Computer Science (A Level)

H046/01, Computing Principles, June 2016

Mr O'Connor and Mr Digby
Please note that you may see slight differences between
this paper and the original.
Duration: 75 mins
Candidates answer on the Question paper.

OCR supplied materials:

Additional resources may be supplied with this paper.

Other materials required:

• Pencil
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Candidate Candidate

forename surname

Centre number Candidate number

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters.
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise.
• Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer.
• Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there.
• You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate
number, centre number and question number(s).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

• The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and
Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in
which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed.
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
• The total number of marks for this paper is 70.
• The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.

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 1(a). See And Believe is a company that specialises in computer-generated imagery (CGI) for films.

Producing CGI requires lots of processing power and so the company has a large number of high-performance
computers.

Explain why See And Believe would use a distributed operating system.

[3]
(b). The processors in the company's powerful computers have fast clock speeds and large amounts of cache
memory. Describe how each of these improves the processor's performance:

(i) fast clock speed

[2]

(ii) large cache memory

[2]

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 (c). * The company is working on scenes from the latest Stellar Scuffles film. There is strict security around the film,
and there are worries about unauthorised people gaining access to the company's network and putting clips from
the film on the Internet.

Discuss to what extent each of the following laws is intended to address the issue of someone accessing and
distributing clips of the film online:

the Computer Misuse Act

the Copyright Design and Patents Act
the Data Protection Act.

[9]

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 2(a). Elegant Bags is a company that makes designer handbags. It has decided it wants to sell its products online.

Elegant Bags puts its website on its servers which are given a public IP address. It also purchases the domain
name elegantbagsonline.co.uk.

Explain the automated process that takes place that allows customers to access the site when they enter the
domain name into their browser.

[3]
(b). The company's handbags come in a variety of materials. It would like visitors to its website to be able to select
different materials in their browser and for the image shown to then instantly change to one of a handbag made
of the selected material.

Explain how the website developer would implement this. You are not expected to write any code.

[4]

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 (c). Elegant Bags prides itself on its ethical reputation.

(i) State one ethical issue the company may have considered when designing its website.

[1]

(ii) State one action the company could take to address the ethical issue identified in part (i).

[1]

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 3(a). A burglar alarm runs on a processor with the Little Man Computer (LMC) instruction set.

One of the instructions in the set is Branch if Positive (BRP ).

Describe what the instruction BRP does.

[2]
(b). A numeric PIN code entered into the burglar alarm is compared with the code stored at the memory location
passcode.

If the codes match, the program jumps to the part of the program labelled deactivate.

If the codes do not match, the program jumps to the part of the program labelled alarm.

Write the LMC code to meet the requirements above. (You don't have to write the code for labels deactivate
and alarm, as you can assume this has already been written elsewhere.)

[4]

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 4(a). A programmer spends her spare time contributing to an open source application that converts video files from a
range of formats to one which uses lossy compression.

Describe what is meant by the term ‘open source software’.

[2]
(b). Describe what is meant by the term ‘lossy compression’.

[2]
(c). When a video is selected, the program gives an estimate of the file size of the converted video. The estimate in
kilobytes is calculated by multiplying:

the number of pixels in the video's resolution by…

the number of frames per second by…
the length of the video in minutes by…
the value 0.0013.

Write a function in pseudocode that estimates the size of a converted video. It should:take in 3 parameters:
pixels, framesPerSec, lengthMins

calculate the estimated file size

return a string with the file size, including units
use megabytes for sizes under 1000 megabytes, otherwise the estimate should be given in gigabytes.

Examples:

480000 pixels at 24 frames per second for 60 minutes will return a size of 898.56 MB
480000 pixels at 24 frames per second for 120 minutes will return a size of 1.797 GB.

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 [4]

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 (d). The coding team are looking at writing a new closed source version of the application that converts audio and
image files in addition to video. They intend to sell copies of the program when it is complete. They investigate
three programming languages they could use, including:

C++, which is compiled to machine code

Java, which compiles to an intermediate code that then runs off a virtual machine
JavaScript, which runs from an interpreter in a web browser.

* Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the three options above and justify which option you would recommend.

[9]

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 5(a). Give the number 55 in binary as an 8-bit unsigned integer.

[2]
(b). Represent the number 55 in normalised floating point binary notation, using 8 bits for the mantissa followed by 8
bits for the exponent, both in two's complement binary.

[2]
(c). Represent the number 55 in normalised floating point binary notation, with the mantissa and exponent both in
two's complement binary, using as few bits as possible.

[2]
(d). State why a programmer might choose to declare a variable as a floating point number.

[1]

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 6(a). An insurance company's offices have a large number of black and white printers.

The company's technicians keep accurate records of the printers in the building, and the quantity of toner
cartridges in stock, in a flat file database. An extract of the database is shown in Fig. 1.

Printer Model Location Notes Cartridge Quantity in Re-order URL

Code stock
LasPrint office 3 LP-7XB 12 www.megacheapprint.com / toner /
LP753 LP-7XB
LasPrint office 6 drum LP-7XB 12 www.megacheapprint.com / toner /
LP710 replaced LP-7XB
Zodiac reception Zod17 4 www.zodiaclaserprinting.com / shop /
ZN217 Z17
Zodiac conference had to add Zod17 4 www.megacheapprint.com / toner /
ZN217 Room 2 RAM LP-7XB
LasPrint office 8 LP-7XB 12 www.megacheapprint.com / toner /
LP753 LP-7XB

Fig. 1

Describe two issues, referring to Fig. 1, that might arise from using a flat file database structure.

[4]

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 (b). A relational database is created with three tables:

PrinterModel: this stores all the data about each model of printer
PrinterInstance: this stores the data about each individual printer in the building
Cartridge: this stores information about the toner cartridges.

Draw an entity-relationship diagram to show the relationships between the three tables.

[4]
(c). Most of the printers have their own on-board RAM.

State what the printers' RAM is used for.

[1]

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 7. A DIY store has an offer: ‘Spend £20 or more on decorating products and get 10% off all gardening products.’

When items are scanned in at the checkout they are stored in a 2-dimensional array called purchases, which
stores the item name, category and price.

A receipt with the appropriate discounts deducted is then produced.

Examples of the array and corresponding receipt are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

Write an algorithm in pseudocode, using the array purchases, to:

determine which items are given a discount

calculate the total price to pay
present this information on a receipt in the format shown in Fig. 3.

[6]

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 END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 a Any 2 from: 3
Examiner's Comments
Allow multiple computers / resources…
(AO1.1) Few candidates gained full marks on this
To be treated as one / work on the question. Many candidates described
same problem (AO1.1) general characteristics of a network
operating system rather than a distributed
1 from: operating system. Fewer appropriately
related their explanation to the scenario.
Meaning all the computers can work on
producing the same special effect.
(AO2.1)

b i Gives more cycles per second 2 Do not accept ‘…data is processed

More instructions can be executed per quickly…’ as BP3
second
So the program takes less time to run Examiner's Comments
(1 per -, Max 2)
Many candidates achieved some credit on
this question but candidates did not
achieve full marks due to lack of attention
to detail in their description. Many
candidates used phrases such as
‘processor will run quicker / faster’ without
describing how a fast clock speed would
enable this.

ii More space for data / instructions in 2

cache memory Examiner's Comments
RAM needs to be accessed less
frequently Similarly, the lack of detailed responses
Accessing cache is quicker than limited credit achieved on this question.
accessing the RAM (1 per -, Max 2) Many candidates used phrases such as
‘large cache means faster processing’
without describing how a large cache
would enable this.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

c Mark Band 3–High Level (7-9 marks) 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding
The candidate demonstrates a thorough The following is indicative of possible that
knowledge and understanding of to what candidates may refer to but is not
extent all three of the laws apply to this prescriptive or exhaustive:
scenario; the material is generally accurate
and detailed. The candidate is able to Any individual or organisation that
apply their knowledge and understanding produces media has their ownership of that
directly and consistently to the context media protected by the Copyright, Designs
provided. Evidence / examples will be and Patents Act. (Accept Copyright Act)
explicitly relevant to the explanation. The This means other parties are not allowed to
candidate provides a thorough discussion reproduce or redistribute it without
which is well-balanced. Evaluative permission.
comments are consistently relevant and
well-considered.

There is a well-developed line of reasoning Gaining unauthorised access to a

which is clear and logically structured. The computer system is in breach of the
information presented is relevant and Computer Misuse Act.
substantiated. Gaining unauthorized access with intent to
commit a crime is a more severe offence
Mark Band 2 –Mid Level (4-6 marks) under the act.
The candidate demonstrates reasonable
knowledge and understanding of to what The Data Protection Act is designed to
extent the three laws apply to the scenario; protect personal data and focuses on the
the material is generally accurate but at data holder
times underdeveloped. The candidate is
able to apply their knowledge and AO2.1: Application
understanding directly to the context The selected knowledge / examples should
provided although one or two opportunities be directly related to the specific question.
are missed. Evidence / examples are for The following is indicative of possible
the most part implicitly relevant to the factors / evidence that candidates may
explanation The candidate provides a refer to but is not prescriptive or
reasonable discussion, the majority of exhaustive:
which is focused. Evaluative comments are
for the most part appropriate, although one Posting the material on the Internet would
or two opportunities for development are be in breach of the Copyright, Designs and
missed Patents Act.

There is a line of reasoning presented with As the hacker is gaining unauthorised

some structure. The information presented access to the network they are breaking
is in the most part relevant and supported the Computer Misuse Act.
by some evidence. As they are accessing it with the intent of
committing a further crime (i.e. breaking
Mark Band 1-Low Level (1-3 marks) the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act) they
The candidate demonstrates a basic are committing the most second serious
knowledge of legal issues surrounding the offence under this Act.
scenario with limited understanding shown; Were they to amend any data on the
the material is basic and contains some network whilst on there they would be
inaccuracies. The candidate makes a committing an even more serious offence.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

limited attempt to apply acquired

knowledge and understanding to the As DPA focuses on personal data the
context provided. hacker would not be in breach of this law.
The candidate provides a limited However if whilst on the network the
discussion which is narrow in focus. hacker were able to access employee data
Judgments if made are weak and the company could find themselves in
unsubstantiated. trouble.

The information is basic and A03.3:Evaluation

communicated in an unstructured way. The The relative weights of the three acts and
information is supported by limited the impact that they have in relation to the
evidence and the relationship to the question: copyright and patent act highly
evidence may not be clear. relevant if clips are shared, computer
misuse act relevant due to unauthorised
0 marks access, data protection act only relevant if
No attempt to answer the question or personal data is accessed (affects
response is not worthy of credit. company obligations not the hacker.)

Examiner's Comments

Candidates were assessed on the quality

of their extended response in this question.
Most candidates could describe each of
the laws appropriately, with some applying
them to the scenario. However, fewer
candidates discussed the extent to which
the laws could be applied in the scenario.
Therefore limiting credit awarded, in many
cases, to the low / mid level mark band.
Centres should encourage candidates to
structure their response to clearly address
all parts of the question.

Total 16

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

2 a (Customers enter) domain name and 3

this is sent to DNS servers. Examiner's Comments
DNS servers map this domain to an IP
address Many candidates used the correct term in
If the DNS server can't resolve, it relation to the automated process i.e. DNS
passes the request (recursively) to but too many candidates found it difficult to
another DNS server. clearly explain the stages of the process.
DNS Server sends the IP address to Many responses lacked structure.
browser…
… so it can retrieve the website from
server on which it is hosted.
(1 per -, Max 3)

b Page will include JavaScript (which 4 Allow alternative solution using JQuery or
allows page content to be dynamic) other library / plug-ins.
(AO2.2)
Accept AJAX can be used to prevent all
(1 per -, Max 1) images having to be pre-loaded.
Plus
Credit ‘replaces / changes previous picture
When a material is selected with new picture’ with BP 3 and 4 (i.e. 2
(JavaScript) code can be marks)
executed…(AO3.1)
…the appropriate picture is Examiner's Comments
shown…(AO3.1)
…and hides the original picture. Many candidates gained credit for correctly
(AO3.1) identifying that the change of image could
(1 per -, Max 3) be implemented using Javascript (or
similar). However, as with the previous
question many candidates then found it
difficult to explain how this could be
implemented. Too many candidates
rewrote the content of the question.

c i Ensuring the site is accessible to all. 1 Accept any other sensible consideration
and measure providing the measure is
OR ethical and not legal.
(Though the two aren't necessarily
Ensuring customers' data is stored mutually exclusive).
securely.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii Measure to make site accessible: 1

Making it friendly to screen readers / using Examiner's Comments
alternate text for images / taking into
account colour blindness in its colour Both parts of this question were answered
schemes / any sensible measure. well by candidates who correctly
addressed the question asked i.e. ethical
Measure to secure customers' data: issues relating to designing the website.
Encrypting data / Use of firewall / With most correctly referring to
Penetration testing / Any sensible accessibility issues, stating appropriate
measure. actions to address them. However, some
candidates stated ethical issues relating to
the designing / production of the bags
themselves, therefore gaining no credit.

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

3 a The program flow jumps to a 2 Do not to accept ‘…branch…’ for BP 1

(designated) label / another point in the
program Examiner's Comments
If the value in the accumulator is
positive. Many candidates failed to gain credit on
this question due to the lack of attention to
detail in their response, which is essential
at this level of study. Some candidates
responded with answers such as: ‘the code
branches if the result is positive’. Many
candidates did not demonstrate
understanding that it is the value in the
accumulator which is being tested for
whether it is positive or not.

b Inputs the PIN 4 Example code:

compares it with the passcode stored INP
in memory using SUB SUB passcode
the correct PIN results in a jump to BRZ deactivate
deactivate BRA alarm
incorrect PIN resulting in a jump to
alarm Examiner's Comments

The specification clearly outlines the LMC

mnemonics which are acceptable in
learners' responses. Some candidates
used LMC mnemonics correctly, gaining
some credit. Other candidates answered
using procedural pseudocode gaining no
credit. Centres are advised to ensure
candidates have the range of LMC
mnemonics at their disposal prior to sitting
the examination.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

4 a Source code is freely available… 2

…for others to amend / examine / Examiner's Comments
recompile
This question was generally well
answered. However, candidates who
referred to the ‘software’ being freely
available rather than the ‘source code’ did
not gain credit.

b (An algorithm that) makes a file storage 2

space / size smaller … Examiner's Comments
... but accuracy with which it represents
data is reduced / information is lost in This question was well attempted by most
the process. candidates although too many responses
included the word ‘compression’ as part of
their description without explaining their
understanding of what compression
means.

c function takes in all three parameters 4

and returns a string.
Calculates file size correctly.
Files under 1000MB quoted in MB
Files 1000MB or over quoted in GB

Examiner's Comments

Most candidates gained credit for correctly

writing pseudocode to calculate the
estimated file size. However, too many
candidates found converting between KB,
MB and GB challenging. In addition, many
did not write their pseudocode as a
function and most output rather than
returned the result.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

d Mark Band 3–High Level (7-9 marks) 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding
The candidate demonstrates a thorough The following is indicative of possible that
knowledge and understanding of a wide candidates may refer to but is not
range of the technical issues the coding prescriptive or exhaustive:
team might have considered; the material Java
is generally accurate and detailed. The One version needs be written and can be
candidate is able to apply their knowledge used on any device / OS combination that
and understanding directly and consistently has the Java Virtual Machine rather than
to the context provided and come to a well having to write multiple versions.
argued conclusion. Evidence / examples Code running on a VM tends to be slower
will be explicitly relevant to the explanation. than compiled.
The candidate provides a thorough C++
discussion which is well-balanced. Multiple versions of the code will need to
Evaluative comments are consistently be maintained for different architectures…
relevant and well-considered. …however there may be minimal
differences between them, and then just
There is a well-developed line of reasoning need compiling with different compilers.
which is clear and logically structured. The
information presented is relevant and Program will run quicker than alternatives.
substantiated.
JavaScript
Mark Band 2 –Mid Level (4-6 marks) As interpreted likely to be by far the
The candidate demonstrates reasonable slowest option.
knowledge and understanding of the Will run in any browser.
technical issues the coding team might
have considered; the material is generally AO2: Application
accurate but at times underdeveloped. The The selected knowledge / examples should
candidate is able to apply their knowledge be directly related to the specific question.
and understanding directly to the context The following is indicative of possible
provided although one or two opportunities factors / evidence that candidates may
are missed. A reasoned conclusion is refer to but is not prescriptive or
drawn. Evidence / examples are for the exhaustive:
most part implicitly relevant to the
explanation The candidate provides a Java
reasonable discussion, the majority of Multiple devices can include devices other
which is focused. Evaluative comments are than PCs (i.e. phones, tablets).
for the most part appropriate, although one People with unusual operating systems or
or two opportunities for development are architectures would have access to the
missed. application.
There is a line of reasoning presented with It makes commercial sense to sell to as
some structure. The information presented wide an audience as possible.
is in the most part relevant and supported The speed reduction compared to
by some evidence. compiled code will likely be noticeable with
such a processor intensive task.
Mark Band 1-Low Level (1-3 marks) As running on a VM coders will have
The candidate demonstrates a basic limited (if any) access to some of the low
knowledge of the technical issues the level features (e.g. access to the GPU)
coding team might have considered with which can optimise the program.
limited understanding shown; the material Intermediate code is used helping protect

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

is basic and contains some inaccuracies. A intellectual property.

conclusion is made though it may not be
well supported. The candidate makes a C++
limited attempt to apply acquired Some less used architectures may not be
knowledge and understanding to the developed for as not commercially viable.
context provided. Compiled code will run quicker than the
The candidate provides a limited other options. This is likely to be noticeable
discussion which is narrow in focus. given the nature of the task.
Judgments if made are weak and Easier to get access to lower level features
unsubstantiated. The information is basic (such as GPU access).
and lacks supporting evidence. Compiled code is not human readable
helping to preserve intellectual property

JavaScript
Most people have web browsers so by far
most compatible option (don't even need
VM).
The slow speed may be frustrating…
…though as no user interaction is needed
this may be a trade off worth making.
Source code is visible (though can be
obfuscated) meaning it can easily be
copied and amended.

AO3: Evaluation
Candidate has used the points above to
justify their choice of language.

Examiner's Comments

Candidates were assessed on the quality

of their extended response in this question.
Some candidates did not extend their
discussion beyond the benefits and
drawbacks associated with writing code in
each of these programming languages,
therefore limiting credit awarded to low /
mid band. Those candidates who
discussed the benefits and drawbacks of
selling a closed source application written
in each of the languages with a justified
recommendation were credited in the mid /
high band. Centres should encourage
candidates to structure their response to
clearly address all parts of the question.

Total 17

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

5 a 00110111 2
(1 mark per nibble) Examiner's Comments

This question was well answered, with

most candidates achieving full marks.

b 01101110 00000110 2
Examiner's Comments
(1 mark for mantissa, 1 for exponent)
Few candidates achieved full marks on this
question. Many represented a normalised
floating point mantissa with two of the
same bit at the start.

c 0110111 0110 2
Examiner's Comments
(1 mark for mantissa, 1 for exponent)
Few candidates achieved full marks on this
question. Many reduced the number of bits
by deleting the leading zero's, rendering
the result negative.

d The variable may need to store 1 Max. 1 mark

decimal numbers.
To store very large / small values. Examiner's Comments

This question was reasonably well

answered, with many candidates achieving
the mark.

Total 7

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

6 a Data might be inconsistent…(A01.1) 4

… For example the amount of LP-7XB Examiner's Comments
toner cartridges might be reduced in
one record but not in other records. Many candidates achieved some marks on
(A02.2) this question. However some did not use
the terminology expected at this level of
Space is wasted through redundant study e.g. data redundancy; data
data… (A01.1) inconsistency.
… For example the Re-order URL for
each toner cartridge is stored multiple
times. (A02.2)

b Entities and relationships drawn using 4

standard notation. (AO1.1)
Cartridge linked to PrinterModel,
PrinterModel linked to PrinterInstance
with no other links. (AO 2.1)
1:M relationship from Cartridge to
Printer Model (AO 2.1) Examiner's Comments
1:M relationship from PrinterModel to
PrinterInstance. (AO 2.1) Few candidates scored full marks on this
question. Candidates invariably associated
the ‘cartridge’ entity directly with the ‘printer
instance’ entity, not gaining credit. Many
diagrams had no indication of the degree
of relationship between entities, again not
gaining credit.

c Storing documents being / waiting to 1 Accept ‘storing information about print jobs'
be printed.
reduced buffering Examiner's Comments

This question was well answered, with

most candidates achieving the mark.

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

7 Prints receipt with item name and price 6 Example

on each line. (AO3.2)
Applies a 10% discount to gardening
purchases. (AO3.2)
If decorating spend is £20 or more.
(AO3.2)
Displays each discount on the receipt.
(AO3.2)
Displays the correct total. (AO3.2)
Correct addressing of a 2D array
(A02.1)

Examiner's Comments

This question required candidates to write

an algorithm in pseudocode. Candidates
are not required to write pseudocode in the
form outlined in the specification Appendix
5e, any reasonable form of pseudocode
was given credit, where appropriate.
However, some candidate responses were
written in structured English which is not an
acceptable alternative to pseudocode at
this level of study. Few candidates scored
full marks on this question. Many
candidates did not demonstrate the ability
to correctly address a 2D array.

Total 6

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