Chapter 1: i

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
i

The iusage iof iauto imobiles ihas iimproved ilinearly iover ithe ipast idecade, iwhich iincreased iin ithe irisk iof
i human ilife. iThis iis ibecause idue ito ithe iinsufficient iemergency ifacilities. iA icar iaccident ican ihappen ito
i anyone iin ivirtually iany isituation. iUnderstanding ithe icause iof ithe iaccident iis iessential ito ideciding iwho
i is iliable ifor iit, ibut ithe itype iof iaccident ican ialso ibe irelevant ito ia iclaim. iThis imay iaffect ithe iscope iand
i nature iof ithe ivictim’s iinjuries, iwhich idetermines ihow imuch itheir iclaim iis iworth. iCertain itypes iof
i accidents ialso ilead ito iassumptions iabout iwho imay ihave ibeen iat ifault, iwhich iyou imay ineed ito itake iinto
i account iif iyou iare ibringing ia iclaim. iThis iis ian ioverview iof ihow iaccidents imay ibe iclassified,
i depending ion ithe itype iof iimpact, ithe itype iof idriver, iand ithe itype iof ivehicle iinvolved.

1.2 Type of Impact

i i i

Accidents ican ibe iclassified ias ihead-on icollisions, irear-end icollisions, ior iside-impact iaccidents. i

Head-on icollisions: ioften ihappen iwhen isomeone itravels ithe iwrong iway idown ia ione-way istreet ior ian
i exit iramp, ior iwhen ithey icross ithe imedian ion ia ihighway. iThese iare isome iof ithe imost idevastating iand
i potentially ifatal itypes iof iaccidents, ibut ithey iare ialso isome iof ithe ileast icommon. iFault iis iusually iclear
i because ione iof ithe idrivers iwas itraveling iin ithe iwrong idirection.

Rear-end icollisions: iare imuch imore icommon ibut ican ibe iless idamaging ibecause ithey itend ito ioccur iat
i lower ispeeds. iThe irear idriver iis ioften ipresumed ito ibe iat ifault ifor inot ileaving ian iadequate istopping
i distance, ibut ithis iis inot ialways ithe icase. i

Side-impact iaccidents: imay iresult iwhen ione ivehicle ifails ito iyield ito ianother ivehicle iat ian iintersection.
i Since ithe iside iof ia icar ihas iless istructural iprotection, ipeople iin ithe icar ithat iis ibroadsided imay isuffer
i especially iserious iinjuries.

Some iaccidents ion ihighways ior iother imajor iroads imay iinvolve imultiple ivehicles iwhen ione ivehicle
i pushes ianother ivehicle iinto ia ithird ivehicle iin ia itype iof idomino ieffect. iThese ichain ireaction iaccidents
i may irequire ia ithorough iinvestigation ito idetermine iwho iwas iat ifault. iOften, imore ithan ione iparty iwas iat
i fault, iresulting iin imore icomplicated ilitigation ithan ian iordinary icar iaccident icase. iAt ithe iopposite iend
i of ithe ispectrum iare isingle-vehicle iaccidents ilike irollovers, iwhich iare iusually ithe ifault iof ieither ithe
i driver ior ia idefect iin ithe icar.

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1.3 Statistics
i

Below iare isome ifacts iand ifigures iabout ithe iroad iaccidents iin iIndia. iThis idata ihas ibeen icollected
i according ito ithe ilas idecade ior iso. i

Fig i1: iYear ivs iNumber iof ideaths idue ito iroad iaccidents iin iIndia ifrom i2007-17

The iGlobal istatus ireport ion iroad isafety i2013 iestimates ithat imore ithan i231 i000 ipeople iare ikilled iin
i road itraffic icrashes iin iIndia ievery iyear. iApproximately ihalf iof iall ideaths ion ithe icountry's iroads iare
i among ivulnerable iroad iusers i- imotorcyclists, ipedestrians iand icyclists.

A iheterogeneous itraffic imix ithat iincludes ihigh-speed ivehicles isharing ithe iroad ispace iwith ivulnerable
i road iusers ias iwell ias iunsafe iroad iinfrastructure iand ivehicles ithat iare iin ipoor icondition iall icontribute ito
i the ihigh ifatality irates iseen ion iIndia’s iroads. iIndia iis ione iof ithe icountries iincluded iin ithe iBloomberg
i Philanthropies iGlobal iRoad iSafety iProgram iwhich iis ibeing iconducted iover ifive iyears i(2010-2014) iby
i a iconsortium iof iinternational ipartners itogether iwith inational igovernments iand ilocal iorganizations.

The iappearance iof iautomobiles iinfluences ithe ilife iof imany ipeople, inowadays. iIt ihas ibecome ithe istatus
i symbol iin ithis igrowing iworld. iNot ionly ithe idemand ion iperformance iand ispeed iof ivehicles iincrease
i rapidly, ibut ithere iis ialso icall ion ianti-accident isystem ifor ivehicles. iThis iis ibecause iof ithe iincreasing
i rate iof icar iaccidents. iEvery iyear, imillions iof ipeople ilose itheir ilives iin iroad iaccidents ievery iyear. iAfter
i any iaccident, iit iis inecessary ito ilocate ithe ivehicle iso ithat ithe imedical ipersonnel ican ihelp. iEven ithough
i some isophisticated isystem ilike iGPS ican iretrieve ivehicles, ibut ipeople ido inot iuse iit idue ito iits ihigh icost.
i By iusing ithe iGSM inetwork ifor ianti-accident isystem, ithe icost ican ibe idecreased. iGPS iand iGSM ibased

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i accident iidentification iand iinformation isystem ifocuses ion iaccidents ito isave ilife iof imany ipeople iby
i reporting ito ihospitals iand iowners iof ithe isystem.

Fig i2: iRoad ilength ivs iAccidents

While ihighways i(both inational iand istate) icomprise iabout i5% iof ithe itotal iroad inetwork, ithey iwitness
i 52% iof ithe iaccidents. i iMore iaccidents ion ihighways imay ibe iattributed ito ihigher ivehicle ispeeds iand
i higher ivolume iof itraffic ion ithese iroads. i

Road istandards, iconstruction, iand imaintenance iare idetermined iby ithe iauthority iunder iwhose
i jurisdiction ithe iroad ifalls. i iVarious iexpert icommittees ihave inoted ithat ithe iresponsibility ifor iroad
i safety iis idiffused iacross ivarious ibodies, iand ithere iis ino ieffective icoordination imechanism ibetween
i these ibodies. i

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 Fig i3: iRoad iAccidents ibased ion itype

Car iaccidents ican ihappen iat iany itime. iStudies ishow ithat imost ipeople iare iinvolved iin icar iaccidents
i when ithey iare iless ithan ifive imiles ifrom ihome.

There iare imany ipotential icauses iof ia icar iaccident: ispeeding, itraffic igridlock, inegligence, irecklessness
i and iunsafe idriving iare ijust ia ifew. iA icar iwreck ican ialso ioccur iwhere iyou imay ileast iexpect iit: ion iside
i streets iand iin iparking ilots.

Cases iinvolving icertain idistinctive itypes iof ivehicles imay idiffer ifrom iordinary icar iaccident icases. iIf
i you ihave ibeen iinjured iwhile iriding iwith ian iUber ior iLyft idriver, iyou imay ibe iable ito imake ia iclaim
i against ithe iridesharing icompany’s iinsurance. iYou ilikely iwould inot ihave ithis ioption iif iyou iwere
i injured iin ia itaxi iaccident, iso iyou iwould ineed ito irely ion ithe iindividual idriver’s iinsurance iand ipossibly
i use iyour iown iuninsured/underinsured imotorist icoverage ito isupplement iit.

Personal iinjury ilaw ihas inot iyet icaught iup ito ithe itechnology iof iself-driving ivehicles, iso ia ivictim’s ilegal
i options iin ithese icases iare iless iclear. iThey imay ihave irecourse iagainst ithe iperson icontrolling ithe icar ior
i the imanufacturer. iBy icontrast, ipeople iwho ihave ibeen iinjured iin ia icar iaccident icaused iby isomeone ion
i the ijob imay ibe iable ito iseek idamages ifrom inot ionly ithe idriver ibut ialso itheir iemployer, iregardless iof
i whether ithe iemployer iwas iat ifault.

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 Fig i4: iRoad iAccidents- iCAUSE

In i2016, i13.5 ilakh ipeople iwere ikilled iin iroad iaccidents iacross ithe iworld ias iopposed ito i12.5 ilakh iin
i 2013. iOne iin ievery inine ifatalities iwas ireported iin iIndia. iAs iper ithe iroad itransport iministry, ithe ideath
i toll iin i2016 istood iat i1.51 ilakh. iHowever, iWHO iestimates iit ito ibe i3 ilakh i- idouble ithe iofficial ifigure.
i The igovernment iestimates ithe inumber ito idrop ito i1.46 ilakh iin i2017. iIn iterms iof ideath irate, iIndia iis
i among ithe iworst icountries iregistering i22.6 ideaths iper ilakh iof ipopulation. iMoreover, i2 iand i3-wheeler
i users ialong iwith itruck iand ibus ioccupants iare ithe imost ivulnerable.

One iof ithe icauses ifor ithe ihigh imortality irate iis ipoor ienforcement iof iroad isafety ilaws. iAccording ito
i WHO's iGlobal iStatus iReport ion iRoad iSafety i2018, iIndia's iscore ifor ienforcement iof ilaws ion ia iscale iof
i 0-10 i(10 ibeing ibest) iis ias ifollows i- iSpeed i(3), iDrink iDriving i(4), iHelmet i(4) iand iSeat iBelt i(3).

Majority iof iaccidents i(78.4%) iare icaused idue ito idriver’s ifault. iThis iincludes iover ispeeding, idriving
i under ithe iinfluence iof ialcohol ior idrugs, iand ihit iand irun icases. i

Other icauses iof iroad iaccidents iinclude ifault iof iothers i(7.1%) isuch ias ifault iof icyclists, ipedestrians ior
i drivers iof iother ivehicles. i iFewer iaccidents iare icaused idue ito ineglect iof icivic ibodies i(2.8%), idefect iin
i motor ivehicle i(2.3%), iand ipoor iweather iconditions i(1.7%). i

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In i2015, ithere iwere iabout ifive ilakh iroad iaccidents iin iIndia, iwhich ikilled iabout i1.5 ilakh ipeople iand
i injured iabout ifive ilakh ipeople. i iIndia, ias ia isignatory ito ithe iBrasilia ideclaration, iintends ito ireduce iroad
i accidents iand itraffic ifatalities iby i50% iby i2022. i iThe iMotor iVehicles i(Amendment) iBill, i2016 ihas
i been ilisted ifor iconsideration iand ipassage iin ithe icurrent iBudget iSession iof iParliament. i iIt iseeks ito
i address iissues irelated ito iroad iaccidents, ithird iparty iinsurance iand iroad isafety imeasures. i iIn ithis
i context, iwe ipresent isome idata ion iroad iaccidents, icauses iof iaccidents, iand imotor ivehicle ithird iparty
i insurance.

Fig i5: iNumber iof iroad iaccidents iper ilakh ipopulation

i * iWhile ieach ibar irepresents idecadal idata, ithe i2014-15 idata iis ionly ihalf iway ithrough ithe idecade.

The inumber iof iroad iaccidents iper ilakh ipopulation ihas ibeen iincreasing isince i1970s, iwith ian i84%
i increase ifrom i1980 ito i1990. iAcross istates, iGoa ihad ithe imaximum ishare iin itotal iroad iaccidents/ ilakh
i population iin i2015 ifor ithe ifourth iyear iin ia irow i(222 iaccidents/ ilakh ipersons). iThis iwas ifollowed iby
i Kerala i(110 iaccidents/ ilakh ipersons), iand iTamil iNadu i(100 iaccidents/ ilakh ipersons).

In iterms iof iaccident ifatalities, iTamil iNadu ihad ithe ihighest ishare iin i2015 i(23 ifatalities/ ilakh ipersons)
i followed iby iHaryana i(18 ifatalities/ ilakh ipersons), iand iKarnataka i(18 ifatalities/ ilakh ipersons).

67% iroad iaccidents itake iplace ibetween i9AM iand i9PM; i18-34 iyear iolds imost iaffected

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 Fig i6: iTime iOf ioccurrence iof iaccidents iin i2015

In i2015, i17.5% iof iall iroad iaccidents ioccurred ibetween i15:00 ihours iand i18:00 ihours, ifollowed iby
i 17.3% ibetween i18:00 ihours ito i21:00 ihours. iThis imay ibe iattributed ito imore ivehicles ipresent ion iroads
i during ithese ihours i(peak itraffic ihours).

Fig i7: iAge iprofile iof ivictims iin i2015

In i2015, ithe imaximum inumber iof ifatalities iwere iseen iin ithe iage igroup iof i18 ito i34 i(50%), ifollowed iby
i the iage igroup iof i35-64 iyears i(36%).

With iunlimited iliability, ipremium ifor ithird iparty iinsurance ihas ibeen iincreasing irapidly

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 Fig i8: iNumber iof iInsurance iclaims iover ithe iyears iand iinsurance iearned

One iof ithe iways ifor iaccident ivictims ito ibe icompensated ifor iroad iaccidents iis ithrough imotor ivehicle
i insurance. iMotor ivehicle iinsurance ihas itwo iparts: i(i) iown idamage i(OD) iand i(ii) ithird iparty iliability
i (TP). i iWhile iOD icovers ifor ithe ivehicle iand iits iphysical idamage, iTP iprovides ifor iinjury ior ideath iof
i others iinvolved iin ithe iaccident. i i Under ithe iMotor iVehicle iAct, i1988, ithird iparty iinsurance iis
i compulsory ifor iall imotor ivehicles.

Between i2009 iand i2014, iwhile ipremium iearned ithrough iOD isegment ihas iincreased iby i93%, ipremium
i earned ithrough iTP ihas iincreased iby i248%. iThe ishare iof iTP iwithin itotal imotor iaccident ipremium
i earned ihas iincreased ifrom i38% iin i2009 ito i52% iin i2014. i

1.4 Main Concept of Project

i i i i

In ithis, iwe iare iusing ian ialarm isystem iwhich ihelps iin iimproving ithe iemergency isystem iduring
i accidents. iThis isystem idetects ithe iaccident ioccurrence iand ithe ilocation iof ithe iaccident iis imessaged ito
i the irescue iteam. iA iswitching isystem iis iused iswitch ioff iin icase ithere iis ino icausality. iThe iAccident iis
i detected iwith ithe ihelp iof iMEMS iSensor iand iVibration iSensor. iThe iAngle iin iwhich ithe icar ihas irolled
i off iis iindicated ithrough ia imessage. iThis iApplication ihelps iin iproviding ifeasible isolution ito ithe ipoor
i emergency ifacilitates. i

The imain iobjective iis ito icontrol ithe iaccidents iby isending ia imessage ito ithe iregistered imobile iusing
i wireless icommunications itechniques. iWhen ian iaccident ioccurs, iVibration isensor iwill ibe iactivated iand
i the imessage iis isent ito ithe iregistered imobile inumber ithrough iGSM imodule. iArduino iis ithe iheart iof ithe
i system iwhich ihelps iin itransferring ithe imessage ito idifferent idevices iin ithe isystem. iGPS isystem iwill
i help iin ifinding ithe ilocation iof ithe iaccident ispot. i

Global iSystem ifor iMobiles i(GSM) itechnology iis iused ito iestablish icellular iconnection. iGPS iis iused ito
i trace ithe iposition iof ithe ivehicle.

The isystem iis icomposed iof iGSM iSIM i800A, iArduino iMega i2560 i imicrocontroller, ivibration isensor,
i 20*4 iLCD iModule, iUBLOX iNEO i6M iGPS iReceiver iModule, iLPG iGas iDetector, ibuzzers i(alarm)
i and iuser’s imobile iphone.

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i The iidea iof iusing ivibration isensor iis isimple. iThere iare ithree iparameters iwhich iare imeasured iby
i vibration isensor. iSensors ioperate ion ithe ipiezoelectric iprincipal. iCrystal igenerates ia ilow ivoltage ior
i charge iwhen istressed iduring icompression. iMotion iin ithe iaxial idirection istrains ithe icrystal idue ito ithe
i inertial iforce iof ithe imass iand iproduces ia isignal iproportional ito iacceleration iof ithat imass. iThis ismall
i acceleration isignal ican ibe iaugmented ifor iacceleration idimensions ior iconverted iwith iin isensors iinto ia
i velocity ior idisplacement isignal.

Generally ithe iworking iprinciple iof ithe iwhole isystem iis: ithe ivibration isensor idetects ithe iaccident
i happened idepending ion ithe imass iapplied ion iit, isensing iand iactivating ithe ialarm. iIf ithe ipassenger iis
i conscious, ithen ihe/she ican istop ithe ialarm. iIf iafter i2 imin, ihe/she idoes inot ido iit, ithen ia imessage iwill ibe
i sent ito inotify ihospital iand ithe isaved iemergency icontacts. iSimultaneously, iLCD imodule iwill ishow ithe
i live istatus iof ithe isystem.

1.5 Objectives
i

The ifollowing iobjectives iare idesirable ias ia iguide ito iachieve ithe igoal iof iour iproject. iThey iare i

1. To idesign ia iGPS iand iGSM ibased iAccident iDetection iand iAlerting iSystem iUsing iGPS i&
i GSM iusing iArduino iMega i2560 imicrocontroller.
2. To itrigger ithe icar ialarm iwhen iaccidents iare idetected.
3. To iinterface iArduino iMega i2560 imicrocontroller ito iGSM imodem.
4. To iwrite ia iprogram ifor ithe imicrocontroller ito idetect ithe isensors isignals iand itrigger ithe ialarm
i as iwell ias isend ithe ialert imessage ito iemergency icontacts iafter ia idelay iof i2 iminutes ivia iGSM
i modem.
5. To iprovide isecurity ito ithe ivehicle iuser iand ialso idetects ithe iaccident iif ioccurred iand iinforms
i the irespective iauthority i(like iambulance, ipolice, iowner ietc.) ithrough iwireless itechnologies.
6. To idisplay ithe ialarm istatus ion iLCD imodule.

1.6 Problem Statement

i i

From iolder itimes ito itoday, ineed ifor imovement ihas inever idecreased. iThis ineed ihas ionly iincreased iover
i the icourse iof itime. iCars iand iother ivehicles ihas ialways ibeen ia inatural itarget ifor iaccidents. iThey iare ia
i valuable iasset ito ithe iowner ithey iare iexpensive ialong iwith ithe iemotional iconnect. iThat iis iwhy, ia
i normal iswitch ialarm iis inot ienough ito iprotect icar ifrom iaccidents.

1.7 Project Scope

i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Few iscopes iand iguidelines iare ilisted ito iensure ithat ithe iproject iis iconducted iwithin iits iintended
i boundary. iThis iis ito iensure ithe iproject iis iheading iin ithe iright icourse ito iachieve iits iplanned ipurposes. i

The ifirst iscope iis ito idesign ia icontroller ithat ican icontrol ithe isystem. iThe ivibration isensor isense ithe
i vibration ilevel iand isend idata ito imicrocontroller iand ican ireceive ithe iGPS idata, ifrom isatellite, idisplay iit
i at iLCD iand ido itransmit i/ ireceive ito iGSM imodule i

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Second iscope iof ithis iproject iis ito ianalysis ithe idata ifrom iGPS ireceiver iwhich ican iget ithe itime,
i longitude, ilatitude, idate iand ispeed iof ithe ireceiver. iThe idata iwill ibe idisplay iat iLCD iDisplay. i

The ilast iscope iof ithis iproject iis ito itrace ithe ilocation iof ithe iaccident iusing iGlobal iSystem ifor iMobile
i communications i(GSM) i(two iway icommunication ibetween iuser iand iGSM iModule) iand iGlobal
i Positioning iSystem i(GPS). i i

1.8 Hardware Requirements

i i

1. Arduino iMega i2560 imicrocontroller

2. 20*4 iLCD iModule
3. Sim i800A iGSM
4. UBLOX iNEO i6M iGPS iReceiver iModule
5. Vibration iSensor
6. LPG iGas iDetector

1.9 Software Requirements

i i

1. Proteus isimulation isoftware

2. Arduino iIDE isoftware ion iwhich iprogram iis iwritten.

1.10 Methodology
i

The iPrototype iof ithis iAccident iDetection iand ialerting isystem itechnique iuses ithe ifollowing isteps: i i

1. iThe icomplete isetup iis idepicted iin ithe iform iof iBlock iDiagram. i

2. iA iPiezoelectric isensor idetects ithe ifirst ioccurrence iof ithe iaccident iand iit iis iintimated ito ithe idriver ivia
i an ialarm.

i 3. iThe iLatitude iand iLongitude iare idetected iusing iGPS iand iit iis isent ias imessage ito ithe irescue iteam
i through iGSM. i

4. iThe imessage ireceiver inumber iis ipre istored iin ithe iEEPROM. i

5. iAn iOFF iSwitch iis ialso iprovided iat itimes iof ineed ito iavoid ifalse imessage. i

GSM i– iGlobal iSystem ifor iMobile iCommunication iIn ithis ipaper iGSM ihelps iin icontrolling ithe iDC
i motor, istepper imotor, iTemperature isensor iand isolid istate irelay iby imessaging ischemes. iThis ischeme
i helps iin ireducing ithe ineed iof imanual isystems iwhich iare itime iconsuming iand inot iefficiency ifor iusage.
i But ithe iproposed isystem iis ifully iautomatic iand ican ifunction iwithout iany imanual iinterruption. iHence
i this iautomatic isystem iis imore iefficient iand iless iexpensive iand imore iconvenient ito iuse ifrom iwere iever
i possible. iHence ican ibe ipreferred imode iof icommunication ifor icontrolling ipurpose. i

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GPS i- iGlobal iPositioning iSystem iGPS ihelps iin iboth itracking iand inavigation ipurpose. iTracking
i systems iis iused ito ikeep itrack iof ithe ivehicle iwithout ithe iintervention iof ithe idriver. iBut ia inavigation
i system iguides ithe idriver ito ireach ithe idestination iwithout iany idisruptions. iBoth itracking iand
i navigation iuses ithe isame iarchitecture. iAs ian iaccident ioccurs ithe itracking istem idetects ithe iaccident
i prone ivehicle iand ia imessage iis isent ito ithe irescue iteam ithrough ia icall ior iSMS.

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 CHAPTER 2: i

LITERATURE SURVEY i i

After ianalyzing ithe irequirements iof ithe itask ito ibe iperformed, ithe inext istep iis ito ianalyze ithe iproblem
i and iunderstand iits icontext. iThe ifirst iactivity iin ithe iphase iis istudying ithe iexisting isystem iand ianother iis
i to iunderstand ithe irequirements iand idomain iof ithe inew isystem. iBoth ithe iactivities iare iequally
i important, ibut ithe ifirst iactivity iserves ias ia ibasis iof igiving ithe ifunctional ispecifications iand ithen
i successful idesign iof ithe iproposed isystem. iUnderstanding ithe iproperties iand irequirements iof ia inew
i system iis imore idifficult iand irequires icreative ithinking iand iunderstanding iof ithe iexisting irunning
i system iis ialso idifficult, iimproper iunderstanding iof ithe ipresent isystem ican ilead ito idiversion ifrom
i solution. iThe iproposed isystem idesign iinvolved ithe ifollowing iresearch ipaper ianalysis: i

2.1 i“Wireless iblack ibox iusing iMEMS iaccelerometer iand iGPS itracking ifor iaccidental
i monitoring iof ivehicles'' iby iWatthanawisuth, iN., iIEEE iconference iin iJan, i2012: i

This isurvey ipresents ian ioverview iof iwireless iblack ibox iusing iMEMS iaccelerometer iand iGPS itracking
i system iis ideveloped ifor iaccidental imonitoring. iThe isystem iconsists iof icooperative icomponents iof ian
i accelerometer, imicrocontroller iunit, iGPS idevice iand iGSM imodule. iIn ithe ievent iof ian iaccident, ithis
i wireless idevice iwill isend ia imobile iphone ishort imessage iindicating ithe iposition iof ivehicle iby iGPS
i system ito ifamily imembers, iemergency imedical iservice i(EMS) iand inearest ihospital. iThe ithreshold
i algorithm iand ispeed iof imotorcycles iare iused ito idetermine ifall ior iaccident iin ireal-time. iThe isystem iis
i compact iand ieasy ito iinstall iunder ithe irider iseat. iThe isystem ihas ibeen itested iin ireal iworld iapplications
i using ibicycles. iThe itest iresults ishow ithat iit ican idetect ilinear ifall, inon-linear ifall iand inormal iride iwith
i high iaccuracy.

2.2 i“Development iof ivehicle itracking isystem iusing iGPS iand iGSM imodem” iby iHoang iDat iPham,
i IEEE iconference iin iDec, i2013:

The iability ito itrack ivehicles iis iuseful iin imany iapplications iincluding isecurity iof ipersonal ivehicles,
i public itransportation isystems, ifleet imanagement iand iothers. iFurthermore, ithe inumber iof ivehicles ion
i the iroad iglobally iis ialso iexpected ito iincrease irapidly. iTherefore, ithe idevelopment iof ivehicle itracking
i system iusing ithe iGlobal iPositioning iSystem i(GPS) iand iGlobal iSystem ifor iMobile iCommunications
i (GSM) imodem iis iundertaken iwith ithe iaim iof ienabling iusers ito ilocate itheir ivehicles iwith iease iand iin ia
i convenient iInternational iJournal iof iEngineering iResearch iand iGeneral iScience iVolume i3, iIssue i3,
i May-June, i2015 iISSN i2091-2730 i1028 iwww.ijergs.org imanner. iThe isystem iwill iprovide iusers iwith
i the icapability ito itrack ivehicles iremotely ithrough ithe imobile inetwork. iThis ipaper ipresents ithe
i development iof ithe ivehicle itracking isystem's ihardware iprototype. iSpecifically, ithe isystem iwill iutilize
i GPS ito iobtain ia ivehicle's icoordinate iand itransmit iit iusing iGSM imodem ito ithe iuser's iphone ithrough

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i the imobile inetwork. iThe imain ihardware icomponents iof ithe isystem iare iu-blox iNEO-6Q iGPS ireceiver
i module, iu-blox iLEON-G100 iGSM imodule iand iArduino iUno imicrocontroller. iThe ideveloped ivehicle
i tracking isystem idemonstrates ithe ifeasibility iof inear ireal-time itracking iof ivehicles iand iimproved
i customizability, iglobal ioperability iand icost iwhen icompared ito iexisting isolutions.

2.3 i“Traffic-incident idetection-algorithm ibased ion inonparametric iregression” iby iShuming

i Tang, iIEEE iconference iin iMarch, i2005: i

This ipaper iproposes ian iimproved inonparametric iregression i(INPR) ialgorithm ifor iforecasting itraffic
i flows iand iits iapplication iin iautomatic idetection iof itraffic iincidents. iThe iINPRA iis iconstructed ibased
i on ithe isearching imethod iof inearest ineighbors ifor ia itraffic istate ivector iand iits imain iadvantage ilies iin
i forecasting ithrough ipossible itrends iof itraffic iflows, iinstead iof ijust icurrent itraffic istates, ias icommonly
i used iin iprevious iforecasting ialgorithms. iVarious isimulation iresults ihave iindicated ithe iviability iand
i effectiveness iof ithe iproposed inew ialgorithm. iSeveral iperformance itests ihave ibeen iconducted iusing
i actual itraffic idata isets iand iresults idemonstrate ithat iINPRs iaverage iabsolute iforecast ierrors, iaverage
i relative iforecast ierrors, iand iaverage icomputing itimes iare ithe ismallest icomparing iwith iother
i forecasting ialgorithms.

2.4 i“Automatic iAccident iDetection: iAssistance ithrough iCommunication iTechnologies iand

i Vehicles” iby iFogue, iM., iIEEE iconference iin iAugust, i2012: i

In ithis iarticle, ie-NOTIFY isystem iis ipresented, iwhich iallows ifast idetection iof itraffic iaccidents,
i improving ithe iassistance ito iinjured ipassengers iby ireducing ithe iresponse itime iof iemergency iservices
i through ithe iefficient icommunication iof irelevant iinformation iabout ithe iaccident iusing ia icombination
i of iV2V iand iV2I icommunications. iThe iproposed isystem irequires iinstalling iOBUs iin ithe ivehicles, iin
i charge iof idetecting iaccidents iand inotifying ithem ito ian iexternal iCU, iwhich iwill iestimate ithe iseverity
i of ithe iaccident iand iinform ithe iappropriate iemergency iservices iabout ithe iincident. iThis iarchitecture
i replaces ithe icurrent imechanisms ifor inotification iof iaccidents ibased ion iwitnesses, iwho imay iprovide
i incomplete ior iincorrect iinformation iafter ia ilong itime. iThe idevelopment iof ia ilow-cost iprototype ishows
i that iit iis ifeasible ito imassively iincorporate ithis isystem iin iexisting ivehicles.

2.5 i“Accident idetection i& ialerting isystem”, iby iJazim iBaramy iin iIJTRA iSpecial iIssue i39, iMarch
i 2016: i

i In ithis ithey ihave idiscussed ithat, iSecurity iin itravelling iis ia iprimary iconcern ifor ieveryone. iRising
i demand ifor iautomobiles ihas iincreased ithe itraffic, ithereby icausing imore iaccidents ion ithe iroad. iPeople
i often ilose itheir ilives ibecause iof ipoor iemergency ifacilities iin ithe icase iof iunattended iaccidents. iPre-
emption iof ithe iaccidents itaking iplace ion ithe iroads iis inot ipossible ibut iat ileast ithe iafter ieffects ican ibe
i minimized. iThe iproposed isystem iensures imaking iemergency ifacilities iavailable ito iaccident ivictims ias
i early ias ipossible iby iletting irelatives, ihospital ior ia irescue iteam iknow ithe iaccident ispot iwith ithe ihelp iof

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i this imodule iembedded iin ithe ivehicle. iSensors iare iattached ito ithe imicrocontroller. iIn icase ithere iis ian
i accident, ithe isensor igets iactivated iand ithe iGSM isystem iwill isend inotifications ito ithe inearest ihospital,
i police istation ior ikin iof ithe ivictim iwith ithe ilocation icoordinates iwhere ithe iaccident ihas ioccurred. iWith
i the ihelp iof ia ispace inavigation isystem, iGPS ilocates ithe iposition iof ithe ivehicle iwhere iaccident ihas
i occurred.

2.6 i“An iIntelligent iAccident iDetection iSystem iUsing iIOT”, iby iNamarata iH. iSane iVolume-9
i Issue-1, iOctober i2019:

In ithis ithey ihave idiscussed ithat, ilot iof iaccidents ion ihighways iare ihappening idue ito iincrease iin itraffic
i and ialso idue ito irash idriving. iIn imany isituations ithe ifamily imembers ior ithe iambulance iand ipolice
i authorities iare inot iinformed iin itime. iThis iresults iin idelaying ihelp ireaching ithe iaccident ivictim. iAlso
i they ihave idesigned ia isystem ito isend imessage ito ithe ipre-defined inumber ialong iwith ithe ilocation iof ithe
i vehicle. i

2.7 i“A isurvey ion iRoad iAccident iDetection iand iReporting”, iby iAmrutha iMadhusan iin
i International iJournal iof iScientific iand iEngineering iResearch i(IJSER), iVolume i7, iIssue i4, iApril
i 2016 iEdition:

In ithis isurvey ithey ihave iobserved ithat iroad iaccidents iare ia imajor iissue iof iconcern. iEven iwith iall
i modern idevelopments iin ithe ifield iof ivehicle idesign, iroad ilane idesign iand imanagement, iaccidents ido
i occur. iTimely iaccident idetection iand itaking iimmediate iaction iwith iPage i9 irespect ito iemergency
i health icare iof ivictims iby iinforming ian iemergency icenter iabout ithe iaccident ion itime iplays ia ivital irole
i in ihuman isafety iand iroad itraffic imanagement. iThey ihave istudied ivarious imethods ito iachieve ithis iand
i also ithey ihave isaid ithat ieach imethod ihas iits iown iaccuracy iand ilimitations.

2.8 i‘Automatic iAccident iNotification iSystem iusing iGPS i& iGSM iwith i3G iTechnology ifor iVideo
i Monitoring”, iby iA. iSriram iin iIJETEE iin iVol. i1, iIssue. i2, iMarch-2013:

In ithis iwork, iaccident iis inotified iautomatically iusing isensors ialong iwith ithe ihealth icondition iof ithe
i passengers. iThis isystem isends ithe ipassenger ihealth icondition ias iMMS, iso ithat ithe irescue iteam imay
i know iabout ithe icondition iof ithe ipassenger ito ibring ithem ito ihospital ias iearly ias ipossible iwhich ican ibe
i vitally iimportant ifor isome ireal-time iapplications.

2.9 iTransport iResearch iWing iReport i2015, iGovernment iof iIndia, iMinistry iof iRoad iTransport
i and iHighways:

They idiscussed ithat, iin i2015, ithe itotal inumber iof ipeople ikilled iin iroad iaccidents iin iIndia ihas iincreased
i by i4.6% iand ithe itotal inumber iof ipeople iinjured ihas ialso iincreased iby i1.4% icompared ito i2014. iThe
i driver’s ifault ihas ibeen irevealed ias i77.1% iof ithe itotal iaccidents. i

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Shaven iSteven iin ihis ibook i“Economic ianalysis iof iaccidents” ihas ianalysed iand ideduced ithe ifatal
i economic iloss ithat iis icaused iby ilarge iscale iaccidents. iHe istated ithat iAccident ilaw iis ithe ibody iof ilegal
i rules igoverning ithe iability iof ivictims iof iharm ito isue iand ito icollect ipayments ifrom ithose iwho iinjured
i them. iThis ipaper icontains ithe ichapters ion iaccident ilaw ifrom ia igeneral, iforthcoming ibook,
i Foundations iof iEconomic iAnalysis iof iLaw i(Harvard iUniversity iPress, i2003). iThe ianalysis iis ifirst
i concerned i(chapters i2-4) iwith ithe iinfluence iof iliability irules ion iincentives ito ireduce iaccident irisks.
i Then iconsideration iof iaccident ilaw iis ibroadened i(chapter i5) ito ireflect ithe ieffect iof iliability irules ion
i compensation iof ivictims iand ithe iallocation iof irisk. iIn ithis iregard ia icentral iissue iis ithe iroles iof ivictims‟
i insurance iand iof iliability iinsurance, iand ihow ithey ialter ithe iincentives iinherent iin iliability irules.
i Finally, ithe iadministrative icosts iof ithe iliability isystem, inamely, ithe iprivate iand ipublic ilegal icosts iof
i litigation, iare iexamined. iThese icosts iare isignificant iand ithus ibear iimportantly ion iwhether iuse
i Accident ilaw iis isocially idesirable. iIt iis iemphasized ithat isocial iintervention i-- ieither ito icurtail iuse iof
i the ilegal isystem ior ito iencourage iit i-- imay iwell ibe ineeded ibecause ithe iprivate iincentives ito iuse ithe
i system iare igenerally idifferent ifrom ithe isocially idesirable iincentives ito ido iso.

15
 CHAPTER 3: i i

Tools Used i

Below iare ithe itools ithat iwe iused ito iimplement ithis iproject.

3.1 Microcontroller Arduino Mega 2560

i i i i

A iMicrocontroller iconsists iof ia iCPU istrongly icoupled iwith imemory, ivarious iI/O iinterfaces
i such ias iserial iports, iparallel iport itimer ior icounter, iinterrupt icontroller, idata iacquisition
i interfaces-Analog ito iDigital iconverter, iDigital ito iAnalog iconverter, iintegrated ionto ia isingle
i silicon ichip. iIf ia isystem iis ideveloped iwith ia imicroprocessor, ithe idesigner ihas ito igo ifor
i external imemory isuch ias iRAM, iROM, iEPROM iand iperipherals. iBut icontroller ihas iprovided
i all ithese ifacilities ion ia isingle ichip. iDevelopment iof ia iMicrocontroller ireduces iPCB isize iand
i cost iof idesign.

Fig i9: iArduino iMega i2560 i

3.1.1 iMAJOR iFEATURES
1. High iEndurance iNon-volatile iMemory iSegments
2. Atmel iQTouch ilibrary isupport
3. JTAG i(IEEE istd. i1149.1 icompliant) iinterface
4. Real-time iCounter iwith iSeparate iOscillator

16
3.1.2 iFEATURES iOF iARDUINO iMEGA i2560 iMICROCONTROLLER
1. High iEndurance iNon-volatile iMemory iSegments
• Write/Erase iCycles: i10,000 iFlash
2. JTAG i(IEEE istd. i1149.1 icompliant) iinterface
3. Peripheral iFeatures
• Real-time iCounter iwith iSeparate iOscillator
• Programmable iWatchdog iTimer iwith iSeparate iOn-chip iOscillator
• On-chip iAnalog iComparator
• Interrupt iand iWake-up ion iPin iCharge
4. Other ispecial ifeatures
• Power-on iReset iand iProgrammable iBrown-out iDetection
• Internal iCalibrated iOscillator
• External iand iInternal iInterrupt iSources
• Six iSleep iModes: iIdle, iADC iNoise iReduction, iPower-save, iPower-
down, iStandby, iand iExtended iStandby

3.1.3 iPIN iDIAGRAM iOF iARDUINOMEGA i2560

Fig i10: iPin iDiagram iof iArduinoMega i2560 i

• Each ipin icomes iwith ia ispecific ifunction iassociated iwith iit. iAll ianalog ipins ican ibe iused
i as idigital iI/O ipins.
• Designing iof ia iproject iusing iArduino iMega igives iyou ithe iflexibility iof iworking iwith
i more imemory ispace iand iprocessing ipower ithat iallows iyou ito iwork iwith ia inumber iof
i sensors iat ionce. iThis iboard iis iphysically ilarger ithan iother iArduino iboards.

17
5V i& i3.3V: iThis ipin iis iused ito iprovide ioutput iregulated ivoltage iaround i5V. iThis iregulated
i power isupply ipowers iup ithe icontroller iand iother icomponents ion ithe iboard. iIt ican ibe iobtained
i from iVin iof ithe iboard ior iUSB icable ior ianother iregulated i5V ivoltage isupply. iWhile ianother
i voltage iregulation iis iprovided iby i3.3V ipin. iMaximum ipower iit ican idraw iis i50mA.
GND: iThere iare i5 iground ipins iavailable ion ithe iboard iwhich imakes iit iuseful iwhen imore ithan
i one iground ipins iare irequired ifor ithe iproject.
Reset. iThis ipin iis iused ito ireset ithe iboard. iSetting ithis ipin ito iLOW iwill ireset ithe iboard.
Vin: iIt iis ithe iinput ivoltage isupplied ito ithe iboard iwhich iranges ifrom i7V ito i20V. iThe ivoltage
i provided iby ithe ipower ijack ican ibe iaccessed ithrough ithis ipin. iHowever, ithe ioutput ivoltage
i through ithis ipin ito ithe iboard iwill ibe iautomatically iset iup ito i5V.
Serial iCommunication: iRXD iand iTXD iare ithe iserial ipins iused ito itransmit iand ireceive iserial
i data ii.e. iRx irepresents ithe itransmission iof idata iwhile iTx iused ito ireceive idata. iThere iare ifour
i combinations iof ithese iserial ipins iare iused iwhere iSerial i0 icontains iRX(0) iand iTX(1), iSerial i1
i contains iTX(18) iand iRX(19), iSerial i2 icontains iTX(16) iand iRX(17), iand iSerial i3 icontains
i TX(14) iand iRX(15).
External iInterrupts: iSix ipins iare iused ifor icreating iexternal iinterrupts ii.e. iinterrupt i0(0),
i interrupt i1(3), iinterrupt i2(21), iinterrupt i3(20), iinterrupt i4(19), iinterrupt i5(18). iThese ipins
i produce iinterrupts iby ia inumber iof iways ii.e. iproviding iLOW ivalue, irising ior ifalling iedge ior
i changing ivalue ito ithe iinterrupt ipins.
LED: iThis iboard icomes iwith ibuilt-in iLED iconnected ito idigital ipin i13. iHIGH ivalue iat ithis ipin
i will iturn ithe iLED ion iand iLOW ivalue iwill iturn iit ioff. iThis igives iyou ithe ichange iof inursing
i your iprogramming iskills iin ireal itime.
AREF: iAREF istands ifor iAnalog iReference iVoltage iwhich iis ia ireference ivoltage ifor ianalog
i inputs.
Analog iPins: iThere iare i16 ianalog ipins iincorporated ion ithe iboard ilabeled ias iA0 ito iA15. iIt iis
i important ito inote ithat iall ithese ianalog ipins ican ibe iused ias idigital iI/O ipins. iEach ianalog ipin
i comes iwith i10-bit iresolution. iThese ipins ican imeasure ifrom iground ito i5V. iHowever, ithe iupper
i value ican ibe ichanged iusing iAREF iand ianalogReference() ifunction.
I2C: iTwo ipins i20 iand i21 isupport iI2C icommunication iwhere i20 irepresents iSDA i(Serial iData
i Line imainly iused ifor iholding ithe idata) iand i21 irepresents iSCL(Serial iClock iLine imainly iused
i for iproviding idata isynchronization ibetween ithe idevices)
SPI iCommunication: iSPI istands ifor iSerial iPeripheral iInterface iused ifor ithe itransmission iof
i data ibetween ithe icontroller iand iother iperipherals icomponents. iFour ipins ii.e. i50 i(MISO), i51
i (MOSI), i52 i(SCK), i53 i(SS) iare iused ifor iSPI icommunication.
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3.1.4 iMEMORY iIN iARDUINOMEGA i2560 i
The iATmega2560 ihas i256 iKB iof iflash imemory ifor istoring icode i(of iwhich i8 iKB iis iused
i for ithe ibootloader), i8 iKB iof iSRAM iand i4 iKB iof iEEPROM i(which ican ibe iread iand iwritten
i with ithe iEEPROM ilibrary).

3.1.5 iPROGRAMMING
1. Arduino iMega i2560 ican ibe iprogrammed iusing iArduino iSoftware icalled iIDE iwhich
i supports iC iprogramming.
2. The icode iyou imake ion ithe isoftware iis icalled isketch iwhich iis iburned iin ithe isoftware
i and ithen itransferred ito ithe iboard ithrough iUSB icable.
3. This iboard icomes iwith ia ibuilt-in ibootloader iwhich irules iout ithe iusage iof ian
i external iburner ifor iburning ithe icode iinto ithe iboard.
4. The ibootloader icommunicates iusing iSTK500 iprotocol.
5. Once iyou icompile iand iburn ithe iprogram ion ithe iboard, iyou ican iunplug ithe iUSB
i cable iwhich ieventually iremoves ithe ipower ifrom ithe iboard. iWhen iyou iintend ito
i incorporate ithe iboard iinto iyour iproject, iyou ican ipower iit iup iusing ipower ijack ior
i Vin iof ithe iboard.
6. Multitasking iis ianother ifeature iwhere iArduino imega icomes ihandy. iHowever,
i Arduino iIDE iSoftware idoesn’t isupport imultitasking ifeature ibut iyou ican iuse iother
i operating isystems ilike iFreeRTOS iand iRTX ito iwrite iC iprogram ifor ithis ipurpose.
i This igives iyou ithe iflexibility iof iusing iyour iown icustom ibuild iprogram iusing iISP
i connector.

3.1.6 iAPPLICATIONS
Arduino iMega i2560 iis ian iideal ichoice ifor ithe iprojects irequiring imore imemory ispace ito ibe
i used iwith imore inumber iof inumber ipins ion ithe iboard. iFollowing iare ithe imain iapplications iof
i the iArduino imega iboards.
1. Developing i3D iprinter
2. Controlling iand ihandling imore ithan ione imotors
3. Interfacing iof inumber iof isensors
4. Sensing iand idetecting itemperature
5. Water ilevel idetection iprojects
6. Home iautomation iand isecurity isystems
7. Embedded iSystems

19
 8. IOT iapplications
9. Parallel iprogramming iand iMultitasking

3.2 UBLOX NEO 6M GPS Receiver Module

i i i i i i

Here, ithe iGPS iused iis iSIM28ML. iThis iGPS imodule iwill ifind ithe ilocation iof ithe ivehicle
ithrough ithe icoordinates iand ithe ireceived idata iis ifirst isend ito iArduino iand ithe iinformation iis

itransmitted ito ithe isaved icontact ithrough iGSM imodule. i

The ifrequency iis ioperated iin ithe irange iof i1575.42 iMHz iand ithe ioutput iof iGPS imodule iis iin
iNMEA iformat iwhich iincludes idata ilike ilocation iin ireal itime.

Fig i11: iGlobal iPositioning iSystem

3.2.1 iWHAT iIS iGPS?

GPS i(Global iPositioning iSystem) iis ithe imost ifast, iaccurate iand icheap isystem iof iidentification
iof iaccident ilocations. iThis imethod iuses ithe ilocalization iin ithe igeographic icoordinates.

Global iPositioning iSystem i(GPS) itechnology iis ichanging ithe iway iwe iwork iand iplay. iWe ican
iuse iGPS itechnology iwhen iwe iare idriving, iflying, ifishing, isailing, ihiking, irunning, ibiking,

iworking, ior iexploring. iWith ia iGPS ireceiver, iwe ihave ian iamazing iamount iof iinformation iat

iour ifingertips. iHere iare ijust ia ifew iexamples iof ihow iwe ican iuse iGPS itechnology.

1. Know iprecisely ihow ifar iyou ihave irun iand iat iwhat ipace iwhile itracking iyour ipath iso iyou
ican ifind iyour iway ihome.

2. Pinpoint ithe iperfect ifishing ispot ion ithe iwater iand ieasily irelocate iit.

3. Get ithe iclosest ilocation iof iour ifavorite irestaurant iwhen iwe iare iout-of-town.

4. Find ithe inearest iairport ior iidentify ithe itype iof iairspace iin iwhich iyou iare iflying i

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Its iadvantages ibeing irecognized ias iGIS i(Geographic iInformation iSystem) iare:-

1. The ihigh iaccident iconcentration ican ibe ieasily iidentified. i

2. Different ibackground imaps ican ibe iconveniently iused. i
3. The ilocalization ihas ito ibe iperformed iat ithe iaccident ispot iright iafter ithe iaccident ioccurrence. i

The idevelopment iof iGPS ibased isystems iplay ibuilding iof iautomatic inavigational. iSince iit ican irequire
i positioning iand inavigational iinformation iquick iaccuracy iand iat ia ilow icost, iwaypoint inavigation
i becomes ito iimplement. iWe ihave ibuilt iour iproject iaround ithe iabove iprincipal iGPS iand iGSM ibased
i accident iidentification iand iinformation isystem iobtained ifrom ithe iGPS ireceiver i(us isatellites), iand
i travels ito ithe idesired ilocations. iThe idata ifrom ithe iGPS ireceiver iis iobtained iin ithe iform iof iNMEA
i (National iMarine iElectronics iAssociation) icodes. iThese icodes igive ithe ilatitude, ilongitude, itime, idate,
i almanac idata ietc. iDue ito ithis, ifinding ithe ipath ibecomes imuch isimpler ias iwe ican iprogram ithe ivehicle
i to imove ieither iin ithe inorth- isouth idirection ior ieast-west idirection.

Fig i12: iUBLOX iNEO i6M iGPS iReceiver iModule

The iu-blox iNEO-6M iGPS iengine ion ithese imodules iis iquite ia igood ione, iand iit ialso ihas ihigh isensitivity
i for iindoor iapplications. iFurthermore, ithere’s ione iMS621FE-compatible irechargeable ibattery ifor
i backup iand iEEPROM ifor istoring iconfiguration isettings. iThe imodule iworks iwell iwith ia iDC iinput iin
i the i3.3- ito i5-V irange i(thanks ito iits ibuilt-in ivoltage iregulator). iThe ioriginal icircuit idiagram iof ithe
i module, iborrowed ifrom ithe iweb, iis ishown ibelow:

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3.2.2 iCircuit iDiagram iof iUBLOX iNEO i6M iGPS iReceiver iModule

Fig i13: iCircuit iDiagram iof iUBLOX iNEO i6M iGPS iReceiver iModule

3.2.3 iHOW iGPS iDETERMINES iA iPOSITION:

The iworking/operation iof ithe iGlobal ipositioning isystem iis ibased ion ithe i‘trilateration’ imathematical
i principle. iThe iposition iis idetermined ifrom ithe idistance imeasurements ito isatellites. iFrom ithe ifigure,
i the ifour isatellites iare iused ito idetermine ithe iposition iof ithe ireceiver ion ithe iearth. iThe itarget ilocation iis
i confirmed iby ithe i4th isatellite. iAnd ithree isatellites iare iused ito itrace ithe ilocation iplace. iA ifourth
i satellite iis iused ito iconfirm ithe itarget ilocation iof ieach iof ithose ispace ivehicles. iThe iglobal ipositioning
i system iconsists iof isatellite, icontrol istation iand imonitor istation iand ireceiver. iThe iGPS ireceiver itakes
i the iinformation ifrom ithe isatellite iand iuses ithe imethod iof itriangulation ito idetermine ia iuser’s iexact
i position.

Fig i14: iHow iGPS iworks?

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3.2.4 iGPS iDATA
The iGPS iNavigation iMessage iconsists iof itime-tagged idata ibits imarking ithe itime iof itransmission iof
i each isub iframe iat ithe itime ithey iare itransmitted iby ithe isatellite. iA idata ibit iframe iconsists iof i1500 ibits
i divided iinto ifive i300-bit isub iframes. iA idata iframe iis itransmitted ievery ithirty iseconds. iThree isix-
second isub iframes icontain iorbital iand iclock idata. iSatellite ivehicle i(SV) iClock icorrections iare isent iin
i sub iframe ione iand iprecise iSV iorbital idata isets i(ephemeris idata iparameters) ifor ithe itransmitting iSV iare
i sent iin isub iframes itwo iand ithree. iSub iframes ifour iand ifive iare iused ito itransmit idifferent ipages iof
i system idata. iData iframes i(1500 ibits) iare isent ievery ithirty iseconds. iEach iframe iconsists iof ifive isub
i frames. iData ibit isub iframes i(300 ibits itransmitted iover isix iseconds) icontain iparity ibits ithat iallow ifor
i data ichecking iand ilimited ierror icorrection. iClock idata iparameters idescribe ithe isatellite iclock iand iits
i relationship ito iGPS itime. iEphemeris idata iparameters idescribe isatellite iorbits ifor ishort isections iof ithe
i satellite iorbits. iNormally, ia ireceiver igathers inew iephemeris idata ieach ihour, ibut ican iuse iold idata ifor iup
i to ifour ihours iwithout imuch ierror. iThe iephemeris iparameters iare iused iwith ian ialgorithm ithat icomputes
i the isatellite iposition ifor iany itime iwithin ithe iperiod iof ithe iorbit idescribed iby ithe iephemeris iparameter
i set. iAlmanacs iare iapproximate iorbital idata iparameters ifor iall iSatellites. i

The iGPS idata iis ireceived iin ithe iNMEA icode iformat. iA ifew iexamples iof iNMEA icode iformat iare
i discussed ibelow. i

Fig i15: iBlock idiagram iof iGPS ireceiver iwith iinterfaces

3.2.5 iAPPLICATIONS iOF iGPS
1. Avionic inavigation, iincluding iprecision ilandings
2. The iaerial iapplication iof ifertilizer i& ipesticides
3. Land iand ihydro igraphic isurveying, iincluding itopological isurveys, iseismic isurveys iand irig
i positioning
4. Agriculture, iincluding icrop imapping iand ithe icontrolling iof iharvesting imachinery
5. Vehicle itracking, iincluding iin-car inavigation, ifleet itracking iand ipublic isafety iapplications
6. Precise ipositioning, iincluding ibridge isections, imining imachinery, iconstruction iand ithe igeneral
i area iof i'outdoor irobotics.

23
3.3 Sim 800A GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)
i i i i i i i

Global iSystem ifor iMobile iCommunications i(GSM) iis ithe iworld‘s imost ipopular istandard ifor imobile
i telephony isystems. iThe iGSM iAssociation iestimates ithat i80% iof ithe iglobal imobile imarket iuses ithe
i standard. iGSM iis iused iby iover i1.5 ibillion ipeople iacross imore ithan i212 icountries iand iterritories. iThis
i ubiquity imeans ithat isubscribers ican iuse itheir iphones ithroughout ithe iworld, ienabled iby iinternational
i roaming iarrangements ibetween imobile inetwork ioperators. iGSM idiffers ifrom iits ipredecessor
i technologies iin ithat iboth isignalling iand ispeech ichannels iare idigital, iand ithus iGSM iis iconsidered ia
i second igeneration i(2G) imobile iphone isystem. iThis ialso ifacilitates ithe iwide-spread iimplementation iof
i data icommunication iapplications iinto ithe isystem.

The iGSM istandard ihas ibeen ian iadvantage ito iboth iconsumers, iwho imay ibenefit ifrom ithe iability ito
i roam iand iswitch icarriers iwithout ireplacing iphones, iand ialso ito inetwork ioperators, iwho ican ichoose
i equipment ifrom imany iGSM iequipment ivendors. iGSM ialso ipioneered ilow-cost iimplementation iof ithe
i short imessage iservice i(SMS), ialso icalled itext imessaging, iwhich ihas isince ibeen isupported ion iother
i mobile iphone istandards ias iwell.

Fig i16: iSIM i800A iGSM imodule iwith iRS232 iInterface

3.3.1 iGSM iSPECIFICATIONS

Frequency: i900 iMHz ior i1800 iMHz i(Some icountries iin ithe iAmericas iincluding iCanada iand ithe iUnited
i States iuse ithe i850 iMHz iand i1900 iMHz ibands, i400 iand i450 iMHz ifrequency ibands iare iassigned iin
i some icountries, inotably iScandinavia)

24
Transmission iRate: iThe itotal isymbol irate ifor iGSM iat i1 ibit iper isymbol iin iGMSK iproduces i270.833 iK
i symbols/second. iThe igross itransmission irate iof ithe itime islot iis i22.8 iKbps.

Channel iSpacing: iThis iindicates iseparation ibetween iadjacent icarrier ifrequencies. iIn iGSM, ithis iis i200
i kHz.

Speech iCoding: iGSM iuses ilinear ipredictive icoding i(LPC). iThe ipurpose iof iLPC iis ito ireduce ithe ibit
i rate. iThe iLPC iprovides iparameters ifor ia ifilter ithat imimics ithe ivocal itract. iThe isignal ipasses ithrough
i this ifilter, ileaving ibehind ia iresidual isignal. iSpeech iis iencoded iat i13 ikbps.

Voltage iSupply: i9VDC ito i12VDC iwith iat ileast i2A iPeak iCurrent iCapability iis irequired ifor ithe iproper
i working iof isim i800A.

3.3.2 iGSM i800A iPIN iDIAGRAM

Fig i17: iPin iDiagram iof iGSM i800A

3.3.3 iBASICS iOF iWORKING iAND iSPECIFICATION iOF iGSM iMODULE i

The iGSM iarchitecture iis inothing ibut ia inetwork iof icomputer. iThe isystem ihas ito ipartition iavailable
i frequency iand iassign ionly ithat ipart iof ithe ifrequency ispectrum ito iany ibase iTran’s ireceiver istation iand
i also ihas ito ireuse ithe iscarce ifrequency ias ioften ias ipossible. iGSM iwas ioriginally idefined ifor ithe i900
i MHz irange ibut iafter isome itime ieven ithe1800 iMHz irange iwas iused ifor icellular itechnology. iThe1800

25
i MHz irange ihas iits iarchitecture iand ispecifications ialmost isome ito ithat iof ithe i900 iMHz irange iGSM
i technology ibut ibuilding ithe imobile iexchanges iis ieasier iand ithe ihigh ifrequency isynergy ieffects iadd ito
i the iadvantage iof ithe i1800 iMHz irange.

3.3.4 iFEATURES iOF iGSM iSIM i800 iMODULE

1. Bands: iGSM i850MHz, iEGSM i900MHz, iDCS i1800MHz, iPCS i1900MHz
2. Coding ischemes: iCS-1, iCS-2, iCS-3, iCS-4 iTx ipower: iClass i4 i(2W), iClass i1 i(1W)
3. Small ipackage: i23 i* i23 i* i3mm
4. Low ipower: idown ito i1mA iin isleep imode
5. TCP/IP iAT ifirmware
6. Operating itemperature: i-40C ito i+85C
7. Audio ichannels iwhich iinclude ia imicrophone iinput iand ia ireceiver ioutput.
8. One iSIM icard iinterface. i

3.3.5 iSUBSCRIBER iIDENTITY iMODULE i(SIM) i

A isubscriber iidentity imodule i(SIM) ion ia iremovable iSIM icard isecurely istores ithe iservice-subscriber
i key i(IMSI) iused ito iidentify ia isubscriber ion imobile itelephony idevices i(such ias imobile iphones iand
i computers). iThe iSIM iis ia ismall ismart icard iwhich icontains iboth iprogramming iand iinformation. iIt
i provides ithe iactual iidentity ifor ithe isubscriber. iDuring iinitial iregistration iall ithe irelevant isubscriber
i data iare iinserted iinto ithe iSIM icard iand ithe iactivity iis iknown ias ipersonalization. iA imobile iphone
i cannot imake ior ireceive iany icalls iexcept iemergency icalls iwithout ia iSIM. i iEach iSIM icard iis iregistered
i in ia iparticular iGSM inetwork(HPLMN), iand ican ibe irecognized iby ianother inetwork ionly iif ithe
i HPLMN ihave iagreement ibetween ithemselves ito isupport ithe isubscriber, ii.e., ithe isubscriber ihas
i roaming ifacility.

Fig i18: iSIM iPin iOut

26
Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card:
i i i i

To iinsert ior iRemove ithe iSIM iCard, iit iis inecessary ito ipress ithe iSIM iholder iejector ibutton iwith iSharp
i edged iobject ilike ia ipen ior ia ineedle. iWith ithis, ithe iSIM iholder icomes iout ia ilittle, ithen ipulls iit iout iand
i insert ior iremove ithe iSIM iCard

Fig i19: iInserting/Removing ithe iSim icard iinto ithe imodem

3.3.6 iHOW iTO iINTERFACING iGSM iMODULE iWITH iPC iUSING

i HYPERTERMINAL:
The iWindows i(XP iand ilower iversions) icomes iwith ian iapplication icalled iHyperTerminal ifor idata
i communication ithrough iserial iport iof ithe icomputer. iThe iinterfacing iof ithe iGSM/GPRS imodule iwith
i the iserial iport iof ithe icomputer iinvolves ifollowing isteps:

1. iConnect iRS-232 iport iof iGSM imodule iwith ithe iserial iport iof ithe icomputer. iInsert ia iSIM icard iin ithe
i module.

2. iOpen iHyperTerminal ifrom iStart i> iAll iPrograms i> iAccessories i> iCommunications i>
i HyperTerminal.

3. iEnter ia iname ifor ithe iconnection iand ipress iOK.

4. iNow iselect ithe icommunication iport i(COM) iat iwhich iGSM imodule iis iconnected. iCreate ia inew
i connection iset ion iHyperTerminal. iSet iparameters, ilike ibaud irate ias i9600, ihandshaking imode ias inone,
i parity ibit ias inone, istop ibit ias i1 iand idata ibit ias i8. iAfter iclicking ithe iOK ibutton, ithe iHyperTerminal
i window iis iopened. iEnsure ithat iCaps iLock iis ienabled. iAll icommands ishould ibe ientered iin iupper icase.

27
 Fig i20: iHyperTerminal iExplanation

3.4 Vibration sensor SW-420 and Comparator LM393

i i i i i i

The ivibration isensor imodule ibased ion ithe ivibration isensor iSW-420 iand iComparator iLM393 iis iused ito
i detect ivibrations. iThe ithreshold ican iadjust iusing ian ion-board ipotentiometer. iDuring ino ivibration, ithe
i sensor iprovides iLogic iLow iand iwhen ithe ivibration iis idetected, ithe isensor iprovides iLogic iHigh.

The ivibration i/ ishock isensor idetects ishock iintensity icaused iby isudden iknocks ior ihits iand icontinuous
i vibration idue ito ifaulty iball-bearings ion ifans iand iother iequipment. iThe ishock ilevels iand imonitoring
i durations ican ibe iset ifor ieach iindividual isensor, ienabling ia iuser-defined iprofile ifor icustomer ispecific
i applications iand iequipment. iEach isensor iincorporates ia iunique itype iand iserial inumber iproviding itrue
i plug iand iplay icapability. i

Whenever ithe iaccident ioccurs ithe ivibrations iare isensed iby ithe ivibration isensor iand ithese isignals iare
i given ito ithe imicrocontroller ithrough ithe iamplifying icircuit. iWhen ithe iinput iis ireceived iby ithe
i microcontroller, ithe ibuzzer i(alarm) iis iON iand ithe imessage iis isent ito ithe irescue iteam iwith ithe ihelp iof
i the iGSM imodule. iThe irescue iteam ireaches ithe isite iof ithe iaccident iwith ithe ihelp iof ithe ilocation igiven
i in ithe imessage. iThe ilocation ior ithe igeographical icoordinates iwhere ithe ivehicle iis ipresent iare idetected
i by ithe iGPS imodule.

28
 Fig i21: iLM393 iVibration iSensor iModule

3.4.1 iPIN iCONFIGURATION iOF iVIBRATION iSENSOR iMODULE

Pin iName Description

i

VCC The iVcc ipin ipowers ithe imodule, itypically iwith i+5V

GND Power iSupply iGround

DO Digital iOut iPin ifor iDigital iOutput.

Table i1: iConfiguration iof iVibration iSensor

3.4.2 iVIBRATION iSENSOR iMODULE iFEATURES i& iSPECIFICATIONS

1. Operating iVoltage: i3.3V ito i5V iDC
2. Operating iCurrent: i15mA
3. Using iSW-420 inormally iclosed itype ivibration isensor
4. LEDs iindicating ioutput iand ipower
5. LM393 ibased idesign

29
 6. Easy ito iuse iwith iMicrocontrollers ior ieven iwith inormal iDigital/Analog iIC
7. With ibolt iholes ifor ieasy iinstallation
8. Small, icheap iand ieasily iavailable

3.4.3 iBRIEF iABOUT iSW-420 iVIBRATION iSENSOR/MOTION iSENSOR iMODULE

This iVibration iSensor iModule iconsists iof ian iSW-420 iVibration iSensor, iresistors, icapacitor,
i potentiometer, icomparator iLM393 iIC, iPower, iand istatus iLED iin ian iintegrated icircuit. iIt iis iuseful ifor ia
i variety iof ishocks itriggering, itheft ialarm, ismart icar, ian iearthquake ialarm, imotorcycle ialarm, ietc.

Fig i22: iParts iof ivibration isensor

i

LM393 iIC: iLM393 iComparator iIC iis iused ias ia ivoltage icomparator iin ithis ivibration isensor imodule.
i Pin i2 iof iLM393 iis iconnected ito iPreset i(10KΩ iPot) iwhile ipin i3 iis iconnected ito ivibration isensor. iThe
i comparator iIC iwill icompare ithe ithreshold ivoltage iset iusing ithe ipreset i(pin2) iand ithe iVibration iSensor
i pin i(pin3).

i Preset i(Trimmer ipot): iUsing ithe ion iboard ipreset, iyou ican iadjust ithe ithreshold i(sensitivity) iof ithe
i digital ioutput.

i SW-420 iVibration iSwitch: iVibration iswitch irecognizes ithe iamplitude iof ithe ivibration ito iwhich iit iis
i exposed. iThe iswitch iresponse ican ibe ielectrical icontact iclosure ior icontact iopening. iThe ielectrical
i contact imay ibe ieither ian ielectromechanical irelay ior ia isolid-state idevice.

30
3.4.4 iWORKING/ iMEASURING iPRINCIPLE iOF iVIBRATION iSENSOR
The ivibrating iprobe iis istimulated iby ia ipiezo iand ioscillates iat iits imechanical iresonance ifrequency. iIf
i the iprobe icomes iinto icontact iwith imaterial, ithe ioscillation iis idampened iand ithis iis ielectronically
i registered, iand isent iout ias ia isignal. iOnce ithe iprobe iis ino ilonger icomes iin icontact iwith imaterial, ithe
i probe ican ioscillate iagain iand ia inew ioutput isignal iis igenerated. iThe iinstallation iis igenerally ion ithe
i inside iof ithe ivehicle iat ithe ipredefined iof ithe irequired imeasurement. i iThe ivibrating irod iof ivibration
i sensor iis iactivated ito ivibrate ivia ithe ipiezo idrive. iIf ithe ivibrating irod iis iimmersed, ithe iamplitude iwill
i be idamped. iThe ielectronics idetects ithis idamping iand iconverts iit iinto ia iswitching icommand.

Fig i23: iBasic iVibration iMeasurement iSystem

Preamplifiers: iThe isecond ielement iin ithe ivibration imeasurement isystem iis ithe ipreamplifier. iThis
i device, iwhich imay iconsist iof ione ior imore istages, iserves itwo ivery iuseful ipurposes: iit iamplifies ithe
i vibration ipickup isignal, iwhich iis iin igeneral ivery iweak, iand iit iacts ias ian iimpedance itransformer ior
i isolation idevice ibetween ithe ivibration ipickup iand ithe iprocessing iand idisplay iequipment.
Processing iand iDisplay irequirement: iThis isystem iconsists iof ian iLCD iwhich iis iexplained iin ifurther
i sections. iThis iis iused ito idisplay ithe istatus iof ithe isensors. i
3.4.5 iWHAT iIS iA iVIBRATION iSWITCH?
A ivibration iswitch iis ia idevice ithat
1. Recognizes ithe iamplitude iof ithe ivibration ito iwhich iit iis iexposed iand
2. Provides isome isort iof iresponse iwhen ithis iamplitude iexceeds ia ipredetermined ithreshold ivalue.
3. The iswitch iresponse iis itypically ian ielectrical icontact iclosure ior icontact iopening. iThe
i electrical icontact imay ibe ieither ian ielectro imechanical irelay ior isolid-state itriac.
Why iuse ia ivibration iswitch?
Vibration iswitches iare iprimarily iused ifor iprotecting icritical imachinery ifrom icostly idestructive ifailure
i by iinitiating ian ialarm ior ishutdown iwhen iexcessive ivibration iof ithe imachinery iis idetected. iConversely,
i a ivibration iswitch ican ibe iutilized ito iwarn iof ithe iabsence iof ivibration, isuch ias iwhen ia iconveyer iceases
i to ifunction idue ito ia ibroken idrive ibelt.

31
 Fig i24: iVibration iSwitch

3.4.6 iCIRCUIT iDIAGRAM iOF iVIBRATION iSENSOR i

Operation iof ithe icircuit iis iQ1 iand iQ2 iwill iwork iwith iR3, iR4 iand iC2 iis ia ifrequency igenerator icircuit
i with ioutput iconnected ito iLED1 iand ispeakers iSP1. iWhen iwe ipress ithe iswitch iS1 ito ithe iC1 iwill ibegin
i to icharge iallows ithe ivoltage ito ipin iB iof iQ1 iincrease iother. iThe iQ1 iis iworking iand iQ2 iis iworking iwith
i at ithe i C1 charge
i full
i i cycle i will i stop i oscillator i speaker i is i not.
The iLED1 ilight iand ihold ithe irelease ithe ipressure iswitch iS1, iresulting iin iC1 iwill istart idischarger
i through iR3, iQ1 ito iground. iThe ioscillator icircuit isound iSirens iin ithe ilower iout. iIf iwe ipress ithe iswitch
i S1 iand ithen iquickly ileave imany, ithe isound iwill ibe ias icontinuous ias iC1 ito icharge iand idischarge
i alternately icontinuously.

Fig i25: iVibration iSensor icircuit idiagram

3.4.7 iAPPLICATIONS iOF iVIBRATION iSENSOR iMODULE

1. Shocks itriggering

32
 2. Theft ialarm
3. Smart icar
4. Earthquake ialarm
5. Motorcycle ialarm

3.5 20*4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Module

i i i i i i

Liquid icrystal idisplays i(LCDs) ihave imaterials, iwhich icombine ithe iproperties iof iboth iliquids iand
i crystals. iIt iconsists iof itwo iglass ipanels, iwith ithe iliquid icrystal imaterials iand iwitched iin ibetween ithem.
i The iinner isurface iof ithe iglass iplates iare icoated iwith itransparent ielectrodes iwhich idefine ithe icharacter,
i symbols ior ipatterns ito ibe idisplayed ipolymeric ilayers iare ipresent iin ibetween ithe ielectrodes iand ithe
i liquid icrystal, iwhich imakes ithe iliquid icrystal imolecules ito imaintain ia idefined iorientation iangle. i

A i20x4 iLCD idisplay iis ivery ibasic imodule iand iis ivery icommonly iused iin ivarious idevices iand icircuits.
i These imodules iare ipreferred iover iseven isegments iand iother imulti isegment iLEDs. iThe ireasons ibeing:
i LCDs iare ieconomical; ieasily iprogrammable; ihave ino ilimitation iof idisplaying ispecial i& ieven icustom
i characters i(unlike iin iseven isegments), ianimations iand iso ion.
A i20x4 iLCD imeans iit ican idisplay i20 icharacters iper iline iand ithere iare i4 isuch ilines. iIn ithis iLCD ieach
i character iis idisplayed iin i5x7 ipixel imatrix. iThis iLCD ihas itwo iregisters, inamely, iCommand iand iData. i

Fig i26: i20*4 iLCD iModule

3.5.1 iKEY iFEATURES iOF iLCD i

1. This iis istandard iHD44780 icontroller iLCD.
2. There iis ino ichange icode ifor iinterfacing istandard i16x2 ior i20x4 iLCD.
3. 20 iCharacters ix i4 iLines
4. Built-in iHD44780 iEquivalent iLCD iController

33
 5. Works idirectly iwith iATMEGA, iARDUINO, iPIC iand imany iother imicrocontroller/kits.
6. 4 ior i8 ibit idata iI/O iinterface
7. Low ipower iconsumption

3.5.2 iBASIC iWORKING iPRINCIPLE iOF iLCD

A iLCD idisplay iconsists iof imany ipixels; ithis iis iwhat ithe iresolution istands ifor, ithe inumber iof ipixels.
i Each iof ithese ipixels iis ian iLCD ipanel, iand iit iis iseen ias ia imulti-layer isandwich isupported iby ia
i fluorescent ibacklight. iAt ithe i2 ifar iends iof ithe iLCD ipanel iare inon-alkaline, itransparent iglass isubstrates
i with ismooth isurface iand ifree iof isurface iscratches. iThe iglass isubstrates iare iattached ito ipolarizer ifilm
i that itransmits ior iabsorbs ia ispecific icomponent iof ipolarized ilight. iIn ibetween ithe i2 iglass isubstrates iis
i layer iof ithe inematic iphase iliquid icrystals. iThere iis ialso ia icolor ifilter icontaining ithe i3 iprimary icolors
i (red, igreen iand iblue). iEach iof ithe ipolarized iglass iis iarranged iat iright iangles ito ieach iother, iso iwhen
i electric icurrent iwas ipassed ithrough ithe iLCD ipanel, ithe iliquid icrystals iare ialigned iwith ithe ifirst
i polarized iglass iencountered iand iwill imake ia i90o itwist iwhen iapproaching ithe iother ipolarized iglass iat
i the iend. iWhen ithis ihappens, ithe ilight ifrom ithe ifluorescent ibacklight iis iable ito ipass ithrough iand ithus
i giving ius ia ilighted ipixel ion ithe imonitor. iWhen ithere iis ino ielectric icurrent, ithe iliquid icrystals iwill inot
i twist iand ithus ithe ilight iwill inot ipass ithrough iand ia iblack ipixel iwill ibe ishown. iThe ireason iwe isee ithe
i collared iimages iare idue ito ithe icolor ifilter, ilight ipasses ithrough ithe ifiltered icells icreates ithe icolors.

3.5.3 iLCD iPin iDescription i i

The iLCD idiscussed iin ithis isection ihas i14 ipins. iThe ifunction iof ieach ipin iis igiven iin itable.

Pin Symbol I/O Description

1 Vss -- Ground

2 Vcc -- +5V ipower isupply

3 VEE -- Power isupply ito icontrol icontrast

RS=0 ito iselect icommand iregister iRS=1

4 RS I
i to iselect i idata iregister

5 R/W I R/W=0 ifor iwrite i,R/W=1 ifor i iread

6 E I/O Enable

7 DB0 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

8 DB1 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

9 DB2 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

34
 10 DB3 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

11 DB4 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

12 DB5 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

13 DB6 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

14 DB7 I/O The i8-bit idata ibus

Table i2: iPin iDescription ifor iLCD

3.5.4 iADVANTAGES iOF iLCD

1. Very icompact, ithin iand ilight, iespecially iin icomparison iwith ibulky, iheavy iCRT idisplays.
2. Low ipower iconsumption. iDepending ion ithe iset idisplay ibrightness iand icontent ibeing
i displayed, ithe iolder iCCFT ibacklit imodels itypically iuse iless ithan ihalf iof ithe ipower ia iCRT
i monitor iof ithe isame isize iviewing iarea iwould iuse, iand ithe imodern iLED ibacklit imodels
i typically iuse i10–25% iof ithe ipower ia iCRT imonitor iwould iuse.[151]
3. Little iheat iemitted iduring ioperation, idue ito ilow ipower iconsumption.
4. No igeometric idistortion.
5. The ipossible iability ito ihave ilittle ior ino iflicker idepending ion ibacklight itechnology.
6. Usually ino irefresh-rate iflicker, ibecause ithe iLCD ipixels ihold itheir istate ibetween irefreshes
i (which iare iusually idone iat i200 iHz ior ifaster, iregardless iof ithe iinput irefresh irate).
7. Sharp iimage iwith ino ibleeding ior ismearing iwhen ioperated iat inative iresolution.
8. Emits ialmost ino iundesirable ielectromagnetic iradiation i(in ithe iextremely ilow ifrequency
i range), iunlike ia iCRT imonitor.[152][153]
9. Can ibe imade iin ialmost iany isize ior ishape.
10. No itheoretical iresolution ilimit. iWhen imultiple iLCD ipanels iare iused itogether ito icreate ia
i single icanvas, ieach iadditional ipanel iincreases ithe itotal iresolution iof ithe idisplay, iwhich iis
i commonly icalled istacked iresolution.[154]
11. Can ibe imade iin ilarge isizes iof iover i80-inch i(2 im) idiagonal.
12. Masking ieffect: ithe iLCD igrid ican imask ithe ieffects iof ispatial iand igrayscale iquantization,
i creating ithe iillusion iof ihigher iimage iquality.[155]
13. Unaffected iby imagnetic ifields, iincluding ithe iEarth's.

35
 14. As ian iinherently idigital idevice, ithe iLCD ican inatively idisplay idigital idata ifrom ia iDVI ior
i HDMI iconnection iwithout irequiring iconversion ito ianalog. iSome iLCD ipanels ihave inative
i fiber ioptic iinputs iin iaddition ito iDVI iand iHDMI.[156]
15. Many iLCD imonitors iare ipowered iby ia i12 iV ipower isupply, iand iif ibuilt iinto ia icomputer ican ibe
i powered iby iits i12 iV ipower isupply.
16. Can ibe imade iwith ivery inarrow iframe iborders, iallowing imultiple iLCD iscreens ito ibe iarrayed
i side-by-side ito imake iup iwhat ilooks ilike ione ibig iscreen.

3.5.5 iDISADVANTAGES iOF iLCD

1. Limited iviewing iangle iin isome iolder ior icheaper imonitors, icausing icolor, isaturation, icontrast
i and ibrightness ito ivary iwith iuser iposition, ieven iwithin ithe iintended iviewing iangle.
2. Uneven ibacklighting iin isome imonitors i(more icommon iin iIPS-types iand iolder iTNs), icausing
i brightness idistortion, iespecially itoward ithe iedges i("backlight ibleed").
3. Black ilevels imay inot ibe ias idark ias irequired ibecause iindividual iliquid icrystals icannot
i completely iblock iall iof ithe ibacklight ifrom ipassing ithrough.
4. Display imotion iblur ion imoving iobjects icaused iby islow iresponse itimes i(>8 ims) iand ieye-
tracking ion ia isample-and-hold idisplay, iunless ia istrobing ibacklight iis iused. iHowever, ithis
i strobing ican icause ieye istrain, ias iis inoted inext:
5. As iof i2012, imost iimplementations iof iLCD ibacklighting iuse ipulse-width imodulation i(PWM)
i to idim ithe idisplay,[157] iwhich imakes ithe iscreen iflicker imore iacutely i(this idoes inot imean
i visibly) ithan ia iCRT imonitor iat i85 iHz irefresh irate iwould i(this iis ibecause ithe ientire iscreen iis
i strobing ion iand ioff irather ithan ia iCRT's iphosphor isustained idot iwhich icontinually iscans
i across ithe idisplay, ileaving isome ipart iof ithe idisplay ialways ilit), icausing isevere ieye-strain ifor
i some ipeople.[158][159] iUnfortunately, imany iof ithese ipeople idon't iknow ithat itheir ieye-strain
i is ibeing icaused iby ithe iinvisible istrobe ieffect iof iPWM.[160] iThis iproblem iis iworse ion imany
i LED-backlit imonitors, ibecause ithe iLEDs iswitch ion iand ioff ifaster ithan ia iCCFL ilamp.
6. Only ione inative iresolution. iDisplaying iany iother iresolution ieither irequires ia ivideo iscaler,
i causing iblurriness iand ijagged iedges, ior irunning ithe idisplay iat inative iresolution iusing i1:1
i pixel imapping, icausing ithe iimage ieither inot ito ifill ithe iscreen i(letterboxed idisplay), ior ito irun
i off ithe ilower ior iright iedges iof ithe iscreen.
7. Fixed ibit idepth i(also icalled icolor idepth). iMany icheaper iLCDs iare ionly iable ito idisplay
i 262144 i(218) icolors. i8-bit iS-IPS ipanels ican idisplay i16 imillion i(224) icolors iand ihave
i significantly ibetter iblack ilevel, ibut iare iexpensive iand ihave islower iresponse itime.
8. Input ilag, ibecause ithe iLCD's iA/D iconverter iwaits ifor ieach iframe ito ibe icompletely ibeen
i output ibefore idrawing iit ito ithe iLCD ipanel. iMany iLCD imonitors ido ipost-processing ibefore
i displaying ithe iimage iin ian iattempt ito icompensate ifor ipoor icolor ifidelity, iwhich iadds ian
i additional ilag. iFurther, ia ivideo iscaler imust ibe iused iwhen idisplaying inon-native iresolutions,

36
 i which iadds iyet imore itime ilag. iScaling iand ipost iprocessing iare iusually idone iin ia isingle ichip
i on imodern imonitors, ibut ieach ifunction ithat ichip iperforms iadds isome idelay. iSome idisplays
i have ia ivideo igaming imode iwhich idisables iall ior imost iprocessing ito ireduce iperceivable iinput
i lag.[161]
9. Dead ior istuck ipixels imay ioccur iduring imanufacturing ior iafter ia iperiod iof iuse. iA istuck ipixel
i will iglow iwith icolor ieven ion ian iall-black iscreen, iwhile ia idead ione iwill ialways iremain iblack.
10. Subject ito iburn-in ieffect, ialthough ithe icause idiffers ifrom iCRT iand ithe ieffect imay inot ibe
i permanent, ia istatic iimage ican icause iburn-in iin ia imatter iof ihours iin ibadly idesigned idisplays.
11. In ia iconstant-on isituation, ithermalization imay ioccur iin icase iof ibad ithermal imanagement, iin
i which ipart iof ithe iscreen ihas ioverheated iand ilooks idiscolored icompared ito ithe irest iof ithe
i screen.
12. Loss iof ibrightness iand imuch islower iresponse itimes iin ilow itemperature ienvironments. iIn isub-
zero ienvironments, iLCD iscreens imay icease ito ifunction iwithout ithe iuse iof isupplemental
i heating.
13. Loss iof icontrast iin ihigh itemperature ienvironments.

37
 CHAPTER 4: i

PRESENT WORK DONE i i

4.1 Introduction
i

With ithe irapid iadvancement iof isociety iand itechnology, ithere ihave ibeen isome iside-effects iincluding
i the iincreasing inumber iof ivehicle iaccidents. iThere iare imany isolutions iproposed ito iavoid ithese
i accidents, ibut iwe ihaven’t iavoided ithem icompletely. iMany ilives iare ilost idue ito ithese iaccidents iand
i improper ipost-accident isignaling iand itracing iout ithe iexact ilocation. i

Our iproject iprovides isolution ifor ithe iabove istated iproblem, iwhich iinvolves iintimating ithe inearby
i hospitals iand irelatives iby igiving ithe iaccident ilocation iof ivehicle iusing iGPS iand iGSM itechnologies. i
i Our isystem ias istated iabove iconsist iGPS imodem, iGSM imodem, ipressure isensor iand icontroller, iLCD
i display, imotor icontroller. iCrash iDetector iEmbedded iUnit iis iresponsible ifor idetecting ithe iaccident
i condition iusing ithree-axis iaccelerometer iPressure isensor iis iresponsible ifor idetecting ithe ishock iand
i accident. iThese isensors iare iattached ion iall ifour isides iof ithe ivehicle. iGP imodem iwill ibe iused ito
i continuously idetect ithe ilocation iof ithe ivehicle iand iin icase iof iaccident ian ialert imessage iwill ibe isent ito
i the inearby ihospital iin iorder ito iprevent ithe icasualty. iWe ialso isend ithe iintimation ito itheir irelatives ias
i well ihence iavoiding iany ichance iof imislead iand/or ino icommunication iafter ithe iaccident. i i i i i i i i i i i i i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiii Fig i27: iGSM imodule i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iFig i28: iGPS imodule

4.2 Problem Statement

i i i

A inumber iof isociological iand itechnological iadvancements ihave ihelped ireduce ithe iaccidents iover ithe
i past idecade. iIt ihas ibeen iobserved ithat iwhenever ian iaccident iis imet, ivictim igets idependent ion inearby
i people ito icall ithe iambulance. iIn icase ithere iis ino ione iaround ito icall ifor ithe iambulance ithe iaccident

38
i might iresult iin ithe icasualty ibecause iof ilate iresponse iby iemergency iservices. iThis iis ithe idrawback iof
i the imanual isystem.

4.3 Review of Existing System

i i i i i

In ithe ipast ia inumber iof imeasures ihave ibeen itaken iin iorder ito iavoid ivehicle iaccidents iand isteps ihave
i been itaken ito ialert ithe iemergency iservices iabout ithese iaccidents. iTo idate, istudies ihave ibeen igoing ion
i to iimprove ithe isafety iof ipeople ifrom iaccidents. i

These iaccidents iare iraising isafety iconcerns iin ithe isociety ias iwell ias iin iother iparts iof ithe iworld. iAn
i accident ican itake iplace ianywhere. iEven ithe imost iadvanced itechnology ican’t iensure iaccident ifree iand
i 100% isafe iworking iconditions. iOut iof ithe imany isystems, irelevant iresearch ipapers iand idocuments
i were iconducted iand ireviewed iin idetail.

Fig i29: iArduino iUNO iboard

4.4 Proposed System

i i i

In ithe iproposed isystem, iwe ihave iavoided ithe ifalse ialarm isituation icaused ifor isome iconditions,
i increased ithe iaccuracy iof iaccident idetection iusing imore ithan ione isensor. iTo iavoid ithe ifalse ialarm iwe
i have ione imanual iswitch iin ithe ivehicle iitself iwhich imust ibe ipressed iwithin i10 isecond iof ifalse iaccident
i detection iand ihence iavoiding iany ifalse iintimation. iPressure isensor iwill itell ithe imicrocontroller
i pressure ihas ibeen iapplied ion iit iand iit iwill isend ithe inotification ito ithe iLCD iand iafter isome itime iif
i alarm inot istopped imanually ithe ialert imessage iwill ibe isent ito inearby ihospitals iand irelatives.

4.5 Objective
i

The itwo imain iobjectives iof iout iproject iare:

1. Detect ithe iaccident iwith ithe ihelp iof ipressure isensors iand iin icase iof ia ifalse ialarm ithe iuser ican
i switch ioff ithe ialarm.

39
 2. In icase iof ian iactual iaccident irelay ithe iinformation ito inearby ihospitals iand irelatives iquickly iin
i order ito iprevent ithe icasualty.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Fig i30: iPressure isensors i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iFig i31: iMotor icontroller

4.6 Implementation
i

The iaccident idetection iand ialerting isystem iis iemployed iin iour ivehicles. iThe ipressure isensors iare
i attached ion iall i4 isides iof ithe ivehicle. iThere iare i2 ipossible isituations:

4.6.1 iFalse ialarm

If ithe ivehicle igets ihit iby isomething ithe ipressure isensor iwill igive ithe ifeedback ito ithe imicrocontroller,
i which iin iturn iraise ithe ialarm iand ia imessage iwill ipop iup ion ithe iLCD. iIf ithe iaccident iis inot isevere iand
i the idriver iis iawake ihe/she ican iturn iof ithe ialarm ifrom ithe imanual iswitch iprovided iso ithat ithe ifurther
i alerting iprocess ican ibe istopped. iThis iwill ibe ithe isituation iof ia ifalse ialarm.

Fig i32: iAccident idetection iand ialerting isystem i(idle)

40
4.6.2 iActual iaccident
In icase iof ian iactual iaccident, ithe ipressure isensor iwill igive ithe ifeedback ito ithe iArduino iUno iboard
i used, iArduino ithen itriggers ithe ialarm iand ian iaccident idetected imessage iwill ibe idisplayed ion ithe iLCD
i screen ifor ia ishort iinterval. iMeanwhile ithe iGPS iwill ibe itracking ithe ilocation iof iout ivehicle
i continuously. iIf ithe ialarm iis inot iturned ioff imanually iby ithe idriver ithe iArduino iwill ithen itake ithe ilatest
i coordinates iof ithe ilocation iof iour ivehicle iobserved iby ithe iGPS imodem iand iwill isend ithe iinstruction ito
i GSM imodule. iThe iGSM imodem iwill ithen irecord ithe icoordinates iand isend ithe ialerting imessage ito
i nearby ihospitals iand ithe iemergency icontacts ialready iregistered. i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Fig i33: iAccident idetection iand ialerting isystem i(working)

Thus ithe iproposed isystem iwill iimmediately isend ithe ialerting imessage ito ihospitals iand iwill
i also ireduce ithe ichances iof iraising ithe ifalse ialarm. iThus ithe iemergency iservices ican ireach ithe
i victim imuch iquickly ithan ithey iused ito. i i
i

41
 CHAPTER 5 i

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS i i

We imade ia iminor iproject ibased ion ithis itopic iusing iproteus i8 ifor iits isimulation. iWith ithe ihelp
i of ithis, iwe iwere iable ito ifind iout imany ithings iabout iconnections, iinterfacing iwith idifferent
i elements. iMoreover, iwe iwere ialso iable ito ifind iout ithe iproblems ior iissues iin iour iproject. iIf iwe
i did inot isimulate iit ibefore iusing ithe ihardware, ithen iour iphysical idevices imay ihave igot iruined
i because iof ithose iproblems. iThis iwould ihave icaused ia imajor ifinancial iset iback ito ius.

Fig i34: iCircuit iDiagram iof ioverall isystem ioutput.

5.1 Description of the Circuit diagram

i i i i i i

Operation iof icircuit

The imain iaim iof ithe iproject iis ito idesign ia imicrocontroller, ivibration isensor, iGSM, iand iGPS
i based iACCIDENT iDETECTION iAND iALERTING iSYSTEM iUSING iGPS i& iGSM
i system. iIn ithis iproject, iArduino iMega i2560 imicrocontroller iis iused. iVibration isensor iis ian
i electro imechanical isensor. iWhen ian iaccident ioccurs, ivibration isensor igets idisturbed iand isends

42
i input isignal ito ithe imicrocontroller. iThen, ithe ialarm igoes ioff. iIf ithe idriver/owner isees iit ias ia
i false ialarm ior ihe/she iis inot imuch iinjured, ithen ithey ican iturn iit ioff imanually. iIf ithis idoes inot
i happen iin i3min, ithen ithe ilocation iis iidentified iusing i i iGPS. iAs ithe imicrocontroller irequires i3
i volts iof isupply, iso ia istep idown itransformer iof i230/18V iis iused ito iget ithe irequired iAC ioutput.
i To iconvert ithat iAC isupply ito iDC isupply iis idone iby iusing irectifier. iThis iprocessor iconsists iof
i two imodes iof ioperation ii.e.; iprogram imode iand irun imode. iProgram imode iis iused ifor idamping
i of ithe iprogram iinto imicroprocessor ifrom iany iexternal idevice isuch ias icomputer. iRun imode iis
i used ifor ithe iexecution iof iprogram. iFor ithe ipurpose iof iACCIDENT iDETECTION iAND
i ALERTING iSYSTEM iUSING iGPS i& iGSM isystem, iwe iuse irun imode iof ioperation. iWhen
i accident iis ioccurred idisturbance iis icreated iin ivibration isensor iwhich iindicates ia ichanging ian
i angle iof ilevel iof ithe isensor iand iif ithe ilevel iof ivibration iExide ithe ipredefined ilevel ithe iswitch iis
i on ithe ianalog isignal iis igiven ito ioutput iterminal. iThis ianalog isignal iis iconverted iin ito idigital
i signal iby iusing iADC iand ihence ithe idigital isignal iis igiven ito imicrocontroller. i

The iindication iof ichange iin iangle, iread ipin igives ithe iinformation ior idata ito ithe
i microprocessor. iWhen ia imicroprocessor ireads ithe isignal ifrom ivibration iit iindicates ithat ian
i accident ihas ibeen ioccurred i.in iorder ito ilocate ithe ispot iof iaccident iwe iuse iGPS, ioutput iof iGSM
i and iGPS iis igiven ito iMAX-232 i.MAX-232 iis ia ilevel iconverter iwhich ichange iRS-232 ito iTTL
i and ivice-versa. iWhen iaccident ioccurs iimmediately iGPS iis iactivated iand iit igives ithe ivalues iof
i location iin iterms iof iLatitude iand iLongitude. i

For iexample: iAccident ioccurred iat ilocation iof iLatitude=4807.038, iN, iLongitude=022.4,
i Time=123519, iDirection=01131.000, iE, iSpeed=084.4, iDate=230394.These ivalues iare
i immediately iafter iaccident idetection ioccurred iby iusing ivibration isensor, iGSM, iand iGPS
i accident iidentification iand iinformation iis isent ito ithe imobile iusing iGSM ifor iwhich ithe imobile
i numbers iare idumped iin ithe iprogram ias iwell ias iLCD idisplay.

5.2 Discussions
i

This ifinal iyear iproject iintroduced ito ithe iidea iof iACCIDENT iDETECTION iAND iALERTING
i SYSTEM ibased ion iGPS iand iGSM imodem. iBut ithe iunavailability iof ihard iware iin iour icountry
i because iof ieconomy ior ian iexpensiveness iof ithe icost iof ihardware imakes iour iproject inot iseen iin
i the isociety ifor imankind.

Furthermore, ithis iwork ialso ifocus ion iinformation isystem ifor ithe ioccurrence iof ian iaccident iin
i different igeographical iarea ibecause iof ithe ispeed iof ivehicle, istructure iof iroad i.so ithese iseen
i only iusing ithe iGPS isatellite ithat itake idata iin ithe iform iof iNMEA ion ia iproteus isimulation iand

43
i minor iC iprogram ibut iin ithe ifuture iwe iintended ito ishow iit imore ireliable iif ithose ihard iware iare
i put iunder iconsideration ieven iif iwe igraduate ifrom ihere.

Whenever iaccident iof ivehicle iis ioccurred ithen ithe idevice isends imessages ito igiven imobile
i number.

Fig i35: iOverall iproject

5.3 Cost Analysis

i i i

No. iiiii Materials ii Amount Price iin i(₹)

1 i Vibration isensor i iiiii 1 iiiii 100
2 i Arduino iUno iiiii 1 iiii 500
3 i GSM imodem iiiii 1 iiiii 800
4 i GPS imodem iiiii 1 iiiii 850
5 i DC iMotor iiiii 1 iiiii 100
6 i Switch i iiiii 1 iiiii 10
7 i Alarm i iiiii 1 iiii 50
8 i DC imotor ispeed icontrol iiiii 1 iiii 100
9 i LCD idisplay i iiiii 1 iiii 600

44
10 i Keypad i iiiii 1 iiii 50
11 Serial icable iiiii 1 iiii 50
TOTAL=3210

Table i3: iCost ianalysis

45
 CHAPTER 6: i

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE i i i

6.1 Conclusion
i

We ihave iobserved ithe iperformance iof iACCIDENT iDETECTION iAND iALERTING

i SYSTEM iUSING iGPS i& iGSM isystem iusing iGPS, iGSM iand ivibration isensor. iIt ihelps inot
i only iin ifinding ithe ilocation iof ivehicle ibut ialso iit iis ihelpful iin isaving ithe ilives iof ivictims iby
i finding iwhere ian iaccident ihas ihappened ifor ithe ipurpose iof iaccident idetection. i

This iproject iprovides ithe idesign iwhich ihas ithe iadvantages iof ilow icost, iportability, ismall isize
i and ieasy iexpansibility. iThe iplatform iof ithe isystem iis iArduinoMega2560 ialong iwith iVibration
i sensor, iGPS iand iGSM, iinterfacing iwhich ishortens ithe iSMS itime ito ia ilarge iextent iand ilocates
i the isite iof iaccident iaccurately. i iThis isystem ican iovercome ithe iproblems iof ilack iof iautomated
i system ifor iaccident iidentification iand iinformation isystem. iConsequently, ithe itime ifor
i searching ithe ilocation iis ireduced iand ithe iperson ican ibe itreated ias isoon ias ipossible iwhich iwill
i save imany ilives. iThe iaccident ican ibe idetected iby ivibration isensor iwhich iwill igive ithe iaccurate
i information. iThe icontroller iwill iprocess ithe idata, ias isoon ias iinput iis ireceived iby ithe icontroller
i the ialarm iis iON iand imessage iis isent ithrough ithe iGSM imodule. iThe igeographical icoordinates
i and ithe itime iof ithe isite iof ithe iaccident iare idetected iby ithe iGPS imodule. iAn ialternate icondition
i is igiven iby iturning ithe ialarm ioff imanually iin ifirst i2minutes, iin iorder ito iinterrupt ithe iflow iof
i sending ithe imessage iin icase iof ino icasualty; ithis iwill ihelp ito isave itime iof imedical irescue iteam
i and iunnecessary ialarming iwhich icreates ihavoc iin isuch iunusual iconditions.

The iproject i“GPS iand iGSM ibased iACCIDENT iDETECTION iAND iALERTING iSYSTEM
i USING iGPS i& iGSM isystem” ito iminimize ithe ideath iand ithe isever icondition idue ito iaccidents
i the iGPS iand iGSM itechnologies iare iused iwhere ithe iimmediate iaction iwould ibe itake iplace iby
i the iambulance/police iservice iwhich imight ireduce ithe iseverity.

6.2 Future Scope

i i

The iproposed isystem iis ideveloped ito iprovide ithe iinformation iabout ithe iaccident ioccur iand
i the ilocation iof ithe iaccident. iIt ihelps ito ieasily iprovide ithe iassistant iand ihelp ito ithe ivictim iof
i the iaccident. iThis isystem iuses iGPS imodule ito ilocate ithe ivehicle. iGSM iis iused ito iprovide ithe

46
i information iof iaccident. iThe iresults iof ithe iproposed isystems iare isatisfactory. iFurther ithis
i system ican ibe iimplemented iby iusing isound isensor, iin iorder ito imake iit imore iaccurate iand
i efficient ito idetect ian iaccident. iThis iis iextended iwith ialcoholic idetection ialso. iIf ithe iperson
i took ialcohol ithat iis idriving ithen ithe ivehicle iwill ibe istopped iimmediately iby igiving ialarm.
i This ican ialso ibe ideveloped iby iinterconnecting icamera ito ithe icontroller imodule ithat itakes
i the iphotograph iof ithe iaccident ispot imakes itracking ieasier.
The iproposed isystem ideals iwith ithe idetection iof ithe iaccidents. iBut ithis ican ibe iextended iby
i providing imedication ito ithe ivictims iat ithe iaccident ispot. iBy iincreasing ithe itechnology iwe
i can ialso iavoid iaccidents iby iproviding ialerts isystems ithat ican istop ithe ivehicle ito iovercome
i the iaccidents.

47
 Reference
i

[1] iIEEE iProjects iof iMicrocontroller/www.ieee iprojects.com

[2] iWireless iReporting iSystem ifor iAccident iDetection iat iHigher iSpeeds iPeddi iAnudeep, iK.
i Hari iBabu iDept. iof iECE iMLRIT, iHyderabad iDept. iof iECE iMLRIT, iHyderabad

[3] iInternational iJournal ifor iResearch iin iApplied iScience i& iEngineering iTechnology
i (IJRASET) iCar iCollision iAvoidance iSystem

[4] iR. iKumar, iH.Kumar, i“Availability iand ihandling iof idata iReceived ithrough iGPS idevice; iin
i tracking ia ivehicle”, iAdvanced iComputing iConference i(IACC) i2014, iIEEE iInternational

[5] iArduino iBased iLPG igas iMonitoring i& iAutomatic iCylinder ibooking iwith iAlert iSystem
i IOSR iJournal iof iElectronics iand iCommunication iEngineering i(IOSR-JECE) ie-ISSN: i2278-
2834,p- iISSN: i2278-8735.Volume i11, iIssue i4, iVer. iI i(Jul.-Aug i.2016)

48
 Appendix:
Code:

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
i

SoftwareSerial gps(2,3);// rx tx i i i

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(8,9,10,11,12,13);//rs en d4 d5 d6 d7
i i i i i i

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define buzzer A1i i

#define motor A2 i i

#define piezo A0 i i

int tempr=0;
i

char str[70];
i

String gpsString="";
i

char *test="$GPGGA";
i

//////////////////////////////////////////

String latitude="28.678440";
i

String longitude="77.435773";
i

/////////////////////////////////////////

int i;
i

49
boolean Serial_status=0;
i

int pressure,heat=0;
i

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void setup()
i

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);//col row i

lcd.print("SMART VEHICLE");i

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

pinMode(piezo,INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor,OUTPUT);

delay(10);

Serial.begin(9600);

gps.begin(9600);

void loop()
i

pressure=digitalRead(piezo);

50
delay(50);

if(pressure==LOW)

lcd.setCursor(0,0);//col row
i

lcd.print("Accident detected");
i

digitalWrite(motor,LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

delay(5000);

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

tracking();

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

else

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);//col row
i

lcd.print(" safe drive ");

i i i

51
void init_sms()
i

gps.println("AT+CMGF=1");

delay(400);

gps.println("AT+CMGS=\"+917985053153\""); // use
i i

i your 10 digit cell no.

i i i i

here

delay(400);

void send_data(String message)

i i

gps.println(message);

delay(200);

void send_sms()
i

gps.write(26);

void tracking()
i

52
{

Serial.println("sending sms");
i

init_sms();

send_data("Accident detected at location:-\n");

i i i

send_data("Latitude:");

send_data(latitude);

send_data("Longitude:");

send_data(longitude);

send_sms();

delay(5000);

void tracking1()
i

Serial.println("sending sms");
i

init_sms();

send_data("smoke alert :-\n");

i i

send_data("Latitude:");

send_data(latitude);

send_data("Longitude:");

send_data(longitude);

send_sms();

delay(5000);

53
}

void gpsEvent()
i

gpsString="";

while(1)

while (gps.available()>0) //checking serial data from GPS

i i i i i i

char inChar = (char)gps.read();

i i i

gpsString+= inChar; //store data from GPS into gpsString

i i i i i i i

i++;

if (i < 7)
i i i

if(gpsString[i-1] != test[i-1]) //checking for $GPGGA sentence

i i i i i i

i=0;

gpsString="";

if(inChar=='\r')

if(i>65)

54
{

Serial_status=1;

break;

else

i=0;

if(Serial_status)

break;

void get_gps()
i

Serial_status=0;

int x=0;
i

while(Serial_status==0)

gpsEvent();

55
int str_lenth=i;
i

latitude="";

longitude="";

int comma=0;
i

while(x<str_lenth)

if(gpsString[x]==',')

comma++;

if(comma==2) //extract latitude from string

i i i i

latitude+=gpsString[x+1];

else if(comma==4) //extract longitude from string

i i i i i

longitude+=gpsString[x+1];

x++;

int l1=latitude.length();
i

latitude[l1-1]=' ';i

l1=longitude.length();

longitude[l1-1]=' '; i

i=0;x=0;

str_lenth=0;

56
delay(20);

57