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CH 2 - Digital Logic

The document discusses digital logic gates and circuits. It defines logic gates and their purpose, and describes six common logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, and NOR - including how to draw their symbols and write their logic statements. Truth tables are used to show the output of each gate for all possible input combinations. Logic circuits are combinations of gates that perform specific functions. An example logic circuit is given and its truth table is derived by determining the outputs of each gate and the final output.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
331 views10 pages

CH 2 - Digital Logic

The document discusses digital logic gates and circuits. It defines logic gates and their purpose, and describes six common logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, and NOR - including how to draw their symbols and write their logic statements. Truth tables are used to show the output of each gate for all possible input combinations. Logic circuits are combinations of gates that perform specific functions. An example logic circuit is given and its truth table is derived by determining the outputs of each gate and the final output.

Uploaded by

Kimo123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng.

Omar El Safty

Introduction
Why data is stored as binary in computers?
• Computers use logic gates
• Logic gates use one of two values: 0 or 1

Definition of a Logic gate:


A small physical device that controls the flow of electrical signals in a pre-determinant way.

Purpose of a logic gates:


• To carry out a logical operation
• To control the flow of electricity through a logic circuit
• To alter the output from given inputs

1. Types of logic gates


Six different logic gates are considered:

NOT gate AND gate OR gate

XOR gate NAND gate NOR gate

The behavior of each logic gate can be presented by constructing a truth table.

KEY TERM

Truth table – A table is used to trace the output from a logic gate or a logic circuit considering all
possible combinations of 0s and 1s that can be input.

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

2.1 NOT gate


How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Output

A X

0 1

1 0
How to write it:
X = NOT A

Explanation:
• It has one input
• Output will be 1 if the input is 0
• Output will be 0 if the input is 1

2.2 AND gate


How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Input Output

A B X

0 0 0
How to write it: 0 1 0
X = A AND B
1 0 0

Explanation: 1 1 1
• It has two inputs
• Output will be 1 if both inputs are 1
• Output will be 0 if either input is 0

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

2.3 OR gate
How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Input Output

A B X

0 0 0
How to write it:
0 1 1
X = A OR B
1 0 1
Explanation:
1 1 1
• It has two inputs
• Output will be 1 if either input is 1
• Output will be 0 if both inputs are 0

2.4 XOR gate


How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Input Output

A B X

0 0 0
How to write it:
0 1 1
X = A XOR B
1 0 1

Explanation: 1 1 0
• It has two inputs
• Output will be 1 if both inputs are different
• Output will be 0 if both inputs are 1
• Output will be 0 if both inputs are 0

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

2.5 NAND gate


How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Input Output

A B X

0 0 1
How to write it:
X = A NAND B 0 1 1

1 0 1
Explanation:
• It has two inputs 1 1 0

• Output will be 1 if either input is 0


• Output will be 0 if both inputs are 1

2.6 NOR gate


How to draw it: Truth table:

Input Input Output

A B X

0 0 1
How to write it:
X = A NOR B 0 1 0

1 0 0
Explanation:
1 1 0
• It has two inputs
• Output will be 1 if both inputs are 0
• Output will be 0 if either input is 1

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

2. Logic circuits
Definition:
A combination of logic gates to carry out a particular function.

3.1 Produce truth table for a logic circuit


Produce the truth table for the following logic circuit:

Solution:

1 Name all intermediate logic gates

R
Q

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

2 Write down the logic statements for all intermediate gates in addition to the output:

P = A OR B
Q= B NAND C
R = P XOR Q
X (Output) = R OR C

3 Draw the truth table (this logic circuit has 3 inputs which means that there are 23 = 8
possibilities):

Input Working Space Output

A B C X

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

4 Insert the logic statements of the intermediate gates in the truth table:

Input Working Space Output

P Q R
A B C X
= (A OR B) = (B NAND C) = (P XOR Q)

0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 1

5 Complete the truth table by filling the output X column:

Input Working Space Output

P Q R X
A B C
= (A OR B) = (B NAND C) = (P XOR Q) = (R OR C)

0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 1 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 1

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

Write the logic statement for the logic circuit:


1 Recall that the logic statements for all intermediate gates are:

P = A OR B
Q= B NAND C
R = P XOR Q
X (Output) = R OR C

2 Write the output (X) in terms of the input values (A, B and C):

− Expand R to P XOR Q
X = (P XOR Q) OR C
− Expand both P and Q
X = ( (A OR B) XOR (B NAND C) ) OR C

3.2 Design a logic circuit from a logic statement


Draw the logic circuit and the truth table for the following logic statement:
X = 1 if ( ( A is 1 OR B is 1 ) AND ( A is 1 AND B is 1 ) ) OR ( C is NOT 1 )

Solution:
Scan the following QR code to watch an elaborative video of the answer:

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

3.3 Wording Problems

Example:
A wind turbine has a safety system, which uses three inputs to a logic circuit. A certain
combination of conditions results in an output, X, from the logic circuit being equal to 1. When
the value X=1 then the wind turbine is shut down.

The following table shows which parameters are being monitored and form the three inputs to
the logic circuit:

The output X, will have the value of 1 if any of the following combination of conditions occur:
• either turbine speed <=1000 rpm and bearing temperature > 80oC
• or turbine speed > 1000 rpm and wind velocity > 120 kph
• or bearing temperature <=80oC and wind velocity > 120 kph

Design the logic circuit and complete the truth table to produce a value of X=1 when any of
the three conditions above occur.

Solution:
Scan the following QR code to watch an elaborative video of the answer:

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Ch.2: Digital Logic Eng. Omar El Safty

3.4 Reducing a logic circuit to a single logic gate


The following circuit behaves the same as NOT gate:

The following circuit behaves the same as AND gate:

The following circuit behaves the same as OR gate:

IMPORTANT

Logic circuits can behave the same as a single logic gate. This can be identified if both the
logic circuit truth table output and a logic gate truth table output are the same.

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