.00 0.01 80.00 ohm/p Reverse resistive reach
within the load
impedance area
ArgLd 5 - 70 1 30 Deg Load angle determining
the load impedance area
X1 0.50 - 3000.00 0.01 40.00 ohm/p Positive sequence
reactance reach
X0 0.50 - 9000.00 0.01 120.00 ohm/p Zero sequence
reactance reach
RFFwPP 0.50 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach,
Ph-Ph, forward
RFRvPP 0.50 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach,
Ph-Ph, reverse
RFFwPE 1.00 - 9000.00 0.01 100.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach,
Ph-E, forward
RFRvPE 1.00 - 9000.00 0.01 100.00 ohm/l Fault resistance reach,
Ph-E, reverse
IMinOpPP 5 - 30 1 10 %IB Minimum operate delta
current for Phase-Phase
loops
IMinOpPE 5 - 30 1 5 %IB Minimum operate phase
current for Phase-Earth
loops
4.6.3 Power swing detection (RPSB, 78)

Section 4
IED application
Function block name: PSD-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 78
ZMRPSB Zpsb
4.6.3.1 Application
General
Various changes in power system may cause oscillations of rotating units. The most
typical reasons for these oscillations are big changes in load or changes in power
system configuration caused by different faults and their clearance. As the rotating
masses strive to find a stable operate condition, they oscillate with damped
oscillations until they reach the final stability.
The extent of the oscillations depends on the extent of the disturbances and on the
natural stability of the system.
The oscillation rate depends also on the inertia of the system and on the total system
impedance between different generating units. These oscillations cause changes in
phase and amplitude of the voltage difference between the oscillating generating units
in the power system, which reflects further on in oscillating power flow between two
parts of the system - the power swings from one part to another - and vice versa.
Distance relays located in interconnected networks see these power swings as the
swinging of the measured impedance in relay points. The measured impedance varies
with time along a locus in an impedance plane, see figure 56. This locus can enter the
operate characteristic of a distance protection and causes, if no preventive measures
have been considered, its unwanted operation.
jX
Relay operate characteristic
Impedance locus at
power swing
en05000282.vsd
Figure 56: Impedance plane with relay operate characteristic and impedance
locus at power swing.

Section 4
IED application
Basic characteristics
The power swing detection function (PSD) is available in most of the IED 670s, which
include also the line distance protection function. Please, refer to the “ordering
information” for each IED separately. The PSD detects reliably power swings with
periodic time of swinging as low as 200 ms (which means slip frequency as high as
10% of the rated frequency on the 50 Hz basis). It detects the swings under normal
system operate conditions as well as during dead time of a single-pole automatic
reclosing cycle.
The function is able to secure selective operation for internal faults during power.
The operation of the distance protection function remains stable for external faults
during the power swing condition, even with the swing (electrical) centre located on
the protected power line.
The operate characteristic of the PSD function is easily adjustable to the selected
impedance operate characteristics of the corresponding controlled distance protection
zones as well as to the maximum possible load conditions of the protected power
lines. See the corresponding description in “Technical reference manual” for the IED
670s.
These setting guidelines are prepared in form of a setting example for the protected
power line as part of a two-machine system presented in figure 57.
EA EB
dA= const dB= f(t)

A B
ZSA ZSB
ZL
~ ~
R
99001019.vsd
Figure 57: Protected power line as part of a two-machine system
Reduce the power system with protected power line into equivalent two-machine
system with positive sequence source impedances ZSA behind the relay and ZSB
behind the remote end bus B. Observe a fact that these impedances can not be directly
calculated from the maximum three-phase short circuit currents for faults on the
corresponding busbar. It is necessary to consider separate contributions of different
connected circuits.
The required data is as follows:

Section 4
IED application
Rated system voltage

U r = 400 kV
Minimum expected system voltage under critical system
U min = 380 kV conditions
Rated system frequency

f r = 50 Hz
Rated primary voltage of voltage protection transformers used
400
Up = kV
3
Rated secondary voltage of voltage instrument transformers used
0.11
Us = kV
3
Rated primary current of current protection transformers used
I p = 1200 A
Rated secondary current of current protection transformers used
I s = 1A
Line positive sequence impedance
Z L1 = (10.71 + j 75.6 ) W
Positive sequence source impedance behind A bus
Z SA1 = (1.15 + j 43.5) W
Positive sequence source impedance behind B bus
Z SB1 = ( 5.3 + j 35.7 ) W
Maximum expected load in direction from A to B (with minimum
S max = 1000 MVA system operating voltage Umin)
Power factor at maximum line loading

cos (j max ) = 0.95
Maximum expected load angle
j max = 25°
Maximum possible initial frequency of power oscillation
f si = 2.5 Hz
Maximum possible consecutive frequency of power oscillation
f sc = 7.0 Hz

Section 4
IED application
The impedance transformation factor, which transforms the primary impedances to

the corresponding secondary values is calculated according to equation 96. Consider
a fact that all settings are performed in primary values. The impedance transformation
factor is presented for orientation and testing purposes only.
I p U s 1200 0.11
KIMP = × = × = 0.33
Is U p 1 400
(Equation 96)
The minimum load impedance at minimum expected system voltage is equal to

equation 97.
2
U min 3802
Z L min = = = 144.4W
S max 1000
(Equation 97)
The minimum load resistance RLmin at maximum load and minimum system voltage
is equal to equation 98.
RL min = Z L min × cos (j max ) = 144.4 × 0.95 = 137.2W

(Equation 98)
The system impedance ZS is determined as a sum of all impedance in an equivalent

two-machine system, see figure 57. Its value is calculated according to equation 99.
Z S = Z SA1 + Z L1 + Z SB1 = (17.16 + j154.8 ) W

(Equation 99)
The calculated value of the system impedance is of informative nature and helps
determining the position of oscillation center, see figure 58, which is for general case
calculated according to equation 100.
ZS
Z CO = - Z SA1
EB
1+
EA
(Equation 100)
In particular cases, when
E A = EB
(Equation 101)
resides the center of oscillation on impedance point, see equation 102.

Section 4
IED application
ZS
Z CO = - Z SA1 = ( 7.43 + j 33.9 ) W
2 (Equation 102)
Figure 58: Impedance diagram with corresponding impedances under

consideration
The external boundary of oscillation detection characteristic in forward direction

RLdOutFw should be set with certain safety margin KL compared to the minimum
expected load resistance RLmin. When the exact value of the minimum load resistance

Section 4
IED application
is not known the following approximations may be considered for lines with rated
voltage 400 kV:
• KL = 0.9 for lines longer than 150 km

• KL = 0.85 for lines between 80 and 150 km
• KL = 0.8 for lines shorter than 80 km
Multiply the required distance for the same safety factor KL with the ratio between
actual voltage and 400kV when the rated voltage of the line under consideration is
higher than 400kV. The external boundary RLdOutFw obtains in this particular case
its value according to equation 103.
RLdOutFw = K L × RL min = 0.9 ×137.2 = 123.5W

(Equation 103)
It is a general recommendation to set the internal boundary RLdInFw of the oscillation

detection characteristic to 80% or less of its external boundary. Exceptions are always
possible, but must be considered with special care especially when it comes to settings
of timers tP1 and tP2 included in oscillation detection logic. This requires the
maximum permitted setting values of factor kLdRFw = 0.8. Equation 104 presents
the corresponding maximum possible value of RLdInFw.
RLdInFw = kLdRFw × RLdOutFw = 98.8W (Equation 104)
The load angles, which correspond to external δOut and internal δIn boundary of
proposed oscillation detection characteristic in forward direction, are calculating with
sufficient accuracy according to equation 105 and 106 respectively.
æ ZS ö æ 155.75 ö
d Out = 2 × arc tan ç ÷ = 2 × arc tan ç ÷ = 64.5°
ç 2 × RLdOutFw ÷ è 2 × 123.5 ø
è ø (Equation 105)
æ ZS ö æ 155.75 ö
d In = 2 × arc tan ç ÷ = 2 × arc tan ç ÷ = 76.5°
ç 2 × RLdInFwmax ÷ è 2 × 98.8 ø
è ø (Equation 106)
The required setting tP1 of the initial oscillation detection timer depends on the load
angle difference according to equation 107.
d In - d Out 76.5° - 64.5°

tP1 = = = 13.3ms
f si × 360° 2.5 × 360°
(Equation 107)
The general tendency should be to set the tP1 time to at least 30 ms, if possible. Since
it is not possible to further increase the external load angle δOut, it is necessary to
reduce the inner boundary of the oscillation detection characteristic. The minimum

Section 4
IED application
required value is calculated according to the procedure listed in equation 108, 109,
110 and 111.
tP1min = 30 ms
(Equation 108)
d In - min = 360° × f si × tP1min + d Out = 360° × 2.5 × 0.030 + 64.5° = 91.5°

(Equation 109)
ZS 155.75
RLdInFwmax1 = = = 75.8W
æd ö æ 91.5 ö
2 × tan ç in - min ÷ 2 × tan ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø (Equation 110)
RLdInFwmax1 75.8
kLdRFw = = = 0.61
RLdOutFw 123.5 (Equation 111)
We check also if this minimum setting satisfies the required speed for detection of
consecutive oscillations. This requirement will be satisfied if the proposed setting of
tP2 time remains higher than 10 ms, see equation 112.
d In - d Out 91.5° - 64.5°

tP 2 max = = = 10.7 ms
f sc × 360° 7 × 360°
(Equation 112)
The final proposed settings are as follows:
RLdOutFw = 123.5Ω
kLdRFw = 0.61
tP1 = 30 ms
tP2 = 10 ms
Here we also consider RLdInFw = 75.0Ω.
Do not forget to adjust the setting of load encroachment resistance

RLdFw in PHS phase selection element to the value equal or less to
RLdInFw. It is at the same time necessary to adjust the load angle in
PHS phase selection function to follow the condition presented in
equation 113.
é tan ( ArgLd PSD ) ù

ArgLd PHS ³ arc tan ê ú
ë KLdRFw û (Equation 113)

Section 4
IED application
Index PHS designates correspondence to PHS phase selection function and index
PSD the correspondence to PSD power swing detection function. If we consider
equation 114,
ArgLd PSD = j max = 25°

(Equation 114)
then it is necessary to set the load argument in PHS function to not less than
equation 115.
é tan ( ArgLd PSD ) ù é tan ( 25° ) ù

ArgLd PHS ³ arc tan ê ú = arc tan ê ú = 37.5°
ë kLdRFw û ë 0.61 û (Equation 115)
It is recommended to set the corresponding resistive reach parameters in reverse

direction (RLdOutRv and kLdRRv) to the same values as in forward direction, unless
the system operating conditions, which dictate motoring and generating types of
oscillations, requires different values. This decision must be made on basis of possible
system contingency studies especially in cases, when the direction of transmitted
power may change fast in short periods of time. It is recommended to use different
setting groups for operating conditions, which are changing only between different
periods of year (summer, winter).
System studies should determine the settings for the hold timer tH. The purpose of
this timer is, to secure continuous output signal from the PSD function during the
power swing, even after the transient impedance leaves the PSD operate characteristic
and is expected to return within a certain time due to continuous swinging. Consider
the minimum possible speed of power swinging in a particular system.
The tR1 inhibit timer delays the influence of the detected residual current on the inhibit
criteria for the PSD function. It prevents operation of the function for short transients
in the residual current measured by the terminal.
The tR2 inhibit timer disables the output START signal from the PSD function, if the
measured impedance remains within the PSD operate area for a time, longer than the
set tR2 value. This time delay was usually set to approximately two seconds in older
power-swing devices.
The setting of the tEF timer must cover, with sufficient margin, the opening time of
a circuit breaker and the dead-time of a single-phase auto-reclosing together with the
breaker closing time.

Section 4
IED application
Table 39: Parameter group settings for the ZMRPSB_78 (PSD1-) function
Operation Off - Off - Operation Mode On /
On Off
X1InFw 0.10 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Inner reactive
boundary, forward
R1LIn 0.10 - 1000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Line resistance for
inner characteristic
angle
R1FInFw 0.10 - 1000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Fault resistance
coverage to inner
resistive line, forward
X1InRv 0.10 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Inner reactive
boundary, reverse
R1FInRv 0.10 - 1000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Fault resistance line
to inner resistive
boundary, reverse
OperationLdCh Off - On - Operation of load
On discrimination
characteristic
RLdOutFw 0.10 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Outer resistive load
boundary, forward
ArgLd 5 - 70 1 25 Deg Load angle
determining load
impedance area
RLdOutRv 0.10 - 3000.00 0.01 30.00 ohm Outer resistive load
boundary, reverse
kLdRFw 0.50 - 0.90 0.01 0.75 Mult Multiplication factor
for inner resistive load
boundary, forward
kLdRRv 0.50 - 0.90 0.01 0.75 Mult Multiplication factor
for inner resistive load
boundary, reverse
tP1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.045 s Timer for detection of
initial power swing
tP2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.015 s Timer for detection of
subsequent power
swings
tW 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.250 s Waiting timer for
activation of tP2 timer
tH 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.500 s Timer for holding
power swing START
output
tEF 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 3.000 s Timer for overcoming
single-pole reclosing
dead time
tR1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.300 s Timer giving delay to
inhibit by the residual
current

Section 4
IED application

tR2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 2.000 s Timer giving delay to
inhibit at very slow
swing
IMinOpPE 5 - 30 1 10 %IB Minimum operate
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base setting for
current level settings
4.6.4 Automatic switch onto fault logic (PSOF)
Function block name: SOTF- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
ZPSOF
4.6.4.1 Application
The switch-onto-fault function is a complementary function to impedance measuring

functions but may make use of information from such functions.
With the switch-onto-fault (SOTF-) function, a fast trip is achieved for a fault on the
whole line, when the line is being energized. The SOTF tripping is generally non-
directional in order to secure a trip at fault situations where directional information
can not be established, for example, due to lack of polarizing voltage when a line
potential transformer is used and earthing switches has been forgotten at the line end.
Automatic activation based on dead line detection can only be used when the potential
transformer is situated on the line side of a circuit breaker.
When line-side potential transformers are used, the use of non-directional distance
zones secures switch-on-to-fault tripping for close-in three-phase short circuits.
An overreaching zone (normally zone z) should be used to achieve instantaneous fault

clearing for all faults at an auto-reclose where no communication signal will be
received from remote end.
The automatic initiation is based on a measurement of “dead” conditions i.e. all

voltage and currents are below the set value. It is expected that at single pole auto
reclose the communication signal is received to accelerate the reach as reclose is
performed without synchrocheck.
The parameters for the switch-onto-fault function are set via the local HMI or PST
(Parameter Setting Tool).

Section 4
IED application
The function has four setting parameters, two for setting of base current (IBase) and
base voltage (UBase) and two for release of the built in dead line detection (IPh< and
UPh<).
The distance protection zone used for instantaneous trip by the switch-onto-fault
function has to be set to cover the entire protected line with a safety margin of
minimum 20%.
IBase is set to the current value of the primary winding of the CT.
UBase is set to the voltage value of the primary winding of the VT.
Set the minimum operate current to a value low enough to avoid operation during
normal service. It is set in % of IBase. Typical setting is 20%.
Set the minimum operate voltage UPh< (phase value) with a sufficient margin (at
least 30%) under the minimum expected system operate voltage. It is set in % of
UBase. Typical setting is 70%.
Table 40: Parameter group settings for the ZPSOF (SOTF-) function
On
current levels
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base setting for
voltage levels
IPh< 1 - 100 1 20 %IB Current level for
detection of dead line
in % of IBase
UPh< 1 - 100 1 70 %UB Voltage level for
detection of dead line
in % of UBase
4.7 Current protection
4.7.1 Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection (PIOC, 50)

Section 4
IED application
Function block name: IOCx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 50
PHPIOC 3I>>
4.7.1.1 Application
Long transmission lines often transfer great quantities of electric power from
production to consumption areas. The unbalance of the produced and consumed
electric power at each end of the transmission line is very large. This means that a
fault on the line can easily endanger the stability of a complete system.
The transient stability of a power system depends mostly on three parameters (at
constant amount of transmitted electric power):
• The type of the fault. Three-phase faults are the most dangerous, because no
power can be transmitted through the fault point during fault conditions.
• The magnitude of the fault current. A high fault current indicates that the decrease
of transmitted power is high.
• The total fault clearing time. The phase angles between the EMFs of the
generators on both sides of the transmission line increase over the permitted
stability limits if the total fault clearing time, which consists of the protection
operating time and the breaker opening time, is too long.
The fault current on long transmission lines depends mostly on the fault position and
decreases with the distance from the generation point. For this reason the protection
must operate very quickly for faults very close to the generation (and relay) point, for
which very high fault currents are characteristic.
For this reason instantaneous phase overcurrent protection (IOC), which can operate
in 10 ms for faults characterized by very high currents, is included in some of the
IED. Refer to the ordering information for more details.
The parameters for the phase overcurrent protection function (IOC) are set via the
local HMI or Protection and Control Manager (PCM 600).
This protection function must operate only in a selective way. So check all system
and transient conditions that could cause its unwanted operation.
Only detailed network studies can determine the operating conditions under which
the highest possible fault current is expected on the line. In most cases, this current
appears during three-phase fault conditions. But also examine single-phase-to-earth
and two-phase-to-earth conditions.

Section 4
IED application
Also study transients that could cause a high increase of the line current for short
times. A typical example is a transmission line with a power transformer at the remote
end, which can cause high inrush current when connected to the network and can thus
also cause the operation of the built-in, instantaneous, overcurrent protection.
The setting parameters are described below:
IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting.
If possible to find a suitable value the rated current of the protected object is chosen.
OpMode: This parameter can be set to “2 out of 3” or “1 out of 3”. The setting controls
the minimum number of phase currents that must be larger than the set operate current
IP>> for operation. Normally this parameter is set to “1 out of 3” and will thus detect
all fault types. If the protection is to be used mainly for multi phase faults, “2 out of
3” should be chosen.
IP>>: Set operate current in % of IBase.
StValMult: The operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input
ENMULT to the set factor StValMult.
Meshed network without parallel line

The following fault calculations have to be done for three-phase, single-phase-to-
earth and two-phase-to-earth faults. With reference to figure 59, apply a fault in B
and then calculate the relay through fault phase current IfB. The calculation should
be done using the minimum source impedance values for ZA and the maximum source
impedance values for ZB in order to get the maximum through fault current from A
to B.
I fB
A B
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
Relay
Fault
99000474.vsd
Figure 59: Through fault current from A to B: IfB
Then a fault in A has to be applied and the through fault current IfA has to be calculated,
figure 60. In order to get the maximum through fault current, the minimum value for
ZB and the maximum value for ZA have to be considered.

Section 4
IED application
I fA
A B
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
Relay
Fault
99000475.vsd
Figure 60: Through fault current from B to A: IfA
The relay must not trip for any of the two trough fault currents. Hence the minimum
theoretical current setting (Imin) will be:
Imin ³ MAX(I fA, IfB )

(Equation 116)
A safety margin of 5% for the maximum protection static inaccuracy and a safety
margin of 5% for the maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced.
An additional 20% is suggested due to the inaccuracy of the instrument transformers
under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data.
The minimum primary setting (Is) for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection
is then:
Is ³ 1, 3 × I min
(Equation 117)
The protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting
value is equal to or less than the maximum fault current that the relay has to clear,
IF in figure 61.
IF
A B
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
Relay
Fault
99000476.vsd
Figure 61: Fault current: IF

Section 4
IED application
The relay setting value IP>> is given in percentage of the primary base current value,
IBase. The value for IP>> is given from this formula:
Is
I >>= x100
IBase (Equation 118)
Meshed network with parallel line

In case of parallel lines, the influence of the induced current from the parallel line to
the protected line has to be considered. One example is given in figure 62 where the
two lines are connected to the same busbars. In this case the influence of the induced
fault current from the faulty line (line 1) to the healthy line (line 2) is considered
together with the two through fault currents IfA and IfB mentioned previously. The
maximal influence from the parallel line for the relay in figure 62 will be with a fault
at the C point with the C breaker open.
A fault in C has to be applied, and then the maximum current seen from the relay
(IM ) on the healthy line (this applies for single-phase-to-earth and two-phase-to-earth
faults) is calculated.
Line 1
A C B
ZL1
ZA ZB
~ Fault M ~
ZL2
99000477.vsd
IM
Relay Line 2
Figure 62: Two parallel lines. Influence from parallel line to the through fault
current: IM
The minimum theoretical current setting for the overcurrent protection function
(Imin) will be:
Imin ³ MAX(I fA, IfB , IM )

(Equation 119)
Where IfA and IfB have been described in the previous paragraph. Considering the
safety margins mentioned previously, the minimum setting (Is) for the instantaneous
phase overcurrent protection is then:
Is ³ 1.3 × Im in (Equation 120)

Section 4
IED application
The protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting
value is equal or less than the maximum phase fault current that the relay has to clear.
The relay setting value IP>> is given in percentage of the primary base current value,
IBase. The value for IP>> is given from this formula:
Is
I >>= x100
Table 41: Parameter group settings for the PHPIOC_50 (IOC1-) function
On
current values
OpMode 2 out of 3 - 1 out of 3 - Select operation
1 out of 3 mode 2-out of 3 / 1-
out of 3
IP>> 1 - 2500 1 200 %IB Operate phase
current level in % of
IBase
StValMult 0.5 - 5.0 0.1 1.0 - Multiplier for operate
current level
4.7.2 Four step phase overcurrent protection (POCM, 51_67)
Function block name: TOCx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 51/67
3I>
PH4POCM
4
alt
4
4.7.2.1 Application
The phase overcurrent protection function is used in several applications in the power
system. Some applications are:

Section 4
IED application
• Short circuit protection of feeders in distribution and subtransmission systems.

Normally these feeders have radial structure.
• Back-up short circuit protection of transmission lines.
• Back-up short circuit protection of power transformers
• Short circuit protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power
system such as; shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, motors and others.
• Back-up short circuit protection of power generators.
If VT inputs are not available or not connected, function parameter

DirModeX shall be left to default value, Non-directional.
In many applications several steps with different current pick up levels and time
delays are needed. TOC can have up to four different, individual settable, steps. The
flexibility of each step of the TOC function is great. The following options are
possible:
Non-directional / Directional function: In most applications the non-directional

functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from
the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance,
the directional function can be necessary.
Choice of delay time characteristics: There are several types of delay time
characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time
delay characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is
normally enabled by co-ordination between the function time delays of the different
protections. To enable optimal co-ordination all overcurrent relays, to be co-ordinated
against each other, should have the same time delay characteristic. Therefore a wide
range of standardised inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI. It is
also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic.
Normally it is required that the phase overcurrent function shall reset as fast as
possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In some cases
some sort of delayed reset is required. Therefore different kinds of reset characteristics
can be used.
For some protection applications there can be a need to change the current pick-up
level for some time. A typical case is when the protection will measure the current to
a large motor. At the start up sequence of a motor the start current can be significantly
larger then the rated current of the motor. Therefore there is a possibility to give a
setting of a multiplication factor to the current pick-up level. This multiplication factor
is activated from a binary input signal to the function.
Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This
phenomenon is due to saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the
period. There is a risk that inrush current will reach levels above the pick-up current
of the phase overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a large second harmonic
content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection. Therefore

Section 4
IED application
the TOC function have a possibility of second harmonic restrain if the level of this
harmonic current reaches a value above a set percentage of the fundamental current.
The phase overcurrent protection is often used as protection for two and three phase
short circuits. In some cases it is not wanted to detect single-phase earth faults by the
phase overcurrent protection. This fault type is detected and cleared after operation
of earth fault protection. Therefore it is possible to make a choice how many phases,
at minimum, that have to have current above the pick-up level, to enable operation.
If set “1 of 3” it is sufficient to have high current in one phase only. If set “2 of 3” or
“3 of 3” single-phase earth faults are not detected.
The parameters for the four step phase overcurrent protection function (TOC) are set
via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
The following settings can be done for the four step phase overcurrent protection.
Operation: Off/On
It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the current of
the protected object.
UBase: Base voltage level in kV. This voltage is give as a phase-to-phase voltage and
this is the reference for voltage related settings of the function. Normally the setting
should be chosen to the rated phase-to-phase voltage of the voltage transformer
feeding the protection IED.
AngleRCA: Protection characteristic angle set in degrees. If the angle of the fault loop
current has the angle RCA the direction to fault is forward.
maxFwdAng and minFwdAng: Angle value, given in degrees, to define the angle
sector of the directional function, see figure 63.
IminOpPhSel: Minimum current for phase selection set in % of IBase. This setting
should be less than the lowest step setting. Default setting is 7%.
StartPhSel: Number of phases, with high current, required for operation. The setting
possibilities are: 1 of 3, 2 of 3 and 3 of 3. Default setting is 1 of 3.
2ndHarmStab: Operate level of 2nd harmonic current restrain set in % of the

fundamental current. The setting range is 5-100% I steps of 1%. Default setting is
20%.
HarmRestrain: Off/On, enables blocking from harmonic restrain.

Section 4
IED application
Reverse
Uref
RCA
ROA
ROA Forward
Idir
en05000745.vsd
Figure 63: Directional function characteristic
Settings for each step (x = 1-4)

DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are off/nondirectional/
forward/reverse.
Characteristx: Selection of time delay characteristic for step x. Definite time delay
and different types of inverse time delay characteristics are available according to
table 42.
Table 42: Inverse time delay characteristics

Curve name Curve index No.
ANSI Extremely Inverse 1
ANSI Very Inverse 2
ANSI Normal Inverse 3
ANSI Moderately Inverse 4
ANSI/IEEE Definite time 5
ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse 6
ANSI Long Time Very Inverse 7

Section 4
IED application
Curve name Curve index No.

ANSI Long Time Inverse 8
IEC Normal Inverse 9
IEC Very Inverse 10
IEC Inverse 11
IEC Extremely Inverse 12
IEC Short Time Inverse 13
IEC Long Time Inverse 14
IEC Definite Time 15
User Programmable 17
ASEA RI 18
RXIDG (logarithmic) 19
The different characteristics are described in the “Technical reference manual”.
Ix>: Operation phase current level for step x given in % of IBase.
tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen. Setting
range: 0.000-60.000 s in step of 0.001 s
kx: Time multiplier for the dependent (inverse) characteristic.
InxMult: Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value. If a binary input signal
(enableMultiplier) is activated the current operation level is increase by this setting
constant. Setting range: 1.0-10.0
txMin: Minimum operation time for IEC inverse time characteristics. At high currents
the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting this
parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting. Setting
range: 0.000-60.000 s in step of 0.001 s.
ResetTypeCrvx: The reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. By
choosing setting the possibilities are according to table 43.
Table 43: Reset possibilities

Curve name Curve index no.
Instantaneous 1
IEC Reset (constant time) 2
ANSI Reset (inverse time) 3
The delay characteristics are described in the “Technical reference manual”. There
are some restrictions regarding the choice of reset delay.
For the independent time delay characteristics (type 5 and 15) the possible delay time
settings are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset).

Section 4
IED application
For ANSI inverse time delay characteristics (type 1-4 and 6-8) all three types of reset
time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set constant time reset)
and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time).
For IEC inverse time delay characteristics (type 9-14) the possible delay time settings
are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset).
For the customer tailor made inverse time delay characteristics (type 17) all three
types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set
constant time reset) and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time). If the current
dependent type is used settings pr, tr and cr must be given.
HarmRestrainx: Enable block of step x from the harmonic restrain function (2nd
harmonic). This function should be used when there is a risk if power transformer
inrush currents might cause unwanted trip. Can be set Off/On.
tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx: Parameters for customer creation of inverse time
characteristic curve (Curve type = 17). See equation 122 for the time characteristic
equation.
æ ö
ç A
÷
t [s] = ç + B ÷ × IxMult
ç æ i öp ÷
çç ÷ -C ÷
è è in > ø ø (Equation 122)
For more information, please refer to the “Technical reference manual”.
tPRCrvx, tTRCrvx, tCRCrvx: Parameters for customer creation of inverse reset time
characteristic curve (Reset Curve type = 3). Further description can be found in the
“Technical reference manual”.
Second harmonic restrain

If a power transformer is energized there is a risk that the transformer core will saturate
during part of the period, resulting in an inrush transformer current. This will give a
declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is deviating between
the phases. There is a risk that the phase overcurrent function will give an unwanted
trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd harmonic component. This
component can be used to create a restrain signal to prevent this unwanted function.
The settings for the 2nd harmonic restrain are described below.
2ndHarmStab: The rate of second harmonic current content for activation of the
2nd harmonic restrain signal, to block chosen steps. The setting is given in % of the
fundamental frequency residual current. The setting range is 5-100% in step of 1%.
The default setting is 20%.
HarmRestrainx: This parameter can be set Off/On, disable or enable the 2nd harmonic
restrain.

Section 4
IED application
The four-step phase overcurrent protection can be used in different ways, depending
on the application where the protection is used. A general description is given below.
The pick up current setting inverse time protection or the lowest current step constant
inverse time protection must be given a current setting so that the highest possible
load current does not cause protection operation. Here consideration also has to be
taken to the protection reset current, so that a short peak of overcurrent does not cause
operation of the protection even when the overcurrent has ceased. This phenomenon
is described in figure 64.
Current I
Line phase current
Pick-up current
Reset current
The relay does not reset
Time t
en05000203.vsd
Figure 64: Pick up and reset current for an overcurrent protection
The lowest setting value can be written according to equation 123.
I max
I pu ³ 1.2 ×
k
(Equation 123)
where:
1.2 is a safety factor,
k is the resetting ratio of the protection, and
Imax is the maximum load current.
The maximum load current on the line has to be estimated. From operation statistics
the load current up to the present situation can be found. The current setting must be
valid also for some years ahead. It is, in most cases, realistic that the setting values

Section 4
IED application
are updated not more often than once every five years. In many cases this time interval
is still longer. Investigate the maximum load current that different equipment on the
line can withstand. Study components such as line conductors, current transformers,
circuit breakers, and disconnectors. The manufacturer of the equipment normally
gives the maximum thermal load current of the equipment.
There is also a demand that all faults, within the zone that the protection shall cover,
must be detected by the phase overcurrent protection. The minimum fault current
Iscmin, to be detected by the protection, must be calculated. Taking this value as a
base, the highest pick up current setting can be written according to equation 124.
I pu £ 0.7 × I sc min
(Equation 124)
where:
0.7 is a safety factor and
Iscmin is the smallest fault current to be detected by the overcurrent protection.
As a summary the pick up current shall be chosen within the interval stated in
equation 125.
I max
1.2 × £ I pu £ 0.7 × I sc min
k (Equation 125)
The high current function of the overcurrent protection, which only has a short delay
of the operation, must be given a current setting so that the protection is selective to
other protection in the power system. It is desirable to have a rapid tripping of faults
within as large portion as possible of the part of the power system to be protected by
the protection (primary protected zone). A fault current calculation gives the largest
current of faults, Iscmax, at the most remote part of the primary protected zone.
Considerations have to be made to the risk of transient overreach, due to a possible
DC component of the short circuit current. The lowest current setting of the most
rapid stage, of the phase overcurrent protection, can be written according to
I high ³ 1.2 × kt × I sc max

(Equation 126)
where:
1.2 is a safety factor,
kt is a factor that takes care of the transient overreach due to the DC component of the fault current
and can be considered to be less than 1.1
Iscmax is the largest fault current at a fault at the most remote point of the primary protection zone.

Section 4
IED application
The operate times of the phase overcurrent protection has to be chosen so that the
fault time is so short so that equipment will not be destroyed due to thermal overload,
at the same time as selectivity is assured. For overcurrent protection, in a radial fed
network, the time setting can be chosen in a graphical way. This is mostly used in the
case of inverse time overcurrent protection. In the figure below is shown how the
time-versus-current curves are plotted in a diagram. The time setting is chosen to get
the shortest fault time with maintained selectivity. Selectivity is assured if the time
difference between the curves is larger than a critical time difference.
en05000204.wmf
Figure 65: Fault time with maintained selectivity
The operation time can be set individually for each overcurrent protection. To assure
selectivity between different protective protections, in the radial network, there have
to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two protections. The
minimum time difference can be determined for different cases. To determine the
shortest possible time difference between we must have knowledge about operation
time of protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting time. These time
delays can vary significantly between different pieces of equipment. The following
time delays can be estimated:
protection operation time: 15-60 ms

protection resetting time: 15-60 ms
Breaker opening time: 20-120 ms

Section 4
IED application
Example
Assume two substations A and B directly connected to each other via one line, as
shown in the figure below. We study a fault located at another line from the station
B. The fault current to the overcurrent protection of IED B1 has a magnitude so that
the protection will have instantaneous function. The overcurrent protection of IED
A1 must have a delayed function. The sequence of events during the fault can be
described using a time axis, see figure 66.
A1 B1
Feeder
I> I>
Time axis
t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

The fault Protection Breaker at Protection
occurs B1 trips B1 opens A1 resets
en05000205.vsd
Figure 66: Sequence of events during fault
where:
t=0 is the fault occurs,
t=t1 is the trip signal from the overcurrent protection at IED B1 is sent. Operation time of this
protection is t1,
t=t2 is the circuit breaker at IED B1 opens. The circuit breaker opening time is t2 - t1 and
t=t3 is the overcurrent protection at IED A1 resets. The protection resetting time is t3 - t2.
To ensure that the overcurrent protection at IED A1, is selective to the overcurrent
protection at IED B1, the minimum time difference must be larger that the time t3.
There are uncertainties in the values of protection operation time, breaker opening
time and protection resetting time. Therefor a safety margin has to be included. With
normal values the needed time difference can be calculated according to
equation 127.
Dt ³ 40 ms + 100 ms + 40 ms + 40 ms = 220 ms
(Equation 127)
where it is considered that:

the operation time of overcurrent protection B1 is 40 ms

Section 4
IED application
the breaker open time is 100 ms

the resetting time of protection A1 is 40 ms and
the additional margin is 40 ms
Table 44: Parameter group settings for the PH4POCM_51_67 (TOC1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 - Base setting for
current values
voltage levels in kV
MaxFwdAng 40.0 - 70.0 0.1 50.0 Deg Maximum forward
angle
MinFwdAng 75.0 - 90.0 0.1 80.0 Deg Minimum forward
angle
AngleRCA -70.0 - -50.0 1.0 -65.0 Deg Relay characteristic
angle (RCA)
IMinOpPhSel 1 - 100 1 7 %IB Minimum current for
phase selection in %
of IBase
StartPhSel Not Used - 1 out of 3 - Number of phases
1 out of 3 required for op (1 of 3,
2 out of 3 2 of 3, 3 of 3)
3 out of 3
2ndHarmStab 5 - 100 1 20 %IB Operate level of 2nd
harm restrain op in %
of Fundamental
DirMode1 Off - Non-directional - Directional mode of
Non-directional step 1 (off, nodir,
Forward forward, reverse)
Reverse
Characterist1 ANSI Ext. inv. - ANSI Def. Time - Selection of time
ANSI Very inv. delay curve type for
ANSI Norm. inv. step 1
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type

Section 4
IED application

I1> 1 - 2500 1 1000 %IB Operate phase
current level for step1
in % of IBase
t1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Independent
(defenitive) time delay
of step 1
k1 0.05 - 999.00 0.01 0.05 - Time multiplier for the
dependent time delay
for step 1
I1Mult 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 2.0 - Multiplier for operate
current level for step 1
t1Min 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Minimum operate
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 1
ResetTypeCrv1 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
IEC Reset curve type for step 1
ANSI reset
tReset1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.020 s Reset time delay used
in IEC Definite Time
curve step 1
tPCrv1 0.005 - 3.000 0.001 1.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tACrv1 0.005 - 200.000 0.001 13.500 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tBCrv1 0.00 - 20.00 0.01 0.00 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tCCrv1 0.1 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tPRCrv1 0.005 - 3.000 0.001 0.500 - Parameter PR for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tTRCrv1 0.005 - 100.000 0.001 13.500 - Parameter TR for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
tCRCrv1 0.1 - 10.0 0.1 1.0 - Parameter CR for
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
HarmRestrain1 Disabled - Enabled - Enable block of step 1
Enabled from harmonic
restrain
Reverse

Section 4
IED application

ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
in % of IBase
t2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.400 s Independent
(defenitive) time delay
of step 2
for step 2
I2Mult 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 2.0 - Multiplier for scaling
the current setting
value for step 2
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 2
ANSI reset
curve step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2

Section 4
IED application

customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
restrain
Reverse
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
in % of IBase
t3 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.800 s Independent
(definitive) time delay
for step 3
for step 3
the current setting
value for step 3
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 3
ANSI reset

Section 4
IED application

curve step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
HarmRestrain3 Disabled - Enabled - Enable block of step3
restrain
Reverse
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type

Section 4
IED application

in % of IBase
t4 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 2.000 s Independent
of step4
for step 4
the current setting
value for step 4
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 4
ANSI reset
curve step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
HarmRestrain4 Disabled - Enabled - Enable block of Step
Enabled 4 from harmonic
restrain

Section 4
IED application
4.7.3 Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection (PIOC, 50N)
Function block name: IEFx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 50N
EFPIOC IN>>
4.7.3.1 Application
In many application, when fault current is limited to a defined value by the object
impedance, an instantaneous earth fault protection can provide fast and selective
tripping.
The instantaneous residual overcurrent (IEF), which can operate in 15 ms (50 Hz

nominal system frequency) for faults characterized by very high currents, is included
in the IED 670s.
The parameters for the instantaneous residual overcurrent protection function (IEF)
are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control Manager (PCM 600).
Some guidelines for the choice of setting parameter for the instantaneous residual
overcurrent protection (IEF) function is given.
The setting of the function is limited to the operation residual current to the protection
(IN>>).
The basic requirement is to assure selectivity, i.e. the IEF function shall not be allowed
to operate for faults at other objects than the protected object (line).
For a normal line in a meshed system single phase to earth faults and phase to phase
to earth faults shall be calculated as shown in figure 67 and figure 68. The residual
currents (3I0) to the protection are calculated. For the fault at the remote line end this
fault current is IfB. In this calculation the operational state with high source impedance
ZA and low source impedance ZB should be used. For the fault at the home busbar
this fault current is IfA. In this calculation the operational state with low source
impedance ZA and high source impedance ZB should be used.

Section 4
IED application
I fB
A B
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
Relay
Fault
99000474.vsd
Figure 67: Through fault current from A to B: IfB
I fA
A B
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
Relay
Fault
99000475.vsd
Figure 68: Through fault current from B to A: IfA
The function shall not operate for any of the calculated currents to the protection. The
minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will be:
Imin ³ MAX(I fA, IfA )

(Equation 128)
A safety margin of 5% for the maximum static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5%
for maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20%
is suggested due to inaccuracy of instrument transformers under transient conditions
and inaccuracy in the system data.
The minimum primary current setting (Is) is:
Is ³ 1, 3 × Imin (Equation 129)
In case of parallel lines with zero sequence mutual coupling a fault on the parallel
line, as shown in figure 69, should be calculated.

Section 4
IED application
Line 1
A C B
ZL1
ZA ZB
~ Fault M ~
ZL2
99000477.vsd
IM
Relay Line 2
Figure 69: Two parallel lines. Influence from parallel line to the through fault
current: IM
The minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will in this case be:
I m in ³ M A X ( IfA, I fB, I M )
(Equation 130)
Where:
IfA and IfB have been described for the single line case.
Considering the safety margins mentioned previously, the minimum setting (Is) is:
Is ³ 1, 3 × Imin
(Equation 131)
Transformer inrush current shall be considered.
The setting of the protection is set as a percentage of the base current (IBase).
The setting parameters are described below:
If possible to find a suitable value the rated current of the protected object is chosen.
IN>>: Set operate current in % of IBase.
StValMult: The operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input
ENMULT to the set factor StValMult.

Section 4
IED application
Table 45: Parameter group settings for the EFPIOC_50N (IEF1-) function
On
current values
IN>> 1 - 2500 1 200 %IB Operate residual
IBase
StValMult 0.5 - 5.0 0.1 1.0 - Multiplier for operate
current level
4.7.4 Four step residual overcurrent protection (PEFM, 51N/67N)
Function block name: TEFx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:51N/ 67N
IN
EF4PEFM
4
alt
4
4.7.4.1 Application
The residual overcurrent protection function is used in several applications in the

power system. Some applications are:
• Earth fault protection of feeders in effectively earthed distribution and

subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders have radial structure.
• Back-up earth fault protection of transmission lines.
• Sensitive earth fault protection of transmission lines. The residual overcurrent
protection can have better sensitivity to detect resistive phase to earth faults
compared to distance protection.
• Back-up earth fault protection of power transformers
• Earth fault protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power
system such as; shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors and others.
In many applications several steps with different current pick up levels and time
delays are needed.TEF can have up to four different, individual settable, steps. The
flexibility of each step of the TEF function is great. The following options are
possible:
Non-directional/Directional function: In some applications the non-directional

functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from
the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance,
the directional function can be necessary. This can be the case for earth fault line

Section 4
IED application
protection in meshed and effectively earthed transmission systems. The directional

residual overcurrent protection is also well suited to operate in communication
schemes, which enables fast clearance of earth faults on transmission lines. The
directional function uses the residual voltage as polarizing quantity.
Choice of delay time characteristics: There are several types of delay time
characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time
delay characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is
normally enabled by co-ordination between the function time delays of the different
protections. To enable optimal co-ordination all overcurrent relays, to be co-ordinated
against each other, should have the same time delay characteristic. Therefore a wide
range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI. It is
also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic.
Normally it is required that the residual overcurrent function shall reset as fast as
possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In some cases
some sort of delayed reset is required. Therefore different kinds of reset characteristics
can be used.
For some protection applications there can be a need to change the current pick-up
level for some time. Therefore there is a possibility to give a setting of a multiplication
factor INnMULTEN to the residual current pick-up level. This multiplication factor
is activated from a binary input signal ENMULTn to the function.
Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This
inrush current can have residual current components. The phenomenon is due to
saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the cycle. There is a risk
that inrush current will give a residual current that reaches level above the pick-up
current of the residual overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a large second
harmonic content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection.
Therefore the TEF function has a possibility of second harmonic restrain
HarmRestrainn if the level of this harmonic current reaches a value above a set
percentage of the fundamental current.
Transformer application example

We have two main cases when we study residual overcurrent protection for a power
transformer, namely if residual current can be fed from the protected transformer
winding or not.
The protected winding will feed earth fault (residual) current to earth faults in the
connected power system. The residual current fed from the transformer at external
phase to earth faults, is highly dependent of the total positive and zero sequence source
impedances as well as the residual current distribution between the network zero
sequence impedance and the transformer zero sequence impedance. An example of
this application is shown in figure 70.

Section 4
IED application
YN/D or YN/Y
transformer
Three phase CT
summated
alt
Single CT
IN>
en05000490.vsd
Figure 70: Residual overcurrent protection application on a directly earthed

transformer winding
In this case the protection have two different tasks:
• Detection of earth faults on the transformer winding, to which the protection is

connected.
• Detection of earth faults in the power system, to which the protected winding is
connected.
It can be suitable to use a residual overcurrent protection with at least two steps. Step
1 shall have a short definite time delay and a relatively high current setting, in order
to detect and clear high current earth faults in the transformer winding or in the power
system close to the transformer. Step 2 shall have a longer time delay (definite or
inverse time delay) and a lower current operation level. Step 2 shall detect and clear
transformer winding earth faults with small earth fault current, i.e. faults close to the
transformer winding neutral point. If the current setting gap between step 1 and step
2 is large another step can be introduced with a current and time delay setting between
the two described steps.
The transformer inrush current will have a large residual current component. To
prevent unwanted function of the earth fault overcurrent protection, the 2nd harmonic
restrain blocking should be used, at least for the sensitive step 2.
If the protected winding will not feed earth fault (residual) current to earth faults in
the connected power system we have an application as shown in figure 71.

Section 4
IED application
Y/Y, Y/D or D/Y

transformer
Three phase CT
summated
IN>
en05000491.vsd
Figure 71: Residual overcurrent protection application on an isolated

transformer winding
In the calculation of the fault current fed to the protection, at different earth faults,
are highly dependent on the positive and zero sequence source impedances, as well
as the division of residual current in the network. Earth fault current calculations are
necessary for the setting.
In the calculation of the fault current fed to the protection, at different earth faults,
are highly dependent on the positive and zero sequence source impedances, as well
as the division of residual current in the network. Earth fault current calculations are
necessary for the setting.
Setting of step 1
One requirement is that earth faults at the busbar, where the transformer winding is
connected, shall be detected. Therefore a fault calculation as shown in figure 72 is
made.

Section 4
IED application
YN/D or YN/Y
transformer
Three phase CT
summated
3I0
alt
Single CT
IN>
Single phase
to earth fault
en05000492.vsd
Figure 72: Step 1 fault calculation 1
This calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3I0fault1.
To assure that step 1, selectivity to other earth fault protections in the network a short
delay is selected. Normally a delay in the range 0.3 – 0.4 s is appropriate. To assure
selectivity to line faults, tripped after a delay (typically distance protection zone 2)
of about 0.5 s the current setting must be set so high so that such faults does not cause
unwanted step 1 trip. Therefore a fault calculation as shown in figure 73 is made.
YN/D or YN/Y
transformer
Three phase CT
summated
3I0
alt
Single CT
IN>
Single phase
to earth fault
en05000493.vsd
Figure 73: Step 1 fault calculation 1

Section 4
IED application
The fault is location at the borderline between instantaneous and delayed operation
of the line protection. Distance protection or line residual overcurrent protection. This
calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3I0fault2
The setting of step 1 can be chosen within the interval shown in equation 132.
3 I 0 fault 2 × lowmar < I step1 < 3 I 0 fault1 × highmar

(Equation 132)
Where:
lowmarg is a margin to assure selectivity (typical 0.7) and
highmar highmarg is a margin to assure fast fault clearance of busbar fault (typical 1.2).
Setting of step 2
The setting of the sensitive step 2 is dependent of the chosen time delay. Often a
relatively long definite time delay or inverse time delay is chosen. The current setting
can be chosen very low. As it is required to detect earth faults in the transformer
winding, close to the neutral point, values down to the minimum setting possibilities
can be chosen. One must however consider zero sequence currents that can occur
during normal operation of the power system. Such currents can be due to un-
transposed lines.
In case to protection of transformer windings not feeding residual current at external

earth faults a fast lowcurrent step can be acceptable.
Table 46: Parameter group settings for the EF4PEFM_51N67N (TEF1-) function
Operation Off - Off - Operation mode Off /
On On
current values
voltage level in kV
IMinOpFund 1 - 2500 1 3 %IB Minimum
fundamental
frequency current
level in % of IBase
AngleRCA -180 - 180 1 65 Deg Relay characteristic
angle (RCA)
3UO>Dir 1 - 100 1 5 %UB Minimum polarizing
quantity in % of
UBase

Section 4
IED application

IN>DirCmp 1 - 100 1 3 %IB Operate residual
current level for
DirComp in % of
IBase
tDirCmp 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 10.000 s Time delay for
DirComp
2ndHarmStab 5 - 100 1 20 % Second harmonic
restrain operation in
% of INAMPL
UseStartValue IN1> - IN1> - Current level blk at
IN2> parallel transf (step1,
IN3> 2, 3 or 4)
IN4>
BlkParTransf Off - Off - Enable blocking at
On parallel transformers
ActivationSOTF Open - Open - Select signal that
Closed shall activate SOTF
CloseCommand
SOTF Off - Off - SOFT operation
SOTF mode (Off/SOTF/
UnderTime Undertime/SOTF
SOTF +undertime)
+UnderTime
tSOTF 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Time delay for SOTF
HarmResSOTF Disabled - Disabled - Enable harmonic
Enabled restrain functionin
SOTF
t4U 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 5.000 s Switch-onto-fault
active time
ActUnderTime CB position - CB position - Select signal to
CB command activate under time
(CB Pos/
CBCommand)
tUnderTime 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.300 s Time delay for under
time
Reverse

Section 4
IED application

ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
IN1> 1 - 2500 1 100 %IB Operate residual
in % of IBase
t1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Independent
(defenite) time delay
of step 1
for step 1
IN1Mult 1.0 - 10.0 0.1 2.0 - Multiplier for scaling
the current setting
value for step 1
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 1
ANSI reset
curve step 1
restrain
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
customer
programmable curve
for step 1

Section 4
IED application

customer
programmable curve
for step 1
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
customer
programmable curve
for step 1
Reverse
ANSI Very inv. delay curve for step 2
ANSI Norm. inv.
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
in % of IBase
t2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.400 s Independent
of step 2
for step 2
the current setting
value for step 2
time for IEC IDMT
curves step 2
ResetTypeCrv2 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Reset mode when
IEC Reset current drops off step
ANSI reset 2

Section 4
IED application

tReset2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.020 s Selection of reset
curve type for step 2
restrain
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
customer
programmable curve
for step 2
Reverse
Characterist3 ANSI Ext. inv. - ANSI Def. Time - Time delay curve type
ANSI Very inv. for step 3
ANSI Norm. inv.
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type

Section 4
IED application

in % of IBase
t3 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.800 s Independent time
delay of step 3
for step 3
the current setting
value for step 3
time for IEC IDMT
curves for step 3
ANSI reset
curve for step 3
restrain
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
customer
programmable curve
step 3
customer
programmable curve
step 3
customer
programmable curve
step 3
customer
programmable curve
for step 3
Step3ForSOTF step 2 init - step 2 init - Select step3 to be
step 3 init connected to SOTF

Section 4
IED application

Reverse
Characterist4 ANSI Ext. inv. - ANSI Def. Time - Time delay curve type
ANSI Very inv. for step 4
ANSI Norm. inv.
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Reserved
Programmable
RI type
RD type
in % of IBase
t4 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 1.200 s Independent
of step 4
for step 4
the current setting
value for step 4
time in IEC IDMT
modes step 4
ANSI reset
curve for step 4
restrain
customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
step 4

Section 4
IED application

customer
programmable curve
for step 4
customer
programmable curve
step 4
customer
programmable curve
step 4
customer
programmable curve
step 4
customer
programmable curve
step 4
4.7.5 Thermal overload protection, two time constants (PTTR, 49)
Function block name: TTRx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 49
TRPTTR
4.7.5.1 Application
Transformers in the power system are constructed for a certain maximum load current
(power) level. If the current exceeds this level the losses are higher than expected. As
a consequence the temperature of the transformer will increase. If the temperature of
the transformer reaches too high values the equipment might be damaged:
• The insulation within the transformer will have forced ageing. As a consequence
of this the risk of internal phase to phase or phase to earth faults will increase.
• There might be hot spots within the transformer. This will degrade the quality of
the transformer oil.
In stressed situations in the power system it can be required to overload transformers

for a limited time. This should be done without risk for the above-mentioned risks.
The thermal overload protection provides information and makes temporary
overloading of transformers possible.

Section 4
IED application
The permissible load level of a power transformer is highly dependent on the cooling
system of the transformer. We have two main principles:
• ONAN: The air is naturally circulated to the coolers without fans and the oil is
naturally circulated without pumps.
• OFAF: The coolers have fans to force air for cooling and pumps to force the
circulation of the transformer oil.
The protection can have two sets of parameters, one for non-forced cooling and one
for forced cooling. Both the permissive steady state loading level as well as the
thermal time constant is influenced by the cooling system of the transformer. The
activation of the two parameter sets can be switched by activation of binary input
signals COOLING to the function. This can be used for transformers where forced
cooling can be taken out of operation, for example at fan or pump faults.
The thermal overload protection estimates the internal heat content of the transformer
(temperature) continuously. This estimation is made by using a thermal model of the
transformer, which is based on current measurement.
If the heat content of the protected transformer reaches a set warning level a signal
can be given to the operator. Two warning levels are available. This enables actions
in the power system to be done before dangerous temperatures are reached. If the
temperature continues to increase to the trip value, the protection initiates trip of the
protected transformer.
After trip from the thermal overload protection the transformer will be cooling. There
will be a time gap before the heat content (temperature) reaches a level so that the
transformer can be taken into service again. Therefore the protection will continue to
estimate the heat content using a set cooling time constant. Energizing of the
transformer can be blocked until the heat content is reduced to a set level.
4.7.5.2 Setting guideline
The parameters for the thermal overload protection, two time constants function
(TTR) are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
The following settings can be done for the thermal overload protection.
Operation: Off/On
It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the transformer
winding where the current measurement is made.
IRef: Reference level of the current given in % of IBase. When the current is equal
to IRef the final (steady state) heat content is equal to 1. It is suggested to give a setting
corresponding to the rated power of the transformer winding.
IRefMult: If a binary input ENMULT is activated the reference current value can be
multiplied by the factor IRefMult. The activation could be used in case of deviating

Section 4
IED application
ambient temperature from the reference value. In the standard for loading of a
transformer an ambient temperature of 20°C is used. For lower ambient temperatures
the load ability is increased and vice versa. IRefMult can be set within a range: 0.01
- 10.00.
IBase1: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be
related to the status Off of COOLING input. It is suggested to give a setting
corresponding to the rated power of the transformer with natural cooling (ONAN).
IBase2: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be
related to the status On of COOLING input. It is suggested to give a setting
corresponding to the rated power of the transformer with forced cooling (OFAF). If
the transformer has no forced cooling IBase2 can be set equal to IBase1.
Tau1: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase1 (input
Off) given in minutes.
Tau2: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase2 (input
On) given in minutes.
The thermal time constant can be obtained from the manufacturers manuals. The
thermal time constant is dependent on the cooling and the amount of oil. Normal time
constants for medium and large transformers (according to IEC 60354) are about 2.5
hours for naturally cooled transformers and 1.5 hours for forced cooled transformers.
The time constant can be estimated from measurements of the oil temperature during
a cooling sequence (described in IEC 60354). It is assumed that the transformer is
operated at a certain load level with a constant oil temperature (steady state operation).
The oil temperature above the ambient temperature is DQo0. The transformer is
disconnected from the grid (no load). After a time t of at least 30 minutes the
temperature of the oil is measured again. Now the oil temperature above the ambient
temperature is DQot. The thermal time constant can now be estimated as:
t
t=
ln DQo 0 - ln DQ ot
(Equation 133)
If the transformer has forced cooling (OFAF) the measurement should be made both
with and without the forced cooling in operation, giving Tau2 and Tau1.
The time constants can be changed if the current is higher than a set value or lower
than a set value. If the current is high it is assumed that the forced cooling is activated
while it in deactivated at low current. The setting of the parameters below enables
automatic adjustment of the time constant.
Tau1High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is
higher than the set value IHighTau1. IHighTau1 is set in % of IBase1.
Tau1Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is lower
than the set value ILowTau1. ILowTau1 is set in % of IBase1.

Section 4
IED application
Tau2High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is
higher than the set value IHighTau2. IHighTau2 is set in % of IBase2.
Tau2Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is lower
than the set value ILowTau2. ILowTau2 is set in % of IBase2.
The possibility to change time constant with the current value as the base can be useful
in different applications. Below some examples are given:
• In case a total interruption (low current) of the protected device all cooling
possibilities will be inactive. This can result in a changed value of the time
constant.
• If other components (motors) are included in the thermal protection function,
there is a risk of overheating of that equipment in case of very high current. The
thermal time constant is often smaller for a motor than for the transformer.
ITrip: The steady state current that steady state continuous current that the transformer
can withstand. The setting is given in % of Ibasex.
Alarm1: Heat content level for activation of the signal Alarm1. Alarm1 is set in % of
the trip heat content level.
Alarm2: Heat content level for activation of the signal Alarm2. Alarm2 is set in % of
the trip heat content level.
ResLo: Lockout release level of heat content to release the lockout signal. When the
thermal overload protection trips a lock-out signal is activated. This signal is intended
to block switch in of the protected circuit (transformer) as long as the transformer
temperature is high. The signal is released when the estimated heat content is below
the set value. This temperature value should be chosen below the alarm temperature.
ResLo is set in % of the trip heat content level.
ThetaInit: Heat content before activation of the function. This setting can be set a
little below the alarm level. If the transformer is loaded before the activation of the
protection function, its temperature can be higher than the ambient temperature. The
start point given in the setting will prevent risk of no trip at overtemperature during
the first moments after activation. ThetaInit is set in % of the trip heat content level.
Warning: If the calculated time to trip factor is below the setting Warning a warning
signal is activated. The setting is given in minutes.

Section 4
IED application
Table 47: Parameter group settings for the TRPTTR_49 (TTR1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base current in A
IRef 10.0 - 1000.0 1.0 100.0 %IB Reference current in
% of IBASE
IRefMult 0.01 - 10.00 0.01 1.00 - Multiplication Factor
for reference current
IBase1 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB Base current,IBase1
without Cooling
inpout in % of IBASE
IBase2 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB Base Current,IBase2,
with Cooling input ON
in % of IBASE
Tau1 1.0 - 500.0 1.0 60.0 Min Time constant without
cooling input in min,
with IBase1
Tau2 1.0 - 500.0 1.0 60.0 Min Time constant with
cooling input in min,
with IBase2
IHighTau1 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB1 Current Sett, in % of
IBase1 for rescaling
TC1 by TC1-IHIGH
Tau1High 5 - 2000 1 100 %tC1 Multiplier in % to TC1
when current is >
IHIGH-TC1
ILowTau1 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB1 Current Set, in % of
TC1 by TC1-ILOW
Tau1Low 5 - 2000 1 100 %tC1 Multiplier in % to TC1
when current is <
ILOW-TC1
IHighTau2 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB2 Current Set, in % of
TC2 by TC2-IHIGH
Tau2High 5 - 2000 1 100 %tC2 Multiplier in % to TC2
when current is
>IHIGH-TC2
ILowTau2 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 100.0 %IB2 Current Set, in % of
TC2 by TC2-ILOW
Tau2Low 5 - 2000 1 100 %tC2 Multiplier in % to TC2
when current is <
ILOW-TC2
ITrip 50.0 - 250.0 1.0 110.0 %IBx Steady state operate
IBasex
Alarm1 50.0 - 99.0 1.0 80.0 %Itr First alarm level in %
of heat content trip
value

Section 4
IED application

Alarm2 50.0 - 99.0 1.0 90.0 %Itr Second alarm level in
% of heat content trip
value
ResLo 10.0 - 95.0 1.0 60.0 %Itr Lockout reset level in
value
ThetaInit 0.0 - 95.0 1.0 50.0 % Initial Heat content, in
value
Warning 1.0 - 500.0 0.1 30.0 Min Time setting, below
which warning would
be set (in min)
tPulse 0.01 - 0.30 0.01 0.10 s Length of the pulse for
trip signal (in msec).
4.7.6 Breaker failure protection (RBRF, 50BF)
Function block name: BFPx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 50BF
CCRBRF 3I>BF
4.7.6.1 Application
In the design of the fault clearance system the N-1 criterion is often used. This means
that a fault shall be cleared even if any component in the fault clearance system is
faulty. One necessary component in the fault clearance system is the circuit breaker.
It is from practical and economical reason not feasible to duplicate the circuit breaker
for the protected component. Instead a breaker failure protection is used.
The breaker protection function will issue a back-up trip command to adjacent circuit
breakers in case of failure to trip of the “normal” circuit breaker for the protected
component. The detection of failure to break the current through the breaker is made
by means of current measurement or as detection of remaining trip signal
(unconditional).
The breaker failure protection can also give a re-trip. This means that a second trip
signal is sent to the protected circuit breaker. The re-trip function can be used to
increase the probability of operation of the breaker, or it can be used to avoid back-
up trip of many breakers in case of mistakes during relay maintenance and test.

Section 4
IED application
The parameters for the breaker failure protection function (BFP) are set via the local
HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
The following settings can be done for the breaker failure protection.
Operation: Off/On
It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the current
transformer where the current measurement is made.
FunctionMode: This parameter can be set Current/Contact. This states the way the
detection of failure of the breaker is performed. In the mode current the current
measurement is used for the detection. In the mode Contact the long duration of start
signal (trip) is used as indicator of failure of the breaker. The mode Current and
Contact means that both ways of detections are activated. Contact mode can be usable
in applications where the fault current through the circuit breaker is small. This can
be the case for some generator protection application (for example reverse power
protection) or in case of line ends with weak end infeed.
BuTripMode: Back-up trip mode is given to state sufficient current criteria to detect
failure to break. 2 out of 4 means that at least 2 currents, of the three phase currents
and the residual current, shall be high to indicate breaker failure. 1 out of 3 means
that at least 1 current of the three phase currents shall be high to indicate breaker
failure. 1 out of 4 means that at least 1 current of the three phase currents or the residual
current shall be high to indicate breaker failure. In most applications 1 out of 3 is
sufficient.
RetripMode: This setting states how the re-trip function shall operate. Retrip Off
means that the re-trip function is not activated. I> check means that a phase current
must be larger than the operate level to allow re-trip. No I> check means re-trip is
done without current check.
IP>: Current level for detection of breaker failure, set in % of IBase. This parameter
should be set so that faults with small fault current can be detected. The setting can
be chosen in accordance with the most sensitive protection function to start the breaker
failure protection. Typical setting is 10% of IBase.
I>BlkCont: If any contact based detection of breaker failure is used this function can
be blocked if any phase current is larger than this setting level. If the
FunctionMode is set Current and Contact breaker failure for high current faults are
safely detected by the current measurement function. To increase security the contact
based function should be disabled for high currents. The setting can be given within
the range 5 – 200% of IBase.
IN>: Residual current level for detection of breaker failure set in % of IBase. In high
impedance earthed systems the residual current at phase to earth faults are normally
much smaller than the short circuit currents. In order to detect breaker failure at single-
phase earth faults in these systems it is necessary to measure the residual current

Section 4
IED application
separately. Also in effectively earthed systems the setting of the earth fault current
protection can be chosen to relatively low current level. The BuTripMode is set 1 out
of 4. The current setting should be chosen in accordance to the setting of the sensitive
earth fault protection. The setting can be given within he range 2 – 200 % of IBase.
t1: Time delay of the re-trip. The setting can be given within the range 0 – 60 s in
steps of 0.001 s. Typical setting is 0 – 50 ms.
t2: Time delay of the back-up trip. The choice of this setting is made as short as
possible at the same time as unwanted operation must be avoided. Typical setting i
90 – 150 ms (also dependent of re-trip timer).
The minimum time delay for the re-trip can be estimated as:
t 2 ³ t1 + tcbopen + t BFP _ reset + t margin

(Equation 134)
where:
tcbopen is the maximum opening time for the circuit breaker
tBFP_reset is the maximum time for breaker failure protection to detect correct breaker function (the current
criteria reset)
tmargin is a safety margin
It is often required that the total fault clearance time shall be less than a given critical
time. This time is often dependent of the ability to maintain transient stability in case
of a fault close to a power plant.

Section 4
IED application
Protection
operate time
Normal tcbopen
The fault Retrip delay t1 tcbopen after re-trip

occurs
tBFPreset
Margin
Minimum back-up trip delay t2
Critical fault clearance time for stability
Time
Trip and Start

BFP
en05000479.vsd
Figure 74: Time sequence
t2MPh: Time delay of the back-up trip at multi-phase start. The critical fault clearance
time is often shorter in case of multi-phase faults, compared to single phase to earth
faults. Therefore there is a possibility to reduce the back-up trip delay for multi-phase
faults. Typical setting is 90 – 150 ms.
t3: Additional time delay to t2 for a second back-up trip TRBU2. In some applications
there might be a requirement to have separated back-up trip functions, tripping
different back-up circuit breakers.
tCBAlarm: Time delay for alarm in case of indication of faulty circuit breaker. There
is a binary input CBFLT from the circuit breaker. This signal is activated when
internal supervision in the circuit breaker detect that the circuit breaker is unable to
clear fault. This could be the case when gas pressure is low in a SF6 circuit breaker,
of others. After the set time an alarm is given, so that actions can be done to repair
the circuit breaker. The time delay for back-up trip is bypassed when the CBFLT is
active. Typical setting is 2.0 seconds.
tPulse: Trip pulse duration. This setting must be larger than the critical impulse time
of circuit breakers to be tripped from the breaker failure protection. Typical setting
is 200 ms.

Section 4
IED application
Table 48: Parameter group settings for the CCRBRF_50BF (BFP1-) function
On
current level settings
FunctionMode Current - Current - Detection for back-up
Contact trip Current/Cont/
Current&Contact Current and Cont
BuTripMode 2 out of 4 - 1 out of 3 - Back-up trip mode, 2
1 out of 3 out of 4, 1 out of 3 or
1 out of 4 1 out of 4
RetripMode Retrip Off - Retrip Off - Operation mode of re-
I> Check trip logic: OFF/I>
No I> Check check/No I> check
IP> 5 - 200 1 10 %IB Operate level in % of
IBase
I>BlkCont 5 - 200 1 20 %IB Current for blocking of
CB contact operation
in % of IBase
IN> 2 - 200 1 10 %IB Operate residual level
in % of IBase
t1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of re-trip
t2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.150 s Time delay of back-up
trip
t2MPh 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.150 s Time delay of back-up
trip at multi-phase
start
t3 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.030 s Additional time delay
to t2 for a second
back-up trip
tCBAlarm 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 5.000 s Time delay for CB
faulty signal
tPulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Trip pulse duration
4.7.7 Pole discordance protection (RPLD, 52PD)
Function block name: PDx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 50PD
CCRPLD PD

Section 4
IED application
4.7.7.1 Application
There is a risk that a circuit breaker will get discordance between the poles at circuit
breaker operation: closing or opening. One pole can be open and the other two closed,
or two poles can be open and one closed. Pole discordance of a circuit breaker will
case unsymmetrical currents in the power system. The consequence of this can be:
• Negative sequence currents that will give stress on rotating machines

• Zero sequence currents that might give unwanted operation of sensitive earth
fault protections in the power system.
It is therefore important to detect situations with pole discordance of circuit breakers.

When this is detected the breaker should be tripped directly.
The pole discordance protection will detect situation with deviating positions of the
poles of the protected circuit breaker. The protection has two different options to
make this detection:
• By connecting the auxiliary contacts in the circuit breaker so that a logic is

created, a signal can be sent to the protection, indication pole discordance. This
logic can also be realized within the protection itself, by using opened and close
signals for each circuit breaker pole, connected to the protection
• Each phase current through the circuit breaker is measured. If the difference
between the phase current is larger than a CurrUnsymLevel this is an indication
of pole discordance, and the protection will operate.
The parameters for the pole-discordance protection function (PDx) are set via the
local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
The following settings can be done for the pole-discordance protection.
Operation: Off/On
It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the protected
object where the current measurement is made.
timeDelayTrip: Time delay of the operation.
ContSel: Operation of the contact based pole discordance function. Can be set: Off/
PD signal fromCB/Pole pos aux. cont. If PD signal fromCB is chosen the logic to
detect pole discordance is made close to the breaker auxiliary contacts and only one
signal is connected to the IED. If the CB/Pole pos aux cont. alternative is chosen each
open close signal is connected to the IED and the logic to detect pole discordance is
realised within the function itself.

Section 4
IED application
CurrSel: Operation of the current based pole discordance function. Can be set: Off/
CB open monitor/Continuous monitor. In the alternative CB open monitor the
function is activated only directly in connection to breaker open or close command
(during 200 ms). In the alternative Continuous monitor function is continuously
activated.
CurrUnsymLevel: Unsymmetrical magnitude of lowest phase current compared to

the highest, set in % of the highest phase current. Natural difference between phase
current in 1 1/2 breaker installations must be considered. For circuit breakers in 1 1/2
breaker configurated switchyards there might be natural unbalance currents through
the breaker. This is due to the existence of low impedance current paths in the
switchyard. This phenomenon must be considered in the setting of the parameter.
CurrRelLevel: Current level of the largest phase current to allow operation of the
current.
Table 49: Parameter group settings for the CCRPLD_52PD (PD01-) function
On
current levels
TimeDelayTrip 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.300 s Time delay between
trip condition and trip
signal
ContSel Off - Off - Contact function
PD signal from CB selection
Pole pos aux cont.
CurrSel Off - Off - Current function
CB oper monitor selection
Continuous
monitor
CurrUnsymLevel 0 - 100 1 80 % Unsym magn of
lowest phase current
compared to the
highest.
CurrRelLevel 0 - 100 1 10 %IB Current magnitude for
release of the function
in % of IBase
4.8 Voltage protection
4.8.1 Two step undervoltage protection (PUVM, 27)

Section 4
IED application
Function block name: TUVx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 27
PH2PUVM 3U<
4.8.1.1 Application
The two-step undervoltage protection function (TUV) is applicable in all situations,

where reliable detection of low phase voltages is necessary. The function can also be
used as a supervision and fault detection function for other protection functions, to
increase the security of a complete protection system.
The undervoltage protection is applied to power system elements, such as generators,

transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect low voltage conditions. Low
voltage conditions are caused by abnormal operation or fault in the power system.
The undervoltage protection can be used in combination with overcurrent protections,
either as restraint or in logic "and gates" of the trip signals issued by the two functions.
Other applications are the detection of "no voltage" condition, e.g. before the
energization of a HV line or for automatic breaker trip in case of a blackout. The
undervoltage protection is also used to initiate voltage correction measures, like
insertion of shunt capacitor banks to compensate for reactive load and thereby
increasing the voltage. The undervoltage protection can be used to disconnect from
the network apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be damaged when subject
to service under low voltage conditions. The undervoltage protection TUV deals with
low voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be caused by:
1. Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control

(symmetrical voltage decrease).
2. Overload (symmetrical voltage decrease).
3. Short circuits, often as phase to earth faults (unsymmetrical voltage decrease).
Undervoltage protection prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions

that could cause their overheating and thus shorten their life time expectancy. In many
cases, it is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in
the power system.
The parameters for the two-step undervoltage protection function (TUV) are set via
the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
All the voltage conditions in the system where the TUV performs its functions should
be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and
time characteristic.

Section 4
IED application
There is a very wide application area where general undervoltage functions are used.
All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which
normally is set to the primary nominal voltage level (phase-phase) of the power
system or the high voltage equipment under consideration.
The for the TUV function is normally not critical, since there must be enough time
available for the main protection to clear short-circuits and earth-faults.
Below, some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are
given:
Equipment protection, such as for motors and generators

The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and well above
the lowest acceptable voltage for the equipment.
Disconnected equipment detection

the highest occurring voltage, caused by inductive or capacitive coupling, when the
equipment is disconnected.
Power supply quality

the lowest acceptable voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.
Voltage instability mitigation

This setting is very much dependent on the power system characteristics, and
thorough studies have to be made to find the suitable levels.
Backup protection for power system faults

the highest occurring voltage during the fault conditions under consideration.
The following settings can be done for the two step undervoltage
protection.
Operation: Off/On
UBase: Base voltage phase to phase in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference
for voltage setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary voltage
of the voltage transformer where the current measurement is made. The undervoltage
protection function measures the phase to earth voltages, if the voltage transformer
is connected phase to earth to the analogue voltage inputs. The setting of the analogue
inputs are given as primary phase to phase voltage and secondary phase to phase
voltage. The function will operate if the phase to earth voltage gets lover than the set
percentage of the phase to earth voltage corresponding to the set base voltage
UBase. This means operation for phase to earth voltage under:
U < (%) × UBase( kV )

3 (Equation 135)

Section 4
IED application
The below described setting parameters are identical for the two steps. Therefore the
setting parameters are described only once.
Characteristicn: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting
can be. Definite time/Inverse Curve A/Inverse Curve B/Prog. inv. curve. The choice
is highly dependent of the protection application.
OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that
should be below the set level to give operation. The setting can be. 1 out of 3/2 out
of 3/3 out of 3. In most applications it is sufficient that one phase voltage is low to
give operation. If the function shall be insensitive for single phase to earth faults 2
out of 3 can be chosen
Un<: Set operate undervoltage operation value for step n, given as % of Ubase. The
setting is highly dependent of the protection application. Here it is essential to
consider the minimum voltage at non-faulted situations. Normally this voltage is
larger than 90% of nominal voltage.
tn: time delay of step n, given in s. The setting is highly dependent of the protection
application. In many applications the protection function shall not directly trip in case
of short circuits or earth faults in the system. The time delay must be co-ordinated to
the short circuit protections.
tResetn: Reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default
value is 25 ms.
tnMin: Minimum operation time for inverse time characteristic for step n, given in s.
For very low voltages the undervoltage function, using inverse time characteristic,
can give very short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip. By setting
t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping
can be avoided.
ResetTypeCrvn: This parameter can be set: Instantaneous/Frozen time/Linearly

decreased. The default setting is Instantaneous.
tIResetn: Reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default
value is 25 ms.
kn: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for co-
ordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections.
ACrvn, BCrvn, CCrvn, DCrvn, PCrvn: Parameters to set to create programmable

under voltage inverse time characteristic. Description of this can be found in the
CrvSatn: When the denominator in the expression of the programmable curve is equal
to zero the time delay will be infinity. There will be an undesired discontinuity.
Therefore a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon. In
the voltage interval U> up to U> *(1.0 - CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: U>
*(1.0 - CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used this parameter must be
calculated so that:

Section 4
IED application
CrvSatn
B× -C > 0
100 (Equation 136)
IntBlkSeln: This parameter can be set: Off/Block of trip/Block all. In case of a low
voltage the undervoltage function can be blocked. This function can be used to prevent
function when the protected object is switched off. If the parameter is set Block of
trip or Block all this unwanted trip is prevented.
IntBlkStValn: Voltage level under which the blocking is activated set in % of

UBase. This setting must be lower than the setting Un<.As switch of shall be detected
the setting can be very low, i.e. about 10%.
tBlkUVn: Time delay the undervoltage step n when the voltage level is below
IntBlkStValn, given in s. It is important that this delay is shorter than the operate time
delay of the undervoltage protection step.
HystAbsn: Absolute hysteresis set in % of Ubase. The setting of this parameter is

highly dependent of the application. If the function is used as control for automatic
switching of reactive compensation devices the hysteresis must be set larger than the
voltage change after switching of the compensation device.
HystAbsIntBlkn: Absolute hysteresis of the internal blocking function set in % of

UBase.
Table 50: Basic parameter group settings for the PH2PUVM_27 (TUV1-) function
On
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base voltage, phase-
phase in kV
Characterist1 Definite time - Definite time - Operation
Inverse curve A characteristic
Inverse curve B selection, step 1
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode1 1 out of 3 - 1 out of 3 - Operation Mode, 1
2 out of 3 out of 3 / 2 out of 3 / 3
3 out of 3 out of 3, step 1
U1< 1 - 100 1 70 %UB Voltage setting/start
val (DT & IDMT) in %
of UBase, step 1
t1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 5.000 s Operate time delay in
DT mode, step 1.
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 1
k1 0.05 0.01 0.05 - 1.10 - Time multiplier in
IDMT mode, step 1

Section 4
IED application

IntBlkSel1 Off - Off - Internal (low level)
Block of trip blocking mode, step 1
Block all
IntBlkStVal1 1 - 100 1 20 %UB Voltage setting for
internal blocking in %
of UBase, step 1
tBlkUV1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of internal
(low level) blocking for
step 1
HystAbs1 0.0 - 100.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Absolute hysteresis in
% of UBase, step 1
HystAbsIntBlk1 0.0 - 100.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Abs hysteresis for
of UBase, step 1
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode2 1 out of 3 - 1 out of 3 - Operation Mode, 1
U2< 1 - 100 1 50 %UB Voltage setting/start
of UBase, step 2
DT mode, step 2
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 2
k2 0.05 0.01 0.05 - 1.10 - Time multiplier in
IDMT mode, step 2
IntBlkSel2 Off - Off - Internal (low level)
Block of trip blocking mode, step 2
Block all
IntBlkStVal2 1 - 100 1 20 %UB Voltage setting for
of UBase, step 2
tBlkUV2 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of internal
(low level) blocking for
step 2
% of UBase, step 2
HystAbsIntBlk2 0.0 - 100.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Abs hysteresis for
of UBase, step 2

Section 4
IED application
Table 51: Advanced parameter group settings for the PH2PUVM_27 (TUV1-) function
tReset1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.025 s Time delay in DT
reset (s), step 1
ResetTypeCrv1 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - IDMT mode reset type
Frozen timer selector, step 1
Linearly
decreased
tIReset1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.025 s Time delay in IDMT
reset (s), step 1
ACrv1 1.000 0.001 0.005 - 200.000 - Setting A for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
BCrv1 1.00 0.01 0.50 - 100.00 - Setting B for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
CCrv1 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 1.0 - Setting C for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
DCrv1 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 60.000 - Setting D for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
PCrv1 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 3.000 - Setting P for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
CrvSat1 0 - 100 1 0 % Tuning param for
prog. under voltage
IDMT curve, step 1
reset (s), step 2
Linearly
decreased
reset (s), step 2
ACrv2 1.000 0.001 0.005 - 200.000 - Setting A for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
BCrv2 1.00 0.01 0.50 - 100.00 - Setting B for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
CCrv2 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 1.0 - Setting C for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2

Section 4
IED application

DCrv2 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 60.000 - Setting D for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
PCrv2 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 3.000 - Setting P for
programmable under
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
prog. under voltage
IDMT curve, step 2
4.8.2 Two step overvoltage protection (POVM, 59)
Function block name: TOVx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 59
PH2POVM 3U>
4.8.2.1 Application
The two-step overvoltage protection function (TOV) is applicable in all situations,

where reliable detection of high phase voltage is necessary. The TOV function can
also be used for supervision and detection of abnormal conditions, which, in
combination with other protection functions, increase the security of a complete
protection system.
High voltage conditions are caused by abnormal situations in the power system. The
overvoltage protection is applied to power system elements, such as generators,
transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect high voltage conditions. The
overvoltage protection can be used in combination with low current signals, to
identify a transmission line, open in the remote end. The overvoltage protection is
also used to initiate voltage correction measures, like insertion of shunt reactors, to
compensate for low load, and thereby decreasing the voltage. The overvoltage
protection can be used to disconnect, from the network, apparatuses, like electric
motors, which will be damaged when subject to service under high voltage conditions.
TOV deals with high voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be
caused by:
1. Different kinds of faults, where a too high voltage appears in a certain power
system, like metallic connection to a higher voltage level (broken conductor

Section 4
IED application
falling down to a crossing overhead line, transformer flash over fault from the
high voltage winding to the low voltage winding, etc.).
2. Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control
(symmetrical voltage decrease).
3. Low load compared to the reactive power generation (symmetrical voltage
decrease).
4. Earth-faults in high impedance earthed systems causes, beside the high voltage
in the neutral, high voltages in the two non-faulted phases, (unsymmetrical
voltage increase).
Overvoltage protection prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions

that could cause their overheating or stress of insulation material, and thus shorten
their life time expectancy. In many cases, it is a useful function in circuits for local
or remote automation processes in the power system.
The parameters for the two-step overvoltage protection function (TOV) are set via
the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600).
All the voltage conditions in the system where TOV performs its functions should be
considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and time
characteristic.
There is a very wide application area where general overvoltage functions are used.
All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base primary
voltage, which normally is set to the nominal voltage level (phase-phase) of the power
system or the high voltage equipment under consideration.
The time delay for the TOV function can sometimes be critical and related to the size
of the overvoltage - a power system or a high voltage component can withstand
smaller overvoltages for some time, but in case of large overvoltages the related
equipment should be disconnected more rapidly.
Below, some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are
given:
Equipment protection, such as for motors, generators, reactors and

transformers
High voltage will cause overexcitation of the core and deteriorate the winding
insulation. The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage
and well below the highest acceptable voltage for the equipment.
Equipment protection, capacitors

High voltage will deteriorate the dielectricum and the insulation. The setting has to
be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and well below the highest
acceptable voltage for the capacitor.

Section 4
IED application

The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below
the highest acceptable voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.
High impedance earthed systems

In high impedance earthed systems, earth-faults cause a voltage increase in the non-
faulty phases. The overvoltage protection can be used to detect such faults. The setting
has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and well below the lowest
occurring voltage during faults. A metallic single-phase earth-fault causes the non-
faulted phase voltages to increase a factor of √3.
The following settings can be done for the two step overvoltage
protection
Operation: Off/On
UBase: Base voltage phase to phase in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference
for voltage setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary voltage
of the voltage transformer where the current measurement is made. The overvoltage
protection function measures the phase to earth voltages, if the voltage transformer
is connected phase to earth to the analogue voltage inputs. The setting of the analogue
inputs are given as primary phase to phase voltage and secondary phase to phase
voltage. The function will operate if the phase to earth voltage gets lover than the set
percentage of the phase to earth voltage corresponding to the set base voltage
UBase. This means operation for phase to earth voltage over:
U < (%) × UBase( kV )

3 (Equation 137)
can be. Definite time/Inverse Curve A/Inverse Curve B/Inverse Curve C/Prog. inv.
curve. The choice is highly dependent of the protection application.
OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that
should be above the set level to give operation. The setting can be. 1 out of 3/2 out of
3/3 out of 3. In most applications it is sufficient that one phase voltage is high to give
operation. If the function shall be insensitive for single phase to earth faults 1 out of
3 can be chosen, because the voltage will normally rise in the non-faulted phases at
single phase to earth faults.
Un>: Set operate overvoltage operation value for step n, given as % of Ubase. The
setting is highly dependent of the protection application. Here it is essential to
consider the Maximum voltage at non-faulted situations. Normally this voltage is less
than 110% of nominal voltage.
application. In many applications the protection function has the task to prevent

Section 4
IED application
damages to the protected object. The speed might be important for example in case
of protection of transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be co-
ordinated with other automated actions in the system.
value is 25 ms.
For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time characteristic,
can be avoided.

value is 25 ms.

the voltage interval U> up to U>·(1.0 + CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be:
U>·(1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used this parameter must be
calculated so that:
CrvSatn
B× -C > 0
100 (Equation 138)
HystAbsn: Absolute hysteresis set in % of UBase. The setting of this parameter is

highly dependent of the application. If the function is used as control for automatic
switching of reactive compensation devices the hysteresis must be set larger than the
voltage change after switching of the compensation device.

Section 4
IED application
Table 52: Parameter group settings for the PH2POVM_59 (TOV1-) function
On
phase in kV
Inverse curve A charcteristic
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode1 1 out of 3 - 1 out of 3 - Operation mode, 1
U1> 1 - 200 1 120 %UB Voltage setting/start
of UBase, step 1
DT mode, step 1.
reset (s), step 1
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 1
Linearly
decreased
reset (s), step 1
k1 0.05 - 1.10 0.01 0.05 - Time multiplier in
IDMT mode, step 1
ACrv1 0.005 - 200.000 0.001 1.000 - Setting A for
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
BCrv1 0.50 - 100.00 0.01 1.00 - Setting B for
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
CCrv1 0.0 - 1.0 0.1 0.0 - Setting C for
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
DCrv1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 - Setting D for
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
PCrv1 0.000 - 3.000 0.001 1.000 - Setting P for
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1

Section 4
IED application

prog. over voltage
IDMT curve, step 1
% of UBase, step 1
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
OpMode2 1 out of 3 - 1 out of 3 - Operation mode, 1
of UBase, step 2
DT mode, step 2
reset (s), step 2
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 2
Linearly
decreased
reset (s), step 2
IDMT mode, step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2

Section 4
IED application

programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
prog. over voltage
IDMT curve, step 2
% of UBase, step 2
4.8.3 Two step residual overvoltage protection (POVM, 59N)
Function block name: TRVx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 59N
IEC 61850 logical node name: 3U0
R2POVM
4.8.3.1 Application
The two-step residual overvoltage protection function (TRV) is primarily used in high
impedance earthed distribution networks, mainly as a backup for the primary earth-
fault protection of the feeders and the transformer. To increase the security for
different earth-fault related functions, the residual overvoltage signal can be used as
a release signal. The residual voltage can be measured either at the transformer neutral
or from a voltage transformer open delta connection. The residual voltage can also
be calculated internally, based on measurement of the three phase-voltages.
In high impedance earthed systems the system neutral voltage, i.e. the residual
voltage, will increase in case of any fault connected to earth. Depending on the type
of fault and fault resistance the residual voltage will reach different values. The
highest residual voltage, equal to the phase-earth voltage, is achieved for a single
phase-earth fault. The residual voltage will increase approximately the same amount
in the whole system and does not provide any guidance in finding the faulted
component. Therefore TRV is often used as a backup protection or as a release signal
for the feeder earth-fault protection.
The parameters for the two-step residual overvoltage protection function (TRV) are
set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
All the voltage conditions in the system where the TRV performs its functions should
be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and
time characteristic.

Section 4
IED application
There is a very wide application area where general single input or residual
overvoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage
of a settable base voltage, which can be set to the primary nominal voltage (phase-
phase) level of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration.
The time delay for the TRV function are seldom critical, since residual voltage is
related to earth-faults in a high impedance earthed system, and enough time must
normally be give single input for the primary protection to clear the fault. In some
more specific situations, where the single overvoltage protection is used to protect
some specific equipment the time delay can be shorter.
Below, some applications and related setting guidelines for the residual voltage level
are given.
Equipment protection, such as for motors, generators, reactors and

transformers
High residual voltage indicates earth fault in the system, perhaps in the component
to which the residual overvoltage function is connected. After some time delay, to
give the primary protection for the faulted device a chance to trip, the residual voltage
protection has to trip the component. The setting has to be well above the highest
occurring "normal" residual voltage and well below the highest acceptable residual
voltage for the equipment
Equipment protection, capacitors

High voltage will deteriorate the dielectricum and the insulation. The residual
overvoltage protection has to be connected to a neutral or open delta winding. The
setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and well
below the highest acceptable residual voltage for the capacitor.

The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and
below the highest acceptable residual voltage, due to regulation, good practice or
other agreements.
High impedance earthedgrounded systems

In high impedance earthed systems, earth-faults cause a neutral voltage in the feeding
transformer neutral. The residual overvoltage protection can be used to trip the
transformer, as a backup protection for the feeder earth fault protection, and of course
as a backup for the transformer primary earth-fault protection. The setting has to be
well above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage, and well below the lowest
occurring residual voltage during the faults under consideration. A metallic single-
phase earth-fault causes a transformer neutral to reach a voltage equal to the normal
phase-earth voltage.
The voltage transformers measuring the phase to earth voltages will then measure
zero voltage in the faulty phase. The two healthy phases will measure full phase to
phase voltage, as the earth is available on the faulty phase and the neutral has a full
phase to earth voltage. The residual overvoltage will be three time the phase to earth
voltage. See figure "".

Section 4
IED application
Figure 75: Non-effectively earthed systems
Direct earthed systems

In direct earthed systems an earth fault on one phase will mean a voltage collapse in
that phase. The two healthy phases will to earth have normal phase to earth voltages.
The residual sum will have the same value as phase to earth voltage. See figure 76 .

Section 4
IED application
Figure 76: Direct earthed system
The following settings can be done for the two step residual overvoltage
protection
Operation: Off/On
UBase: This voltage is used as reference for the voltage setting. We have different
possibilities to feed the IED for this protection function.
1.The IED is fed from a normal voltage transformer group where the residual voltage
is created from the phase to earth voltages within the protection software. The setting
of the analogue input is given as:
Set UBase = Uph - (ph*√3)
Set UBase = Uph - (ph/3)
2.The IED is fed from a broken delta connection normal voltage transformer group.
In a open delta connection the protection is fed by the voltage 3U0 (single input). The
setting of the analogue input is given as the ratio of the voltage transformer e.g 230/
√3/110 or 20/√3 /(110/3).
3.The IED is fed from a single voltage transformer connected to the neutral point of
a power transformer in the power system. In this connection the protection is fed by
the voltage UN (single input). The setting of the analogue input is given as primary
phase to earth voltage and secondary phase to earth voltage. The protection function
will measure the residual voltage corresponding nominal phase to earth voltage. The
measurement will be based on the neutral voltage displacement.

Section 4
IED application
can be. Definite time/Inverse Curve A/Inverse Curve B/Inverse Curve C/Prog. inv.
curve. The choice is highly dependent of the protection application.
Un>: Set operate overvoltage operation value for step n, given as % of residual
voltage corresponding to UBase:
U > (%)*UBase(kV)
The setting is dependent of the required sensitivity of the protection and the system
earthing. In non-effectively earthed systems the residual voltage can be maximum
the rated phase to earth voltage, which should correspond to 100%.
In effectively earthed systems this value is dependent of the ratio Z0/Z1. The required
setting to detect high resistive earth faults must be based on network calculations.
application. In many applications the protection function has the task to prevent
damages to the protected object. The speed might be important for example in case
of protection of transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be co-
ordinated with other automated actions in the system.
value is 25 ms.
For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time characteristic,
can be avoided.

value is 25 ms.

the voltage interval U> up to U>·(1.0 + CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be:

Section 4
IED application
U>·(1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used this parameter must be

calculated so that:
CrvSatn
B× -C > 0
100 (Equation 139)
HystAbsn: Absolute hysteresis set in % of UBase. The setting of this parameter is

highly dependent of the application.
Table 53: Parameter group settings for the R2POVM_59N (TRV1-) function
On
phase in kV
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
val (DT & IDMT), step
1 in % of UBase
DT mode, step 1.
reset (s), step 1
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 1
Linearly
decreased
reset (s), step 1
IDMT mode, step 1
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1

Section 4
IED application

programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 1
prog. over voltage
IDMT curve, step 1
% of UBase, step 1
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
val (DT & IDMT), step
2 in % of UBase
DT mode, step 2
reset (s), step 2
time in IDMT mode
(s), step 2
Linearly
decreased
reset (s), step 2
IDMT mode, step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2

Section 4
IED application

programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
programmable over
voltage IDMT curve,
step 2
prog. over voltage
IDMT curve, step 2
% of UBase, step 2
4.8.4 Overexcitation protection (PVPH, 24)
Function block name: OEXx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 24
OEXPVPH U/f >
4.8.4.1 Application
When the laminated core of a power transformer is subjected to a magnetic flux

density beyond its design limits, stray flux will flow into non-laminated components
not designed to carry flux and cause eddy currents to flow. The eddy currents can
cause excessive heating and severe damage to insulation and adjacent parts in a
relatively short time.
Overvoltage, or underfrequency, or a combination of both, will result in an excessive

flux density level, which is denominated overfluxing or over-excitation.
The greatest risk for overexcitation exists in a thermal power station when the
generator-transformer block is disconnected from the rest of the network, or in
network “islands”occuring at disturbance where high voltages and/or low frequencies
can occur. Overexcitation can occur during start-up and shut-down of the generator
if the field current is not properly adjusted. Loss-of load or load-shedding can also
result in overexcitation if the voltage control and frequency governor is not
functioning properly. Loss of load or load-shedding at a transformer substation can
result in overexcitation if the voltage control function is insufficient or out of
order.Low frequency in a system isolated from the main network can result in
overexcitation if the voltage regulating system maintains normal voltage.

Section 4
IED application
According to the IEC standards, the power transformers shall be capable of delivering
rated load current continuously at an applied voltage of 105% of rated value (at rated
frequency). For special cases, the purchaser may specify that the transformer shall be
capable of operating continuously at an applied voltage 110% of rated value at no
load, reduced to 105% at rated secondary load current.
According to ANSI/IEEE standards, the transformers shall be capable of delivering

rated load current continuously at an output voltage of 105% of rated value (at rated
frequency) and operate continuously with output voltage equal to 110% of rated value
at no load.
The capability of a transformer (or generator) to withstand overexcitation can be

illustrated in the form of a thermal capability curve, i.e. a diagram which shows the
permissible time as a function of the level of over-excitation. When the transformer
is loaded, the induced voltage and hence the flux density in the core can not be read
off directly from the transformer terminal voltage. Normally, the leakage reactance
of each separate winding is not known and the flux density in the transformer core
can then not be calculated. In two-winding transformers, the low voltage winding is
normally located close to the core and the voltage across this winding reflects the flux
density in the core. However, depending on the design, the flux flowing in the yoke
may be critical for the ability of the transformer to handle excess flux. The OEX
function has currents inputs to allow calculation of the load influence when the
leakage reactance, of the winding where the OEX function is connected, is known.
This gives a more exact measurement of the magnetizing flow. For power
transformers with unidirectional load flow, the voltage to the V/Hz protection
function should therefore be taken from the feeder side.
Heat accumulated in critical parts during a period of overexcitation will be reduced

gradually when the excitation retains the normal value. If a new period of
overexcitation occurs after a short time interval, the heating will start from a higher
level. The overexcitation protection function should therefore have a thermal
memory. In RET670, the cooling time constant is settable within a wide range.
The general experience is that the overexcitation characteristics for a number of power
transformers are not in accordance with standard inverse time curves. In order to make
optimal settings possible, a transformer adapted characteristic is available in RET670.
The operate characteristic of the protection function can be set to correspond quite
well with any characteristic by setting the operate time for six different figures of
overexcitation in the range from 100% to 180% of rated V/Hz.
The V/Hz function can be configured to any single-phase (phase-phase) or three-

phase voltage input and any one or thee-phase current input. It uses the fundamental
frequency component of current and voltages.
When configured to a single phase-to-phase voltage input, a single-phase current is

calculated which has the same phase angle relative the phase-to-phase voltage as the
phase currents have relative the phase voltages in a symmetrical system. The function
should preferable be configured to use a three-phase voltage input if available. It then
uses the positive sequence quantities of voltages and currents.

Section 4
IED application
Analog measurements must not be taken from any winding where

OLTC is located.
Some different connection alternatives are shown in figure 77.
24
U/f>
24 24
U/f> U/f>
en05000208.vsd
Figure 77: Alternative connections of an overexcitation (Volt/Hertz) function
Setting and configuration

The signals are configured by use of the CAP configuration tool and the SignalMatrix
tool forming part of the PCM 600 tool.
The setting parameters for the Overexcitation function are set at the local HMI
(Human Machine Interface) or by use of the PST (Parameter Setting Tool) forming
part of PCM 600 tool installed on a PC connected to the control or protection unit.
Please refer to the Technical reference manual (TRM) for a list of setting parameters.
Recommendations for Input signals

Please see the default factory configuration for examples of configuration!
BLOCK: The input will block the operation of the Overexcitation function. Can be
used e.g. to for a limited time block the operation during special service conditions.
RESET: The function has a thermal memory which can take very long time to reset.
Activation of the reset input will reset the function
Recommendations for Output signals

Please see the default factory configuration for examples of configuration!

Section 4
IED application
ERROR: The output indicates a measuring error. The reason can e.g. be configuration
problems where analogue signals are missing.
START: The start output indicates that the level U/f> has been reached. It can be
used to initiate time measurement.
TRIP: The trip output is activated after the operate time for the U/f level which has
been reached. The output signal is used to trip the circuit breaker.
ALARM: The output is activated when alarm level has been reached and the alarm
timer has elapsed. The output is used to give alarm to operator that the system voltage
is high.
Setting parameters
Operation: The operation of the Overexcitation function can be switched On-Off.
UBase: The Ubase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) voltage on which all
percentage settings are based. The setting is normally the system voltage level.
IBase: The Ibase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) current on which all
percentage settings are based. Normally the power transformer rated current is used
but alternatively the current transformer rated current can be set.
MeasuredU: The phases involved in the measurement are set here. Normally the three
phase measurement measuring the positive sequence voltage should be used but when
only individual VT"s are used a single phase to phase can be used.
V/Hz>: Operating level for the inverse characteristic, IEEE or taylor made. The
operation is based on the relation between rated voltage and rated frequency and set
as a percentage factor. Normal setting is around 108-110% depending of the capability
curve for the transformer.
V/Hz>>: Operating level for the tMin definite time delay used at high overvoltages.
The operation is based on the relation between rated voltage and rated frequency and
set as a percentage factor. Normal setting is around 150-180% depending of the
capability curve for the transformer. Setting should be above the knee-point when the
characteristic starts to be straight on the high side.
XLeak: The transformer leakage reactance on which the compensation of voltage

measurement with load current is based. The setting shall be the transformer leak
reactance in primary ohms. If no current compensation is used (mostly the case) the
setting is not used.
TripPulse: The length of the trip pulse. Normally the final trip pulse is decided by the
trip function block. A typical pulse length can be 50 ms.
CurveType: Selection of the curve type for the inverse delay. The IEEE curves or
taylor made curve can be selected depending of which one matches the capability
curve best.

Section 4
IED application
kforIEEE: The time constant for the inverse characteristic. Select the one giving the
best match to the transformer capability.
tCooling: The cooling time constant giving the reset time when voltages drops below
the set value. Shall be set above the cooling time constant of the transformer. If the
constant is not known set a high value to overprotect.
tMin: The operating times at voltages higher than the set U/f>>. The setting shall
match capabilities on these high voltages. Typical setting can be 1-10 second.
tMax: For overvoltages close to the set value times can be extremely long if a high
K time constant is used. A maximum time can then be set to cut the longest times.
Typical settings are 1800-3600 seconds (30-60 minutes)
AlarmLevel: Setting of the alarm level in percentage of the set trip level. The alarm
level is normally set at around 98% of the trip level.
tAlarm: Setting of the time to alarm is given from when the alarm level has been
reached. Typical setting is 5 seconds.
Service value report

A number of internal parameters are available as service values for use at
commissioning and during service. Remaining time to trip (in seconds) TMTOTRIP,
flux density VPERHZ, internal thermal content in percentage of trip value
THERMSTA. The values are available at Local HMI, Substation SAsystem and PCM
600.
Setting example
Sufficient information about the overexcitation capability of the protected object(s)
must be available when making the settings. The most complete information is given
in an overexcitation capability diagram as shown in figure 78.
The settings V/Hz>> and V/Hz> are made in per unit of the rated voltage of the
transformer winding at rated frequency.
Set the transformer adapted curve for a transformer with overexcitation characteristics
in according to figure 78.
V/Hz> for the protection is set equal to the permissible continuos overexcitation
according to figure 78 = 105%. When the overexcitation is equal to V/Hz>, tripping
is obtained after a time equal to the setting of t1.
This is the case when Ubase is equal to the transformer rated voltages.
For other values, the percentage settings need to be adjusted
accordingly.
When the overexcitation is equal to the set value of V/Hz>>, tripping is obtained after
a time equal to the setting of t6. A suitable setting would be V/Hz>> = 140% and t6
= 4 s.

Section 4
IED application
The interval between V/Hz>> and V/Hz> is automatically divided up in five equal
steps, and the time delays t2 to t5 will be allocated to these values of overexcitation.
In this example, each step will be (140-105) /5 = 7%. The setting of time delays t1 to
t6 ar listed in table 54.
Table 54: Settings

U/f op (%) Timer Time set (s)
105 t1 7200 (max)
112 t2 600
119 t3 60
126 t4 20
133 t5 8
140 t6 4
Information on the cooling time constant Tcool should be retrieved from the power
transformer manufacturer.
V/Hz
%
150
transformer capability curve

relay operate characteristic
140
130
120
110
Continous
100
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 Time
(minutes)
t6 t5 t4 t3 t2 t1
en01000377.vsd
Figure 78: Example on overexcitation capability curve and V/Hz protection

settings for power transformer

Section 4
IED application
Table 55: Parameter group settings for the OEXPVPH (OEX1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base current (rated
phase current)
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base voltage (main
voltage) in kV
MeasuredU Ph-Ph - Ph-Ph - Input voltage
Pos Seq selection (pos. seq/
one phase-to-phase)
V/Hz> 100.0 - 180.0 0.1 110.0 %UB/f Operate level of V/Hz
at no load & rated freq
in % of Ubase
V/Hz>> 100.0 - 200.0 0.1 140.0 %UB/f High level of V/Hz
above which tMin is
used, in % of Ubase
XLeak 0.000 - 200.000 0.001 0.000 ohm Winding reactance in
primary ohms
TrPulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Length of the pulse for
trip signal (in sec)
tMin 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 7.000 s Minimum trip delay for
V/Hz inverse curve, in
sec
tMax 0.00 - 9000.00 0.01 1800.00 s Maximum trip delay
for V/Hz inverse
curve, in sec
tCooling 0.10 - 9000.00 0.01 1200.00 s Transformer
magnetic core cooling
time constant, in sec
CurveType IEEE - IEEE - Inverse time curve
Tailor made selection, IEEE/Tailor
made
kForIEEE 1 - 60 1 1 - Time multiplier for
IEEE inverse type
curve
t1Tailor 0.00 - 9000.00 0.01 7200.00 s Time delay t1
(longest) for tailor
made curve, in sec
t2Tailor 0.00 - 9000.00 0.01 3600.00 s Time delay t2 for tailor
made curve, in sec
made curve, in sec
made curve, in sec
made curve, in sec

Section 4
IED application

t6Tailor 0.00 - 9000.00 0.01 225.00 s Time delay t6
(shortest) for tailor
made curve, in sec
AlarmLevel 50.0 - 120.0 0.1 100.0 % Alarm operate level
as % of the trip level
tAlarm 0.00 - 9000.00 0.01 5.00 s Alarm time delay, in
sec
4.9 Frequency protection
4.9.1 Underfrequency protection (PTUF, 81)
Function block name: TUFx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 81
SAPTUF f<
4.9.1.1 Application
The underfrequency function (TUF) is applicable in all situations, where reliable

detection of low fundamental power system voltage frequency is needed. The power
system frequency, and rate of change of frequency, is a measure of the unbalance
between the actual generation and the load demand. Low fundamental frequency in
a power system indicates that the available generation is too low to fully supply the
power demanded by the load connected to the power grid. The underfrequency
function detects such situations and provides an output signal, suitable for load
shedding, generator boosting, HVDC-set-point change, gas turbine start up, etc.
Sometimes also shunt reactors are automatically switched in due to low frequency,
in order to reduce the power system voltage and hence also reduce the voltage
dependent part of the load. The underfrequency function is very sensitive and accurate
and can also be used to alert operators that frequency has slightly deviated from the
set-point, and that manual actions might be enough. The underfrequency signal is
also used for overexcitation detection. This is especially important for generator step-
up transformers, which might be connected to the generator but disconnected from
the grid, during a roll-out sequence. If the generator is still energized, the system will
experience overexcitation, due to the low frequency.
The parameters for the underfrequency (TUF) function are set via the local HMI or
Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).

Section 4
IED application
All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where the
underfrequency protection performs its functions should be considered. The same
also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic.
There are especially two application areas for underfrequency protection:
1. to protect equipment against damage due to low frequency, such as generators,

transformers, and motors. Overexcitation is also related to low frequency
2. to protect a power system, or a part of a power system, against breakdown, by
shedding load, in generation deficit situations.
The underfrequency start value is set in[Hz. All voltage magnitude related settings
are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally is set to the
nominal primary voltage level (phase-phase) of the power system or the high voltage
equipment under consideration.
The underfrequency function is not instantaneous, since the frequency is related to

movements of the system inertia, but the time and frequency steps between different
actions might be critical, and sometimes a rather short operation time is required, e.g.
down to 70 ms.
Below, some applications and related setting guidelines for the frequency level are
given:

The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well
above the lowest acceptable frequency for the equipment.
Power system protection, by load shedding

The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well
above the lowest acceptable frequency for power stations, or sensitive loads. The
setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/
or in frequency) depends very much on the characteristics of the power system under
consideration. The size of the "largest loss of production" compared to "the size of
the power system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the load shedding can be
set at a fairly high frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In
smaller systems the frequency start level has to be set at a lower value, and the time
delay must be rather short.
The voltage related time delay is used for load shedding. The settings of the
underfrequency function could be the same all over the power system. The load
shedding is then performed firstly in areas with low voltage magnitude, which
normally are the most problematic areas, where the load shedding also is most
efficient.

Section 4
IED application
Table 56: Basic parameter group settings for the SAPTUF_81 (TUF1-) function
On
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base setting for the
phase-phase voltage
in kV.
StartFrequency 35.00 - 75.00 0.01 48.80 Hz Frequency setting/
start value.
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Operate time delay.
TimeDlyRestore 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Restore time delay.
RestoreFreq 45.00 - 65.00 0.01 50.10 Hz Restore frequency
level after operation.
TimerOperation Definite timer - Definite timer - Setting for choosing
Volt based timer timer mode.
UNom 50 - 150 1 100 %UB Nominal voltage in %
of UBase for voltage
based timer.
UMin 50 - 150 1 90 %UB Lower operation limit
in % of UBase for
voltage based timer.
Exponent 1.0 0.1 0.0 - 5.0 - For calculation of the
curve form for voltage
based timer.
tMax 0.010 - 60.000 0.001 1.000 s Maximum time
operation limit for
tMin 0.010 - 60.000 0.001 1.000 s Minimum time
operation limit for
Table 57: Advanced parameter group settings for the SAPTUF_81 (TUF1-) function
IntBlkStVal 0 - 100 1 50 %UB Internal blocking level
in % of UBase.
tReset 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay for reset.
4.9.2 Overfrequency protection (PTOF, 81)
Function block name: TOFx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 81
SAPTOF f>

Section 4
IED application
4.9.2.1 Application
The overfrequency function (TOF) is applicable in all situations, where reliable

detection of high fundamental power system voltage frequency is needed. The power
system frequency, and rate of change of frequency, is a measure of the unbalance
between the actual generation and the load demand. High fundamental frequency in
a power system indicates that the available generation is too large compared to the
power demanded by the load connected to the power grid. The overfrequency function
detects such situations and provides an output signal, suitable for generator shedding,
HVDC-set-point change, etc. The overfrequency function is very sensitive and
accurate and can also be used to alert operators that frequency has slightly deviated
from the set-point, and that manual actions might be enough.
The parameters for the overfrequency (TOF) function are set via the local HMI or
Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where the
overfrequency protection performs its functions should be considered. The same also
applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic.
There are especially two application areas for overfrequency protection:
1. to protect equipment against damage due to high frequency, such as generators,

and motors
shedding generation, in generation surplus situations.
The overfrequency start value is set in Hz. All voltage magnitude related settings are
made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally is set to the nominal
voltage level (phase-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under
consideration.
The overfrequency function is not instantaneous, since the frequency is related to

movements of the system inertia, but the time and frequency steps between different
actions might be critical, and sometimes a rather short operation time is required, e.g.
down to 70 ms.
Below, some applications and related setting guidelines for the frequency level are
given.

The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and well
below the highest acceptable frequency for the equipment.
Power system protection, by generator shedding

The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and well
below the highest acceptable frequency for power stations, or sensitive loads. The

Section 4
IED application
setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/
or in frequency) depend very much on the characteristics of the power system under
consideration. The size of the "largest loss of load" compared to "the size of the power
system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the generator shedding can be set at
a fairly low frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In smaller
systems the frequency start level has to be set at a higher value, and the time delay
must be rather short.
Table 58: Parameter group settings for the SAPTOF_81 (TOF1-) function
On
phase-phase voltage
in kV.
StartFrequency 35.00 - 75.00 0.01 51.20 Hz Frequency setting/
start value.
IntBlkStVall 0 - 100 1 50 %UB Internal blocking level
in % of UBase.
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Operate time delay.
4.9.3 Rate-of-change frequency protection (PFRC, 81)
Function block name: RCFx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 81
SAPFRC df/dt >
<
4.9.3.1 Application
The rate-of-change frequency function (RCF), is applicable in all situations, where

reliable detection of change of the fundamental power system voltage frequency is
needed. The RCF can be used both for increasing frequency and for decreasing
frequency. The RCF provides an output signal, suitable for load shedding or generator
shedding, generator boosting, HVDC-set-point change, gas turbine start up, etc. Very
often the rate-of-change of frequency is used in combination with a low frequency
signal, especially in smaller power systems, where loss of a fairly large generator will
require quick remedial actions to secure the power system integrity. In such situations
load shedding actions are required at a rather high frequency level, but in combination

Section 4
IED application
with a large negative rate-of-change of frequency the underfrequency protection can

be used - at a rather high setting.
The parameters for the rate-of-change of frequency (RCF) function are set via the
local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where the rate-of-
change of frequency protection performs its functions should be considered. The same
also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic.
There are especially two application areas for rate-of-change of frequency protection:
1. to protect equipment against damage due to high or to low frequency, such as

generators, transformers, and motors
shedding load or generation, in situations where load and generation are not in
balance.
The rate-of-change of frequency (RFC) function is normally used together with an

over- or underfrequency function, in small power systems, where a single event can
cause a large imbalance between load and generation. In such situations load or
generation shedding has to take place very quickly, and there might not be enough
time to wait until the frequency signal has reached an abnormal value. Actions are
therefore taken at a frequency level closer to the primary nominal level, if the rate-
of-change of frequency is large (with respect to sign).
The rate-of-change of frequency start value is set in Hz/s. All voltage magnitude
related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally
is set to the primary nominal voltage level (phase-phase) of the power system or the
high voltage equipment under consideration.
The rate-of-change of frequency function is not instantaneous, since the function

needs some time to supply a stable value. It is recommended to have a time delay
long enough to take care of signal noise. However, the time, rate-of-change of
frequency and frequency steps between different actions might be critical, and
sometimes a rather short operation time is required, e.g. down to 70 ms.
Smaller industrial systems might experience rate-of-change of frequency as large as

5 Hz/s, due to a single event. Even large power systems may form small islands with
a large imbalance between load and generation, when severe faults (or combinations
of faults) are cleared - up to 3 Hz/s has been experienced when a small island was
isolated from a large system. For more "normal" severe disturbances in large power
systems, the rate-of-change of frequency is much less, most often just a fraction of
1.0 Hz/s.

Section 4
IED application
Table 59: Parameter group settings for the SAPFRC_81 (RCF1-) function
On
phase-phase voltage
in kV
StartFreqGrad -10.00 - 10.00 0.01 0.50 Hz/s Frequency gradient
start value. Sign
defines direction.
IntBlockLevel 0 - 100 1 50 %UB Internal blocking level
in % of UBase.
tTrip 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Operate time delay in
pos./neg. frequency
gradient mode.
RestoreFreq 45.00 - 65.00 0.01 49.90 Hz Restore frequency if
frequency is above
frequency value (Hz)
tRestore 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Restore time delay.
4.10 Multipurpose protection
4.10.1 General current and voltage protection (GAPC)
Function block name: GFxx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 46, 51, 67, 51N, 67N, 27, 59, 21,
40
I< I>
IEC 61850 logical node name: CVGAPC
U< U>
A breakdown of the insulation between phase conductors or a phase conductor and

earth results in a short-circuit or an earth fault. Such faults can result in large fault
currents and may cause severe damage to the power system primary equipment.
Depending on the magnitude and type of the fault different overcurrent protections,
based on measurement of phase, ground or sequence current components, can be used

Section 4
IED application
to clear these faults. Additionally it is sometimes required that these overcurrent

protections shall be directional and/or voltage controlled/restrained.
The over/under voltage protection is applied on power system elements, such as

generators, transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect abnormal voltage
conditions. Depending on the type of voltage deviation and type of power system
abnormal condition different over/under voltage protections based on measurement
of phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, residual or sequence voltage components can be
used to detect and operate for such incident.
The IED can be provided with multiple function (GF) protection modules. The
function is always connected to three-phase current and three-phase voltage input in
the configuration tool, but it will always measure only one current and one voltage
quantity selected by the end user in the setting tool.
Each general current and voltage protection function module has got four independent
protection elements built into it.
1. Two overcurrent steps with the following built-in features:

• Definite time delay or Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT delay for
both steps
• Second harmonic supervision is available in order to only allow operation
of the overcurrent stage(s) if the content of the second harmonic in the
measured current is lower than pre-set level
• Directional supervision is available in order to only allow operation of the
overcurrent stage(s) if the fault location is in the pre-set direction (i.e.
Forward or Reverse). Its behavior during low-level polarizing voltage is
settable (i.e. Non-Directional / Block / Memory)
• Voltage restrained/controlled feature is available in order to modify the
pick-up level of the overcurrent stage(s) in proportion to the magnitude of
the measured voltage
• Current restrained feature is available in order to only allow operation of
the overcurrent stage(s) if the measured current quantity is bigger than the
set percentage of the current restrain quantity.
2. Two undercurrent steps with the following built-in features:
• Definite time delay for both steps
3. Two overvoltage steps with the following built-in features
both steps
4. Two undervoltage steps with the following built-in features
both steps
All these four protection elements within one general protection function works
independently from each other and they can be individually enabled or disabled.
However it shall be once more noted that all these four protection elements measure

Section 4
IED application
one selected current quantity and one selected voltage quantity (see table 60 and
table 61). It is possible to simultaneously use all four-protection elements and their
individual stages. Sometimes in order to obtain desired application functionality it is
necessary to provide interaction between two or more protection elements/stages
within one GF function by appropriate IED configuration (e.g. dead machine
protection for generators).
Current and voltage selection for GF function

The function is always connected to three-phase current and three-phase voltage input
in the configuration tool, but it will always measure only the single current and the
single voltage quantity selected by the end user in the setting tool (i.e. selected current
quantity and selected voltage quantity).
The user can select, by a setting parameter CurrentInput, to measure one of the
following current quantities shown in table 60.
Table 60: Available selection for current quantity within GF function

Set value for parameter Comment
"CurrentInput”
1 Phase1 GF function will measure the phase L1 current phasor
4 PosSeq GF function will measure internally calculated positive sequence
current phasor
5 NegSeq GF function will measure internally calculated negative
sequence current phasor
6 3ZeroSeq GF function will measure internally calculated zero sequence
current phasor multiplied by factor 3
7 MaxPh GF function will measure current phasor of the phase with
maximum magnitude
8 MinPh GF function will measure current phasor of the phase with
minimum magnitude
9 UnbalancePh GF function will measure magnitude of unbalance current, which
is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference
between the current phasor of the phase with maximum
magnitude and current phasor of the phase with minimum
magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0o all the time
10 Phase1-Phase2 GF function will measure the current phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L1 current phasor
and phase L2 current phasor (i.e. IL1-IL2)

Section 4
IED application

"CurrentInput”
13 MaxPh-Ph GF function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the
maximum magnitude
14 MinPh-Ph GF function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the minimum
magnitude
15 UnbalancePh-Ph GF function will measure magnitude of unbalance current, which
between the ph-ph current phasor with maximum magnitude and
ph-ph current phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will
be set to 0o all the time
The user can select, by a setting parameter VoltageInput, to measure one of the
following voltage quantities shown in table 61.
Table 61: Available selection for voltage quantity within GF function

"VoltageInput"
1 Phase1 GF function will measure the phase L1 voltage phasor
4 PosSeq GF function will measure internally calculated positive sequence
voltage phasor
5 -NegSeq GF function will measure internally calculated negative
sequence voltage phasor. This voltage phasor will be
intentionally rotated for 180o in order to enable easier settings
for the directional feature when used.
6 -3ZeroSeq GF function will measure internally calculated zero sequence
voltage phasor multiplied by factor 3. This voltage phasor will be
intentionally rotated for 180o in order to enable easier settings
for the directional feature when used.
7 MaxPh GF function will measure voltage phasor of the phase with
maximum magnitude
8 MinPh GF function will measure voltage phasor of the phase with
minimum magnitude
9 UnbalancePh GF function will measure magnitude of unbalance voltage, which
between the voltage phasor of the phase with maximum
magnitude and voltage phasor of the phase with minimum
magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0o all the time
10 Phase1-Phase2 GF function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated
as the vector difference between the phase L1 voltage phasor
and phase L2 voltage phasor (i.e. UL1-UL2)

Section 4
IED application

"VoltageInput"
13 MaxPh-Ph GF function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the
maximum magnitude
14 MinPh-Ph GF function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the minimum
magnitude
15 UnbalancePh-Ph GF function will measure magnitude of unbalance voltage, which
between the ph-ph voltage phasor with maximum magnitude and
ph-ph voltage phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will
be set to 0o all the time
It is important to notice that the voltage selection from table 61 is always applicable
regardless the actual external VT connections. The three-phase VT inputs can be
connected to IED as either three phase-to-ground voltages UL1, UL2 & UL3 or three
phase-to-phase voltages UL1L2, UL2L3 & UL3L1. This information about actual VT
connection is entered as a setting parameter for the pre-processing block, which will
then take automatic care about it.
Base quantities for GF function

The parameter settings for the base quantities, which represent the base (i.e. 100%)
for pickup levels of all measuring stages shall be entered as setting parameters for
every GF function.
Base current shall be entered as:
1. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes, when the
measured Current Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 60.
2. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes multiplied by √3
(i.e. 1,732 x Iphase), when the measured Current Quantity is selected from 10 to
15, as shown in table 60.
Base voltage shall be entered as:
1. rated phase-to-ground voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the
measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 61.
2. rated phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the
measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 10 to 15, as shown in table 61.
Application possibilities
Due to its flexibility the GF can be used, with appropriate settings and configuration
in many different applications. Some of possible examples are given below:
1. Transformer and line applications:

• Underimpedance protection (circular, non-directional characteristic) (21)
• Underimpedance protection (circular mho characteristic) (21)
• Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent protection (51C, 51V)
• Phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence (Non-Directional or
Directional) Overcurrent protection (50, 51, 46, 67, 67N, 67Q)

Section 4
IED application
• Phase or phase-to-phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence over/under

voltage protection (27, 59, 47)
• Special thermal overload protection (49)
• Open Phase protection
• Unbalance protection
2. Generator protection
• 80-95% Stator EF protection (measured or calculated 3Uo) (59GN)
• Rotor EF protection (with external COMBIFLEX RXTTE4 injection unit)
(64F)
• Underimpedance protection (21)
• Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent protection (51C, 51V)
• Turn-to-Turn & Differential Backup protection (directional Negative
Sequence. Overcurrent protection connected to generator HV terminal CTs
looking into generator) (67Q)
• Stator Overload protection (49S)
• Rotor Overload protection (49R)
• Loss of Excitation protection (directional pos. seq. OC protection) (40)
• Reverse power/Low forward power protection (directional pos. seq. OC
protection, 2% sensitivity) (32)
• Dead-Machine/Inadvertent-Energizing protection (51/27)
• Breaker head flashover protection
• Improper synchronizing detection
• Sensitive negative sequence generator over current protection and alarm
(46)
• Phase or phase-to-phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence over/under
voltage protection (27x, 59x, 47)
• Generator out-of-step detection (based on directional pos. seq. OC) (78)
The parameters for the general current and voltage protection function (GF) are set
via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600).
Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection

Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection is typically used as sensitive
earth-fault protection of power lines were incorrect zero sequence polarization may
result from mutual induction between two or more parallel lines. Additionally it can
be used in applications on underground cables where zero-sequence impedance
depends on the fault current return paths, but the cable negative-sequence impedance
is practically constant. It shall be noted that directional negative sequence OC element
offers protection against all unbalance faults (i.e. phase-to-phase faults as well). Care
shall be taken that the minimum pickup of such protection function shall be set above
natural system unbalance level.
Example will be given how by using negative sequence directional overcurrent

protection elements within a GF function, sensitive earth fault protection for power
lines can be achieved.

Section 4
IED application
This functionality can be achieved by using one GF function. The following shall be
done in order to ensure proper operation of the function:
1. Connect three-phase power line currents and three-phase power line voltages to
one GF instance (e.g. GF04)
2. Set parameter CurrentInput to NegSeq (please note that function measures I2
current and NOT 3I2 current; this is essential for proper OC pickup level setting)
3. Set parameter VoltageInput to -NegSeq (please note that the negative sequence
voltage phasor is intentionally inverted in order to simplify directionality
4. Set base current value equal to the rated primary current of power line CTs
5. Set base voltage value equal to the rated power line phase-to-phase voltage in
kV
6. Set parameter RCA_DIR to value +65 degrees (i.e. NegSeq current typically lags
the inverted NegSeq voltage for this angle during the fault)
7. Set parameter ROA_DIR to value 90 degree
8. Set parameter LowVolt_VM to value 2% (NegSeq voltage level above which
the directional element will be enabled)
9. Enable one overcurrent stage (e.g. OC1)
10. By parameter CurveType_OC1 select appropriate IDMT or definite time delayed
curve in accordance with your network protection philosophy
11. Set parameter StartCurr_OC1 to value between 3-10% (typical values)
12. Set parameter tDef_OC1 or parameter “k” when IDMT curves are used to insure
proper time coordination with other ground fault protections installed in the
vicinity of this power line
13. Set parameter DirMode_OC1 to Forward
14. Set parameter DirPrinc_OC1 to IcosΦ&U
15. Set parameter ActLowVolt1_VM to Block
• In order to insure proper restraining of this element for CT saturations
during three-phase faults it is possible to use current restraint feature and
enable this element to operate only when NegSeq current is bigger than a
certain percentage (i.e. 10% is typical value) of measured PosSeq current
in the power line. To do this the following settings within the same function
shall be done:
16. Set parameter EnRestrainCurr to On
17. Set parameter RestrCurrInput to PosSeq
18. Set parameter RestrCurrCoeff to value 0,10
If required this function can be used in directional comparison protection scheme for
the power line protection if communication channels to the remote end of this power
line are available. In that case typically two NegSeq overcurrent steps are required.
One for forward and one for reverse direction. As explained before the OC1 stage
can be used to detect faults in forward direction. The built-in OC2 stage can be used
to detect faults in reverse direction.
However the following shall be noted for such application:

Section 4
IED application
• the set values for RCA_Dir and ROA_Dir setting parameters will be as well
applicable for OC2 stage
• setting parameter DirMode_OC2 shall be set to Reverse
• setting parameter StartCurr_OC2 shall be made more sensitive than pickup value
of forward OC1 element (i.e. typically 60% of OC1 set pickup level) in order to
insure proper operation of the directional comparison scheme during current
reversal situations
• start signals from OC1 and OC2 elements shall be used to send forward and
reverse signals to the remote end of the power line
• the available scheme communications function block within REx670 IED shall
be used between multipurpose protection function and the communication
equipment in order to insure proper conditioning of the above two start signals
Furthermore the other build-in UC, OV and UV protection elements can be used for
other protection and alarming purposes.
Negative sequence overcurrent protection

Example will be given how to use one GF function to provide negative sequence
inverse time overcurrent protection for a generator with capability constant of 20s,
and maximum continuous negative sequence rating of 7% of the generator rated
current.
The capability curve for a generator negative sequence overcurrent protection, often
used world-wide, is defined by the ANSI standard in accordance with the following
formula:
k
top = 2
æ I NS ö
ç ÷
è Ir ø (Equation 140)
where:
top is the operating time in seconds of the negative sequence overcurrent relay
k is the generator capability constant in seconds

INS is the measured negative sequence current
Ir is the generator rated current
By defining parameter x equal to maximum continuous negative sequence rating of

the generator in accordance with the following formula
x = 7% = 0, 07 pu (Equation 141)
Equation 140 can be re-written in the following way without changing the value for
the operate time of the negative sequence inverse overcurrent relay:

Section 4
IED application
1
k×
top = x2
2
æ I NS ö
ç ÷
è x × Ir ø (Equation 142)
In order to achieve such protection functionality with one GF functions the following
must be done:
1. Connect three-phase generator currents to one GF instance (e.g. GF01)

2. Set parameter CurrentInput to value NegSeq
3. Set base current value to the rated generator current in primary amperes
4. Enable one overcurrent step (e.g. OC1)
5. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value "Programmable"
æ A ö
top = k × ç P + B÷
è M -C ø (Equation 143)
where:
top is the operating time in seconds of the IDMT algorithm
k is time multiplier (parameter setting)
M is ratio between measured current magnitude and set pickup current level
A, B, C and P are user settable coefficients which determine the curve used for IDMT calculation
When the equation 140 is compared with the equation 142 for the inverse time
characteristic of the OC1 step in it is obvious that if the following rules are followed:
1. set k equal to the generator negative sequence capability value

2. set parameter A_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2
3. set parameters B_OC1 = 0.0, C_OC1=0.0 and P_OC1=2.0
4. set StartCurr_OC1 equal to the value x
then the OC1 step of the GF function can be used for generator negative sequence
inverse overcurrent protection.
For this particular example the following settings shall be entered to insure proper
function operation:
1. select negative sequence current as measuring quantity for this GF function

2. make sure that the base current value for the GF function is equal to the generator
rated current
3. set k_OC1 = 20
4. set A_OC1= 1/0.072 = 204.0816
5. set B_OC1 = 0.0, C_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1 = 2.0
6. set StartCurr_OC1 = 7%

Section 4
IED application
Proper timing of the GF function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary
injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. If required delayed time
reset for OC1 step can be set in order to ensure proper function operation in case of
repetitive unbalance conditions.
Furthermore the other build-in protection elements can be used for other protection
and alarming purposes (e.g. use OC2 for negative sequence overcurrent alarm and
OV1 for negative sequence overvoltage alarm).
Generator stator overload protection in accordance with IEC or ANSI

standards
Example will be given how to use one GF function to provide generator stator
overload protection in accordance with IEC or ANSI standard if minimum-operating
current shall be set to 116% of generator rating.
The generator stator overload protection is defined by IEC or ANSI standard for turbo
generators in accordance with the following formula:
k
top = 2
æ Im ö
ç ÷ -1
è Ir ø (Equation 144)
where:
top is the operating time of the generator stator overload relay
k is the generator capability constant in accordance with the relevant standard (k = 37.5 for the
IEC standard or k = 41.4 for the ANSI standard)
Im is the magnitude of the measured current
Ir is the generator rated current
This formula is applicable only when measured current (e.g. positive sequence
current) exceeds a pre-set value (typically in the range from 105 to 125% of the
generator rated current).
By defining parameter x equal to the per unit value for the desired pickup for the
overload relay in accordance with the following formula:
x = 116% = 1,16 pu (Equation 145)
formula 3.5can be re-written in the following way without changing the value for the
operate time of the generator stator overload relay:

Section 4
IED application
1
k×
top = x2
2
æ Im ö 1
ç ÷ - 2
è x × Ir ø x (Equation 146)
In order to achieve such protection functionality with one GF functions the following
must be done:
1. Connect three-phase generator currents to one GF instance (e.g. GF01)

2. Set parameter CurrentInput to value "PosSeq"
3. Set base current value to the rated generator current in primary amperes
5. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value "Programmable"
æ A ö
top = k × ç P + B÷
è M -C ø (Equation 147)
where:
top is the operating time in seconds of the IDMT algorithm
k is time multiplier (parameter setting)

M is ratio between measured current magnitude and set pickup current level
A, B, C and P are user settable coefficients which determine the curve used for IDMT calculation
When the equation 146 is compared with the equation 147 for the inverse time
characteristic of the OC1 step in it is obvious that if the following rules are followed:
1. set k equal to the IEC or ANSI standard generator capability value

2. set parameter A_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2
3. set parameter C_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2
4. set parameters B_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1=2.0
5. set StartCurr_OC1 equal to the value x
then the OC1 step of the GF function can be used for generator negative sequence
inverse overcurrent protection.
1. select positive sequence current as measuring quantity for this GF function

2. make sure that the base current value for the GF function is equal to the generator
rated current
3. set k = 37.5 for the IEC standard or k = 41.4 for the ANSI standard
4. set A_OC1= 1/1.162 = 0.7432
5. set C_OC1= 1/1.162 = 0.7432
6. set B_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1 = 2.0
7. set StartCurr_OC1 = 116%

Section 4
IED application
Proper timing of the GF function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary
injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. If required delayed time
reset for OC1 step can be set in order to insure proper function operation in case of
repetitive overload conditions.
and alarming purposes.
In the similar way rotor overload protection in accordance with ANSI standard can
be achieved.
Open phase protection for transformer, lines or generators and circuit

breaker head flashover protection for generators
Example will be given how to use one GF function to provide open phase protection.
This can be achieved by using one GF function by comparing the unbalance current
with a pre-set level. In order to make such a function more secure it is possible to
restrain it by requiring that at the same time the measured unbalance current must be
bigger than 97% of the maximum phase current. By doing this it will be insured that
function can only pickup if one of the phases is open circuited. Such an arrangement
is easy to obtain in the GF function by enabling the current restraint feature. The
following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the function:
1. Connect three-phase currents from the protected object to one GF instance (e.g.
GF03)
2. Set parameter CurrentInput to value "UnbalancePh"
3. Set parameter EnRestrainCurr to "On"
4. Set parameter RestrCurrInput to "MaxPh"
5. Set parameter RestrCurrCoeff to value 0.97
6. Set base current value to the rated current of the protected object in primary
amperes
8. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value "IEC Def. Time"
9. Set parameter StartCurr_OC1 to value 5%
10. Set parameter tDef_OC1 to desired time delay (e.g. 2.0s)
Proper operation of the GF function made in this way can easily be verified by
secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. However it
shall be noted that set values for restrain current and its coefficient will as well be
applicable for OC2 step as soon as it is enabled.
and alarming purposes. For example in case of generator application by enabling OC2
step with set pickup to 200% and time delay to 0,1s simple but effective protection
against circuit breaker head flashover protection is achieved.

Section 4
IED application
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up

transformer
Example will be given how to use one GF function to provide voltage restrained
overcurrent protection for a generator. Let us assume that the time coordination study
gives the following required settings:
• IDMT curve: ANSI very inverse

• Pickup current of 185% of generator rated current at rated generator voltage
• Pickup current 25% of the original pickup current value for generator voltages
below 25% of rated voltage
done in order to insure proper operation of the function:
1. Connect three-phase generator currents and voltages to one GF instance (e.g.

GF05)
2. Set parameter "CurrentInput" to value "MaxPh"
3. Set parameter "VoltageInput" to value "MinPh-Ph" (i.e. it is assumed that
minimum phase-to-phase voltage shall be used for restraining. Alternatively
positive sequence voltage can be used for restraining by selecting "PosSeq" for
this setting parameter)
4. Set base current value to the rated generator current primary amperes
5. Set base voltage value to the rated generator phase-to-phase voltage in kV
7. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value "ANSI Very Inverse"
8. If required set minimum operating time for this curve by using parameter
tMin_OC1 (default value 0,05s)
10. Set parameter VCntrlMode_OC1 to "On"
11. Set parameter VDepMode_OC1 to "Slope"
12. Set parameter VDepFact_OC1 to value 0,25
13. Set parameter UHighLimit_OC1 to value 100%
14. Set parameter ULowLimit_OC1 to value 25%
secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. Furthermore
the other build-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming
purposes.
Loss of excitation protection for a generator

Example will be given how by using directional positive sequence directional
overcurrent protection element within a GF function, loss of excitation protection for
a generator can be achieved. Let us assume that from rated generator data the
following values are calculated:

Section 4
IED application
• Maximum generator capability to contentiously absorb reactive power at zero

active loading 38% of the generator MVA rating
• Generator pull-out angle 84 degrees
done in order to insure proper operation of the function:
1. Connect three-phase generator currents from the star point and three-phase
generator voltages to one GF instance (e.g. GF02)
2. Set parameter CurrentInput to "PosSeq"
3. Set parameter VoltageInput to "PosSeq"
4. Set base current value to the rated generator current primary amperes
5. Set base voltage value to the rated generator phase-to-phase voltage in kV
6. Set parameter RCA_DIR to value -84 degree (i.e. current lead voltage for this
angle)
7. Set parameter ROA_DIR to value 90 degree
8. Set parameter LowVolt_VM to value 5%
10. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value "IEC Def. Time"
12. Set parameter tDef_OC1 to value 2,0s (typical setting)
13. Set parameter DirMode_OC1 to "Forward"
14. Set parameter DirPrinc_OC1 to "IcosF&U"
15. Set parameter ActLowVolt1_VM to "Block"
secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. However it
shall be noted that set values for RCA & ROA angles will be applicable for OC2 step
if directional feature is enabled for this step as well. Figure 79 shows overall
protection characteristic
and alarming purposes.

Section 4
IED application
Q [pu]
Operating region
A
0.8
ILowSet
0.6 B
IPS
0.4
rca
0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 P [pu]
-rca
UPS
-0.2
C
-0.4 ILowSet
D
-0.6 Operating Region
-0.8
en05000535.vsd
Figure 79: Loss of excitation
Table 62: Basic parameter group settings for the CVGAPC (GF01-) function
On
CurrentInput phase1 - MaxPh - Select current signal
phase2 which will be
phase3 measured inside
PosSeq function
NegSeq
3*ZeroSeq
MaxPh
MinPh
UnbalancePh
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
MaxPh-Ph
MinPh-Ph
UnbalancePh-Ph
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base Current

Section 4
IED application

VoltageInput phase1 - MaxPh - Select voltage signal
phase2 which will be
phase3 measured inside
PosSeq function
-NegSeq
-3*ZeroSeq
MaxPh
MinPh
UnbalancePh
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
MaxPh-Ph
MinPh-Ph
UnbalancePh-Ph
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base Voltage
OperHarmRestr Off - Off - Operation of 2nd
On harmonic restrain Off /
On
l_2nd/l_fund 10.0 - 50.0 1.0 20.0 % Ratio of second to
fundamental current
harmonic in %
BlkLevel2nd 10 - 5000 1 5000 %IB Harm analyse
disabled above this
Ibase
EnRestrainCurr Off - Off - Enable current
On restrain function On /
Off
RestrCurrInput PosSeq - PosSeq - Select current signal
NegSeq which will be used for
3*ZeroSeq curr restrain
Max
RestrCurrCoeff 0.00 0.01 0.00 - 5.00 - Restraining current
coefficient
RCADir -180 - 180 1 -75 Deg Relay Characteristic
Angle
ROADir 1 - 90 1 75 Deg Relay Operate Angle
LowVolt_VM 0.0 - 5.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Below this level in %
of Ubase setting
ActLowVolt takes
over
Operation_OC1 Off - Off - Operation OC1 Off /
On On
StartCurr_OC1 2.0 - 5000.0 1.0 120.0 %IB Operate current level
for OC1 in % of Ibase

Section 4
IED application

CurveType_OC1 ANSI Ext. inv. - ANSI Def. Time - Selection of time
ANSI Norm. inv. OC1
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Programmable
RI type
RD type
tDef_OC1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.50 s Independent
of OC1
k_OC1 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for OC1
tMin_OC1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
time for IEC IDMT
curves for OC1
VCntrlMode_OC1 Voltage control - Off - Control mode for
Input control voltage controlled
Volt/Input control OC1 function
Off
VDepMode_OC1 Step - Step - Voltage dependent
Slope mode OC1 (step,
slope)
VDepFact_OC1 1.00 0.01 0.02 - 5.00 - Multiplying factor for I
pickup when OC1 is U
dependent
ULowLimit_OC1 1.0 - 200.0 0.1 50.0 %UB Voltage low limit
setting OC1 in % of
Ubase
UHighLimit_OC1 1.0 - 200.0 0.1 100.0 %UB Voltage high limit
setting OC1 in % of
Ubase
HarmRestr_OC1 Off - Off - Enable block of OC1
On by 2nd harmonic
restrain
DirMode_OC1 Non-directional - Non-directional - Directional mode of
Forward OC1 (nondir,
Reverse forward,reverse)
DirPrinc_OC1 I&U - I&U - Measuring on IandU
IcosPhi&U or IcosPhiandU for
OC1
ActLowVolt1_VM Non-directional - Non-directional - Low voltage level
Block action for Dir_OC1
Memory (Nodir, Blk, Mem)

Section 4
IED application

Operation_OC2 Off - Off - Operation OC2 Off /
On On
StartCurr_OC2 2.0 - 5000.0 1.0 120.0 %IB Operate current level
for OC2 in % of Ibase
CurveType_OC2 ANSI Ext. inv. - ANSI Def. Time - Selection of time
ANSI Norm. inv. OC2
ANSI Mod. inv.
ANSI Def. Time
L.T.E. inv.
L.T.V. inv.
L.T. inv.
IEC Norm. inv.
IEC Very inv.
IEC inv.
IEC Ext. inv.
IEC S.T. inv.
IEC L.T. inv.
IEC Def. Time
Programmable
RI type
RD type
tDef_OC2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.50 s Independent
of OC2
k_OC2 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for OC2
tMin_OC2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
time for IEC IDMT
curves for OC2
VCntrlMode_OC2 Voltage control - Off - Control mode for
Input control voltage controlled
Volt/Input control OC2 function
Off
VDepMode_OC2 Step - Step - Voltage dependent
Slope mode OC2 (step,
slope)
VDepFact_OC2 1.00 0.01 0.02 - 5.00 - Multiplying factor for I
pickup when OC2 is U
dependent
ULowLimit_OC2 1.0 - 200.0 0.1 50.0 %UB Voltage low limit
setting OC2 in % of
Ubase
UHighLimit_OC2 1.0 - 200.0 0.1 100.0 %UB Voltage high limit
setting OC2 in % of
Ubase
HarmRestr_OC2 Off - Off - Enable block of OC2
On by 2nd harmonic
restrain
DirMode_OC2 Non-directional - Non-directional - Directional mode of
Forward OC2 (nondir,
Reverse forward,reverse)
DirPrinc_OC2 I&U - I&U - Measuring on IandU
IcosPhi&U or IcosPhiandU for
OC2

Section 4
IED application

ActLowVolt2_VM Non-directional - Non-directional - Low voltage level
Block action for Dir_OC2
Memory (Nodir, Blk, Mem)
Operation_UC1 Off - Off - Operation UC1 Off /
On On
EnBlkLowI_UC1 Off - Off - Enable internal low
On current level blocking
for UC1
BlkLowCurr_UC1 0 - 150 1 20 %IB Internal low current
blocking level for UC1
in % of Ibase
StartCurr_UC1 2.0 - 150.0 1.0 70.0 %IB Operate undercurrent
level for UC1 in % of
Ibase
tDef_UC1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.50 s Independent
of UC1
tResetDef_UC1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay used
curve UC1
HarmRestr_UC1 Off - Off - Enable block of UC1
On by 2nd harmonic
restrain
Operation_UC2 Off - Off - Operation UC2 Off /
On On
EnBlkLowI_UC2 Off - Off - Enable internal low
On current level blocking
for UC2
BlkLowCurr_UC2 0 - 150 1 20 %IB Internal low current
blocking level for UC2
in % of Ibase
StartCurr_UC2 2.0 - 150.0 1.0 70.0 %IB Operate undercurrent
level for UC2 in % of
Ibase
tDef_UC2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.50 s Independent
of UC2
HarmRestr_UC2 Off - Off - Enable block of UC2
On by 2nd harmonic
restrain
Operation_OV1 Off - Off - Operation OV1 Off /
On On
StartVolt_OV1 2.0 - 200.0 0.1 150.0 %UB Operate voltage level
for OV1 in % of Ubase
CurveType_OV1 Definite time - Definite time - Selection of time
Inverse curve A delay curve type for
Inverse curve B OV1
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
tDef_OV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 1.00 s Operate time delay in
sec for definite time
use of OV1

Section 4
IED application

tMin_OV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
time for IDMT curves
for OV1
k_OV1 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for OV1
Operation_OV2 Off - Off - Operation OV2 Off /
On On
StartVolt_OV2 2.0 - 200.0 0.1 150.0 %UB Operate voltage level
for OV2 in % of Ubase
CurveType_OV2 Definite time - Definite time - Selection of time
Inverse curve B OV2
Inverse curve C
Prog. inv. curve
tDef_OV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 1.00 s Operate time delay in
use of OV2
tMin_OV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
for OV2
k_OV2 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for OV2
Operation_UV1 Off - Off - Operation UV1 Off /
On On
StartVolt_UV1 2.0 - 150.0 0.1 50.0 %UB Operate undervoltage
level for UV1 in % of
Ubase
CurveType_UV1 Definite time - Definite time - Selection of time
Inverse curve B UV1
Prog. inv. curve
tDef_UV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 1.00 s Operate time delay in
use of UV1
tMin_UV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
for UV1
k_UV1 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for UV1
EnBlkLowV_UV1 Off - On - Enable internal low
On voltage level blocking
for UV1
BlkLowVolt_UV1 0.0 - 5.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Internal low voltage
blocking level for UV1
in % of Ubase
Operation_UV2 Off - Off - Operation UV2 Off /
On On
StartVolt_UV2 2.0 - 150.0 0.1 50.0 %UB Operate undervoltage
level for UV2 in % of
Ubase

Section 4
IED application

CurveType_UV2 Definite time - Definite time - Selection of time
Inverse curve B UV2
Prog. inv. curve
tDef_UV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 1.00 s Operate time delay in
use of UV2
tMin_UV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.05 s Minimum operate
for UV2
k_UV2 0.30 0.01 0.05 - 999.00 - Time multiplier for the
for UV2
EnBlkLowV_UV2 Off - On - Enable internal low
On voltage level blocking
for UV2
BlkLowVolt_UV2 0.0 - 5.0 0.1 0.5 %UB Internal low voltage
blocking level for UV2
in % of Ubase
Table 63: Advanced parameter group settings for the CVGAPC (GF01-) function
CurrMult_OC1 2.0 0.1 1.0 - 10.0 - Multiplier for scaling
the current setting
value for OC1
ResCrvType_OC1 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
IEC Reset curve type for OC1
ANSI reset
tResetDef_OC1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay used
curve OC1
P_OC1 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
A_OC1 0.140 0.001 0.000 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
B_OC1 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
C_OC1 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
PR_OC1 0.500 0.001 0.005 - 3.000 - Parameter PR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1

Section 4
IED application

TR_OC1 13.500 0.001 0.005 - 600.000 - Parameter TR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
CR_OC1 1.0 0.1 0.1 - 10.0 - Parameter CR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC1
CurrMult_OC2 2.0 0.1 1.0 - 10.0 - Multiplier for scaling
the current setting
value for OC2
ResCrvType_OC2 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
IEC Reset curve type for OC2
ANSI reset
tResetDef_OC2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay used
curve OC2
P_OC2 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
A_OC2 0.140 0.001 0.000 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
B_OC2 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
C_OC2 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
PR_OC2 0.500 0.001 0.005 - 3.000 - Parameter PR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
TR_OC2 13.500 0.001 0.005 - 600.000 - Parameter TR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
CR_OC2 1.0 0.1 0.1 - 10.0 - Parameter CR for
customer
programmable curve
for OC2
tResetDef_UC2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay used
curve UC2
ResCrvType_OV1 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
Frozen timer curve type for OV1
Linearly
decreased
tResetDef_OV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
use of OV1

Section 4
IED application

tResetIDMT_OV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
sec for IDMT curves
for OV1
A_OV1 0.140 0.001 0.005 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for OV1
B_OV1 1.000 0.001 0.500 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for OV1
C_OV1 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for OV1
D_OV1 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 10.000 - Parameter D for
customer
programmable curve
for OV1
P_OV1 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for OV1
ResCrvType_OV2 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
Frozen timer curve type for OV2
Linearly
decreased
tResetDef_OV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
use of OV2
tResetIDMT_OV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
sec for IDMT curves
for OV2
A_OV2 0.140 0.001 0.005 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for OV2
B_OV2 1.000 0.001 0.500 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for OV2
C_OV2 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for OV2
D_OV2 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 10.000 - Parameter D for
customer
programmable curve
for OV2
P_OV2 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for OV2

Section 4
IED application

ResCrvType_UV1 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
Frozen timer curve type for UV1
Linearly
decreased
tResetDef_UV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
use of UV1
tResetIDMT_UV1 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
sec for IDMT curves
for UV1
A_UV1 0.140 0.001 0.005 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for UV1
B_UV1 1.000 0.001 0.500 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for UV1
C_UV1 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for UV1
D_UV1 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 10.000 - Parameter D for
customer
programmable curve
for UV1
P_UV1 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for UV1
ResCrvType_UV2 Instantaneous - Instantaneous - Selection of reset
Frozen timer curve type for UV2
Linearly
decreased
tResetDef_UV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
use of UV2
tResetIDMT_UV2 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 0.00 s Reset time delay in
sec for IDMT curves
for UV2
A_UV2 0.140 0.001 0.005 - 999.000 - Parameter A for
customer
programmable curve
for UV2
B_UV2 1.000 0.001 0.500 - 99.000 - Parameter B for
customer
programmable curve
for UV2

Section 4
IED application

C_UV2 1.000 0.001 0.000 - 1.000 - Parameter C for
customer
programmable curve
for UV2
D_UV2 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 10.000 - Parameter D for
customer
programmable curve
for UV2
P_UV2 0.020 0.001 0.001 - 10.000 - Parameter P for
customer
programmable curve
for UV2
4.11 Secondary system supervision
4.11.1 Current circuit supervision (RDIF)
Function block name: CCSx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
IEC 61850 logical node name: CCSRDIF
Open or short circuited current transformer cores can cause unwanted operation of
many protection functions such as differential, earth fault current and negative
sequence current functions. When currents from two independent 3-phase sets of
CT’s, or CT cores, measuring the same primary currents are available, reliable current
circuit supervision can be arranged by comparing the currents from the two sets. If
an error in any CT circuit is detected, the protection functions concerned can be
blocked and an alarm given.
In case of large currents, unequal transient saturation of CT cores with different

remanence or different saturation factor may result in differences in the secondary
currents from the two CT sets. Unwanted blocking of protection functions during the
transient stage must then be avoided.
The supervision function must be sensitive and have short operate time in order to
prevent unwanted tripping from fast-acting, sensitive numerical protections in case
of faulty CT secondary circuits.
Open CT circuits creates extremely high voltages in the circuits which

may damage the insulation and cause new problems.
The application shall thus be done with this in consideration, specially
if protection functions are blocked.

Section 4
IED application
The CCS function compares the residual current from a three phase set of current
transformer cores with the neutral point current on a separate input taken from another
set of cores on the same current transformer.
The minimum operate current, IMinOp, should as a minimum be set to twice the
residual current in the supervised CT circuits under normal service conditions and
rated primary current.
The parameter Ip>Block is normally set at 150% in order to block the function during
transient conditions.
The FAIL output is connected in the CAP configuration to the blocking input of the
protection function to be blocked at faulty CT secondary circuits.
Table 64: Parameter group settings for the CCSRDIF (CCS1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A IBase value for
current level
detectors
Ip>Block 5 - 500 1 150 %IB Block of the function
at high phase current,
in % of IBase
IMinOp 5 - 200 1 20 %IB Minimum operate
current differential
level in % of IBase
4.11.2 Fuse failure supervision (RFUF)
Function block name: FSDx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
IEC 61850 logical node name: SDDRFUF
Different protection functions within the protection IED, operates on the basis of the
measured voltage in the relay point. Examples are:
• distance protection function

• under/over-voltage function
• synchrocheck function and voltage check for the weak infeed logic.

Section 4
IED application
These functions can operate unnecessarily if a fault occurs in the secondary circuits
between the voltage instrument transformers and the IED.
It is possible to use different measures to prevent such unwanted operations. Miniature

circuit breakers in the voltage measuring circuits, located as close as possible to the
voltage instrument transformers, are one of them. Separate fuse-failure monitoring
relays or elements within the protection and monitoring devices are another
possibilities. These solutions are combined to get the best possible effect in the fuse
failure supervision function (FSD).
The fuse-failure supervision function as built into the IED670 products can operate
on the basis of external binary signals from the miniature circuit breaker or from the
line disconnector. The first case influences the operation of all voltage-dependent
functions while the second one does not affect the impedance measuring functions.
The negative sequence detection algorithm, based on the negative-sequence

measuring quantities, a high value of voltage 3 U2 without the presence of the
negative-sequence current 3 I2, is recommended for use in isolated or high-impedance
earthed networks.
The zero sequence detection algorithm, based on the zero sequence measuring
quantities, a high value of voltage 3 U0 without the presence of the residual current
3 I0, is recommended for use in directly or low impedance earthed networks. A
criterion based on delta current and delta voltage measurements can be added to the
fuse failure supervision function in order to detect a three phase fuse failure, which
in practice is more associated with voltage transformer switching during station
operations. In cases where the line can have a weak-infeed of zero sequence current
this function shall be avoided.
A separate operation mode selector OpMode has been introduced for better adaptation
to system requirements. The mode selector makes it possible to select interactions
between the negative sequence and zero sequence algorithm. In normal applications
the OpMode is set to either UNsINs for selecting negative sequence algorithm or
UZsIZs for zero sequence based algorithm. If system studies or field experiences
shows that there is a risk that the fuse failure function will not be activated due to the
system conditions, the dependability of the fuse failure function can be increased if
the OpMode is set to UZsIZs OR UNsINs or OptimZsNs. In mode UZsIZs OR
UNsINs both the negative and zero sequence based algorithm is activated and working
in an OR-condition. Also in mode OptimZsNs both the negative and zero sequence
algorithm are activated and the one that has the highest magnitude of measured
negative sequence current will operate.
If there is an requirement to increase the security of the fuse failure function

OpMode can be selected to UZsIZs AND UNsINs which gives that both negative and
zero sequence algorithm is activated working in an AND-condition, i.e. both
algorithm must give condition for block in order to activate the output signals BLKU
or BLKZ.

Section 4
IED application
General
The negative and zero sequence voltages and currents always exist due to different
non-symmetries in the primary system and differences in the current and voltage
instrument transformers. The minimum value for the operation of the current and
voltage measuring elements must always be set with a safety margin of 10 to 20%,
depending on the system operating conditions.
Pay special attention to the dissymmetry of the measuring quantities when the
function is used on longer untransposed lines, on multicircuit lines and so on.
Setting of common parameters

The settings of negative sequence, zero sequence and delta algorithm are in percent
of the base voltage and base current for the function, UBase and IBase respectively.
Set UBase to the primary rated voltage of the potential voltage transformer winding
and IBase to the primary rated current of the current transformer winding.
The voltage threshold UPh> is used to identify low voltage condition in the system.
Set UPh> below the minimum operating voltage that might occur during emergency
conditions. We propose a setting of approximately 70% of UBase.
Negative sequence based

The setting of 3U2> should not be set lower than according to equation 148.
ΔU2
3U2 > = ×100
UBase (Equation 148)
where:
DU2 is maximal negative sequence voltage during normal operation condition
UBase is setting of base voltage for the function
The setting of the current limit 3I2> is done in percentage of IBase. The setting of
3I2> must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might exist in the system.
The setting can be calculated according to equation 149.
DI2
3I2 > = ×100
where:
DI2 is maximal negative sequence current during normal operating condition
IBase is setting of base current for the function

Section 4
IED application
Zero sequence based

The relay setting value 3U0> is given in percentage of the base voltage UBase, where
UBase is the primary base voltage, normally the rated voltage of the primary potential
voltage transformer winding. The setting of 3U0> should not be set lower than
according to equation 150.
100
3U0 > = ΔU0 ×
where:
DU0 is maximal zero sequence voltage during normal operation condition
UBase is setting of base voltage for the function
The setting of the current limit 3I0> is done in percentage of IBase, where IBase is
the primary base current, normally the rated current of the primary current transformer
winding. The setting of 3I2> must be higher than the normal unbalance current that
might exist in the system. The setting can be calculated according to equation 151.
DI0
3I0 > = s × ×100
where:
DI0 is maximal negative sequence current during normal operating condition
IBase is setting of base current for the function
du/dt and di/dt

The setting of du/dt is done in percentage of UBase, where UBase is the primary base
voltage, normally the rated voltage of the primary potential voltage transformer
winding. The setting of DU> should be set high (approximately 60% of UBase) to
avoid unwanted operation and the current threshold dI/dt low (approximately 10% of
IBase) but higher than the setting of IMinOp (the minimum operate current of the
IED). It shall always be used together with either the negative or zero sequence
algorithm. If USetprim is the primary voltage for operation of dU/dt and ISetprim the
primary current for operation of dI/dt, the setting of DU> and DI> will be given
according to equation 152 and equation 153.
USetprim
DU > = × 100
ISetprim
DI > = ×100

Section 4
IED application
Set the operation mode selector OperationDUDI to On if the delta function shall be
in operation.
The current threshold IPh> shall be set lower than the IMinOp for the distance
protection function. A 5-10% lower value is recommended.
Dead line detection

The condition for operation of the dead line detection is set by the parameters
IDLD< for the current threshold and UDLD< for the voltage threshold.
Set the IDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected load current.
A safety margin of at least 15-20% is recommended. The operate value must however
exceed the maximum charging current of an overhead line, when only one phase is
disconnected (mutual coupling to the other phases).
Set the UDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected operating
voltage. A safety margin of at least 15% is recommended.
Table 65: Parameter group settings for the SDDRFUF (FSD1-) function
On
IBase 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Base value for current
settings in A
UBase 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Base value for voltage
settings in kV
OpMode Off - UZsIZs - Operating mode
UNsINs selection
UZsIZs
UZsIZs OR
UNsINs
UZsIZs AND
UNsINs
OptimZsNs
3U0> 1 - 100 1 30 %UB Operate level of
residual overvoltage
element in % of
UBase
3I0< 1 - 100 1 10 %IB Operate level of
residual undercurrent
element in % of IBase
3U2> 1 - 100 1 30 %UB Operate level of neg
seq overvoltage
element in % of
UBase
3I2< 1 - 100 1 10 %IB Operate level of neg
seq undercurrent
element in % of IBase
OperationDUDI Off - Off - Operation of change
On based function Off/On

Section 4
IED application

DU> 1 - 100 1 60 %UB Operate level of
change in phase
voltage in % of UBase
DI< 1 - 100 1 15 %IB Operate level of
change in phase
UPh> 1 - 100 1 70 %UB Operate level of
phase voltage in % of
UBase
IPh> 1 - 100 1 10 %IB Operate level of
phase current in % of
IBase
SealIn Off - On - Seal in functionality
On Off/On
USealln< 1 - 100 1 70 %UB Operate level of seal-
in phase voltage in %
of UBase
IDLD< 1 - 100 1 5 %IB Operate level for open
phase current
detection in % of
IBase
UDLD< 1 - 100 1 60 %UB Operate level for open
phase voltage
detection in % of
UBase
4.12 Control
4.12.1 Synchrocheck and energizing check (RSYN, 25)
Function block name: SYNx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 25
SECRSYN
sc/vc
Synchrocheck
The main purpose of the synchrocheck function is to provide control over the closing
of circuit breakers in power networks in order to prevent closing if conditions for
synchronism are not detected. It is also used to prevent the re-connection of two
systems, which are divided after islanding and after a three pole reclosing.

Section 4
IED application
Single pole auto-reclosing does not require any synchrochecks since

the system is tied together by two phases.
The synchrocheck function block includes both the sychronism check function and
the energizing function to allow closing when one side of the breaker is dead. The
synchrocheck function also includes a built in voltage selection scheme which allows
simple application in all types of busbar arrangements.
~ ~
en04000179.vsd
Figure 80: Two interconnected power systems
Figure 80 shows two interconnected power systems. The cloud means that the
interconnection can be further away, i.e. a weak connection through other stations.
The need for a synchronization check increases as the meshed system decreases since
the risk of the two networks being out of synchronization at manual or automatic
closing is greater.
The synchrocheck function measures the conditions across the circuit breaker and
compares them to set limits. Output is only generated when all measured conditions
are within their set limits simultaneously. The check consists of:
• Live line and live bus.

• Voltage level difference.
• Frequency difference (slip). The bus and line frequency must also be within a
range of ±5 Hz from rated frequency.
• Phase angle difference.
A time delay is available to ensure that the conditions are fulfilled for a minimum
period of time.
In very stable power systems the frequency difference is insignificant or zero for
manually initiated closing or closing by automatic restoration. In steady conditions a
bigger phase angle difference can be allowed as this is sometimes the case in a long
and loaded parallel power line. For this application we accept a synchrocheck with a
long operation time and high sensitivity regarding the frequency difference (3 mHz)
and a relatively low phase angle difference setting.
Another example, is when the operation of the power net is disturbed and high-speed
auto-reclosing after fault clearance takes place. This can cause a power swing in the
net and the phase angle difference may begin to oscillate. Generally, the frequency
difference is the time derivative of the phase angle difference and will, typically
oscillate between positive and negative values. When the circuit breaker needs to be

Section 4
IED application
closed by auto-reclosing after fault-clearance some frequency difference should be

tolerated, to a greater extent than in the steady condition mentioned in the case above.
But if a big phase angle difference is allowed at the same time, there is some risk that
auto-reclosing will take place when the phase angle difference is big and increasing.
In this case it should be safer to close when the phase angle difference is smaller.
To fulfill the above requirements the synchrocheck function is provided with

duplicate settings, one for steady conditions and one for operation under disturbed
conditions.
SynchroCheck Bus voltage

voltageHighLimitBus > 50 - 120 % of Ub Fuse fail
voltageHighLimitLine > 50 - 120 % of Ub Line voltage Line
voltageDifferenceLimit < 2 - 50 % of Ub reference
phaseAngleDifferenceLimit < 5 - 90 degrees voltage
Fuse fail
phaseAngleDifferenceLimitQuick < 5 - 90 degrees
frequencyDifferenceLimit < 3 - 1000 mHz
frequencyDifferenceLimit2 < 3 - 1000 mHz
en04000174.vsd
Figure 81: Principle for the synchrocheck function
Energizing check
The main purpose of the energizing check function is to facilitate the controlled re-
connection of disconnected lines and busses to energized lines and busses.
The energizing check function measures the bus and line voltages and compares them
to both high and low threshold values. The output is only given when the actual
measured conditions match the set conditions. Figure 82 shows two power systems,
where one (1) is energized and the other (2) is not energized. Power system 2 is
energized (DLLB) from system 1 via the circuit breaker A.

Section 4
IED application
1 2
A B
~
Bus voltage Line voltage
EnergizingCheck
voltageHighLimitBus > 50 - 120 % of Ub
voltageHighLimitLine > 50 - 120 % of Ub
voltageLowLimitBus < 10 - 80 % of Ub
voltageLowLimitLine < 10 - 80 % of Ub
maxVoltageForEnergizing < 80 - 140 % of Ub
en04000173.vsd
Figure 82: Principle for the energizing check function
The energizing operation can operate in the dead line live bus (DLLB) direction, dead
bus live line (DBLL) direction or in both directions over the circuit breaker.
Energizing from different directions can be different for automatic reclosing and
manual closing of the circuit breaker. For manual closing it is also possible to allow
closing when both sides of the breaker are dead, Dead Bus Dead Line (DBDL).
The equipment is considered energized if the voltage is above a set value, e.g. 80%
of the base voltage, and non-energized if it is below a set value, e.g. 30% of the base
voltage. A disconnected line can have a considerable potential because of factors such
as induction from a line running in parallel, or feeding via extinguishing capacitors
in the circuit breakers. This voltage can be as high as 50% or more of the base voltage
of the line. Normally for breakers with single breaking elements (<330kV) the level
is well below 30%.
When the energizing direction corresponds to the settings, the situation has to remain
constant for a certain period of time before the close signal is permitted. The purpose
of the delayed operate time is to ensure that the dead side remains de-energized and
that the condition is not due to temporary interference.
Voltage selection
The voltage selection function is used for the connection of appropriate voltages to
the synchrocheck and energizing check functions. For example, when the IED is used
in a double bus arrangement, the voltage that should be selected depends on the status
of the breakers and/or disconnectors. By checking the status of the disconnectors
auxiliary contacts, the right voltages for the synchrocheck and energizing check
functions can be selected. Available voltage selection types are for single circuit
breaker with double busbars and the 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement. A double
circuit breaker arrangement and single circuit breaker with a single busbar do not
need any voltage selection function. Neither does a single circuit breaker with double
busbars using external voltage selection need any internal voltage selection.

Section 4
IED application
The voltages from busbars and lines must be physically connected to the voltage
inputs in the IED and connected, using the control software, to each of the maximum
two synchrocheck functions available in the IED.
External fuse failure

External fuse-failure signals or signals from a tripped fuse switch/MCB are connected
to binary inputs that are configured to inputs of the synchrocheck functions in the
IED. The internal fuse failure supervision module can also be used, for at least the
line voltage supply. The signal FUSE-VTSU is then used and connected to the
blocking input of the energizing check function block. In case of a fuse failure, the
synchrocheck and energizing check functions are blocked.
The SYN1(2)-UB1/2OK and SYN1(2)-UB1inputs are related to the busbar voltage

and the SYN1(2)-ULN1/2OK and SYN1(2)-ULN/2FF inputs are related to the line
voltage.
4.12.1.2 Application examples
The synchrocheck function block can also be used in some switchyard arrangements,
but with different parameter settings. Below are some examples of how different
arrangements are connected to the IED analogue inputs and to the function block
(SYN). One function block is used per circuit breaker. The IED can be provided with
one or two function blocks.

Section 4
IED application
Single circuit breaker with single busbar
Bus 1 SYN1-
SYN
B1QOPEN B1SEL
QB1 B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse B2QCLD LN2SEL
VT LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
bus1Voltage QA1 LN2QOPEN MANENOK
AIM1-UREF1 LN2QCLD TSTENOK
UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
AIM1- lineVoltage/1/2/3 ULN2OK PHDIFF2
UL1/UL2/UL3 Fuse
ULN2FF UDIFFME
VT TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
Line BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
en04000177.vsd
Figure 83: Connection of the Synchrocheck function block in a single busbar arrangement
Figure 83 illustrates connection principles. For the synchrocheck and energizing

check function (SYN1), there is one voltage transformer on each side of the circuit
breaker. The voltage transformer circuit connections are straightforward; no special
voltage selection is necessary. For the synchrocheck and energizing check, the voltage
from the busbar VT is connected to the single phase analog input UREF1 (CH10) on
the analog input module AIM1 (also referred to as TRM). The line voltage is
connected as a three-phase voltage to the analog inputs UL1 (CH06), UL2 (CH07),
UL3 (CH08) on the module AIM1. Inputs and outputs not used in the function block
(SYN) are dimmed in the figure. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to
0 (no voltage selection).

Section 4
IED application
Single circuit breaker with double busbar, external voltage selection

Bus 1 SYN1-
Bus 2
SYN
B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
Fuse B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse
VT
VT B2QCLD LN2SEL
LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
bus Voltage LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
AIM1-UREF1 LN2QOPEN MANENOK
LN2QCLD TSTENOK
UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
QB1 UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
QB2 ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
QA1 BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
lineVoltage/1/2/3
AIM1-UL1/UL2/UL3
Fuse
VT
Line
en04000175.vsd
Figure 84: Connection of the Synchrocheck function block in a single breaker, double busbar arrangement
with external voltage selection.
In this type of arrangement no internal voltage selection is required. The voltage

selection is made by external relays typically connected according to figure 84.
Suitable voltage and VT fuse failure supervision from the two busbars are selected
based on the position of the busbar disconnectors. That means that the connections
to the function block will be the same as for the single busbar arrangement. The
voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to “No voltage selection”.

Section 4
IED application
Single circuit breaker with double busbar, internal voltage selection
Bus 1 SYN1-
Bus 2 SYN
B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
Fuse B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse VT B2QCLD LN2SEL
VT
LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
bus1Voltage LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
AIM1-UREF1 LN2QOPEN MANENOK
bus2Voltage LN2QCLD TSTENOK
AIM2-UREF2 UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
QB1 UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
QB2 ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
QA1 BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
AIM1- lineVoltage/1/2/3
UL1/UL2/UL3 Fuse
VT
Line
en04000178.vsd
Figure 85: Connection of the Synchrocheck function block in a single breaker, double busbar arrangement
with internal voltage selection.
When internal voltage selection is needed, two analog input modules AIM1 (TRM
+ADM) and AIM2 (TRM+ADM) are required. The voltage transformer circuit
connections are made according to figure 85. The voltages from the busbar VTs are
connected to the single phase analog input UREF1 (CH10) on the analog input module
AIM1 and to the single phase analog input UREF2 (CH09) on the analog input module
AIM2. The line voltage is connected as a three-phase voltage to the analog inputs
UL1 (CH06), UL2 (CH07), UL3 (CH08) on the module AIM1. Inputs and outputs
not used in the function block (SYN) are dimmed in the figure. The voltage selection
parameter selectCBConfig is set to “1” to indicate a selection (single CB, double bus).

Section 4
IED application
Double circuit breaker

Bus 1 SYN1-
Bus 2 SYN
B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse Fuse
VT B2QCLD LN2SEL
VT
AIM1- LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
bus1Voltage LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
UREF1 LN2QOPEN MANENOK
LN2QCLD TSTENOK
AIM2- bus2Voltage UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UREF2 QA UB2OK UDIFF
1 UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
QA ULN1FF PHDIFF
2 ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
AIM1- lineVoltage/1/2/3 QA1

Fuse
UL1/UL2/UL3 VT
SYN2-
Line SYN
B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
B2QCLD LN2SEL
LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
LN2QOPEN MANENOK
LN2QCLD TSTENOK
UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
QA2
en04000176.vsd
Figure 86: Voltage connections in a double breaker arrangement
A double breaker arrangement requires two analog input modules AIM1(TRM

+ADM) and AIM2 (TRM+ADM) and two function blocks SYN1 and SYN2. No
voltage selection is necessary, because the two busbar reference voltages UREF1 and
UREF2 are connected to the circuit breakers according to figure 86. The line voltage
is connected as a three-phase voltage to the analog inputs UL1, UL2, UL3 on the
analog input module AIM1. Inputs and outputs not used in the function block (SYN)
are dimmed in the figure. The voltage selection parameter selectCBConfig is set to
NO VOLTAGE SELECTION for both SYN1 and SYN2.
1 1/2 circuit breaker

The line one IED in a 1 ½ breaker arrangement handles voltage selection for two
circuit breakers, one bus CB and the tie CB. The IED requires two analog input
modules AIM1(TRM+ADM) and AIM2(TRM+ADM) and two function blocks

Section 4
IED application
SYN1 and SYN2. All voltages for the whole diameter must be connected to both
IEDs in the diameter respectively.
Bus 1
Bus 2 SYN1-
QB1 QB1 SYN
QA1 QA1 B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse QB2 QB2 B2QCLD LN2SEL
VT
bus1Voltage LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
AIM1-UREF1 LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
LN2QOPEN MANENOK
Fuse LN2QCLD TSTENOK
VT UB1OK
bus2Voltage SYNOK
AIM2-UREF2 UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
QA1 ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
QB61 QB62 TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
BLKENERG UOK
QB9 QB9 BLKSYNC
BLOCK
line1Voltage Fuse
VT Bus 1 CB
AIM1- 1/2/3
UL1/UL2/UL3
SYN2-
Fuse
line2Voltage VT SYN
AIM2-UREF3 B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
B2QCLD LN2SEL
Line 1 Line 2 LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
LN2QOPEN MANENOK
LN2QCLD TSTENOK
UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
Tie CB
en04000172.vsd
Figure 87: Voltage connections in a 1 ½ breaker arrangement for the line 1 IED

Section 4
IED application
Bus 1
Bus 2
SYN1-
QB1 QB1
SYN
QA1 QA1 B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
Fuse QB2 QB2 B2QCLD LN2SEL
bus1Voltage VT LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
AIM2-UREF2 LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
LN2QOPEN MANENOK
Fuse LN2QCLD TSTENOK
VT UB1OK SYNOK
bus2Voltage
AIM1-UREF1 UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
QA1 ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
QB61 QB62 BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
QB9 QB9
BLOCK
Fuse Bus 2 CB
VT
line1Voltage
AIM2-UREF3
line2Voltage Fuse
SYN2-
VT
AIM1- 1/2/3 SYN
UL1/UL2/UL3 B1QOPEN B1SEL
B1QCLD B2SEL
B2QOPEN LN1SEL
B2QCLD LN2SEL
LN1QOPEN USELFAIL
LN1QCLD AUTOENOK
Line 1 Line 2
LN2QOPEN MANENOK
LN2QCLD TSTENOK
UB1OK SYNOK
UB1FF TSTSYNOK
UB2OK UDIFF
UB2FF FRDIFF
ULN1OK FRDIFF2
ULN1FF PHDIFF
ULN2OK PHDIFF2
ULN2FF UDIFFME
TSTENERG FRDIFFME
TSTSYNC PHDIFFME
BLKENERG UOK
BLKSYNC
BLOCK
Tie CB
en04000171.vsd
Figure 88: Voltage connections in a 1 ½ breaker arrangement for the line 2 IED
The example shows the use of the Synchrocheck function for the Tie
Circuit breaker in both Line IEDs. This depends on the arrangement
of Auto-reclose and manual closing and might often not be required.
Connecting and configuring is done according to figure 87 and figure 88. The
connections are similar in both IEDs, apart from the line voltages and the bus voltages,
which are crossed. This means that the three-phase line voltages UL1, UL2 and UL3
for line 1and F3 for line 2 in the line 1 IED are crossed in the line 2 IED. Also, the
bus voltage connections to both the IEDs are crossed. The physical analog
connections of voltages and the connection to the SYN1 and SYN2 function blocks

Section 4
IED application
must be carefully checked in the PCM. In both IEDs the connections and
configurations must abide by the following rules: Normally apparatus position is
connected with contacts showing both open (b-type) and closed positions (a-type).
Bus CB:
• B1QOPEN/CLD = Position of the tie CB and disconnectors

• B2QOEN/CLD = Position of opposite bus CB and disconnectors
• LN1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own line disconnector
• LN2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite line disconnector
• UB1OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to own bus CB
• UB2OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to opposite bus CB
• ULN1OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to own line
• ULN2OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to opposite line
• Setting CBConfig = 1 1/2 Bus CB
Tie CB:
• B1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own bus CB and disconnectors

• B2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite bus CB and disconnectors
• LN1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own line disconnector
• LN2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite line disconnector
• UB1OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to own bus CB
• UB2OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to opposite bus CB
• ULN1OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to own line
• ULN2OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to opposite line
• CBConfig = Tie CB
The setting parameters for the synchrocheck and energizing check function (SYN)
are set via the local HMI, or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600) in the
PCM. Refer to the Setting parameters table in the next section of this chapter.
Operation
The operation mode can be set On/Off from the PST. The setting OFF disables the
whole function.
SelPhaseBus1 and SelPhaseBus2
Configuration parameters for selection of measuring phase of the voltage for busbar
1 and 2 respectively, which can be a single-phase (phase-neutral) or two-phase (phase-
phase) voltage.
SelPhaseLine1 and SelPhaseLine2

Section 4
IED application
Configuration parameters for selection of measuring phase of the voltage for line 1
and 2 respectively, which can be a single-phase (phase-neutral) or two-phase (phase-
phase) voltage.
CBConfig
This configuration setting is used to define type of voltage selection. Type of voltage
selection can be selected as:
• no voltage selection
• single circuit breaker with double bus
• 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 1
• 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 2
• 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to line 1 and 2 (tie
breaker)
UBase
This is a configuration setting for the base voltage.
OperationSync
The OperationSync setting OFF disables the synchrocheck function and sets the
outputs SYNOK and TSTSYNOK to low.
With the setting ON, the function is in service and the output signal depends on the
input conditions.
Release means that the output signal SYNOK is set fixed high and normally used at
commissioning. If the function is in test mode and OperationSync is set in release
mode, the output TSTSYNOK is set fixed high.
PhaseShift
This setting is used to compensate for a phase shift caused by a line transformer
between the two measurement points for bus voltage and line voltage. The set value
is added to the measured line phase angle. The bus voltage is reference voltage.
URatio
The URatio is defined as URatio=bus voltage/line voltage. A typical use of the setting
is to compensate for the voltage difference caused if one wishes to connect the bus
voltage phase-phase and line voltage phase-neutral. The SelPhaseBusx setting should
then be set to phase-phase and the URatio setting to sqr3=1.73. This setting scales
up the line voltage to equal level with the bus voltage.
UHighBusSync and UHighLineSync
The voltage level settings shall be chosen in relation to the bus/line network voltage.
The threshold voltages UHighBusSync and UHighLineSync have to be set lower than

Section 4
IED application
the value at which the breaker is expected to be closed with synchronism check. A
typical value may be 80% of the base voltage.
UDiff
Setting for voltage difference between line and bus.
FreqDiffM and FreqDiffA
The frequency difference level settings, FreqDiffM and FreqDiffA, shall be chosen
depending on the condition in the network. At steady conditions a low frequency
difference setting is needed, where the FreqDiffM setting is used. Four auto-reclosing
a bigger frequency difference setting is preferable, where the FreqDiffA setting is
used. A typical value for the FreqDiffM can 10 mHz and a typical value for the
FreqDiffA can be 100-200 mHz.
PhaseDiffM and PhaseDiffA
The phase angle difference level settings, PhaseDiffM and PhaseDiffA, shall also be
chosen depending on conditions in the network. The phase angle setting must be
chosen to allow closing under maximum load condition. A typical maximum value
in heavy loaded networks can be 45 degrees whereas in most networks the maximum
occurring angle is below 25 degrees.
tSyncM and tSyncA
The purpose of the timer delay settings, tSyncM and tSyncA, is to ensure that the
synchro check conditions remains constant and that the situation is not due to a
temporary interference. Should the conditions not persist for the specified time, the
delay timer is reset and the procedure is restarted when the conditions are fulfilled
again. Circuit breaker closing is thus not permitted until the synchro check situation
has remained constant throughout the set delay setting time. Under stable conditions
a longer operation time delay setting is needed, where the tSyncM setting is used.
During auto-reclosing a shorter operation time delay setting is preferable, where the
tSyncA setting is used. A typical value for the tSyncM may be 1 second and a typical
value for the tSyncA may be 0.1 second.
OperationEnerg
The setting OFF disables the energizing check function and sets the outputs
AUTOENOK, MANENOK and TSTENOK to low.
With the setting ON, the function is in service and the output signal depends on the
input conditions.
Release means that the output signals AUTOENOK and MANENOK are set fixed
high and normally used when commissioning. If the function is in test mode and
OperationEnerg is set in release mode, the output TSTENOK is set fixed high.
UHighBusEnerg and UHighLineEnerg

Section 4
IED application
The voltage level settings shall be chosen in relation to the bus/line network voltage.
The threshold voltages UHighBusEnerg and UHighLineEnerg, have to be set lower
than the value at which the network is considered to be energized. A typical value
may be 80 % of the base voltage.
ULowBusEnerg and ULowLineEnerg
In the same way, the threshold voltages ULowBusEnerg and ULowLineEnerg, have
to be set greater than the value where the network is considered not to be energized.
A typical value may be 30% of the base voltage. Note that a disconnected line can
have a considerable potential due to, for instance, induction from a line running in
parallel, or by being fed via the extinguishing capacitors in the circuit breakers. This
voltage can be as high as 30% or more of the base line voltage.
Because the setting ranges of the threshold voltages UHighBusEnerg/

UHighLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg/ULowLineEnerg partly overlap each other, the
setting conditions may be such that the setting of the non-energized threshold value
is higher than that of the energized threshold value. The parameters should therefore
be set carefully by the user to avoid the setting conditions mentioned above.
AutoEnerg and ManEnerg
Two different settings can be used for automatic and manual closing of the circuit
breaker. The settings for each of them are:
• Off, the energizing function is disabled.

• DLLB, Dead Line Live Bus, the line voltage is below set value of
ULowLineEnerg and the bus voltage is above set value of UHighBusEnerg.
• DBLL, Dead Bus Live Line, the bus voltage is below set value of
ULowBusEnerg and the line voltage is above set value of UHighLineEnerg.
• Both, energizing can be done in both directions, DLLB or DBLL.
tAutoEnerg and tManEnerg
The purpose of the timer delay settings, tAutoEnerg and tManEnerg, is to ensure that
the dead side remains de-energized and that the condition is not due to a temporary
interference. Should the conditions not persist for the specified time, the delay timer
is reset and the procedure is restarted when the conditions are fulfilled again. Circuit
breaker closing is thus not permitted until the energizing condition has remained
constant throughout the set delay setting time.
ManEnergDBDL
If the parameter is set to On, manual closing is enabled when both line voltage and
bus voltage are below ULowLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg respectively and
ManEnerg is set to DLLB, DBLL or Both.
UMaxEnerg
This setting is used to block the closing when the voltage on the live side is above
the set value of UMaxEnerg.

Section 4
IED application
Table 66: Parameter group settings for the SECRSYN_25 (SYN1-) function
On
SelPhaseBus1 phase1 - phase2 - Select phase for bus1
phase2
phase3
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
SelPhaseBus2 phase1 - phase2 - Select phase for bus2
phase2
phase3
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
SelPhaseLine1 phase1 - phase2 - Select phase for line1
phase2
phase3
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
SelPhaseLine2 phase1 - phase2 - Select phase for line2
phase2
phase3
phase1-phase2
phase2-phase3
phase3-phase1
CBConfig No voltage sel. - No voltage sel. - Select CB
Double bus configuration
1 1/2 bus CB
1 1/2 bus alt. CB
Tie CB
UHighBusEnerg 50.0 - 120.0 1.0 80.0 %UB Voltage high limit bus
for energizing check
in % of UBase
UHighLineEnerg 50.0 - 120.0 1.0 80.0 %UB Voltage high limit line
in % of UBase
ULowBusEnerg 10.0 - 80.0 1.0 40.0 %UB Voltage low limit bus
in % of UBase
ULowLineEnerg 10.0 - 80.0 1.0 40.0 %UB Voltage low limit line
in % of UBase
AutoEnerg Off - DLLB - Automatic energizing
DLLB check mode
DBLL
Both
ManEnerg Off - DLLB - Manual energizing
DLLB check mode
DBLL
Both

Section 4
IED application

ManEnergDBDL Off - Off - Manual dead bus,
On dead line energizing
tAutoEnerg 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Time delay for
automatic energizing
check
tManEnerg 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Time delay for manual
energizing check
UMaxEnerg 80.0 - 140.0 1.0 115.0 %UB Maximum voltage for
energizing in % of
UBase
UBase 0.001 - 9999.999 0.001 400.000 kV Base voltage in kV
OperationSync Off - On - Operation for
On synchronism check
function Off/On
PhaseShift -180 - 180 5 0 Deg Phase shift
URatio 0.20 - 5.00 0.01 1.00 - Voltage ratio
UHighBusSync 50.0 - 120.0 1.0 80.0 %UB Voltage high limit bus
for synchrocheck in %
of UBase
UHighLineSync 50.0 - 120.0 1.0 80.0 %UB Voltage high limit line
for synchrocheck in %
of UBase
FreqDiffM 0.003 - 1.000 0.001 0.050 Hz Frequency difference
limit between bus and
line Manual
FreqDiffA 0.003 - 1.000 0.001 0.200 Hz Frequency difference
line Auto
PhaseDiffM 5.0 - 90.0 1.0 25.0 Deg Phase angle
difference limit
between bus and line
Manual
PhaseDiffA 5.0 - 90.0 1.0 25.0 Deg Phase angle
difference limit
between bus and line
Auto
UDiff 2.0 - 50.0 1.0 15.0 %UB Voltage difference
line in % of UBase
tSyncM 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 1.000 s Time delay output for
synchrocheck
tSyncA 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Time delay output for
synchrocheck for
Auto operation
4.12.2 Apparatus control (APC)

Section 4
IED application
The apparatus control is a function for control and supervising of circuit breakers,
disconnectors, and earthing switches within a bay. Permission to operate is given after
evaluation of conditions from other functions such as interlocking, synchrocheck,
operator place selection and external or internal blockings.
Figure 89 gives an overview from what places the apparatus control function receive
commands. Commands to an apparatus can be initiated from the Control Center (CC),
the station HMI or the local HMI on the IED front.
cc
Station HMI
GW
Station bus
Local Local Local

HMI HMI HMI
REC670 REC670 REC670
Apparatus Apparatus Apparatus
Control Control Control
I/O I/O I/O
breakers disconnectors earthing switches

en05000115.vsd
Figure 89: Overview of the apparatus control functions.
Features in the apparatus control function:
• Operation of primary apparatuses

• Select-Execute principle to give high reliability
• Selection and reservation function to prevent simultaneous operation
• Selection and supervision of operator place
• Command supervision
• Block/deblock of operation
• Block/deblock of updating of position indications
• Substitution of position indications
• Overriding of interlocking functions
• Overriding of synchrocheck
• Pole discordance supervision
• Operation counter
• Suppression of Mid position

Section 4
IED application
The apparatus control function is realized by means of a number of function blocks

designated:
• Bay control QCBAY

• Switch controller SCSWI
• Circuit breaker SXCBR
• Circuit switch SXSWI
• Local remote
• Local remote control
• Position Evaluation
The three latter functions are logical nodes according to IEC 61850. The signal flow
between these function blocks appears in figure 90. To realize the reservation
function, the function blocks Reservation input (RESIN) and Bay reserve (QCRSV)
also are included in the apparatus control function. The application description for
all these functions can be found below. The function SCILO in the figure below is
the logical node for interlocking.
Control operation can be performed from the LHMI. Ithe administrator has defined
users with the UM tool, then the local/remote switch is under authority control. If not,
the default (factory) user is the SuperUser, that can perform control operations from
the LHMI without LogOn. The default position of the local/remote switch is on
remote.
Information how to log on from LHMI is available in “Operator's manual”.

Section 4
IED application
IEC 61850
QCBAY SCSWI SXCBR -QB1

SXCBR
SXCBR -QA1
SCILO
SCSWI SXSWI -QB9
SCILO
en05000116.vsd
Figure 90: Signal flow between apparatus control function blocks
Bay control (QCBAY)

This function is used to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. The function
gives permission to operate from two types of locations either from Remote (e.g.
control center or station HMI) or from Local (local HMI on the IED). The Local/
Remote switch position can also be set to Off, which means no operator place selected
i.e. operation is not possible neither from local nor from remote.
The bay control function also provides blocking functions that can be distributed to
different apparatuses within the bay. There are four different blocking alternatives:
• Total block of the function

• Blocking of update of positions
• Blocking of commands
The function does not have a corresponding functionality defined in the IEC 61850
standard, which means that this function is included as a vendor specific logical node.

Section 4
IED application
Switch controller (SCSWI)

The Switch controller SCSWI initializes and supervises all functions to properly
select and operate switching primary apparatuses. The Switch controller may handle
and operate on one three-phase device or three one-phase switching devices.
After the selection of an apparatus and before the execution, the switch controller
performs the following checks and actions:
• A request initiates to reserve other bays to prevent simultaneous operation.

• Actual position inputs for interlocking information are read and evaluated if the
operation is permitted.
• The synchrocheck/synchronizing conditions are read and checked, and performs
operation upon positive response.
• The blocking conditions are evaluated
• The position indications are evaluated according to given command and its
requested direction (open or closed).
The command sequence is supervised regarding the time between:
• Select and execute.

• Select and until the reservation is granted.
• Execute and the final end position of the apparatus.
• Execute and valid close conditions from the synchrocheck.
At error the command sequence is canceled.
In the case when there are three one-phase switches (SXCBR) connected to the switch
controller function, the switch controller will "merge" the position of the three
switches to the resulting three-phase position. In case of a pole discordance situation,
i.e. the positions of the one-phase switches are not equal for a time longer than a
settable time; an error signal will be given. The mid position of apparatuses can be
suppressed at the (SCSWI) by setting the tIntermediate at (SXCBR/SXSWI) to an
appropriate value.
The switch controller is not dependent on the type of switching device SXCBR or
SXSWI. The switch controller represents the content of the CSWI logical node
(according to IEC 61850) with mandatory functionality.
Switch (SXCBR/SXSWI)
The Switch is a function used to close and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal
conditions or to interrupt the circuit under fault or emergency conditions. The
intention with this function is to represent the lowest level of a power-switching
device with or without short circuit breaking capability, e.g. circuit breakers,
disconnectors, earthing switches etc.
The purpose of this function is to provide the actual status of positions and to perform
the control operations, i.e. pass all the commands to the primary apparatus via output
boards and to supervise the switching operation and position.

Section 4
IED application
The Switch has this functionality:
• Local/Remote switch intended for the switchyard

• Block/deblock for open/close command respectively
• Update block/deblock of position indication
• Substitution of position indication
• Supervision timer that the primary device starts moving after a command
• Supervision of allowed time for intermediate position
• Definition of pulse duration for open/close command respectively
The realization of this function is performed with SXCBR representing a circuit

breaker and with SXSWI representing a circuit switch i.e. a disconnector or an
earthing switch. The SXCBR can be realized either as three one-phase switches or as
one three-phase switch.
The content of this function is represented by the IEC 61850 definitions for the logical
nodes XCBR and XSWI with mandatory functionality.
Reservation function (QCRSV/RESIN)

The purpose of the reservation function is primarily to transfer interlocking
information between IEDs in a safe way and to prevent double operation in a bay,
switchyard part, or complete substation.
For interlocking evaluation in a substation, the position information from switching

devices, such as circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches can be required
from the same bay or from several other bays. When information is needed from other
bays, it is exchanged over the serial station bus between the distributed IEDs. The
problem that arises, even at a high speed of communication, is a space of time during
which the information about the position of the switching devices are uncertain. The
interlocking function uses this information for evaluation, which means that also the
interlocking conditions will be uncertain.
To ensure that the interlocking information is correct at the time of operation, a unique
reservation method is available in the IEDs. With this reservation method the
operation will temporarily be blocked for all switching devices in other bays, which
switching states are used for evaluation of permission to operate. Actual position
indications from these bays are then transferred over the serial bus for evaluation in
the IED. After the evaluation the operation can be executed with high security.
This functionality is realized over the station bus by means of the function blocks
QCRSV and RESIN. The application principle appears from figure 91.
The function block QCRSV handles the reservation. It sends out either the reservation
request to other bays or the acknowledgement if the bay has received a request from
another bay.
The other function block RESIN receives the reservation information from other bays.
The number of instances is the same as the number of involved bays (up to 60
instances are available). The received signals are either the request for reservation
from another bay or the acknowledgment from each bay respectively, which have

Section 4
IED application
received a request from this bay. Also the information of valid transmission over the
station bus must be received.
REx670 REx670
SCSWI
RES_GRT
RES_RQ
3 RESIN
EXCH_IN
QCRSV
EXCH_OUT
RES_RQ1
From other ..
...
SCSWI in RES_RQ8
...
the bay
RES_GRT1 To other
RESIN ..
SCSWI
EXCH_IN RES_GRT8
in the
EXCH_OUT RES_DATA bay
3 2
...
Station bus
en05000117.vsd
Figure 91: Application principles for reservation over the station bus
The reservation can also be realized with external wiring according to the application
example in figure 92. This solution is realized with external auxiliary relays and extra
binary inputs and outputs in each IED, but without use of function blocks QCRSV
and RESIN.
REx670 REx670
SCSWI
RES_EXT
SELECTED
OR
Other SCSWI in the bay
BI BO BI BO
en05000118.vsd
Figure 92: Application principles for reservation with external wiring
The solution in figure 92 can also be realized over the station bus according to the
application example in figure 93. The solutions in figure 92 and figure 93 do not have
the same high security compared to the solution in figure 91, but have instead a higher
availability. This because no acknowledgment is required.

Section 4
IED application
REx670 REx670
IntlReceive SCSWI
RESGRANT RES_EXT
SELECTED
. . .
. . .
IntlReceive SPGGIO
RESGRANT Other SCWI in OR IN
the bay
...
Station bus
en05000178.vsd
Figure 93: Application principle for an alternative reservation solution
4.12.2.2 Interaction between modules
A typical bay with apparatus control function consists of a combination of logical

nodes or functions that are described here:
• The Switch controller, SCSWI, initializes all operations for one apparatus and
performs the actual switching and is more or less the interface to the drive of one
apparatus. It includes the position handling as well as the control of the position.
• The Circuit breaker, SXCBR, is the process interface to the circuit breaker for
the apparatus control function.
• The Circuit switch, SXSWI, is the process interface to the disconnector or the
earthing switch for the apparatus control function.
• The Bay Control, QCBAY, fulfils the bay-level functions for the apparatuses,
such as operator place selection and blockings for the complete bay.
• The Reservation, QCRSV, deals with the reservation function.
• The Residual overcurrent protection, EF4PEFM, trips the breaker in case of
ZMQPIDS.
• The Protection trip conditioning, SMPPTRC, connects the "operate" outputs of
one or more protection functions to a common "trip" to be transmitted to SXCBR.
• The Autoreclosing, SMBRREC, consists of the facilities to automatically close
a tripped breaker with respect to a number of configurable conditions.
• The logical node Interlocking, SCILO, provides the information to the switching
controller SCSWI weather it is permitted to operate due to the switchyard
topology. The interlocking conditions are evaluated with separate logic and
connected to SCILO.
• The Synchronism-check, SECRSYN calculates and compares the voltage phasor
difference from both sides of an open breaker with predefined switching
conditions (synchrocheck). Also the case that one side is dead (energizing-check)
is included.
• The logical node Generic Automatic Process Control, GAPC, is an automatic
function that reduces the interaction between the operator and the system. With

Section 4
IED application
one command, the operator can start a sequence that will end with a connection
of a process object (e.g. line) to one of the possible busbars.
The overview of the interaction between these functions is shown in figure 94 below.
ZMQPDIS SMPPTRC SECRSYN

(Distance) (Trip logic) (Synchrocheck)
Trip
Synchrocheck
OK
QCBAY Operator place

(Bay control) selection Open cmd
Start AR
Close cmd
Res. req. SCSWI SXCBR
Res. granted (Switching control) (Circuit breaker)
QCRSV
(Reservation) Res. req.
Close CB
SMBRREC
Enable
Enable
open
(Auto- close
Position
reclosure)
I/O
SCILO
(Interlocking)
other bays
Pos. from
Open rel.
Interlocking Close rel.
function Open rel.
block Close rel. SCILO
(Not a LN) Position (Interlocking)
Enable Enable
open close
GAPC Res.
granted Open cmd
(Generic
Close cmd
Automatic SCSWI SXSWI
Process Open/Close (Switching control) (Disconnector)
Control) Open/Close
Position
I/O
en05000120.vsd
Figure 94: Example overview of the interactions between functions in a typical

bay

Section 4
IED application
The setting parameters for the apparatus control function are set via the local HMI or
Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600). Refer to the setting parameter
tables.
Bay control (QCBAY)

If the parameter AllPSTOValid is set to No priority, all originators from local and
remote are accepted without any priority.
Switch controller (SCSWI)

The parameter CtlModel specifies the type of control model according to IEC 61850.
For normal control of circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches the control
model is set to SBO Enh (select-before-operate) with enhanced security.
When the operation shall be performed in one step, the model direct control with
normal security is used.
At control with enhanced security there is an additional supervision of the status value
by the control object, which means that each command sequence must be terminated
by a termination command.
The parameter PosDependent gives permission to operate depending on the position

indication, i.e. at Always permitted it is always permitted to operate independent of
the value of the position. At Not perm at 00/11 it is not permitted to operate if the
position is in bad or intermediate state.
tSelect is the maximum time between the select and the execute command signal, i.e.
the time the operator has to perform the command execution after the selection of the
object to operate. When the time has expired, the selected output signal is set to false
and a cause-code is given over IEC 61850.
The time parameter tResResponse is the allowed time from reservation request to the
feedback reservation granted from all bays involved in the reservation function. When
the time has expired, the control function is reset.
tSynchrocheck is the allowed time for the synchrocheck function to fulfil the close
conditions. When the time has expired, the control function is reset.
The timer tSynchronizing supervises that the signal synchronizing in progress is

obtained in SCSWI after start of the synchronizing function. The start signal for the
synchronizing is obtained if the synchrocheck conditions are not fulfilled. When the
time has expired, the control function is reset. If no synchronizing function is
included, the time is set to 0, which means no start of the synchronizing function.
tExecutionFB is the maximum time between the execute command signal and the
command termination. When the time has expired, the control function is reset.
tPoleDiscord is the allowed time to have discrepancy between the poles at control of
three one-phase breakers. At discrepancy an output signal is activated to be used for
trip or alarm.

Section 4
IED application
Switch (SXCBR/SXSWI)
tStartMove is the supervision time for the apparatus to start moving after a command
execution. When the time has expired, the switch function is reset.
During the tIntermediate time the position indication is allowed to be in an

intermediate (00) state. When the time has expired, the switch function is reset. The
indication of the mid-position at SCSWI is suppressed during this time period when
the position changes from open to close or vice-versa.
If the parameter AdaptivePulse is set to Adaptive the command output pulse resets
when a new correct end position is reached. If the parameter is set to Not adaptive
the command output pulse remains active until the timer tClose(Open)Pulse has
elapsed.
tOpenPulse is the output pulse length for an open command. The default length is set
to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (SXCBR) and 500 ms for a disconnector (SXSWI).
tClosePulse is the output pulse length for a close command. The default length is set
to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (SXCBR) and 500 ms for a disconnector (SXSWI).
Bay Reserve (QCRSV)

The timer tCancelRes defines the supervision time for canceling the reservation, when
this cannot be done by requesting bay due to for example communication failure.
When the parameter ParamRequestx (x=1-8) is set to Only own bay res. individually
for each apparatus (x) in the bay, only the own bay is reserved, i.e. the output for
reservation request of other bays (RES_BAYS) will not be activated at selection of
apparatus x.
Reservation input (RESIN)

With the FutureUse parameter set to Bay future use the function can handle bays not
yet installed in the SA system.
Table 67: General settings for the QCBAY (CB01-) function

AllPSTOValid Priority - Priority - The priority of
No priority originators
Table 68: General settings for the LocalRemote (LR01-) function

ControlMode Internal LR-switch - Internal LR-switch - Control mode for
External LR- internal/external LR-
switch switch

Section 4
IED application
Table 69: General settings for the SCSWI (CS01-) function

CtlModel Dir Norm - SBO Enh - Specifies the type for
SBO Enh (ABB) control model
Dir Norm (ABB) according to IEC
SBO Enh 61850
PosDependent Always permitted - Always permitted - Permission to operate
Not perm at 00/11 depending on the
position
tSelect 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 30.000 s Max time between
select and execute
signals
tResResponse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 5.000 s Allowed time from
reservation request to
reservation granted
tSynchrocheck 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 10.00 s Allowed time for
synchrocheck to fulfil
close conditions
tSynchronizing 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Supervision time to
get the signal
synchronizing in
progress
tExecutionFB 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 30.000 s Max time from
command execution
to termination
tPoleDiscord 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 2.000 s Allowed time to have
discrepancy between
the poles
Table 70: General settings for the SXCBR (XC01-) function

tStartMove 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.100 s Supervision time for
the apparatus to
move after a
command
tIntermediate 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.150 s Allowed time for
intermediate position
AdaptivePulse Not adaptive - Not adaptive - The output resets
Adaptive when a new correct
end position is
reached
tOpenPulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Output pulse length
for open command
tClosePulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Output pulse length
for close command

Section 4
IED application
Table 71: General settings for the SXSWI (XS01-) function

tStartMove 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 3.000 s Supervision time for
the apparatus to
move after a
command
tIntermediate 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 15.000 s Allowed time for
intermediate position
AdaptivePulse Not adaptive - Not adaptive - The output resets
Adaptive when a new correct
end position is
reached
tOpenPulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Output pulse length
for open command
tClosePulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Output pulse length
for close command
SwitchType Load Break - Disconnector - Switch Type
Disconnector
Earthing Switch
HS Earthing
Switch
Table 72: General settings for the QCRSV (CR01-) function

tCancelRes 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 10.000 s Supervision time for
canceling the
reservation
ParamRequest1 Other bays res. - Only own bay res. - Reservation of the
Only own bay res. own bay only, at
selection of apparatus
1
2
3
4
5

Section 4
IED application

6
7
8
Table 73: General settings for the RESIN (RE01-) function

FutureUse Bay in use - Bay in use - The bay for this ResIn
Bay future use block is for future use
4.12.3 Interlocking
The main purpose of switchgear interlocking is:
• To avoid the dangerous or damaging operation of switchgear

• To enforce restrictions on the operation of the substation for other reasons e.g.
load configuration. Examples of the latter are to limit the number of parallel
transformers to a maximum of two or to ensure that energizing is always from
one side, for example, the high voltage side of a transformer.
This document only deals with the first point, and only with restrictions caused by
switching devices other than the one to be controlled. This means that switch
interlock, because of device alarms, is not included in this document.
Disconnectors and earthing switches have a limited switching capacity.

Disconnectors may therefore only operate:
• With basically zero current. The circuit is open on one side and has a small
extension. The capacitive current is small (for example < 5A) and power
transformers with inrush current are not allowed.
• To connect or disconnect a parallel circuit carrying load current. The switching
voltage across the open contacts is thus virtually zero, thanks to the parallel circuit
(for example < 1% of rated voltage). Paralleling of power transformers is not
allowed.
Earthing switches are allowed to connect and disconnect earthing of isolated points.
Due to capacitive or inductive coupling there may be some voltage (for example <

Section 4
IED application
40% of rated voltage) before earthing and some current (for example < 100A) after
earthing of a line.
Circuit breakers are usually not interlocked. Closing is only interlocked against
running disconnectors in the same bay, and the bus-coupler opening is interlocked
during a busbar transfer.
The positions of all switching devices in a bay and from some other bays determine
the conditions for operational interlocking. Conditions from other stations are usually
not available. Therefore, a line earthing switch is usually not fully interlocked. The
operator must be convinced that the line is not energized from the other side before
closing the earthing switch. As an option, a voltage indication can be used for
interlocking. Take care to avoid a dangerous enable condition at the loss of a VT
secondary voltage, for example, because of a blown fuse.
The switch positions used by the operational interlocking logic are obtained from
auxiliary contacts or position sensors. For each end position (open or closed) a true
indication is needed - thus forming a double indication. The apparatus control function
continuously checks its consistency. If neither condition is high (1 or TRUE), the
switch may be in an intermediate position, for example, moving. This dynamic state
may continue for some time, which in the case of disconnectors may be up to 10
seconds. Should both indications stay low for a longer period, the position indication
will be interpreted as unknown. If both indications stay high, something is wrong, and
the state is again treated as unknown. In both cases an alarm is sent to the operator.
Indications from position sensors shall be self-checked and system faults indicated
by a fault signal. In the interlocking logic, the signals are used to avoid dangerous
enable or release conditions. When the switching state of a switching device cannot
be determined operation is not permitted.
For switches with an individual operation gear per phase, the evaluation must consider
possible phase discrepancies. This is done with the aid of an AND-function for all
three phases in each apparatus for both open and close indications. Phase
discrepancies will result in an unknown double indication state.
4.12.3.1 Configuration guidelines
The following sections describe how the interlocking for a certain switchgear
configuration can be realized in the IED by using standard interlocking modules and
their interconnections. They also describe the configuration settings. The inputs for
delivery specific conditions (Qx_EXy) are set to 1=TRUE if they are not used, except
in the following cases:
• QB9_EX2 and QB9_EX4 in modules BH_LINE_A and BH_LINE_B

• QA1_EX3 in module AB_TRAFO
when they are set to 0=FALSE.
4.12.3.2 Interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE)

Section 4
IED application
The interlocking module ABC_LINE is used for a line connected to a double busbar
arrangement with a transfer busbar according to figure 95. The module can also be
used for a double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar or a single busbar
arrangement with/without transfer busbar.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
WA7 (C)
QB1 QB2 QB7
QC1
QA1
QC2
QB9
QC9
en04000478.vsd
Figure 95: Switchyard layout ABC_LINE
The signals from other bays connected to the module ABC_LINE are described
below.
Signals from bypass busbar

To derive the signals:
Signal
BB7_D_OP All line disconnectors on bypass WA7 except in the own bay are open.
VP_BB7_D The switch status of disconnectors on bypass busbar WA7 are valid.
EXDU_BPB No transmission error from any bay containing disconnectors on bypass busbar WA7
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE) except that of the own bay are needed:
Signal
QB7OPTR Q7 is open
VPQB7TR The switch status for QB7 is valid.
EXDU_BPB No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For bay n, these conditions are valid:

Section 4
IED application
QB7OPTR (bay 1)
QB7OPTR (bay 2) & BB7_D_OP
. . .
. . .
QB7OPTR (bay n-1)
VPQB7TR (bay 1)
VPQB7TR (bay 2) & VP_BB7_D
. . .
. . .
VPQB7TR (bay n-1)
EXDU_BPB (bay 1)
EXDU_BPB (bay 2) & EXDU_BPB
. . .
. . .
EXDU_BPB (bay n-1)
en04000477.vsd
Figure 96: Signals from bypass busbar in line bay n.
Signals from bus-coupler

If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus sections, the busbar-
busbar connection could exist via the bus-section disconnector and bus-coupler within
the other bus section.
Section 1 Section 2
(WA1)A1 A2
(WA2)B1 B2
(WA7)C C
A1A2_DC(BS)
B1B2_DC(BS)
ABC_LINE ABC_BC ABC_LINE ABC_BC
en04000479.vsd
Figure 97: Busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers)

Signal
BC_12_CL A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1 and WA2.
BC_17_OP No bus-coupler connection between busbar WA1 and WA7.
BC_17_CL A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1and WA7.
BC_27_OP No bus-coupler connection between busbar WA2 and WA7.
BC_27_CL A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA2 and WA7.
VP_BC_12 The switch status of BC_12 is valid.
EXDU_BC No transmission error from any bus-coupler bay (BC).

Section 4
IED application
These signals from each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:

Signal
BC12CLTR A bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar WA1
and WA2.
BC17OPTR No bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar WA1 and
WA7.
and WA7.
BC27OPTR No bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar WA2 and
WA7.
and WA7.
VPBC12TR The switch status of BC_12 is valid.
EXDU_BC No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are also needed.
For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of
module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section
disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal
DCOPTR The bus-section disconnector is open.
DCCLTR The bus-section disconnector is closed.
VPDCTR The switch status of bus-section disconnector DC is valid.
EXDU_DC No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus-
section coupler bay (A1A2_BS), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay
(A1A2_DC) must be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B are
used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for
both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal
S1S2OPTR No bus-section coupler connection between bus-sections 1 and 2.
S1S2CLTR A bus-section coupler connection exists between bus-sections 1 and 2.
VPS1S2TR The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid.
EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For a line bay in section 1, these conditions are valid:

Section 4
IED application
BC12CLTR (sect.1)
BC_12_CL
DCCLTR (A1A2) >1
DCCLTR (B1B2) &
BC12CLTR (sect.2)
VPBC12TR (sect.1)
VPDCTR (A1A2) & VP_BC_12
VPDCTR (B1B2)
VPBC12TR (sect.2)
BC17OPTR (sect.1)
BC_17_OP
&
DCOPTR (A1A2) >1
BC17OPTR (sect.2)
BC17CLTR (sect.1)
BC_17_CL
>1
DCCLTR (A1A2) &
BC17CLTR (sect.2)
VPBC17TR (sect.1)
VPDCTR (A1A2) & VP_BC_17
VPBC17TR (sect.2)
BC27OPTR (sect.1)
BC_27_OP
&
DCOPTR (B1B2) >1
BC27OPTR (sect.2)
BC27CLTR (sect.1)
BC_27_CL
>1
DCCLTR (B1B2) &
BC27CLTR (sect.2)
VPBC27TR (sect.1)
VPDCTR (B1B2) & VP_BC_27
VPBC27TR (sect.2)
EXDU_BC (sect.1)
EXDU_DC (A1A2) & EXDU_BC
EXDU_DC (B1B2)
EXDU_BC (sect.2)
en04000480.vsd
Figure 98: Signals to a line bay in section 1 from the bus-coupler bays in each
section
For a line bay in section 2, the same conditions as above are valid by changing section
1 to section 2 and vice versa.
Configuration setting
If there is no bypass busbar and therefore no QB7 disconnector, then the interlocking
for QB7 is not used. The states for QB7, QC71, BB7_D, BC_17, BC_27 are set to
open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block
diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE:

Section 4
IED application
• QB7_OP = 1
• QB7_CL = 0
• QC71_OP = 1
• QC71_CL = 0
• BB7_D_OP = 1
• BC_17_OP = 1
• BC_17_CL = 0
• BC_27_OP = 1
• BC_27_CL = 0
• EXDU_BPB = 1
• VP_BB7_D = 1
• VP_BC_17 = 1
• VP_BC_27 = 1
If there is no second busbar WA2 and therefore no QB2 disconnector, then the
interlocking for QB2 is not used. The state for QB2, QC21, BC_12, BC_27 are set
to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block
diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE:
• QB2_OP = 1
• QB2_CL = 0
• QC21_OP = 1
• QC21_CL = 0
• BC_12_CL = 0
• BC_27_OP = 1
• BC_27_CL = 0
• VP_BC_12 = 1
4.12.3.3 Interlocking for bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC)
The interlocking module ABC_BC is used for a bus-coupler bay connected to a double
busbar arrangement according to figure 99. The module can also be used for a single
busbar arrangement with transfer busbar or double busbar arrangement without
transfer busbar.

Section 4
IED application
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
WA7 (C)
QB1 QB2 QB20 QB7
QC1
QA1
QC2
en04000514.vsd
Figure 99: Switchyard layout ABC_BC
4.12.3.4 Interlocking for transformer bay (AB_TRAFO)
The interlocking module AB_TRAFO is used for a transformer bay connected to a

double busbar arrangement according to figure 100. The module is used when there
is no disconnector between circuit breaker and transformer. Otherwise, the module
ABC_LINE can be used. This module can also be used in single busbar arrangements.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1
QA1
AB_TRAFO
QC2
QC3
QA2
QA2 and QC4 are not
QC4 used in this interlocking
QB3 QB4
en04000515.vsd
Figure 100: Switchyard layout AB_TRAFO

Section 4
IED application
4.12.3.5 Interlocking for bus-section breaker (A1A2_BS)
The interlocking module A1A2_BS is used for one bus-section circuit breaker
between section 1 and 2 according to figure 101. The module can be used for different
busbars, which includes a bus-section circuit breaker.
WA1 (A1) WA2 (A2)
QC1 QB1 QB2 QC2
QA1
QC3 QC4
en04000516.vsd
A1A2_BS
Figure 101: Switchyard layout A1A2_BS
4.12.3.6 Interlocking for bus-section disconnector (A1A2_DC)
The interlocking module A1A2_DC is used for one bus-section disconnector between
section 1 and 2 according to figure 102. The module can be used for different busbars,
which includes a bus-section disconnector.
QB
WA1 (A1) WA2 (A2)
QC1 QC2
A1A2_DC en04000492.vsd
Figure 102: Switchyard layout A1A2_DC
4.12.3.7 Interlocking for busbar earthing switch (BB_ES)
The interlocking module BB_ES is used for one busbar earthing switch on any busbar
parts according to figure 103.

Section 4
IED application
QC
en04000504.vsd
Figure 103: Switchyard layout BB_ES
The signals from other bays connected to the module BB_ES are described below.
Signals in single breaker arrangement

The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus-
section are open.
Section 1 Section 2
(WA1)A1 A2
(WA2)B1 B2
(WA7)C C
A1A2_DC(BS)
B1B2_DC(BS)
BB_ES ABC_BC BB_ES
ABC_LINE AB_TRAFO ABC_LINE
en04000505.vsd

Signal
BB_DC_OP All disconnectors on this part of the busbar are open.
VP_BB_DC The switch status of all disconnector on this part of the busbar are valid.
EXDU_BB No transmission error from any bay containing the above information.
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE), each transformer bay (AB_TRAFO),
and each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:
Signal
QB1OPTR QB1 is open.
QB2OPTR QB2 is open (AB_TRAFO, ABC_LINE)
QB220OTR QB2 and QB20 are open (ABC_BC)
VPQB1TR The switch status of QB1 is valid.
VQB220TR The switch status of QB2 and QB20 are valid.
EXDU_BB No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.

Section 4
IED application
disconnectors A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal
If no bus-section disconnector exists the signal DCOPTR, VPDCTR and EXDU_DC

are set to 1 (TRUE).
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus-
section coupler bay (A1A2_BS) rather than the bus-section disconnector bay
(A1A2_DC) must be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B are
used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for
both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal
EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay BS (bus-section coupler bay) that contains the
above information.
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid:
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A1)

... & BB_DC_OP
...
...
QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A1)
DCOPTR (A1/A2)
VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A1)

... & VP_BB_DC
...
...
VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A1)
VPDCTR (A1/A2)
EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.A1)

... & EXDU_BB
...
...
EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.A1)
EXDU_DC (A1/A2) en04000506.vsd
Figure 105: Signals from any bays in section A1 to a busbar earthing switch in
the same section

Section 4
IED application
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the A2 busbar section are valid:
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A2)

... & BB_DC_OP
...
...
QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A2)
DCOPTR (A1/A2)
VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A2)

... & VP_BB_DC
...
...
VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A2)
VPDCTR (A1/A2)
EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.A2)

... & EXDU_BB
...
...
EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.A2)
EXDU_DC (A1/A2) en04000507.vsd
Figure 106: Signals from any bays in section A2 to a busbar earthing switch in
the same section
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid:
QB2OPTR(QB220OTR)(bay 1/sect.B1)
... & BB_DC_OP
...
...
QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay n/sect.B1)
DCOPTR (B1/B2)
VPQB2TR(VQB220TR)
. . .(bay 1/sect.B1) VP_BB_DC
&
...
...
VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay n/sect.B1)
VPDCTR (B1/B2)
EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B1)

... & EXDU_BB
...
...
EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B1)
EXDU_DC (B1/B2) en04000508.vsd
Figure 107: Signals from any bays in section B1 to a busbar earthing switch in
the same section
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the B2 busbar section are valid:

Section 4
IED application
QB2OPTR(QB220OTR) (bay 1/sect.B2)

... & BB_DC_OP
...
...
QB2OPTR(QB220OTR) (bay n/sect.B2)
DCOPTR (B1/B2)
VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay 1/sect.B2)

... & VP_BB_DC
...
...
VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay n/sect.B2)
VPDCTR (B1/B2)
EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B2)

... & EXDU_BB
...
...
EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B2)
EXDU_DC (B1/B2) en04000509.vsd
Figure 108: Signals from any bays in section B2 to a busbar earthing switch in
the same section
For a busbar earthing switch on bypass busbar C, these conditions are valid:
QB7OPTR (bay 1)
... & BB_DC_OP
...
...
QB7OPTR (bay n)
VPQB7TR (bay 1)
... & VP_BB_DC
...
...
VPQB7TR (bay n)
EXDU_BB (bay 1)
... & EXDU_BB
...
...
EXDU_BB (bay n) en04000510.vsd
Figure 109: Signals from bypass busbar to busbar earthing switch
Signals in double-breaker arrangement

The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus
section are open.

Section 4
IED application
Section 1 Section 2
(WA1)A1 A2
(WA2)B1 B2
A1A2_DC(BS)
BB_ES B1B2_DC(BS) BB_ES
DB_BUS DB_BUS
en04000511.vsd

Signal
BB_DC_OP All disconnectors of this part of the busbar are open.
VP_BB_DC The switch status of all disconnectors on this part of the busbar are valid.
EXDU_BB No transmission error from any bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each double-breaker bay (DB_BUS) are needed:

Signal
EXDU_DB No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
disconnectors A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal
The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration described in section “Signals
in single breaker arrangement”.
Signals in breaker and a half arrangement

The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus-
section are open.

Section 4
IED application
Section 1 Section 2
(WA1)A1 A2
(WA2)B1 B2
A1A2_DC(BS)
BB_ES B1B2_DC(BS) BB_ES
BH_LINE BH_LINE
en04000512.vsd
The project-specific logic are the same as for the logic for the double busbar
configuration described in section “Signals in single breaker arrangement”.
Signal
BB_DC_OP All disconnectors on this part of the busbar are open.
VP_BB_DC The switch status of all disconnectors on this part of the busbar is valid.
EXDU_BB No transmission error from any bay that contains the above information.
4.12.3.8 Interlocking for double CB bay (DB)
The interlocking modules DB_BUS_A, DB_LINE and DB_BUS_B are used for a
line connected to a double circuit breaker arrangement according to figure 112.
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1 QC4
QA1 QA2
DB_BUS_A DB_BUS_B
QC2 QC5
QB61 QB62
QC3
QB9
DB_LINE
QC9
en04000518.vsd
Figure 112: Switchyard layout double circuit breaker.
Three types of interlocking modules per double circuit breaker bay are defined.
DB_LINE is the connection from the line to the circuit breaker parts that are connected

Section 4
IED application
to the busbars. DB_BUS_A and DB_BUS_B are the connections from the line to the
busbars.
For a double circuit-breaker bay, the modules DB_BUS_A, DB_LINE and

DB_BUS_B must be used.
Configuration setting
For application without QB9 and QC9, just set the appropriate inputs to open state
and disregard the outputs. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated
0=FALSE and 1=TRUE:
• QB9_OP = 1
• QB9_CL = 0
• QC9_OP = 1
• QC9_CL = 0
If, in this case, a line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting QB9 to
open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision:
• QB9_OP = VOLT_OFF
• QB9_CL = VOLT_ON
If there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows:
• VOLT_OFF = 1
• VOLT_ON = 0
4.12.3.9 Interlocking for 1 1/2 CB diameter (BH)
The interlocking modules BH_LINE_A, BH_CONN and BH_LINE_B are used for
lines connected to a breaker-and-a-half diameter according to figure 113.

Section 4
IED application
WA1 (A)
WA2 (B)
QB1 QB2
QC1 QC1
QA1 QA1
QC2 QC2
QB6 QB6
QC3 QC3
BH_LINE_A BH_LINE_B
QB61 QA1 QB62
QB9 QB9
QC1 QC2
QC9 QC9
BH_CONN
en04000513.vsd
Figure 113: Switchyard layout breaker-and-a-half
Three types of interlocking modules per diameter are defined. BH_LINE_A and
BH_LINE_B are the connections from a line to a busbar. BH_CONN is the
connection between the two lines of the diameter in the breaker and a half switchyard
layout.
4.12.4 Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI

presentation (GGIO)
The SLGGIO function block (or the selector switch function block, as it is also
known) is used within the CAP configuration tool in order to get a selector switch
functionality similar with the one provided by a hardware selector switch. Hardware
selector switches are used extensively by utilities, in order to have different functions
operating on pre-set values. Hardware switches are however sources for maintenance
issues, lower system reliability and extended purchase portfolio. The virtual selector
switches eliminate all these problems.
The SLGGIO function block has two operating inputs (UP and DOWN), one blocking
input (BLOCK) and one operator position input (PSTO). The normal way a selector
switch is connected would be in accordance with fig.:

Section 4
IED application
This is a minimal configuration, allowing for selector switch operation both from the
LHMI and from external sources (switches), via the IED binary inputs. It also allows
the operation from remote (like the station computer). The POS_NUM is an integer
value output, giving the actual output number. In this particular example, this is a
selector switch with 10 positions. Since the number of positions of the switch can be
established by settings (see below), one must be careful in coordinating the settings
with the configuration (if one sets the number of positions to x in settings – for
example, there will be only the first x outputs available from the block in the
configuration). Also the frequency of the (UP or DOWN) pulses should be lower than
the setting tPulse.
From the LHMI, there are two modes of operating the switch: from the menu and
from the SLD. An example of these two types of operation is given in this document:
The following settings are available for the Logic rotating switch for function
selection and LHMI presentation function:
Operation: Sets the operation of the function On or Off;
noOfPositions: Sets the number of positions in the switch (max. 32)- this setting
influence the behaviour of the switch when changes from the last to the first position;
outputType: Steady or Pulsed;
operatePulseLenght: In case of a pulsed output, it gives the length of the pulse (in
seconds);
timeDelay: The delay between the UP or DOWN activation signal positive front and
the output activation;
stopAtExtreme: Sets the behavior of the switch at the end positions – if set to 0, when
pressing UP while on first position, the switch will jump to the last position; when
pressing DOWN at the last position, the switch will jump to the first position; when
set to 1, no jump will be allowed;
Table 74: General settings for the SSGGIO (LRS1-) function

StopAtExtremes Disabled - Disabled - Stop when min or max
Enabled position is reached

Section 4
IED application
Table 75: Parameter group settings for the SSGGIO (LRS1-) function
Operation Off - Off - Operation Off/On
On
NrPos 2 - 32 1 32 - Number of positions
in the switch
OutType Pulsed - Steady - Output type, steady
Steady (=1) or pulse (=0)
tPulse 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Operate pulse
duration, in [s]
tDelay 0.000 - 60000.000 0.010 0.000 s Time delay on the
output, in [s]
4.12.5 Generic double point function block (DPGGIO)
The DPGGIO function block is used to send three logical outputs to other systems or
equipment in the substation. The three outputs are named “OPEN”, “CLOSE” and
“VALID”, since this function block is intended to be used as a position indicator
block in interlocking and reservation station-wide logics.
There are no settings available for the user for DPGGIO. However, to get the signals
sent by DPGGIO one must use the engineering tools described in chapter
"Engineering of the IED".
4.13 Logic
4.13.1 Tripping logic (PTRC, 94)
Function block name: TRPx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number: 94
SMPPTRC I->O

Section 4
IED application
All trip signals from the different protection functions shall be routed through the trip
logic. In its simplest alternative the logic will only link the trip signal and make sure
that it is long enough.
The tripping logic in IED 670 protection, control and monitoring IEDs offers three
different operating modes:
• Three-phase tripping for all fault types (3ph operating mode)

• Single-phase tripping for single-phase faults and three-phase tripping for multi-
phase and evolving faults (1ph/3ph operating mode). The logic also issues a
three-phase tripping command when phase selection within the operating
protection functions is not possible, or when external conditions request three-
phase tripping.
• Two phase tripping for two phase faults.
The three phase trip for all faults offers a simple solution and is often sufficient in
well meshed transmission systems and in sub-transmission systems. Since most
faults, especially at the highest voltage levels, are single phase to earth faults, single
phase tripping can be of great value. If only the faulty phase is tripped, power can
still be transferred on the line during the dead time that arises before reclosing. Single
phase tripping during single phase faults must be combined with single pole reclosing.
To meet the different double, one- and a half and other multiple circuit breaker
arrangements, two identical TR function blocks may be provided within the IED.
One TR function block should be used for each breaker, if the line is connected to
the substation via more than one breaker. Assume that single pole tripping and auto-
reclosing is used on the line. Both breakers are then normally set up for 1/3 phase
tripping and 1/3 phase auto-reclosing. As an alternative the breaker chosen as master
can have single pole tripping, while the slave breaker could have three pole tripping
and auto-reclosing. In the case of a permanent fault, only one of the breakers has to
be operated when the fault is energized a second time. In the event of a transient fault
the slave breaker performs a three pole reclosing onto the non-faulted line.
The same philosophy can be used for two-pole tripping and auto-reclosing.
To prevent closing of a circuit breaker after a trip the function can block the closing.
The two instances of the TR function are identical except for the name of the function
block (TRP1 and TRP2). References will therefore only be made to TRP1 in the
following description, but they also apply to TRP2.
The trip function logic is illustrated below in figure 114.

Section 4
IED application
TRP1
TRIP LOGIC
BLOCK TRIP
BLKLKOUT TRL1
TRIN TRL2
TRINL1 TRL3
TRINL2 TR1P
TRINL3 TR2P
PSL1 TR3P
PSL2 CLLKOUT
PSL3
1PTRZ
1PTREF
P3PTR
SETLKOUT
RSTLKOUT
en05000543.vsd
Figure 114: The trip logic function block.
Three phase tripping

A simple application with three phase tripping from the logic block utilizes a part of
the function block. Connect the inputs from the protection function blocks to the input
TRIN. If necessary (normally the case) use a logic OR block to combine the different
function outputs to this input. Connect the output TRIP to the digital Output/s on the
IO board.
This signal can also be used for other purposes internally in the IED. An example
could be the starting of Breaker failure protection. The three outputs TRL1, TRL2,
TRL3 will always be activated at every trip and can be utilized on individual trip
outputs if single pole operating devices are available on the circuit breaker even when
a Three phase tripping scheme is selected.
Set the function block to Program=3Ph and set the required length of the trip pulse
to e.g. tTripMin=150ms.
For special applications such as Lock-out refer to the separate section below. The
typical connection is shown below in figure 115. Signals that are not used are dimmed.

Section 4
IED application
TRP1-
SMPPTRC_94
BLOCK TRIP
ZM1 TRIP
BLKLKOUT TRL1
ZM2 TRIP
³1 TRIN TRL2
ZM3 TRIP
DEF TRIP TRINL1 TRL3
TRINL2 TR1P
TRINL3 TR2P
PSL1 TR3P
PSL2 CLLKOUT
PSL3
1PTRZ
1PTREF
P3PTR
SETLKOUT
RSTLKOUT
en05000544.vsd
Figure 115: The trip logic function TR is used for a simple three phase tripping
application.
Single and/or three phase tripping

The Single/Three phase tripping will give single phase tripping for single phase faults
and three phase tripping for multi-phase fault. The operating mode is always used
together with a single phase Auto-Reclosing scheme.
The single phase tripping can include different options and the use of the different
inputs in the function block.
The inputs 1PTRZ and 1PTREF are used for single phase tripping for Distance
protection and Directional Earth fault protection function as required.
The inputs are combined with the phase selection logic and the start signals from the
phase selector must be connected to the inputs PSL1, PSL2 and PSL3 to achieve the
tripping on the respective single phase trip outputs TRL1, TRL2 and TRL3. The
Output TRIP is a General Trip and activated independent of which phase is involved.
Depending on which phases are involved the outputs TR1P,TR2P and TR3P will be
activated as well.
When single phase tripping schemes are used a single phase Auto Reclosing attempt
is expected to follow. For cases where the Auto-Reclosing is not in service or will
not follow for some reason, the input Prepare Three Phase Trip P3PTR must be
activated. This is normally connected to the respective output on the Auto-Recloser
but can also be connected to other signals, e.g. an external logic signal.If two breakers
are involved, one TR block instance and one Auto-Recloser instance is used for each
breaker. This will ensure correct operation and behavior of each breaker.

Section 4
IED application
The output Trip 3 Phase TR3P must be connected to the respective input in the Auto-
Recloser to switch the Auto-Recloser to three phase Reclosing. If this signal is not
activated the Auto-Recloser will use single-phase Reclosing dead time. Note also that
if a second Line protection is utilizing the same Auto-Recloser the 3 Phase Trip signal
must be generated e.g. by using the three trip relays contacts in series and connecting
them in parallel to the TR3P output from the trip block.
The Trip Logic also has inputs TRINL1, TRINL2 and TRINL3 where phase selected
trip signals can be connected. Examples can be individual phase inter-trips from
remote end or internal/external phase selected trip signals which are routed through
the IED to achieve e.g. Auto-Reclose, Breaker failure etc.Other back-up functions
are connected to the input TRIN as described above. A typical connection for a single
phase tripping scheme is shown below in figure 116.
ZM2 TRIP
TRP1-
ZM3 TRIP SMPPTRC_94
³1
DEF TRIP
BLOCK TRIP
BLKLKOUT TRL1
ZM01
TRIN TRL2
Distance
TRIP
Function TRINL1 TRL3
GFC or PSL TRINL2 TR1P

Phase Selection
TRINL3 TR2P
PSL1 PSL1 TR3P

CLLKOUT
PSL2 PSL2
PSL3 PSL3
TR3P 1PTRZ
AR01
1PTREF
Auto-Recloser
PREP3P P3PTR
SETLKOUT
TR3P RSTLKOUT
en05000545.vsd
Figure 116: The trip logic function TR used for Single phase tripping application.
Single-, two or three phase tripping

The Single/Two/Three phase tripping mode provides single phase tripping for single
phase faults, two phase tripping for two phase faults and three phase tripping for
multi-phase faults. The operating mode is always used together with an Auto-
Reclosing scheme with setting Program=1/2/3Ph or Program=1/3Ph attempt.
The functionality is very similar to the single phase scheme described above. However
the Auto-Reclose must in addition to the connections for single phase above be
informed that the trip is two phase by connecting the Trip Logic output TR2P to the
respective input in the Auto-Recloser.

Section 4
IED application
Lock-out
This function block is provided with possibilities to initiate lock-out. The lock-out
can be set to only activate the block closing output CLLKOUT or initiate the block
closing output and also maintain the trip signal (latched trip).
The Lock-out can then be manually reset after checking the primary fault by activating
the input reset Lock-Out RSTLKOUT.
If external conditions are required to initiate Lock-out but not initiate trip this can be
achieved by activating input SETLKOUT. The setting Auto-Lock = OFF will mean
that the internal trip is not activating lock-out so only initiation of the input
SETLKOUT will result in lock-out. This is normally the case for overhead line
protection where most faults are transient. Unsuccessful auto-reclose and back-up
zone tripping can in such cases be connected to initiate Lock-out by activating the
input.
Blocking of the function block

The function block can be blocked in two different ways. Its use is dependent on the
application. Blocking can be initiated internally by logic, or by the operator using a
communication channel. Total blockage of the trip function is done by activating the
input BLOCK and can be used to block the output of the trip logic in the event of
internal failures. Blockage of lock-out output by activating input BLKLKOUT can
be used for operator control of the lock-out function.
The paramters for tripping logic are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control
IED Manager (PCM 600).
The following trip parameters can be set to regulate tripping.
Operation: On or Off
Sets the mode of operation. Off switches the tripping off. The normal selection is:
Operation=On
Program: 3Ph,1/3Ph,1/2/3Ph
Set the required tripping scheme. Normally 3Ph or 1/2Ph are used.
TripLockout: On or Off
Set the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates lock-out output. On activates the lock-
out output and latching output contacts. The normal selection is: TripLockout=Off.
AutoLock: On or Off
Setting the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates lock-out through the input SET-
LOCKOUT. On also allows activation from trip function itself. The normal selection
is: AutoLock=Off.

Section 4
IED application
tTripMin
Set the required minimum duration of the trip pulse. It should be set to ensure that
the breaker is tripped and if a signal is used to start the breaker failure protection
(BFP) function longer than the back-up trip timer in the BFP. Normal setting is:
tTripMin=0.150s
Table 76: Parameter group settings for the SMPPTRC_94 (TRP1-) function
On
Program 3 phase - 1ph/3ph - Three ph; single or
1ph/3ph three ph; single, two
1ph/2ph/3ph or three ph trip
TripLockout Off - Off - On: activate output
On (CLLKOUT) and trip
latch, Off: only outp
AutoLock Off - Off - On: lockout from input
On (SETLKOUT) and
trip, Off: only inp
tTripMin 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.150 s Minimum duration of
trip output signal
4.13.2 Trip matrix logic (GGIO, 94X)
Twelve trip matrix logic blocks are included in the IED. The function blocks are used
in the configuration of the IED to route trip signals and/or other logical output signals
to the different output relays.
The matrix and the physical outputs will be seen in the PCM 600 engineering tool
and this allows the user to adapt the signals to the physical tripping outputs according
to the specific application needs.
The parameters for the instantaneous non-directional phase overcurrent protection

functions are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM
600l).

Section 4
IED application
Table 77: Parameter group settings for the TRMGGIO (TR01-) function
On
PulseTime1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Output pulse time for
output 1
OnDelayTime1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Output on delay time
for output 1
OffDelayTime1 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.000 s Output off delay time
for output 1
output 2
for output 2
for output 2
output 3
for output 3
for output 3
4.13.3 Configurable logic blocks (LLD)
A high number of logic blocks and timers are available for user to adapt the
configuration to the specific application needs.
There are no settings for AND gates, OR gates, inverters or XOR gates.
For normal On/Off delay and pulse timers the time delays and pulse lengths are set
from the CAP configuration tool.
Both timers in the same logic block (the one delayed on pick-up and the one delayed
on drop-out) always have a common setting value. Pulse length settings are
independent of one another for all pulse circuits.
For controllable gates, settable timers and SR flip-flops with memory, the setting
parameters are accessible via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager
(PCM 600).
Configuration
Logic is configured using the CAP configuration tool.

Section 4
IED application
Execution of functions as defined by the configurable logic blocks runs according to

a fixed sequence with different cycle times.
For each cycle time, the function block is given an serial execution number. This is
shown when using the CAP configuration tool with the designation of the function
block and the cycle time, for example, TMnn-(1044, 6). TMnn is the designation of
the function block, 1044 is the serial execution number and 6 is the cycle time.
The execution of different function blocks within the same cycle is determined by
the order of their serial execution numbers. Always remember this when connecting
two or more logical function blocks in series.
Always be careful when connecting function blocks with a fast cycle

time to function blocks with a slow cycle time.
Remember to design the logic circuits carefully and always check the
execution sequence for different functions. In other cases, additional
time delays must be introduced into the logic schemes to prevent
errors, for example, race between functions.
Table 78: General settings for the Timer (TM01-) function

T 0.000 - 90000.000 0.001 0.000 s Time delay of function
Table 79: General settings for the Pulse (TP01-) function

T 0.000 - 90000.000 0.001 0.010 s Time delay of function
Table 80: Parameter group settings for the SRM (SM01-) function
Memory Off - Off - Operating mode of
On the memory function
Table 81: Parameter group settings for the GT (GT01-) function

On

Section 4
IED application
Table 82: Parameter group settings for the TimerSet (TS01-) function
On
t 0.000 - 90000.000 0.001 0.000 s Delay for settable
timer n
4.13.4 Fixed signal function block (FIXD)
The fixed signals function block generates a number of pre-set (fixed) signals that
can be used in the configuration of a IED, either for forcing the unused inputs in the
other function blocks to a certain level/value, or for creating a certain logic.
4.14 Monitoring
4.14.1 Measurements (MMXU)
Function block name: SVRx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
CVMMXU
Function block name: CPxx IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
CMMXU
Function block name: VPx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
VMMXU

Section 4
IED application
Function block name: CSQx IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
CMSQI
Function block name: VSQx IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
VMSQI
Measurement functions is used for power system measurement, supervision and

reporting to the local HMI, monitoring tool within PCM 600 or to station level (i.e.
IEC61850). The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of active power,
reactive power, currents, voltages, frequency, power factor etc. is vital for efficient
production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. It provides to the
system operator fast and easy overview of the present status of the power system.
Additionally it can be used during testing and commissioning of protection and
control IEDs in order to verify proper operation and connection of instrument
transformers (i.e. CTs & VTs). During normal service by periodic comparison of the
measured value from the IED with other independent meters the proper operation of
the IED analog measurement chain can be verified. Finally it can be used to verify
proper direction orientation for distance or directional overcurrent protection
function.
The available measured values of an IED are depending on the actual

hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM 600.
All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits, i.e. low-low limit,
low limit, high limit and high-high limit. A zero clamping reduction is also supported,
i.e the measured value below a settable limit is forced to zero which reduces the impact
of noise in the inputs.
Dead-band supervision can be used to report measured signal value to station level
when change in measured value is above set threshold limit or time integral of all
changes since the last time value updating exceeds the threshold limit. Measure value
can also be based on periodic reporting.
The measuring function, SVR, provides the following power system quantities:

Section 4
IED application
• P, Q and S: three phase active, reactive and apparent power

• PF: power factor
• U: phase-to-phase voltage magnitude
• I: phase current magnitude
• F: power system frequency
The measuring functions CP and VP provides physical quantities:
• I: phase currents (magnitude and angle)

• U: phase-phase voltages (magnitude and angle)
It is possible to calibrate the measuring function above to get class 0.5 presentation.
This is accomplished by angle and amplitude compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of
rated current and voltage.
The power system quantities provided, depends on the actual

hardware, (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM 600.
The measuring functions CSQ and VSQ provides sequential quantities:
• I: sequence currents (positive, zero, negative sequence, magnitude and angle)

• U: sequence voltages (positive, zero and negative sequence, magnitude and
angle).
The SVR function calculates three-phase power quantities by using fundamental

frequency phasors (i.e. DFT values) of the measured current and voltage signals. The
measured power quantities are available either as instantaneously calculated
quantities or averaged values over a period of time (i.e. low pass filtered) depending
on the selected settings.
The IED can be provided with up to 3 SVR-, 10 CP-, 5 VP-, 3 CSQ- and 3 VSQ-
measurement functions.
The available setting parameters of the measurement function (MMXU, MSQI) are
depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM
600.
The parameters for the Measurement function (MMXU, MSQI) are set via the local
Operation: Off/On. Every function instance (SVRx, CPxx, VP0x, CSQxx, VSQx)
can be taken in operation (On) or out of operation (Off). Default setting is Off.
The following general settings can be set for the Service Value functions (SVR).

Section 4
IED application
PowAmpFact: Amplitude factor to scale power calculations. The setting range is

0.000-6.000. Default setting is 1.000, which also is a typical setting.
PowAngComp: Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U. The
setting range is ±180 degrees. Default setting is 0 degree, which also is a typical
setting.
Mode: Selection of measured current and voltage. There are 9 different ways of
calculating monitored three-phase values depending on the available VT inputs
connected to the IED. See parameter group setting table. Default setting expects
complete VT information (L1,L2,L3).
k: Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I. The setting range is
0.0-1.0. Default setting is 0.0 i.e. no filtering, which also is a typical setting.
UGenZeroDb: Minimum level of voltage in % of Ubase used as indication of zero

voltage (zero point clamping). If measured value is below UGenZeroDb calculated
S, P, Q and PF will be zero. The setting range is 1-100%. Default setting is 5%.
IGenZeroDb: Minimum level of current in % of Ibase used as indication of zero

current (zero point clamping). If measured value is below IGenZeroDb calculated S,
P, Q and PF will be zero. The setting range is 1-100%. Default setting is 5%.
UBase: Base voltage in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference for voltage
setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary voltage supervised
object. The setting range is 0.05-2000 kV. Default setting is 400 kV.
It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the supervised
object. The setting range is 1-99999 A. Default setting is 3000 A.
UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y% of

Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10%. Default setting is 0.
IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of

Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10%. Default setting is 0.
IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir, where

Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10 degrees. Default setting is 0.
The following general settings can be set for the phase current monitoring
functions (CP).
IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of

Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10%. Default setting is 0.
IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir, where

Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10 degrees. Default setting is 0.
The following general settings can be set for the phase-phase voltage monitoring
functions (VP).

Section 4
IED application
UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y% of

Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10%. Default setting is 0.
UAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ur,

where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The setting range is ± 10 degrees. Default setting is
0.
The following general settings can be set for all monitored quantities included in
the functions (SVR, CP, VP, CSQ and VSQ).
Xmin: Minimum value for analog signal X (X equals S, P, Q, PF, U, I, F, IL1-3,

UL12-31, I1, I2, 3I0, U1, U2 or 3U0)) set directly in applicable measuring unit.
Xmax: Maximum value for analog signal X.
XZeroDb: Zero point clamping. A signal value less than XZeroDb is forced to zero.
The setting range is 0-100000 in steps of 0.001% related to measuring range. Default
setting is 0. Observe the related zero point clamping settings in Setting group N for
SVR (UGenZeroDb and IGenZeroDb). If measured value is below UGenZeroDb and/
or IGenZeroDb calculated S, P, Q and PF will be zero and these settings will override
XZeroDb.
XRepTyp: Reporting type. Cyclic (Cyclic), amplitude deadband (Dead band) or

integral deadband (Int deadband). The reporting interval is controlled by the
parameter XDbRepInt. Default setting is Cyclic.
XDbRepInt: Reporting deadband setting. Cyclic reporting is the setting value and is
reporting interval in seconds. Amplitude deadband is the setting value in % of
measuring range. Integral deadband setting is the integral area, i.e. measured value
in % of measuring range multiplied by the time between two measured values. Default
setting is 10.
XHiHiLim: High-high limit. Set in applicable measuring unit. The setting range is
±10000000000 in steps of 0.001. Default setting is 900·106 (i.e 900 MW/MVar/
MVA).
XHiLim: High limit. Default setting is 800·106 (i.e 800 MW/MVar/MVA).
XLowLim: Low limit. Default setting is -800·106.
XLowLowLim: Low-low limit. Default setting is -900·106.
XLimHyst: Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits. The setting
range is 0-100 in steps of 0.001. Default setting is 5%.
All phase angles are presented in relation to defined reference channel. The parameter
PhaseAngleRef defines the reference, see section "Analog inputs".
Calibration curves
It is possible to calibrate the functions (SVR, CP and VP) to get class 0.5 presentations
of currents, voltages and powers. This is accomplished by amplitude and angle

Section 4
IED application
compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and voltage. The compensation curve
will have the characteristic for amplitude and angle compensation of currents as
shown in figure 117 (example). The first phase will be used as reference channel and
compared with the curve for calculation of factors. The factors will then be used for
all related channels.
Amplitude
% of Ir compensation
-10
IAmpComp5 Measured
IAmpComp30 current
IAmpComp100
5 30 100 % of Ir
0-5%: Constant
-10 5-30-100%: Linear
>100%: Constant
Degrees Angle
compensation
-10
IAngComp30 Measured
current
IAngComp5
IAngComp100
5 30 100 % of Ir
-10
en05000652.vsd
Figure 117: Calibration curves
Setting examples
Three setting examples, in connection to service values (SVR), are provided:
• SVR measurement function application for a 400 kV OHL

• SVR measurement function application on the secondary side of a transformer
• SVR measurement function application for a generator
For each of them detail explanation and final list of selected setting parameters values
will be provided.
The available measured values of an IED are depending on the actual

hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM 600.
Measurement function application for a 400 kV OHL

Single line diagram for this application is given in the figure 118:

Section 4
IED application
400kV Busbar
800/1 A
400 0,1
/ kV
3 3
P Q
400kV OHL en05000374.vsd
Figure 118: SLD for 400 kV OHL application
In order to monitor, supervise and calibrate the active and reactive power as indicated
in the above figure it is necessary to do the following:
1. Set correctly CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel

PhaseAngleRef (see section "Analog inputs") using the Parameter Setting Tool
(a part of PCM 600) for analog input channels
2. Connect in Application Configuration Tool ( a part of PCM 600) measurement
function to three-phase CT and VT inputs
3. Set under General settings parameters for the Service Value Report function:
• general settings as shown in table 83.
• level supervision of active power as shown in table 84.
• calibration parameters as shown in table 85.
Table 83: General settings parameters for the Service Value Report function
CAP & PST name Short Description (60 char) Selected Comments
value
Operation Operation Off/On On Function must be "On"
PowAmpFact Amplitude factor to scale power 1.000 It can be used during commissioning
calculations to achieve higher measurement
accuracy. Typically no scaling is
required
PowAngComp Angle compensation for phase 0.0 It can be used during commissioning
shift between measured I & U to achieve higher measurement
accuracy. Typically no angle
compensation is required. As well
here required direction of P & Q
measurement is towards protected
object (i.e. as per IED internal default
direction)
Mode Selection of measured current L1, L2, L3 All three phase to ground VT inputs
and voltage are available
k Low pass filter coefficient for 0.00 Typically no additional filtering is
power measurement, U and I required

Section 4
IED application
value
UGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ubase 25 Set minimum voltage level to 25%.
Voltage below 25% will force S, P and
Q to zero.
IGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ibase 3 Set minimum current level to 3%.
Current below 3% will force S, P and
Q to zero.
UBase Base setting for voltage level in kV 400.00 Set rated OHL phase-to-phase
voltage
IBase Base setting for current level in A 800 Set rated primary CT current used for
OHL
Table 84: Settings parameters for level supervision

value
PMin Minimum value -750 Minimum expected load
PMax Minimum value 750 Maximum expected load
PZeroDb Zero point clamping in 0.001% of 3000 Set zero point clamping to 45 MW i.e.
range 3% of 1500 MW
PRepTyp Reporting type db Select amplitude deadband
supervision
PDbRepInt Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % 2 Set ±Δdb=30 MW i.e. 2% (larger
of range, Int Db: In %s changes than 30 MW will be reported)
PHiHiLim High High limit (physical value) 600 High alarm limit i.e. extreme overload
alarm
PHiLim High limit (physical value) 500 High warning limit i.e. overload
warning
PLowLim Low limit (physical value) -800 Low warning limit. Not active
PLowLowlLim Low Low limit (physical value) -800 Low alarm limit. Not active
PLimHyst Hysteresis value in % of range 2 Set ±ΔHysteres=30 MW i.e. 2%
(common for all limits)
Table 85: Settings for calibration parameters

value
IAmpComp5 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
current at 5% of Ir
current at 30% of Ir
UAmpComp5 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
voltage at 5% of Ur
voltage at 30% of Ur
voltage at 100% of Ur

Section 4
IED application
value
IAngComp5 Angle calibration for current at 5% 0.00
of Ir
IAngComp30 Angle pre-calibration for current at 0.00
30% of Ir
IAngComp100 Angle pre-calibration for current at 0.00
100% of Ir
Measurement function application for a power transformer

Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 119.
110kV Busbar
200/1
31,5 MVA
110/36,75/(10,5) kV
Yy0(d5)
P Q
500/5
UL1L2
35 / 0,1kV
35kV Busbar en05000375.vsd
Figure 119: SLD for transformer application
In order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in the above figure, it
is necessary to do the following:
1. Set correctly all CT and VT and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef
(see section "Analog inputs") data using the Parameter Setting Tool for analog
input channels
2. Connect in Application Configuration Tool measurement function to LV side
CT & VT inputs
3. Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the
following table:

Section 4
IED application
CAP & PST name Short description (60 char) Selected Comment
value
Operation Operation Off/On On Function must be "On"
PowAmpFact Amplitude factor to scale power 1.000 Typically no scaling is required
calculations
PowAngComp Angle compensation for phase 180.0 Typically no angle compensation is
shift between measured I & U required. However here the required
direction of P & Q measurement is
towards busbar (i.e. Not per IED
internal default direction). Therefore
angle compensation have to be used
in order to get measurements in
aliment with the required direction.
Mode Selection of measured current L1L2 Only UL1L2 phase-to-phase voltage
and voltage is available
UGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ubase 25 Set minimum voltage level to 25%
IGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ibase 3 Set minimum current level to 3%
UBase Base setting for voltage level in kV 35.00 Set LV side rated phase-to-phase
voltage
IBase Base setting for current level in A 495 Set transformer LV winding rated
current
Measurement function application for a generator

Single line diagram fro this application is given in figure 120.

Section 4
IED application
220kV Busbar
300/1
100 MVA
242/15,65 kV
Yd5
15 / 0,1kV
UL1L2 , UL2L3
P Q
100MVA G
15,65kV
4000/5
en05000376.vsd
Figure 120: SLD for generator application
In order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in the above figure, it
is necessary to do the following:
1. Set correctly all CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel
PhaseAngleRef (see section "Analog inputs") using the Parameter Setting Tool
for analog input channels
2. Connect in Application Configuration Tool measurement function to the
generator CT & VT inputs
3. Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the
following table:
value
Operation Operation Off/On On Function must be “On"
PowAmpFact Amplitude factor to scale power 1.000 Typically no scaling is required
calculations
PowAngComp Angle compensation for phase 0.0 Typically no angle compensation is
shift between measured I & U required. As well here required
direction of P & Q measurement is
towards protected object (i.e. as per
IED internal default direction)
Mode Selection of measured current Arone Generator VTs are connected
and voltage between phases (i.e. V-connected)

Section 4
IED application
value
UGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ubase 25% Set minimum voltage level to 25%
IGenZeroDb Zero point clamping in % of Ibase 3 Set minimum current level to 3%
UBase Base setting for voltage level in kV 15,65 Set generator rated phase-to-phase
voltage
IBase Base setting for current level in A 3690 Set generator rated current
The available setting parameters of the measurement function (MMXU, MSQI) are
depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM
600.
Table 86: General settings for the CVMMXU (SVR1-) function

SDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
%s (s), Db: In % of range,
Int Db: In %s
SZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
SHiHiLim 0.000 - 0.001 900000000.000 VA High High limit
10000000000.000 (physical value)
SHiLim 0.000 - 0.001 800000000.000 VA High limit (physical
10000000000.000 value)
SLowLim 0.000 - 0.001 0.000 VA Low limit (physical
10000000000.000 value)
SLowLowLim 0.000 - 0.001 0.000 VA Low Low limit
10000000000.000 (physical value)
SMin 0.000 - 0.001 0.000 VA Minimum value
10000000000.000
SMax 0.000 - 0.001 1000000000.000 VA Maximum value
10000000000.000
SRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
SLimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range (common for
all limits)
PDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
PZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
PHiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900000000.000 W High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000

Section 4
IED application

PHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800000000.000 W High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
PLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800000000.000 W Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
PLowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900000000.000 W Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
PMin -10000000000.00 0.001 -1000000000.000 W Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
PMax -10000000000.00 0.001 1000000000.000 W Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
PRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
PLimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)
QDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
QZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
QHiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900000000.000 VAr High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
QHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800000000.000 VAr High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
QLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800000000.000 VAr Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
QLowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900000000.000 VAr Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
QMin -10000000000.00 0.001 -1000000000.000 VAr Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
On
QMax -10000000000.00 0.001 1000000000.000 VAr Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
current level in A
QRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
voltage level in kV

Section 4
IED application

QLimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)
Mode L1, L2, L3 - L1, L2, L3 - Selection of
Arone measured current and
Pos Seq voltage
L1L2
L2L3
L3L1
L1
L2
L3
PowAmpFact 0.000 - 6.000 0.001 1.000 - Amplitude factor to
scale power
calculations
PowAngComp -180.0 - 180.0 0.1 0.0 Deg Angle compensation
for phase shift
between measured I
&U
k 0.00 - 1.00 0.01 0.00 - Low pass filter
coefficient for power
measurement, U and
I
PFDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
PFZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
UGenZeroDb 1 - 100 1 5 % Zero point clamping in
% of Ubase
PFHiHiLim -3.000 - 3.000 0.001 3.000 - High High limit
(physical value)
IGenZeroDb 1 - 100 1 5 % Zero point clamping in
% of Ibase
PFHiLim -3.000 - 3.000 0.001 2.000 - High limit (physical
value)
PFLowLim -3.000 - 3.000 0.001 -2.000 - Low limit (physical
value)
PFLowLowLim -3.000 - 3.000 0.001 -3.000 - Low Low limit
(physical value)
PFMin -1.000 - 0.000 0.001 -1.000 - Minimum value
PFMax 0.000 - 1.000 0.001 1.000 - Maximum value
PFRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
PFLimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)
UDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
UZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range

Section 4
IED application

UHiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 460000.000 V High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
UHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
ULowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 380000.000 V Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
ULowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 350000.000 V Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
UMin -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 V Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
UMax -10000000000.00 0.001 400000.000 V Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
URepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
ULimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)
IDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
IZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
IHiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900.000 A High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
IHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800.000 A High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
ILowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800.000 A Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
ILowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900.000 A Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
IMin -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 A Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
IMax -10000000000.00 0.001 1000.000 A Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
IRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
ILimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)

Section 4
IED application

FrDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
FrZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
FrHiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 65.000 Hz High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
FrHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 63.000 Hz High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
FrLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 47.000 Hz Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
FrLowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 45.000 Hz Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
FrMin -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 Hz Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
FrMax -10000000000.00 0.001 70.000 Hz Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
FrRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
FrLimHyst 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
all limits)
UAmpComp5 -10.000 - 10.000 0.001 0.000 % Amplitude factor to
calibrate voltage at
5% of Ur
30% of Ur
100% of Ur
IAmpComp5 -10.000 - 10.000 0.001 0.000 % Amplitude factor to
calibrate current at
5% of Ir
30% of Ir
100% of Ir
IAngComp5 -10.000 - 10.000 0.001 0.000 Deg Angle calibration for
current at 5% of Ir

Section 4
IED application
Table 87: General settings for the CMMXU (CP01-) function

IL1DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
Operation Off - On - Operation Mode On /
On Off
IL1ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
IL1HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900.000 A High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
current level in A
5% of Ir
IL1HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800.000 A High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
30% of Ir
IL1LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800.000 A Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
100% of Ir
IL1LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900.000 A Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
current at 5% of Ir
IL1Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 A Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
IL1Max -10000000000.00 0.001 1000.000 A Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
IL1RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
IL1LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
common for all limits

Section 4
IED application

IL1AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
IL1AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
Int Db: In %s
0% 0,001% of range
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
Dead band
Int deadband
of range and is
Int Db: In %s
Dead band
Int deadband
Int Db: In %s
0% 0,001% of range
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000

Section 4
IED application

0- value)
10000000000.000
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
Dead band
Int deadband
of range and is
Int Db: In %s
Dead band
Int deadband
Table 88: General settings for the VMMXU (VP01-) function

UL12DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
Operation Off - On - Operation Mode On /
On Off
UL12ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
UL12HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 460000.000 V High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
voltage level in kV
5% of Ur
UL12HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
30% of Ur

Section 4
IED application

UL12LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 380000.000 V Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
100% of Ur
UL12LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 350000.000 V Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
UL12Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 V Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
UL12Max -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
UL12RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
UL12LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
UL12AnDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
UL12AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
Int Db: In %s
0% 0,001% of range
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
Dead band
Int deadband

Section 4
IED application

of range and is
Int Db: In %s
Dead band
Int deadband
Int Db: In %s
0% 0,001% of range
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- value)
10000000000.000
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
0-
10000000000.000
Dead band
Int deadband
of range and is
Int Db: In %s
Dead band
Int deadband

Section 4
IED application
Table 89: General settings for the CMSQI (CSQ1-) function

3I0DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
3I0ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
3I0HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900.000 A High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
3I0HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800.000 A High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
3I0LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800.000 A Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
3I0LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900.000 A Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
3I0Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 A Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
3I0Max -10000000000.00 0.001 1000.000 A Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
3I0RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
3I0LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
On Off
3I0AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
3I0AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
I1DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
I1ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
I1HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900.000 A High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
I1HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800.000 A High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
I1LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800.000 A Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000

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IED application

I1LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900.000 A Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
I1Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 A Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
I1Max -10000000000.00 0.001 1000.000 A Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
I1RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
I1LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
I1AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
I1AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
I2DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
I2ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
I2HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 900.000 A High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
I2HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 800.000 A High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
I2LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -800.000 A Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
I2LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -900.000 A Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
I2Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 A Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
I2Max -10000000000.00 0.001 1000.000 A Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
I2RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband

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IED application

I2LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
I2AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
I2AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
Table 90: General settings for the VMSQI (VSQ1-) function

3U0DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
3U0ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
3U0HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 460000.000 V High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
3U0HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
3U0LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 380000.000 V Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
3U0LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 350000.000 V Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
3U0Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 V Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
3U0Max -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
3U0RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
3U0LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
On Off
3U0AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
3U0AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband

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IED application

U1DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
U1ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
U1HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 460000.000 V High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
U1HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
U1LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 380000.000 V Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
U1LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 350000.000 V Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
U1Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 V Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
U1Max -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
U1RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
U1LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
U1AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
U1AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
U2DbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
U2ZeroDb 0 - 100000 1 0 1/100 Zero point clamping in
0% 0,001% of range
U2HiHiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 460000.000 V High High limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000
U2HiLim -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V High limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
U2LowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 380000.000 V Low limit (physical
0- value)
10000000000.000
U2LowLowLim -10000000000.00 0.001 350000.000 V Low Low limit
0- (physical value)
10000000000.000

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IED application

U2Min -10000000000.00 0.001 0.000 V Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
U2Max -10000000000.00 0.001 450000.000 V Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
U2RepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
U2LimHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 % Hysteresis value in %
of range and is
U2AngDbRepInt 1 - 300 1 10 s,%, Cycl: Report interval
Int Db: In %s
U2AngRepTyp Cyclic - Cyclic - Reporting type
Dead band
Int deadband
4.14.2 Event counter (GGIO)
Function block name: ECNx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
CNTGGIO
This function has six counters which are used for storing the number of times each
counter has been activated. All six counters have a common blocking function used,
for example, when testing. All sex counters can be set on or off using a parameter
setting Operation on off. All sex counters has a common reset and a common function.
The setting parameters for the event counter function are set via the local HMI or
Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600). Refer to the setting parameter
tables.

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4.14.3 Event function (EV)
When using a Substation Automation system with LON or SPA communication,

time-tagged events can be sent at change or cyclically from the IED to the station
level. These events are created from any available signal in the IED that is connected
to the Event function block. The event function block is used for LON and SPA
communication.
Analog and double indication values are also transferred through the event block.
The setting parameters for the event function are set from the PST parameter setting
tool, part of PCM 600.
EventMaskCh_1 - 16
The inputs can be set individually as:
• NoEvents
• OnSet, at pick-up of the signal
• OnReset, at drop-out of the signal
• OnChange, at both pick-up and drop-out of the signal
• AutoDetect
LONChannelMask/SPAChannelMask
Definition of which part of the event function block that shall generate events:
• Off
• Channel 1-8
• Channel 9-16
• Channel 1-16
MinInterval_1 - 16
A time interval between cyclic events can be set individually for each input channel.
This can be set between 0.0 s to 1000.0 s in steps of 0.1 s. It should normally be set
to 0, i.e. no cyclic communication.
MaxEvPerSec
Three times this setting value gives the maximum burst quota per input channel. A
reasonable value as default should be 10 events/s which gives 30 events/s as a
maximum sustained event rate per channel.
It is important to set the time interval for cyclic events in an optimized

way to minimize the load on the station bus.

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IED application
Table 91: General settings for the Event (EV01-) function

SPAChannelMask Off - Off - SPA channel mask
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Channel 1-16
LONChannelMask Off - Off - LON channel mask
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Channel 1-16
EventMask1 NoEvents - AutoDetect - Reporting criteria for
OnSet input 1
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 2
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 3
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 4
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 5
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 6
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 7
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 8
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect

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OnSet input 9
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 10
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 11
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 12
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 13
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 14
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 15
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
OnSet input 16
OnReset
OnChange
AutoDetect
MinRepIntVal1 0 - 3600 1 2 s Minimum reporting
interval input 1
interval input 2
interval input 3
interval input 4
interval input 5
interval input 6
interval input 7

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interval input 8
interval input 9
interval input 10
interval input 11
interval input 12
interval input 13
interval input 14
interval input 15
interval input 16
4.14.4 Measured value expander block
Function block name: XP IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
The functions MMXU (SVR, CP and VP), MSQI (CSQ and VSQ) and MVGGIO
(MV) are provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured values
can be supervised with four settable limits, i.e. low-low limit, low limit, high limit
and high-high limit. The measure value expander block (XP) has been introduced to
be able to translate the integer output signal from the measuring functions to 5 binary
signals i.e. below low-low limit, below low limit, normal, above high-high limit or
above high limit. The output signals can be used as conditions in the configurable
logic.
There are no settable parameters for the measured value expander block function.
4.14.5 Disturbance report (RDRE)

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Function block name: DRP--, DRA1- – DRA4-, IEC 60617 graphical symbol:
DRB1- – DRB6-
ANSI number:
ABRDRE
To get fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/
or in the secondary system it is very important to gather information on fault currents,
voltages and events. It is also important having a continuous event-logging to be able
to monitor in an overview perspective. These tasks are accomplished by the
Disturbance Report function and facilitate a better understanding of the power system
behavior and related primary and secondary equipment during and after a disturbance.
An analysis of the recorded data provides valuable information that can be used to
explain a disturbance, basis for change of relay setting plan, improve existing
equipment etc. This information can also be used in a longer perspective when
planning for and designing new installations, i.e. a disturbance recording could be a
part of Functional Analysis (FA).
The Disturbance Report (DRP), always included in the IED, acquires sampled data
of all selected analog input and binary signals connected to the function blocks i.e.
maximum 30 external analog, 10 internal derived analog and 96 binary signals.
The Disturbance Report function is a common name for several functions i.e.
Indications (IND), Event recorder (ER), Event List (EL), Trip Value recorder (TVR),
Disturbance recorder (DR).
The function is characterized by great flexibility as far as configuration, starting

conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity are concerned. Thus, the
disturbance report is not dependent on the operation of protective functions, and it
can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective functions for one
reason or another. The function can be used as an advanced stand-alone disturbance
recorder since there is more functionality in the Disturbance Report function then
usual.
Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED. The same applies to all events,
which are continuously saved in a ring-buffer. The Local Human Machine Interface
(LHMI) is used to get information about the recordings, and the disturbance report
files may be uploaded to the PCM 600 (Protection and Control IED Manager) and
further analysis using the Disturbance Handling tool.
If the IED is connected to a station bus (IEC 61850-8-1), according to IEC 61850,
disturbance recorder and fault location information will be available on the bus. The
same information will be obtainable if IEC 60870-5-103 is used.

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IED application
The setting parameters for the Disturbance Report function (DRP) are set via the
LHMI or the tool included in PCM 600.
It is possible to handle up to 40 analog and 96 binary signals, either internal signals

or signals coming from external inputs. The binary signals are identical in all functions
i.e. Disturbance recorder (DR), Event Recorder (ER), Indication (IND), Trip Value
Recorder (TVR) and Event List function (EL).
User-defined names of binary and analog input signals can be set using the
configuration and parameter setting tool. The analog and binary signals appear with
their user-defined names. The name is used in all related functions (IND, EL, ER,
TVR and DR).
Figure ""Figure 121 shows the relations among Disturbance Report, included
functions and function blocks. EL, ER and IND uses information from the binary
input function blocks (DRB1- 6). TVR uses analog information from the analog input
function blocks (DRA1-3). The DR function acquires information from both DRAx
and DRBx.
DRA1-- 4- Disturbance Report
DRP- -
A4RADR RDRE
Analog signals
Trip Value Rec
DRB1-- 6- Disturbance
Recorder
Binary signals B6RBDR

Event List
Event Recorder
Indications
en05000160.vsd
Figure 121: Disturbance report functions and related function blocks
For the Disturbance Report function there are a number of settings which also
influences the sub-functions.
Three LED indications placed above the LCD screen makes it possible to get quick
status information about the IED. The information:

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Green LED:
Steady light In Service
Flashing light Internal failure
Dark No power supply
Yellow LED:
Steady light A Disturbance Report is triggered
Flashing light The IED is in test mode
Red LED:
Steady light Triggered on binary signal N with SetLEDN=ON
Operation
The operation of the Disturbance Report function has to be set On or Off. If Off is
selected, note that no disturbance report is registered, and none sub-function will
operate (the only general parameter that influences EL).
Operation=Off:
• Disturbance reports are not stored.

• LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is not stored or changed.
• No disturbance summary is scrolled on the LHMI.
Operation=On:
• Disturbance report are stored, disturbance data can be read from the LHMI and
from a PC using PCM 600.
• LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is stored.
• The disturbance summary is automatically scrolled on the LHMI for the two
latest registered disturbances, until cleared.
Every recording will get a number (1 to 65536) which is used as identifier (LHMI,
disturbance handling tool and IEC 61850). An alternative recording identification is
date, time and sequence number. The number is automatically increased by one for
each new recording and is reset to zero at midnight. The maximum number of
recordings stored in the IED is 100 and the oldest will be overwritten when a new
one arrives (FIFO).
Recording times
The different recording times for the disturbance report are set (the pre-fault time,
post-fault time, and limit time). These recording times affect all sub-functions more
or less but not the EL function.
Prefault recording time (PreFaultRecT) is the recording time before the starting point
of the disturbance. The setting should be at least 0.1 s to ensure enough samples for
the estimation of pre-fault values in the Trip Value Recorder function.

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Postfault recording time (PostFaultRecT) is the maximum recording time after the
disappearance of the trig-signal (does not influence the TVR-function).
Recording time limit (TimeLimit) is the maximum recording time after trig. The
parameter limits the recording time if some trigging condition (fault-time) is very
long or permanently set (does not influence the TVR-function).
Post retrigger (PostRetrig) can be set to On or Off. Makes it possible to choose

performance of the Disturbance Report function if a new trig signal appears in the
post-fault window.
PostRetrig = Off
The function is insensitive for new trig signals during post fault time.
PostRetrig = On
The function completes current report and starts a new complete report i.e. the latter
will include:
• new pre-fault- and fault-time (which will overlap previous report)

• events and indications might be saved in the previous report too, due to overlap
• new TVR- and FL-calculations (if installed, in operation and started)
Operation in test mode

If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest=Off. The Disturbance Report function
does not save any recordings and no LED information is displayed.
If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest=On. The Disturbance Report function
works in normal mode and the status is indicated in the saved recording.
Binary input signals

Up to 96 binary signals can be selected among internal logical and binary input
signals. The configuration tool is used to configure the signals.
For each of the 96 signals, it is also possible to select if the signal is to be used as a
trigger for the start of the disturbance report and if the trigger should be activated on
positive (1) or negative (0) slope.
OperationN: Disturbance Report may trig for binary input N (On) or not (Off).
TrigLevelN: Trig on positive (Trig on 1) or negative (Trig on 0) slope for binary input
N.
Func103N: Function type number (0-255) for binary input N according to

IEC-60870-5-103, i.e. 128: Distance protection, 160: overcurrent protection, 176:
transformer differential protection and 192: line differential protection.
Info103N: Information number (0-255) for binary input N according to

IEC-60870-5-103, i.e. 69-71: Trip L1-L3, 78-83: Zone 1-6.

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IED application
See also description in the chapter IEC 60870-5-103.
Analog signals
Up to 40 analog signals can be selected among internal analog and analog input
signals. The configuration tool is used to configure the signals.
The analog trigger of the Disturbance report is not affected if analog input M is to be
included in the disturbance recording or not (OperationM= On/Off).
NomValueM: Nominal value for input M
OverTrigOpM, UnderTrigOpM: Over or Under trig operation, Disturbance Report

may trig for high/low level of analog input M (On) or not (Off).
OverTrigLevelM, UnderTrigLevelM: Over or under trig level, Trig high/low level

relative nominal value for analog input M in percent of nominal value.
Sub-function parameters
All functions are in operation as long as the disturbance report is in operation.
Indications
IndicationMaN: Indication mask for binary input N. If set (Show), a status change of
that particular input, will be fetched and shown in the disturbance summary on the
LHMI. If not set (Hide), status change will not be indicated.
SetLEDN: Set red “Trip” LED on LHMI in front of the IED if binary input N changes
status.
Disturbance recorder
OperationM: Analog channel M is to be recorded by the disturbance recorder (On)
or not (Off).
Event recorder
The ER function has no dedicated parameters.
Trip Value recorder

ZeroAngleRef: The parameter defines which analog signal that will be used as phase
angle reference for all other analog input signals. It is suggested to point out a sampled
voltage input signal e.g. a line or busbar phase voltage (channel 1-30).
Event List
The EL function has no dedicated parameters.
Consideration
The density of recording equipment in power systems is increasing, since the number
of modern IEDs, where recorders are included, is increasing. This leads to a vast
number of recordings at every single disturbance and a lot of information has to be
handled if the recording functions don"t have proper settings. The goal is to optimize
the settings in each IED to be able to capture just valuable disturbances and to
maximize the number that"s possible to save in the IED.

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IED application
The recording time should not be longer than necessary (PostFaultrecT and
TimeLimit).
• Should the function record faults only for the protected object or cover more?
• How long is the longest expected fault clearing time?
• Is it necessary to include reclosure in the recording or should a persistent fault
generate a second recording (PostRetrig)?
Minimize the number of recordings:
• Binary signals: Use only relevant signals to start the recording i.e. protection trip,
carrier receive and/or start signals.
• Analog signals: The level triggering should be used with great care, since
unfortunate settings will cause enormously number of recordings. If nevertheless
analog input triggering is used, chose settings by a sufficient margin from normal
operation values. Phase voltages are not recommended for trigging.
Remember that values of parameters set elsewhere are linked to the information on
a report. Such parameters are, for example, station and object identifiers, CT and VT
ratios.
Table 92: General settings for the RDRE (DRP--) function

OpModeTest Off - Off - Operation mode
On during test mode
On
PreFaultRecT 0.05 - 0.30 0.01 0.10 s Pre-fault
recording time
PostFaultRecT 0.1 - 5.0 0.1 0.5 s Post-fault
recording time
TimeLimit 0.5 - 6.0 0.1 1.0 s Fault recording
time limit
PostRetrig Off - Off - Post-fault retrig
On enabled (On) or
not (Off)
ZeroAngleRef 1 - 30 1 1 Ch Trip value
recorder, phasor
reference
channel

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Table 93: General settings for the A1RADR (DRA1-) function

Operation01 Off - Off - Operation On/Off
On
NomValue01 0.0 - 999999.9 0.1 0.0 - Nominal value for
analogue
channel 1
UnderTrigOp01 Off - Off - Use under level
On trig for analogue
cha 1 (on) or not
(off)
UnderTrigLe01 0 - 200 1 50 % Under trigger
level for
analogue cha 1
in % of signal
OverTrigOp01 Off - Off - Use over level
cha 1 (on) or not
(off)
OverTrigLe01 0 - 5000 1 200 % Over trigger level
for analogue cha
1 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 2
cha 2 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 2
in % of signal
cha 2 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
2 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 3
cha 3 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 3
in % of signal

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IED application

cha 3 (on) or not
(off)
OverTrigLe03 0 - 5000 1 200 % Overtrigger level
for analogue cha
3 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 4
cha 4 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 4
in % of signal
cha 4 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
4 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 5
cha 5 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 5
in % of signal
cha 5 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
5 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 6

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IED application

cha 6 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 6
in % of signal
cha 6 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
6 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 7
cha 7 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 7
in % of signal
cha 7 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
7 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 8
cha 8 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 8
in % of signal
cha 8 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
8 in % of signal

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IED application

On
analogue
channel 9
cha 9 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 9
in % of signal
cha 9 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
9 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 10
cha 10 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 10
in % of signal
cha 10 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
10 in % of signal
Table 94: General settings for the A4RADR (DRA4-) function

Operation31 Off - Off - Operation On/off
On
analogue
channel 31
cha 31 (on) or not
(off)

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IED application

level for
analogue cha 31
in % of signal
cha 31 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
31 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 32
cha 32 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 32
in % of signal
cha 32 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
32 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 33
cha 33 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 33
in % of signal
cha 33 (on) or not
(off)
OverTrigLe33 0 - 5000 1 200 % Overtrigger level
for analogue cha
33 in % of signal
On

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IED application

analogue
channel 34
cha 34 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 34
in % of signal
cha 34 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
34 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 35
cha 35 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 35
in % of signal
cha 35 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
35 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 36
cha 36 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 36
in % of signal
cha 36 (on) or not
(off)

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IED application

for analogue cha
36 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 37
cha 37 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 37
in % of signal
cha 37 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
37 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 38
cha 38 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 38
in % of signal
cha 38 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
38 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 39
cha 39 (on) or not
(off)

Section 4
IED application

level for
analogue cha 39
in % of signal
cha 39 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
39 in % of signal
On
analogue
channel 40
cha 40 (on) or not
(off)
level for
analogue cha 40
in % of signal
cha 40 (on) or not
(off)
for analogue cha
40 in % of signal
Table 95: General settings for the B1RBDR (DRB1-) function

Operation01 Off - Off - Trigger operation
On On/Off
TrigLevel01 Trig on 0 - Trig on 1 - Trig on positiv (1)
Trig on 1 or negative (0)
slope for binary
inp 1
IndicationMa01 Hide - Hide - Indication mask
Show for binary
channel 1
SetLED01 Off - Off - Set red-LED on
On HMI for binary
channel 1
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 2

Section 4
IED application

Show for binary
channel 2
On HMI for binary
channel 2
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 3
Show for binary
channel 3
On HMI for binary
channel 3
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 4
Show for binary
channel 4
On HMI for binary
channel 4
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 5
Show for binary
channel 5
On HMI for binary
channel 5
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 6
Show for binary
channel 6

Section 4
IED application

On HMI for binary
channel 6
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 7
Show for binary
channel 7
On HMI for binary
channel 7
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 8
Show for binary
channel 8
On HMI for binary
channel 8
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 9
Show for binary
channel 9
On HMI for binary
channel 9
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 10
Show for binary
channel 10
On HMI for binary
channel 10
On On/Off

Section 4
IED application

slope for binary
inp 11
Show for binary
channel 11
On HMI for binary
channel 11
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 12
Show for binary
channel 12
On HMI for binary
input 12
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 13
Show for binary
channel 13
On HMI for binary
channel 13
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 14
Show for binary
channel 14
On HMI for binary
channel 14
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 15

Section 4
IED application

Show for binary
channel 15
On HMI for binary
channel 15
On On/Off
slope for binary
inp 16
Show for binary
channel 16
On HMI for binary
channel 16
FUNCT1 0 - 255 1 0 FunT Function type for
binary channel 1
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 2
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 3
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 4
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 5
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 6
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 7
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 8
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel 9
(IEC
-60870-5-103)

Section 4
IED application

binary channel
10 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
11 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
12 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
13 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
14 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
15 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
binary channel
16 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
INFONO1 0 - 255 1 0 InfNo Information
number for
binary channel 1
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 2
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 3
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 4
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 5
(IEC
-60870-5-103)

Section 4
IED application

number for
binary channel 6
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 7
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 8
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel 9
(IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
10 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
11 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
12 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
13 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
14 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
15 (IEC
-60870-5-103)
number for
binary channel
16 (IEC
-60870-5-103)

Section 4
IED application
4.14.6 Event list (RDRE)
From an overview perspective, continuous event-logging is a useful system

monitoring instrument and is a complement to specific disturbance recorder
functions.
The event list (EL), always included in the IED, logs all selected binary input signals
connected to the Disturbance report function. The list may contain of up to 1000 time-
tagged events stored in a ring-buffer where, if the buffer is full, the oldest event is
overwritten when a new event is logged.
The difference between the event list (EL) and the event recorder (ER) function is
that the list function continuously updates the log with time tagged events while the
recorder function is an extract of events during the disturbance report time window.
The event list information is available in the IED and the user can use the Local
Human Machine Interface (LHMI) to get the information. The list can also be
uploaded from the PCM 600 tool.
The setting parameters for the Event list function (EL) are a part of the Disturbance
report settings.
It is possible to event handle up to 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals

from binary input channels. These signals are identical with the binary signals
recorded by the disturbance recorder.
There is no dedicated setting for the EL function.
4.14.7 Indications (RDRE)
Fast, condensed and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in
the secondary system is important. Binary signals that have changed status during a
disturbance are an example of this. This information is used primarily in the short
term (e.g. immediate disturbance analysis, corrective actions) to get information via
the LHMI in a straightforward way without any knowledge of how to handle the IED.
There are three LED"s on the LHMI (green, yellow and red) which will display status
information about the IED (in service, internal failure etc.) and the Disturbance Report
function (trigged).
The Indication function (IND), always included in the IED, shows all selected binary
input signals connected to the Disturbance Report function that have been activated

Section 4
IED application
during a disturbance. The status changes are logged during the entire recording time,
which depends on the set of recording times (pre-, post-fault and limit time) and the
actual fault time. The indications are not time-tagged.
The indication information is available for each of the recorded disturbances in the
IED and the user may use the Local Human Machine Interface (LHMI) to view the
information.
The setting parameters for LED"s and the Indication function (IND) are a part of the
Disturbance Report settings.
Available signals are identical with the binary signals recorded by the disturbance
report. It is possible to use all binary input signals for the Indication function on the
LHMI, but it is not recommended since the general view will be lost. The intention
is to point out some important signals, not to many, to be shown. If a more thorough
analysis is to be done information from the Event Recorder should be used.
To be able to control the red LED in the LHMI:
SetLEDN: Set red LED on LHMI in front of the IED if binary input N changes status.
For the IND function there are a number dedicated settings:
IndicationMaN: Indication mask for binary input N. If set (Show), a status change of
that particular input, will be fetched and shown on the LHMI. If not set (Hide), status
change will not be indicated.
4.14.8 Event recorder (RDRE)
Quick, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in
the secondary system is vital e.g. time tagged events logged during disturbances. This
information is used for different purposes in the short term (e.g. disturbance analysis,
corrective actions) and in the long term (e.g. disturbance analysis, statistics and
maintenance, i.e. Functional Analysis).
The event recorder (ER), always included in the IED, logs all selected binary input
signals connected to the Disturbance Report function. Each recording can contain up
to 150 time-tagged events. The events are logged during the total recording time,
which depends on the set of recording times (pre-, post-fault and limit time) and the
actual fault time. During this time, the first 150 events for all 96 binary signals are
logged and time-tagged.
The event recorder information is available for each of the recorded disturbances in
the IED and the user may use the Local Human Machine Interface (LHMI) to get the
information. The information is included in the disturbance recorder file, which may

Section 4
IED application
be uploaded to the PCM 600 (Protection and Control IED Manager) and further
analyzed using the Disturbance Handling tool.
The event recording information is an integrated part of the disturbance record

(Comtrade file).
The setting parameters for the Event Recorder (ER) function are a part of the
It is possible to event handle up to 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals

from binary input channels. These signals are identical to the binary signals recorded
by the disturbance report.
For the ER function there is no dedicated setting.
4.14.9 Trip value recorder (RDRE)
Fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances such as fault currents and
voltage faults in the power system is vital. This information is used for different
purposes in the short perspective (e.g. fault location, disturbance analysis, corrective
actions) and the long term (e.g. disturbance analysis, statistics and maintenance, i.e.
Functional Analysis).
The trip value recorder (TVR), always included in the IED, calculates the values of
all selected external analog input signals (channel 1-30) connected to the Disturbance
Report function. The estimation is performed immediately after finalizing each
recording and available in the Disturbance Report. The result is magnitude and phase
angle before and during the fault for each analog input signal.
The information is used as input to the fault location function (FL), if included in the
IED and in operation.
The trip value recorder information is available for each of the recorded disturbances
in the IED and the user may use the Local Human Machine Interface (LHMI) to get
the information. The information is included in the disturbance recorder file, which
can be uploaded to the PCM 600 (Protection and Control IED Manager) and further
analyzed using the Disturbance Handling tool.
The trip value function (TVR) setting parameters are a part of the Disturbance Report
settings.
For the TVR function there is one dedicated setting:

Section 4
IED application
ZeroAngleRef: The parameter defines which analog signal to use as phase angle
reference for all other input signals. It is suggested to point out a sampled voltage
input signal e.g. a line or busbar phase voltage (channel 1-30).
4.14.10 Disturbance recorder (RDRE)
To get fast, complete and reliable information about fault current, voltage, binary
signal and other disturbances in the power system is very important. This is
accomplished by the Disturbance Recorder function and facilitates a better
understanding of the behavior of the power system and related primary and secondary
equipment during and after a disturbance. An analysis of the recorded data provides
valuable information that can be used to explain a disturbance, basis for change of
IED setting plan, improvement of existing equipment etc. This information can also
be used in a longer perspective when planning for and designing new installations,
i.e. a disturbance recording could be a part of Functional Analysis (FA).
The Disturbance Recorder (DR), always included in the IED, acquires sampled data
from all selected analog input and binary signals connected to the function blocks i.e.
maximum 30 external analog, 10 internal (derived) analog and 96 binary signals.
The function is characterized by great flexibility as far as configuration, starting

conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity are concerned. Thus, the
disturbance recorder is not dependent on the operation of protective functions, and it
can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective functions.
The disturbance recorder information is saved for each of the recorded disturbances
in the IED and the user may use the Local Human Machine Interface (LHMI) to get
some general information about the recordings. The disturbance recording
information is included in the disturbance recorder files, which may be uploaded to
the PCM 600 (Protection and Control IED Manager) for further analysis using the
Disturbance Handling tool. The information is also available on a station bus
according to IEC 61850 and according to IEC 60870-5-103.
The setting parameters for the Disturbance Recorder function (DR) is a part of the
It is possible to handle up to 40 analog and 96 binary signals, either internal signals

or signals coming from external inputs. The binary signals are identical with the
signals recorded by the other functions in the Disturbance Report function i.e. Event
Recorder (ER), Indication (IND) and Trip Value Recorder (TVR) function.
For the DR function there is one dedicated setting:

Section 4
IED application
OperationM: Analog channel M is to be recorded by the disturbance recorder (On)

or not (Off). Other disturbance report settings, such as Operation and TrigLevel for
binary signals, will also influence the disturbance recorder.
4.15 Metering
4.15.1 Pulse counter logic (GGIO)
Function block name: PCxx- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
PCGGIO
The pulse counter logic function counts externally generated binary pulses, for
instance pulses coming from an external energy meter, for calculation of energy
consumption values. The pulses are captured by the binary input module (BIM), and
read by the pulse counter function. The number of pulses in the counter is then
reported via the station bus to the substation automation system or read via the station
monitoring system as a service value. When using IEC 61850, a scaled service value
is available over the station bus.
The normal use for this function is the counting of energy pulses from external energy
meters. An optional number of inputs from an arbitrary input module in IED 670 can
be used for this purpose with a frequency of up to 40 Hz. The pulse counter can also
be used as a general purpose counter.
From the Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600), these parameters can be
set individually for each pulse counter:
• Operation: Off/On
• tReporting: 0-3600s
• Event Mask: No Events/Report Events
The configuration of the inputs and outputs of the pulse counter function block is
made with the PCM 600 tool.

Section 4
IED application
On the Binary Input Module, the debounce filter time is fixed set to 5 ms, that is, the
counter suppresses pulses with a pulse length less than 5 ms. The input oscillation
blocking frequency is preset to 40 Hz. That means that the counter finds the input
oscillating if the input frequency is greater than 40 Hz. The oscillation suppression
is released at 30 Hz. The values for blocking/release of the oscillation can be changed
in the local HMI and PCM 600 under:
Settings/General settings/I/O-modules
The setting is common for all channels on a Binary Input Module,

that is, if changes of the limits are made for inputs not connected to
the pulse counter, the setting also influences the inputs on the same
board used for pulse counting.
Table 96: General settings for the PCGGIO (PC01-) function

On
EventMask NoEvents - NoEvents - Report mask for
ReportEvents analog events
from pulse
counter
CountCriteria Off - RisingEdge - Pulse counter
RisingEdge criteria
Falling edge
OnChange
Scale 1.000 - 90000.000 0.001 1.000 - Scaling value for
SCAL_VAL
output to unit per
counted value
Quantity Count - Count - Measured
ActivePower quantity for
ApparentPower SCAL_VAL
ReactivePower output
ActiveEnergy
ApparentEnergy
ReactiveEnergy
tReporting 0 - 3600 1 60 s Cycle time for
reporting of
counter value

382
Section 5
Station communication
Section 5 Station communication
About this chapter

This chapter describes the communication possibilities in a SA-system.
5.1 Overview
Each IED is provided with a communication interface, enabling it to connect to one

or many substation level systems or equipment, either on the Substation Automation
(SA) bus or Substation Monitoring (SM) bus.
Following communication protocols are available:
• IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol

• LON communication protocol
• SPA or IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol
• DNP3.0 communication protocol
Theoretically, several protocols can be combined in the same IED.
5.2 IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol
5.2.1 Application
IEC 61850–8–1 allows two or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) from one
or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the performance of their
functions and for correct co-operation.
GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), which is a part of IEC 61850–
8–1 standard, allows the IEDs to communicate state and control information amongst
themselves, using a publish-subscribe mechanism. That is, upon detecting an event,
the IED(s) use a multi-cast transmission to notify those devices that have registered
to receive the data. An IED can, by publishing a GOOSE message, report it's status.
It can also request a control action to be directed at any device in the network.
This example shows the topology of an IEC 61850–8–1 configuration. IEC 61850–
8–1 specifies only the interface to the substation LAN. The LAN itself is left to the
system integrator.

Section 5
Engineering
Station HSI
Workstation Gateway
Base System
SMS
CC
Printer
KIOSK 1 KIOSK 2 KIOSK 3
en06000195.vsd
Figure 122: SA system with IEC 61850
This example shows the GOOSE peer-to-peer communication.
Station HSI
MicroSCADA
Gateway
GOOSE
IED IED IED IED IED

A A A A A
Control Protection Control and protection Control Protection

en05000734.vsd
Figure 123: Example of a broadcasted GOOSE message

Section 5

There are only two settings related to the IEC 61850–8–1 protocol, available to the
user in PST:
Operation User can set it to “On” or “Off”.
IEDName That specific IED name in the IEC 61850–8–1 system However, there are
specific settings for the network interface (Ethernet) that are directly related to the
IEC 61850–8–1 (but not only) in case this protocol is used.
IEC 61850–8–1 specific data (logical nodes etc.) per included function in an IED can
be found iin a separate document, refer to section "Related documents".
5.2.3 Generic single point function block (SPGGIO)
5.2.3.1 Application
The SPGGIO function block is used to send one single logical output to other systems
or equipment in the substation. It has one visible input, that should be connected in
CAP and one (invisible) output, that sends the information over IEC 61850–8–1.
There are no settings available for the user for SPGGIO. However, to get the signals
sent by SPGGIO one must use the engineering tools described in chapter
"Engineering of the IED".
5.2.4 Generic measured values function block (MVGGIO)
5.2.4.1 Application
The MVGGIO function block is used to send the instantaneous value of an analog
output to other systems or equipment in the substation. It can also be used inside the
same IED, to attach a “RANGE” aspect to an analog value and to permit measurement
supervision on that value.
The settings available for the MVGGIO function allows the user to choose a deadband
and a zero deadband for the monitored signal. Values within the zero deadband are
considered as zero.

Section 5
The high and low limit settings provides limits for the high-high-, high, normal, low
and low-low ranges of the measured value. The actual range of the measured value
is shown on the range output of the MVGGIO function block. When a measured value
expander block (RANGE_XP) is connected to the range output, the logical outputs
of the RANGE_XP are changed accordingly.
Table 97: General settings for the MVGGIO (MV01-) function

MV db 1 - 300 1 10 - Deadband value
in % of range (in
%s if integral is
used)
MV zeroDb 0 - 100000 1 500 - Values less than
this are forced to
zero in 0,001% of
range
MV hhLim -10000000000.00 0.001 90.000 - High High limit
0-
10000000000.000
MV hLim -10000000000.00 0.001 80.000 - High limit
0-
10000000000.000
MV lLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -80.000 - Low limit
0-
10000000000.000
MV llLim -10000000000.00 0.001 -90.000 - Low Low limit
0-
10000000000.000
MV min -10000000000.00 0.001 -100.000 - Minimum value
0-
10000000000.000
MV max -10000000000.00 0.001 100.000 - Maximum value
0-
10000000000.000
MV dbType Cyclic - Dead band - Reporting type
Dead band (0=cyclic, 1=db,
Int deadband 2=integral db)
MV limHys 0.000 - 100.000 0.001 5.000 - Hysteresis value
in % of range and
is common for all
limits
5.3 LON communication protocol
5.3.1 Application

Section 5
Station HSI Control Center

MicroSCADA
Gateway
Star coupler
RER 111
IED670 IED670 IED670
en05000663.vsd
Figure 124: Example of LON communication structure for a substation

automation system.
An optical network can be used within the Substation Automation system. This
enables communication with the IED 670s through the LON bus from the operator’s
workplace, from the control center and also from other IEDs via bay-to-bay horizontal
communication.
The fiber optic LON bus is implemented using either glass core or plastic core fiber
optic cables.
Table 98: Specification of the fiber optic connectors

Glass fiber Plastic fiber
Cable connector ST-connector snap-in connector
Cable diameter 62.5/125 m 1 mm
Max. cable length 1000 m 10 m
Wavelength 820-900 nm 660 nm
Transmitted power -13 dBm (HFBR-1414) -13 dBm (HFBR-1521)
Receiver sensitivity -24 dBm (HFBR-2412) -20 dBm (HFBR-2521)
The LON Protocol

The LON protocol is specified in the LonTalkProtocol Specification Version 3 from
Echelon Corporation. This protocol is designed for communication in control
networks and is a peer-to-peer protocol where all the devices connected to the network
can communicate with each other directly. For more information of the bay-to-bay
communication, refer to the section Multiple command function

Section 5
Hardware and software modules

The hardware needed for applying LON communication depends on the application,
but one very central unit needed is the LON Star Coupler and optical fibres connecting
the star coupler to the IEDs. To interface the IEDs from MicroSCADA, the application
library LIB 670 is required.
The HV Control 670 software module is included in the LIB 520 high-voltage process
package, which is a part of the Application Software Library within MicroSCADA
applications.
The HV Control 670 software module is used for control functions in IED 670s. This
module contains the process picture, dialogues and a tool to generate the process
database for the control application in MicroSCADA.
Use the LNT, LON Network Tool to set the LON communication. This is a software
tool applied as one node on the LON bus. In order to communicate via LON, the IEDs
need to know which node addresses the other connected IEDs have, and which
network variable selectors should be used. This is organized by the LNT.
The node address is transferred to the LNT via the local HMI by setting the parameter
ServicePinMsg=YES. The node address is sent to the LNT via the LON bus, or the
LNT can scan the network for new nodes.
The communication speed of the LON bus is set to the default of 1.25 Mbit/s.This
can be changed by the LNT.
Table 99: General settings for the NVLON (NV---) function

Operation Off - Off - Operation
On
Table 100: General settings for the LON (ADE1-) function

On
TimerClass Slow - Slow - Timer class
Normal
Fast
5.4 SPA communication protocol
5.4.1 Application

Section 5
The communication protocol SPA is available for the IED 670 products as an option
and as an alternative to IEC 60870-5-103. The same communication port as for IEC
60870-5-103 is used.
SPA communication is applied when using the front communication port. For this
purpose, no serial communication module is required in the IED. Only the PCM 600
software in the PC and a crossed-over Ethernet cable for front connection is required.
When communicating with a PC see figure 125, using the rear SPA port on the serial
communication module (SLM), the only hardware required for a local monitoring
system is:
• Optical fibres for the SPA bus loop

• Optical/electrical converter for the PC
• PC
A remote monitoring system for communication over the public telephone network
also requires telephone modems and a remote PC.
The software required for a local monitoring system is PCM 600, and for a remote
monitoring system it is PCM 600 in the remote PC only.
Remote monitoring Local monitoring
system with system with
PCM600 PCM600
Teleph Teleph
one one
modem modem
Optical to electrical
converter, e.g. SPA-ZC 22
or Fiberdata modem en05000672.vsd
Figure 125: SPA communication structure for a monitoring system. The

monitoring system can either be local, remote or a combination of
both
When communicating with a PC connected to the utility substation LAN, via WAN
and the utility office LAN (see figure 2), and using the rear Ethernet port on the optical
Ethernet module (OEM), the only hardware required for a station monitoring system
is:
• Optical fibers from the IED to the utility substation LAN.

• PC connected to the utility office LAN.
The software required is PCM 600.

Section 5
Utility LAN
Remote
monitoring
system with
PCM600
WAN
Substation LAN
en05000715.vsd
Figure 126: SPA communication structure for a remote monitoring system via a
substation LAN, WAN and utility LAN.
The SPA communication is mainly used for the Station Monitoring System. It can
include different numerical relays/terminals/IEDs with remote communication
possibilities. Connection to a personal computer (PC) can be made directly (if the PC
is located in the substation) or by telephone modem through a telephone network with
ITU (former CCITT) characteristics or via a LAN/WAN connection.
glass <1000 m according to optical budget

plastic <20 m (inside cubicle) according to optical budget
Functionality
The SPA protocol V2.5 is an ASCII-based protocol for serial communication. The
communication is based on a master-slave principle, where the IED is a slave and the
PC is the master. Only one master can be applied on each fiber optic loop. A program
is required in the master computer for interpretation of the SPA-bus codes and for
translation of the data that should be sent to the IED.
The specification of the SPA protocol V2.5 is available as a separate document, SPA-
bus Communication Protocol V2.5, 1MRS 750076-MTD EN

The setting parameters for the SPA communication are set via the local HMI.
The SPA and the IEC use the same rear communication port. To define the protocol
to be used, a setting is done on the local HMI. Refer to the ”Installation and
commissioning manual” for setting procedure.
When the communication protocol has been selected, the power to the IED must be
switched off and on.

Section 5
The most important settings in the IED for SPA communication are the slave number
and baud rate (communication speed). These settings are absolutely essential for all
communication contact to the IED.
These settings can only be done on the local HMI for rear channel communication
and for front channel communication.
The slave number can be set to any value from 1 to 899, as long as the slave number
is unique within the used SPA loop.
The baud rate, which is the communication speed, can be set to between 300 and
38400 baud. The baud rate should be the same for the whole station, although different
baud rates in a loop are possible. If different baud rates in the same fibre optical loop
are used, consider this when making the communication setup in the communication
master, the PC.
For local fibre optic communication, 19200 or 38400 baud is the normal setting. If
telephone communication is used, the communication speed depends on the quality
of the connection and on the type of modem used. But remember that the IED does
not adapt its speed to the actual communication conditions, because the speed is set
on the HMI of the IED.
Table 101: General settings for the SPA (SPA1-) function

SlaveAddress 1 - 899 1 30 - Slave address
BaudRate 300 Bd - 9600 Bd - Baudrate on
1200 Bd serial line
4800 Bd
9600 Bd
19200 Bd
38400 Bd
57600 Bd
Table 102: General settings for the SPAviaSLM (SPA1-) function

1200 Bd serial line
4800 Bd
9600 Bd
19200 Bd
38400 Bd

Section 5
Table 103: General settings for the SPAviaLON (SPA4-) function

On
5.5 IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol
5.5.1 Application
The communication protocol IEC 60870-5-103 is available for the IED 670 products
as an option.
TCP/IP
Control Center
Station HSI
Gateway
Star coupler
RER 123
en05000660.vsd
Figure 127: Example of IEC 60870-5-103 communication structure for a

substation automation system.
The IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol is mainly used when a protection IED
communicates with a third party control or monitoring system. This system must have
software that can interpret the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages.
Table 104: Max distances between IED/nodes
glass < 1000 m according to optical budget

plastic < 20 m (inside cubicle) according to optical budget

Section 5
Functionality
The IEC 60870-5-103 is an unbalanced (master-slave) protocol for coded-bit serial
communication exchanging information with a control system. In IEC terminology
a primary station is a master and a secondary station is a slave. The communication
is based on a point-to-point principle. The master must have software that can interpret
the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages. For detailed information about IEC
60870-5-103, refer to the “IEC60870 standard” part 5: “Transmission protocols”,
and to the section 103: “Companion standard for the informative interface of
protection equipment”.
Design
General
The protocol implementation in IED 670 consists of the following functions:
• Event handling
• Report of analog service values (measurands)
• Fault location
• Command handling
• Autorecloser ON/OFF
• Teleprotection ON/OFF
• Protection ON/OFF
• LED reset
• Characteristics 1 - 4 (Setting groups)
• File transfer (disturbance files)
• Time synchronization
Hardware
When communicating locally with a Personal Computer (PC) or a Remote Terminal
Unit (RTU) in the station, using the SPA/IEC port, the only hardware needed is:·
Optical fibres, glass/plastic· Opto/electrical converter for the PC/RTU· PC/RTU
Commands
The commands defined in the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol are represented in a
dedicated function blocks. These blocks have output signals for all available
commands according to the protocol.
• Terminal commands in control direction
Function block with defined IED functions in control direction, I103IEDCMD. This
block use PARAMETR as FUNCTION TYPE, and INFORMATION NUMBER
parameter is defined for each output signal.
• Function commands in control direction
Function block with pre defined functions in control direction, I103CMD. This block
includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER
parameter is defined for each output signal.

Section 5
• Function commands in control direction
Function block with user defined functions in control direction, I103UserCMD. These
function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in the private
range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each output signal.
Status
The events created in the IED available for the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol are based
on the:
• IED status indication in monitor direction
Function block with defined IED functions in monitor direction, I103IED. This block
use PARAMETER as FUNCTION TYPE, and INFORMATION NUMBER
parameter is defined for each input signal.
• Function status indication in monitor direction, user-defined
Function blocks with user defined input signals in monitor direction, I103UserDef.
These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in
the private range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each input
signal.
• Supervision indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for supervision indications in monitor

direction, I103Superv. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and
the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal.
• Earth fault indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for earth fault indications in monitor direction,
I103EF. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the
INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal.
• Fault indications in monitor direction, type 1
Function block with defined functions for fault indications in monitor direction,
I103FltDis. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the
INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal. This block
is suitable for distance protection function.
• Fault indications in monitor direction, type 2
Function block with defined functions for fault indications in monitor direction,
I103FltStd. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the
INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal.

Section 5
This block is suitable for line differential, transformer differential, over-current and
earth-fault protection functions.
• Autorecloser indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for autorecloser indications in monitor

direction, I103AR. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the
INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal.
Measurands
The measurands can be included as type 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and type 9 according to the
standard.
• Measurands in public range
Function block that reports all valid measuring types depending on connected signals,
I103Meas.
• Measurands in private range
Function blocks with user defined input measurands in monitor direction,

I103MeasUsr. These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for
each block in the private range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for
each block.
Fault location
The fault location is expressed in reactive ohms. In relation to the line length in
reactive ohms, it gives the distance to the fault in percent. The data is available and
reported when the fault locator function is included in the IED.
Disturbance Recordings
• The transfer functionality is based on the Disturbance recorder function. The
analog and binary signals recorded will be reported to the master by polling. The
eight last disturbances that are recorded are available for transfer to the master.
A file that has been transferred and acknowledged by the master cannot be
transferred again.
• The binary signals that are reported by polling are those that are connected to the
disturbance function blocks DRB1 – DRB6. These function blocks include the
function type and the information number for each signal. See also the description
of the Disturbance report in the “Technical reference manua”l. The analog
channels, that are reported, are those connected to the disturbance function blocks
DRA1 – DRA4. The eight first ones belong to the public range and the remaining
ones to the private range.
Settings

Section 5
Settings from the local HMI

The SPA and the IEC communication use the same rear port. To define the protocol
to be used, a setting is done on the local HMI under the menu:
Settings/General Settings/Communication/SLM Configuration/Rear optical SPA-

IEC port/Protocol selection for SPA or IEC103
When the communication protocols have been selected, the IED is automatically
restarted.
The settings for IEC 60870-5-103 communication are the following:
• Settings for slave number and baud rate (communication speed)

• Setting for invert the light or not
• Setting for reporting frequency of mesurands
The settings for communication parameters slave number and baud rate can be found
on the local HMI at:
Settings/General Settings/Communication/SLM Configuration/Rear optical SPA-

IEC port/IEC60870-5-103
The slave number can be set to any value between 0 to 255.
The baud rate, the communication speed, can be set either to 9600 bits/s or 19200
bits/s.
Settings from the PCM 600 tool

Event
For each input of the Event function there is a setting for the information number of
the connected signal. The information number can be set to any value between 0 and
255. In order to get proper operation of the sequence of events the event masks in the
event function shall be set to ON_CHANGE. For single-command signals, the event
mask shall be set to ON_SET.
In addition there is a setting on each event block for function type. Refer to description
of the “Main Function type set on the local HMI”.
Commands
As for the commands defined in the protocol there is a dedicated function block with
eight output signals. Using the CAP 531 tool makes the configuration of these signals.
To realize the BlockOfInformation command, which is operated from the local HMI,
the output BLKINFO on the IEC command function block ICOM has to be connected
to an input on an event function block. This input shall have the information number
20 (monitor direction blocked) according to the standard.
Disturbance Recordings
For each input of the Disturbance recorder function there is a setting for the
information number of the connected signal. The information number can be set to
any value between 0 and 255.

Section 5
Furthermore there is a setting on each input of the Disturbance recorder function for
the function type. Refer to description of ”Main Function type set on the local HMI”.
Function and information types

The function type is defined as follows:
128 = distance protection
160 = overcurrent protection
176 = transformer differential protection
192 = line differential protection
Please see the tables in the “Technical reference manual /Station communication”,
specifying the information types supported by the 670IED products with the
communication protocol IEC 60870-5-103 implemented.
To support the information, corresponding functions must be included in the

protection IED.
There is no representation for the following parts:
• Generating events for test mode

• Cause of transmission: Info no 11, Local operation
EIA RS-485 is not supported. Glass or plastic fiber should be used. BFOC/2.5 is the
recommended interface to use (BFOC/2.5 is the same as ST connectors). ST
connectors are used with the optical power as specified in standard.
For more information please see the “IEC standard IEC 60870-5-103”.
Table 105: General settings for the I103viaSLM (IOW1-) function

19200 Bd serial line
RevPolarity Off - On - Invert polarity
On
CycMeasRepTim 1.0 - 3600.0 0.1 5.0 - Cyclic reporting
e time of
measurments

Section 5
Table 106: General settings for the I103_SLM_ABS (IECC-) function

19200 Bd serial line
RevPolarity Off - On - Invert polarity
On
CycMeasRepTim 1.0 - 3600.0 0.1 5.0 - Cyclic reporting
e time of
measurments
Table 107: General settings for the I103FuncCMD (ICMD-) function

FUNTYPE 1 - 255 1 1 FunT Function type
(1-255)
Table 108: General settings for the I103IEDCMD (ICMA-) function

(1-255)
Table 109: General settings for the I103FuncUserCM (ICM1-) function

PULSEMOD 0-1 1 1 Mode Pulse mode
0=Steady,
1=Pulsed
T 0.200 - 60.000 0.001 0.400 s Pulse length
(1-255)
INFNO_1 1 - 255 1 1 InfNo Information
number for
output 1 (1-255)
number for
output 2 (1-255)
number for
output 3 (1-255)
number for
output 4 (1-255)
number for
output 5 (1-255)

Section 5

number for
output 6 (1-255)
number for
output 7 (1-255)
number for
output 8 (1-255)
Table 110: General settings for the I103Meas (IMM1-) function

RatedIL1 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Rated current
phase L1
phase L2
phase L3
RatedIN 1 - 99999 1 3000 A Rated residual
current IN
RatedUL1 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 230.00 kV Rated voltage for
phase L1
phase L2
phase L3
RatedUL1-UL2 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 400.00 kV Rated voltage for
phase-phase L1-
L2
RatedUN 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 230.00 kV Rated residual
voltage UN
RatedP 0.00 - 2000.00 0.05 1200.00 MW Rated value for
active power
RatedQ 0.00 - 2000.00 0.05 1200.00 MVA Rated value for
reactive power
RatedF 50.0 - 60.0 10.0 50.0 Hz Rated system
frequency
(1-255)

Section 5
Table 111: General settings for the I103MeasUsr (IMU1-) function

(1-255)
INFNO 1 - 255 1 1 InfNo Information
number for
measurands
(1-255)
RatedMeasur1 0.05 - 0.05 1000.00 - Rated value for
10000000000.00 measurement on
input 1
input 2
input 3
input 4
input 5
input 6
input 7
input 8
input 9
Table 112: General settings for the I103StatEF (ISEF-) function

(1-255)
Table 113: General settings for the I103StatFltDis (IZ01-) function

(1-255)

Section 5
Table 114: General settings for the I103IED (IEV1-) function

(1-255)
Table 115: General settings for the I103Superv (ISU1-) function

(1-255)
Table 116: General settings for the I103UsrDef (IS01-) function

(1-255)
number for
binary input 1
(1-255)
number for
binary input 2
(1-255)
number for
binary input 3
(1-255)
number for
binary input 4
(1-255)
number for
binary input 5
(1-255)
number for
binary input 6
(1-255)
number for
binary input 7
(1-255)
number for
binary input 8
(1-255)

Section 5
5.6 Single command, 16 signals (CD)
5.6.1 Application
The single command, 16 signals (CD) is a common function and always included in
the IED.
The IEDs may be provided with a function to receive commands either from a
substation automation system or from the local human-machine interface, HMI. That
receiving function block has outputs that can be used, for example, to control high
voltage apparatuses in switchyards. For local control functions, the local HMI can
also be used. Together with the configuration logic circuits, the user can govern pulses
or steady output signals for control purposes within the IED or via binary outputs.
Figure 128 shows an application example of how the user can, in an easy way, connect
the command function via the configuration logic circuit to control a high-voltage
apparatus. This type of command control is normally carried out by sending a pulse
to the binary outputs of the IED. Figure 128 shows a close operation. An “open
breaker” operation is performed in a similar way but without the synchro-check
condition.
Single
command
function
CDxx Configuration logic circuits
SingleCmdFunc
Close CB1 CMDOUTy
OUTy
User- &
defined
conditions
Synchro-
check
en04000206.vsd
Figure 128: Application example showing a logic diagram for control of a circuit
breaker via configuration logic circuits.
Figure 129 and figure 130 show other ways to control functions, which require steady
On/Off signals. Here, the output is used to control built-in functions or external
devices.

Section 5
Single
command
function
CDxx Function n
SingleCmdFunc
Function n CMDOUTy
OUTy
en04000207.vsd
Figure 129: Application example showing a logic diagram for control of built-in
functions.
Single
command
function
CDxx Configuration logic circuits
SingleCmdFunc
Device 1 CMDOUTy
OUTy
User- &
defined
conditions
en04000208.vsd
Figure 130: Application example showing a logic diagram for control of external
devices via configuration logic circuits.

The parameters for the single command, 16 signals, function (CD) are set via the local
Parameters to be set are MODE, common for the whole block, and CMDOUTy which
includes the user defined name for each output signal. The MODE input sets the
outputs to be one of the types Off, Steady, or Pulse.

Section 5
• Off, sets all outputs to 0, independent of the values sent from the station level,
that is, the operator station or remote-control gateway.
• Steady, sets the outputs to a steady signal 0 or 1, depending on the values sent
from the station level.
• Pulse, gives a pulse with 100 ms duration, if a value sent from the station level
is changed from 0 to 1. That means that the configured logic connected to the
command function block may not have a cycle time longer than the cycle time
for the command function block.
Table 117: General settings for the SingleCmd (CD01-) function

Mode Off - Off - Operation mode
Steady
Pulsed
5.7 Multiple command (CM) and Multiple transmit

(MT)
5.7.1 Application
The IED may be provided with a function to send and receive signals to and from
other IEDs via the interbay bus. The send and receive function blocks has 16 outputs/
inputs that can be used, together with the configuration logic circuits, for control
purposes within the IED or via binary outputs. When it is used to communicate with
other IEDs, these IEDs have a corresponding Multiple transmit function block with
16 outputs to send the information received by the command block.
5.7.2.1 Settings
The parameters for the multiple command function are set via the Protection and
Control IED Manager (PCM 600)..
The MODE input sets the outputs to be one of the types Off, Steady, or Pulse.

Section 5
Table 118: General settings for the MultiCmd (CM01-) function

tMaxCycleTime 0.050 - 200.000 0.001 11.000 s Maximum cycle time
between receptions of
input data
tMinCycleTime 0.000 - 200.000 0.001 0.000 s Minimum cycle time
between receptions of
input data
Mode Steady - Steady - Mode for output
Pulsed signals
tPulseTime 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 0.200 s Pulse length for multi
command outputs
Table 119: General settings for the MultiTransm (MT01-) function

tMaxCycleTime 0.000 - 200.000 0.001 5.000 s Maximum time
interval between
transmission of output
data
tMinCycleTime 0.000 - 200.000 0.001 0.000 s Minimum time interval
between transmission
of output data

406
Section 6
Remote communication
Section 6 Remote communication
About this chapter

This chapter describes the remote end data communication possibilities through
binary signal transferring.
6.1 Binary signal transfer to remote end
Function block name: BSR--, BST-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
BSDGGIO
Function block name: BRx--;BTx-- IEC 60617 graphical symbol:

ANSI number:
IEC 61850 logical node name: BSTGGIO
6.1.1 Application
IED 670s can be equipped with communication devices for line differential
communication and/or communication of binary signals between IEDs. The same
communication hardware is used for both purposes.
Communication between two IEDs geographically on different locations is a

fundamental part of the line differential function.
Sending of binary signals between two IEDs, one in each end of a power line is used
in teleprotection schemes and for direct transfer trips. In addition to this, there are
application possibilities like e.g. blocking/enabling functionality in the remote
substation, changing setting group in the remote IED depending on the switching
situation in the local substation etc.
When equipped with an LDCM, a 64 kbit/s communication channel can be connected

to the IED, which will then have the capacity of 192 binary signals to be
communicated with a remote IED. For RED 670 the number of binary signals is
limited to 8 because the line differential communication is included in the same
telegrams.

Section 6
6.1.1.1 Communication hardware solutions
The LDCM (Line Data Communication Module) has an optical connection such that
two IEDs can be connected over a direct fibre (multimode), as shown in figure 131 .
The protocol used is IEEE/ANSI C37.94. The maximum distance with this solution
is approximately 3 km.
Max 3 km with LDCM and

multimode fibre
M
CM C
LD
LD
M
CM DC
LD L
en05000526.vsd
Figure 131: Direct fibre optical connection between two IEDs with LDCM.
The LDCM can also be used together with an external optical to galvanic G.703
converter or with an alternative external optical to galvanic X.21 converter as shown
in figure 132. These solutions are aimed for connections to a multiplexer, which in
turn is connected to a telecommunications transmission network (e.g. SDH or PDH).
Multiplexer Multiplexer
Telecom. Network
*) *)
M CM
DC LD
L
M
CM DC
D L
L
*) Converting optical to galvanic G.703 or X.21 alternatively

en05000527.vsd
Figure 132: LDCM with an external optical to galvanic converter and a

multiplexer.
When a modem G.703 or X21 is used, the connection between LDCM and the modem
is made with a multimode fibre of max. 3 km length. The IEEE/ANSI C37.94 protocol
is always used between LDCM and the modem.

Section 6

ChannelMode: This parameter can be set On or Off. Besides this, it can be set
OutOfService which signifies that the local LDCM is out of service. Thus, with this
setting, the communication channel is active and a message is sent to the remote IED
that the local IED has its communication out of service.
TerminalNo: This setting assigns a number to the local IED. Up to 256 IEDs can be
assigned unique numbers. For a line differential protection, maximum 6 IEDs can be
included. The possibility to use the large number of IED designations is reserved for
the case where a high security against incorrect addressing in multiplexed systems is
desired.
RemoteTermNo: This setting assigns a number to the remote IED.
DiffSync: Here the method of time synchronization, PingPong or GPS, for the line
differential function is selected.
GPSSyncErr: If GPS synchronization is lost, the synchronization of the line

differential function will continue during 16 s. based on the stability in the local IED
clocks. Thereafter the setting Block will block the line differential function or the
setting PingPong will make it continue by using the PingPong synchronization
method. It shall be noticed that using PingPong in this situation is only safe as long
as there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry.
CommSync: This setting decides the Master/Slave relation in the communication

system and shall not be mistaken for the synchronization of line differential current
samples. When direct fibre is used, one LDCM is set as Master and the other one as
Slave. When a modem and multiplexer is used, the IED is always set as Slave, as the
telecommunication system will provide the clock master.
OptoPower: The setting LowPower is used for fibres 0 – 1 km and HighPower for
fibres 1 – 3 km.
TransmCurr: This setting decides which of 2 possible local currents that shall be
transmitted, or if and how the sum of 2 local currents shall be transmitted, or finally
if the channel shall be used as a redundant channel.
In a 1½ breaker arrangement, there will be 2 local currents, and the earthing on the
CTs can be different for these. CT-SUM will transmit the sum of the 2 CT groups.
CT-DIFF1 will transmit CT group 1 minus CT group 2 and CT-DIFF2 will transmit
CT group 2 minus CT group 1.
CT-GRP1 or CT-GRP2 will transmit the respective CT group, and the setting
RedundantChannel makes the channel be used as a backup channel.
ComFailAlrmDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm. In communication

systems, route switching can sometimes cause interruptions with a duration up to 50
ms. Thus, a too short time delay setting might cause nuisance alarms in these
situations.

Section 6
ComFailResDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm reset.
RedChSwTime: Time delay before switchover to a redundant channel in case of

primary channel failure.
RedChRturnTime: Time delay before switchback to a the primary channel after

channel failure.
AsymDelay: The asymmetry is defined as transmission delay minus receive delay. If

a fixed asymmetry is known, the PingPong synchronization method can be used if
the parameter AsymDelay is properly set. From the definition follows that the
asymmetry will always be positive in one end, and negative in the other end.
MaxTransmDelay: Data for maximum 40 ms transmission delay can be buffered up.

Delay times in the range of some ms are common. It shall be noticed that if data arrive
in the wrong order, the oldest data will just be disregarded.
CompRange: The set value is the current peak value over which truncation will be
made. To set this value, knowledge of the fault current levels should be known. The
setting is not overly critical as it considers very high current values for which correct
operation normally still can be achieved.
Table 120: General settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRM1-) function

ChannelMode Off - On - Channel mode of
On LDCM, 0=OFF,
OutOfService 1=ON,
2=OutOfService
TerminalNo 0 - 255 1 0 - Terminal number
used for line
differential
communication
RemoteTermNo 0 - 255 1 0 - Terminal number on
remote terminal
DiffSync Echo - Echo - Diff Synchronization
GPS mode of LDCM,
0=ECHO, 1=GPS
GPSSyncErr Block - Block - Operation mode
Echo when GPS
synchroniation signal
is lost
CommSync Slave - Slave - Com Synchronization
Master mode of LDCM,
0=Slave, 1=Master
OptoPower LowPower - LowPower - Transmission power
HighPower for LDCM, 0=Low,
1=High

Section 6

TransmCurr CT-GRP1 - CT-GRP1 - Summation mode for
CT-GRP2 transmitted current
CT-SUM values
CT-DIFF1
CT-DIFF2
RedundantChann
el
ComFailAlrmDel 50 - 500 10 100 ms Time delay before
communication error
signal is activated
ComFailResDel 50 - 500 10 100 ms Reset delay before
communication error
signal is reset
RedChSwTime 50 - 500 10 100 ms Time delay before
switching in
redundant channel
RedChRturnTime 50 - 500 10 100 ms Time delay before
switching back from
redundant channel
AsymDelay -20.00 - 20.00 0.01 0.00 ms Asymmetric delay
when communication
use echo synch.
MaxTransmDelay 0 - 40 1 20 ms Max allowed
transmission delay
CompRange 0-10kA - 0-25kA - Compression range
0-25kA
0-50kA
0-150kA
MaxtDiffLevel 200 - 2000 1 600 us Maximum time diff for
ECHO back-up
DeadbandtDiff 200 - 1000 1 300 us Deadband for t Diff
Table 121: General settings for the LDCMRecBinStat (CRB1-) function

ChannelMode Off - On - Channel mode of
On LDCM, 0=OFF,
OutOfService 1=ON,
2=OutOfService
TerminalNo 0 - 255 1 0 - Terminal number
used for line
differential
communication
RemoteTermNo 0 - 255 1 0 - Terminal number on
remote terminal
CommSync Slave - Slave - Com Synchronization
Master mode of LDCM,
0=Slave, 1=Master

Section 6

OptoPower LowPower - LowPower - Transmission power
HighPower for LDCM, 0=Low,
1=High
ComFailAlrmDel 50 - 500 10 100 ms Time delay before
communication error
signal is activated
ComFailResDel 50 - 500 10 100 ms Reset delay before
communication error
signal is reset

Section 7
Configuration
Section 7 Configuration
About this chapter

This chapter describes the IED configurations.
7.1 Introduction
The IED is available to be ordered in four different alternatives with the configuration
suitable for the application. Normally these configurations should be acceptable to
use with only few changes of binary input and outputs, which can be done from the
Signal matrix tool in the PCM 600 engineering platform.
There are four different software alternatives with which the IED can be ordered. The
intention is that these configurations shall suit most applications with minor or no
changes. The few changes required on binary input and outputs can be done from the
Signal matrix tool in the PCM 600 engineering platform.
The main protection functions are switched on and fully operative at delivery whereas
back-up functions not generally used will be set to Off.
The configurations are:
• Two winding transformer. Single breaker arrangement.

• Two winding transformer. Multi-breaker arrangement.
• Three winding transformer. Single breaker arrangement.
• Three winding transformer. Multi-breaker arrangement.
The Multi-breaker arrangement includes One- and a half and Ring breaker
arrangements.
The number of IO must be ordered to the application where more IO is foreseen to

be required in the Multi-breaker arrangement.
However, all IED’s can be reconfigured with help of the CAP531 configuration tool,
being part of the PCM platform. This way the IED can be made suitable for special
applications and special logic can be developed i.e. logic for automatic opening of
disconnectors and closing ring bays, automatic load transfer from one busbar to the
other etc.
ABB will of course, on request, be available to support the re-configuration work,

either direct or to do the design checking.

Section 7
Configuration
Optional functions and optional IO ordered will not be configured at delivery. It

should be noted that the standard only includes one binary input and one binary output
module and only the key functions such as tripping are connected to the outputs in
the signal matrix tool. The required total IO must be calculated and specified at
ordering.
After calculating the IO need and ordering of the IED the number of IO must be
correctly set-up under the Application configuration tool menu Edit/Function
selector. Include the IO you have in the IED and Save-Compile before you leave
CAP531. This will mean that the available IO will be shown in the Signal matrix tool.
Typical connection diagrams are provided in following appendices:
• 1MRK002801-LA – Two winding transformer. Single breaker arrangement.

• 1MRK002801-HA – Two winding transformer. Multi-breaker arrangement.
• 1MRK002801-KA – Three winding transformer. Single breaker arrangement.
• 1MRK002801-GA – Three winding transformer. Multi-breaker arrangement.
They show examples of how to connect the primary apparatuses to the IED physical
connections to the IED.
The ABB configuration tool CAP 531, which is part of the PCM 600 engineering
platform, will further to the four arrangements above include also alternatives for
each of them with all of the software options configured. These can then be used
directly or as assistance of how to configure the options. As the number of options
can vary all alternatives possible cannot be handled.
The configurations are as far as found necessary provided with application comments
to explain why the signals have been connected in the special way. This is of course
for the special application features created, not “standard” functionality.

Section 8
Setting examples
Section 8 Setting examples
About this chapter

In this section different setting examples are described
8.1 Setting of the IED670
The correct setting of the IED is of vital importance for the correct operation of the
protection function. The examples have been selected from an example power system
as per below figure.
Figure xx. Example network Note that all setting are based on primary values, either
in per unit (percent) of primary base values or as primary values direct, e.g. primary
ohms. The setting examples are typical and selected to show alternatives with
communication schemes, single- and three phase tripping and auto-reclosing, multi-
and single breaker arrangements.
Following examples have been prepared:
- 400 kV long OH line with multi-breaker arrangement and single phase tripping.
Permissive underreach communication scheme.
Appendix 1
- 400 kV Short cable line with single breaker arrangement and single-phase tripping.
Permissive overreach communication scheme.
Appendix 2
- 132 kV long OH line with double-busbar, single breaker arrangements with three-
phase tripping. Permissive underreach communication scheme.
Appendix 3
- 69 kV long line, 60 Hz with ring busbar arrangement, three-phase tripping. Appendix

4
8.2 Setting examples
The settings of IED670 are shown in examples from a traditional power system. The
following system structure has been defined for the examples.

Section 8
Setting examples
G 400 kV
15000MVA
230 kV
Z1=0,9+j10.6
Z0=1.0+j12.0 132 kV
Station A
CTs 2000/1 CTs 2000/1A
CVT 400/0,11kV
Autotransformer 5 0,028 +j 0,155 ohm/km

Sn=1000MVA 400 kV Cable data
415/230+/-9*1,67%kV
km 0,030 + j0,120 ohm/km
ek=14%
Z0=42,5ohm (415 base) ABC-N Station B
Z0=20ohm (415 base) ABC-abc
Z0=5ohm (230 base) abc-N
CTs 2500/1 100 km
Station A 400 kV OHL data
0,014 +j 0,3 ohm/km
CTs 1200/1A G
0,16 + j0,9 ohm/km
CVT 230/0,11kV 0,09+ + j0,5 ohm/km
Transformer Generator
Sn=600MVA, 18kV
Sn=600MVA, 410/18kV cos f =0,85
ek=14% Xd"=0,18
Z0=40ohm (400 base) Xd'=0,22
102 km Xd=2.0
230 kV OHL data 100 km
0,018 +j 0,34 ohm/km CTs 2000/1A
0,52 + j1,1 ohm/km CVT 400/0,11kV Station C
0,32+ + j0,62 ohm/km
CTs 1000/1A CTs 2000/1A
150 km CVT 400/0,11kV
Load
60 km
Transformers
25 km Sn=500MVA
415/230+/-9*1,67%kV
CTs 1200/1A ek=12%
CVT 230/0,11kV Z0=60ohm (415 base)
CTs 2000/1A Station C
Station E
CTs 1200/1A
CTs 600/1A CTs 1200/1A CVT 230/0,11kV
CVT 230/0,11kV 400 kV OHL data
35 km 80 km 0,014 +j 0,3 ohm/km
70 km 0,16 + j0,9 ohm/km
Transformer 0,09+ + j0,5 ohm/km
Sn=175MVA 300 km
242/132+/-9*1,67%kV
ek=10% Series Capacitor (mid line)
Z0=20ohm (230 base) -j 45 ohm
-j 45 ohm
CTs 1600/1A Station F

CTs 600/1A
VT 132/0,11kV
132 kV OHL data
12 km 0,024 +j 0,38 ohm/km
0,92 + j1,2 ohm/km
CTs 600/1A
VT 132/0,11kV Station G
CTs 2000/1A
CVT 400/0,11kV Station D
30 km Transformer Transformers
Sn=175MVA
CTs 600/1A 132/11+/-92*2,5%kV Sn=1000MVA, 410/18kV
ek=12% ek=12%
VT 132/0,11kV Z0=10ohm (132 base) Z0=30ohm (400 base)
Generator Generators
Sn=160MVA, 11kV Sn=800MVA, 18kV
cos f =0,85 cos f =0,85
Station H G Xd"=0,18 Xd"=0,18
Xd'=0,24 G G Xd'=0,22
Xd=2.2 Xd=2.0
en05000836.vsd
Figure 133: The typical power network with different objects are examples of how
to set the IED670.
The setting has been performed for the 400kV overhead power line between station
A and C (REL670), for the short 400 kV Cable feeder between station A and B
(RED670), for the Long 230 kV single power line between station A and E (REL670)
and for the short 132 kV power line between station F and G (REL670).
Setting of Transformers in Station C (400/230 kV) and station F 132/20 kV are also
calculated.
The complete setting examples for all IEDs as per above are available in separate
documents, refer to section "Related documents".

Section 8
Setting examples
8.2.1 RED670 Example

RED670 Example 1 230 kV Short cable line. 1 ½ circuit breaker arrangement. Three
phase tripping without autoreclosing, Differential function plus a back-up distance
protection scheme operating in Permissive overreach communication scheme.
8.2.2 REL670 Example 1

REL670 Example 1 400 kV Long Overhead power line with 1 ½ circuit breaker
arrangement at the local end. Single phase tripping arrangement. Permissive
underreach communication scheme. With autoreclosers and synchrocheck where the
energizing is from the remote end to minimize the disturbance should the fault be
persistant.

REL670 Example 2 230 kV Extremely long overhead power line. Double bus, single
breaker arrangement. Single phase tripping arrangement, Permissive underreach
communication scheme. Single and/or Three pole autoreclosing with synchrocheck
where energizing is from the local side.

REL670 Example 3 132 kV Short overhead power line. Double bus, single breaker
arrangement. Three phase tripping arrangement, Permissive overreach
communication scheme. Three pole autoreclosing with synchrocheck where
energizing is from the local side.
8.2.5 RET670 Example 1

RET670 Example 1 400/230 kV 500MVA Transformer, YNyn connected, directly
earthed on both voltages.
8.2.6 RET670 Example 2

RET670 Example 2 132/230 kV 40MVA Transformer, YNd1 connected, directly
earthed on 132 kV and Zig-zag transformer earthed (1000A) on the 20 kV side.

418
Section 9
Glossary
Section 9 Glossary
About this chapter

This chapter contains a glossary with terms, acronyms and abbreviations used in ABB
technical documentation.
9.1 Glossary
AC Alternating current
A/D converter Analog to digital converter
ADBS Amplitude dead -band supervision
ADM Analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AR Autoreclosing
ArgNegRes Setting parameter/ZD/
ArgDir Setting parameter/ZD/
ASCT Auxiliary summation current transformer
ASD Adaptive signal detection
AWG American Wire Gauge standard
BBP Busbar protection
BFP Breaker failure protection
BIM Binary input module
BOM Binary output module
BR External bi-stable relay
BS British standard
BSR Binary signal transfer function, receiver blocks
BST Binary signal transfer function, transmit blocks
C37.94 IEEE/ANSI protocol used when sending binary signals
between IEDs
CAN Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for serial
communication
CAP 531 Configuration and programming tool

Section 9
Glossary
CB Circuit breaker
CBM Combined backplane module
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephony. A United Nations sponsored standards body
within the International Telecommunications Union.
CCM CAN carrier module
CCVT Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformer
Class C Protection Current Transformer class as per IEEE/ ANSI
CMPPS Combined mega pulses per second
CO cycle Close-open cycle
Co-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves two
twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information in both
directions
COMTRADE Standard format according to IEC 60255-24
Contra-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves four
twisted pairs of with two are used for transmitting data in both
directions, and two pairs for transmitting clock signals
CPU Central processor unit
CR Carrier receive
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CS Carrier send
CT Current transformer
CVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DAR Delayed auto-reclosing
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US
developer of the TCP/IP protocol etc.)
DBDL Dead bus dead line
DBLL Dead bus live line
DC Direct current
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DIP-switch Small switch mounted on a printed circuit board
DLLB Dead line live bus
DNP Distributed Network Protocol as per IEEE/ANSI Std.
1379-2000
DR Disturbance recorder
DRAM Dynamic random access memory
DRH Disturbance report handler

Section 9
Glossary
DSP Digital signal processor

DTT Direct transfer trip scheme
EHV network Extra high voltage network
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EMC Electro magnetic compatibility
EMF Electro motive force
EMI Electro magnetic interference
EnFP End fault protection
ESD Electrostatic discharge
FOX 20 Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for speech,
data and protection signals
FOX 512/515 Access multiplexer
FOX 6Plus Compact, time-division multiplexer for the transmission of up
to seven duplex channels of digital data over optical fibers
G.703 Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by
local telephone companies. Can be transported over balanced
and unbalanced lines
GCM Communication interface module with carrier of GPS receiver
module
GI General interrogation command
GIS Gas insulated switchgear
GOOSE Generic object oriented substation event
GPS Global positioning system
GSM GPS time synchronization module
HDLC protocol High level data link control, protocol based on the HDLC
standard
HFBR connector Plastic fiber connector
type
HMI Human machine interface
HSAR High speed auto reclosing
HV High voltage
HVDC High voltage direct current
IDBS Integrating dead band supervision
IEC International Electrical Committee
IEC 60044-6 IEC Standard, Instrument transformers – Part 6: Requirements
for protective current transformers for transient performance

Section 9
Glossary
IEC 60870-5-103 Communication standard for protective equipment. A serial

master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication
IEC 61850 Substation Automation communication standard
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.12 A network technology standard that provides 100 Mbits/s on
twisted-pair or optical fiber cable
IEEE P1386.1 PCI Mezzanine card (PMC) standard for local bus modules.
References the CMC (IEEE P1386, also known as Common
mezzanine card) standard for the mechanics and the PCI
specifications from the PCI SIG (Special Interest Group) for
the electrical EMF Electro Motive Force.
IED Intelligent electronic device
I-GIS Intelligent gas insulated switchgear
IOM Binary input/output module
Instance When several occurrences of the same function are available
in the IED they are referred to as instances of that function.
One instance of a function is identical to another of the same
kind but will have a different number in the IED user
interfaces. The word instance is sometimes defined as an item
of information that is representative of a type. In the same way
an instance of a function in the IED is representative of a type
of function.
IP 1. Internet protocol. The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol
suite widely used on Ethernet networks. IP is a connectionless,
best-effort packet switching protocol. It provides packet
routing, fragmentation and re-assembly through the data link
layer.
2. Ingression protection according to IEC standard
IP 20 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 20
IRF Internal fail signal
IRIG-B: InterRange Instrumentation Group Time code format B,
standard 200
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LAN Local area network
LIB 520 High voltage software module
LCD Liquid crystal display
LDCM Line differential communication module
LDD Local detection device

Section 9
Glossary
LED Light emitting diode

LNT LON network tool
LON Local operating network
MCB Miniature circuit breaker
MCM Mezzanine carrier module
MIM Milli-ampere module
MPM Main processing module
MVB Multifunction vehicle bus. Standardized serial bus originally
developed for use in trains.
NCC National Control Centre
NUM Numerical module
OCO cycle Open-close-open cycle
OCP Overcurrent protection
OEM Optical ethernet module
OLTC On load tap changer
OV Over voltage
Overreach A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault
condition. For example a distance relay is over-reaching when
the impedance presented to it is smaller than the apparent
impedance to the fault applied to the balance point, i.e. the set
reach. The relay “sees” the fault but perhaps it should not have
seen it.
PCI Peripheral component interconnect, a local data bus
PCM Pulse code modulation
PCM 600 Protection and control IED manager
PC-MIP Mezzanine card standard
PISA Process interface for sensors & actuators
PMC PCI Mezzanine card
POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip
Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level, that is, in near proximity
to the measured and/or controlled components
PSM Power supply module
PST Parameter setting tool
PT ratio Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio
PUTT Permissive underreach transfer trip
RASC Synchrocheck relay, COMBIFLEX

Section 9
Glossary
RCA Relay characteristic angle

REVAL Evaluation software
RFPP Resistance for phase-to-phase faults
RFPE Resistance for phase-to-earth faults
RISC Reduced instruction set computer
RMS value Root mean square value
RS422 A balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data
in point-to-point connections
RS485 Serial link according to EIA standard RS485
RTC Real time clock
RTU Remote terminal unit
SA Substation Automation
SC Switch or push-button to close
SCS Station control system
SCT System configuration tool according to standard IEC 61850
SLM Serial communication module. Used for SPA/LON/IEC
communication.
SMA connector Subminiature version A, A threaded connector with constant
impedance.
SMS Station monitoring system
SNTP Simple network time protocol – is used to synchronize
computer clocks on local area networks. This reduces the
requirement to have accurate hardware clocks in every
embedded system in a network. Each embedded node can
instead synchronize with a remote clock, providing the
required accuracy.
SPA Strömberg protection acquisition, a serial master/slave
protocol for point-to-point communication
SRY Switch for CB ready condition
ST Switch or push-button to trip
Starpoint Neutral point of transformer or generator
SVC Static VAr compensation
TC Trip coil
TCS Trip circuit supervision
TCP Transmission control protocol. The most common transport
layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet.
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol over Internet Protocol. The de
facto standard Ethernet protocols incorporated into 4.2BSD

Section 9
Glossary
Unix. TCP/IP was developed by DARPA for internet working

and encompasses both network layer and transport layer
protocols. While TCP and IP specify two protocols at specific
protocol layers, TCP/IP is often used to refer to the entire US
Department of Defense protocol suite based upon these,
including Telnet, FTP, UDP and RDP.
TEF Time delayed earth-fault protection function
TNC connector Threaded Neill Concelman, A threaded constant impedance
version of a BNC connector
TPZ, TPY, TPX, Current transformer class according to IEC
TPS
Underreach A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault
condition. For example a distance relay is under-reaching
when the impedance presented to it is greater than the apparent
impedance to the fault applied to the balance point, i.e. the set
reach. The relay does not “see” the fault but perhaps it should
have seen it. See also Overreach.
U/I-PISA Process interface components that deliver measured voltage
and current values
UTC Coordinated universal time. A coordinated time scale,
maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
(BIPM), which forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination
of standard frequencies and time signals. UTC is derived from
International Atomic Time (TAI) by the addition of a whole
number of "leap seconds" to synchronize it with Universal
Time 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth"s
orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing
the Earth"s irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based. The
Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour
clock and uses the Gregorian calendar. It is used for aeroplane
and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the
military name, "Zulu time". "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet
stands for "Z" which stands for longitude zero.
UV Undervoltage
WEI Weak end infeed logic
VT Voltage transformer
X.21 A digital signalling interface primarily used for telecom
equipment
3IO Three times zero-sequence current. Often referred to as the
residual or the earth-fault current
3UO Three times the zero sequence voltage. Often referred to as the
residual voltage or the neutral point voltage

426

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Application manual

Transformer protection IED

Innovation from ABB

© Copyright 2007 ABB. All rights reserved

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN CAREFULLY CHECKED. HOWEVER, IN

THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED SOLELY FOR

Section 2 Engineering of the IED...................................................15

RET 670 Application manual 1

Secondary wire resistance and additional load...........................37

Section 4 IED application...............................................................43

2 Application manual RET 670

RET 670 Application manual 3

4 Application manual RET 670

RET 670 Application manual 5

6 Application manual RET 670

RET 670 Application manual 7

Section 5 Station communication.................................................383

Section 6 Remote communication................................................407

8 Application manual RET 670

Section 8 Setting examples..........................................................415

RET 670 Application manual 9

About this chapter

1.1 Introduction to the application manual

1.1.1 About the complete set of manuals for an IED

Application Technical Installation and Operator´s Engineering

The Application Manual (AM) contains application descriptions, setting guidelines

The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains application and functionality

The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions on how

RET 670 Application manual 11

1.1.2 About the application manual

1.1.3 Intended audience

1.1.4 Related documents

12 Application manual RET 670

Documents related to RET 670 Identity number

Connection and Installation components 1MRK 013 003-BEN

Latest versions of the described documentation can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation

1.1.5 Revision notes

RET 670 Application manual 13

Section 2 Engineering of the IED

About this chapter

Basic functions Basic Application functions Optional Application functions

Event list Directional earth fault General U/I

Time syncronisation Fuse failure Apparatus control

Configurable logic en05000775.vsd

Figure 1: Typical function library for RET 670,

To allow applications on different voltage levels and station arrangements there is

The PCM 600 platform includes following components:

RET 670 Application manual 15

• Application Configuration tool

2.1.1 The interface between Signal matrix and Configuration tool

Figure 2: The Function selector options allows definition of the specific

16 Application manual RET 670

The graphical configuration includes a number of virtual elements forming the

These virtual IO blocks are:

• Analog pre-processing function block SMAI

Figure 3: Virtual IO blocks SMBI and SMBO configured in an application

RET 670 Application manual 17

2.1.1.1 The configurable LEDs.

2.1.1.2 The analog preprocessing function block (SMAI).