Herodotus' Histories Book 1: Greek Text With Facing Vocabulary and Commentary 2 Edition

Herodotus’ Histories Book 1
Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary
2nd Edition
Geoffrey Steadman
Herodotus’ Histories Book 1
Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary
Second Edition
© 2012 by Geoffrey D. Steadman
revised July 2013
All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may
not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted
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The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms
of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org.
Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the
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the author endorses your alterations to the work).
(2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
(3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting
work only under the same or similar license as this one.
The Greek text is the edition by Karl Hude, first published by Oxford University
Press in 1908.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-8-9
ISBN-10: 0-9843065-8-7
Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Cover Design: David Steadman
Fonts: Times, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode
[email protected]
Table of Contents
Pages
Preface……………………………………………………………………………..v-vi
How to Use this Commentary………………………………………………………vii
Ionic Dialect……………………………………………………………………..viii-ix
Running Core Vocabulary………………………………………………………...x-xv
Abbreviations and Additional Readings…………………………………………....xvi
Verb Synopses………………………………………………………………...240-243
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary…………………………………………….....244-249
Histories Book I
Introduction, Conflicting accounts of kidnapping (sections I.1-I.5)……………….2-9
Rise and Fall of Croesus of Lydia (fl. 560-546 B.C.)
Early kings of Lydia (I.7-I.25)……………………………………………….8-27

Gyges and Candales (I.7-I.14)
Rise of the Lydian empire under Croesus (I.26-I.28)…………………….....26-29
Solon and Croesus (I.29- I.33)……………………………………………...28-37
Adrastus and Atys, Croesus’ son (I.34- I.45)……………………………….36-47
Croesus’ ambition toward Persia (I.46- I.55)……………………………….46-55
Croesus’ appeal to the Greeks (I.56- I.70)…………………………..……...56-75
Pisistratus of Athens (I.59- I.64)
Sparta and its neighbors (I.65- I.68)
Croesus’ attack on Persia: fall of Sardis (I.71- I.92)…………….………...74-105
Croesus on the pyre (I.86- I.91)
Lydian geography and customs (I.93- I.94)……………………………...104-109
Rise and Fall of Cyrus of Persia (fl. 559-529 B.C.)
Early history of Persia (I.95- I.106)……………………………………...108-121

Birth and rise of Cyrus (I.107- I.130)……………………………………120-151
Persian customs (I.131- I.140)…………………………………………...150-159
Persian conquest of the Ionian Greeks (I.141- I.176)……………………158-193
Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon (I.177- I.200)………………………………192-221
Description of Babylon (I.179- I.183)
Babylonian Customs (I.192- I.200)
Cyrus’ attack on the Massagetae; death of Cyrus (I.201- I.216)………...220-238
v
Preface to the Series
The aim of this commentary is to make Herodotus’ Histories Book I as accessible as

possible to intermediate and advanced Greek readers so that they may experience the
joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in
classical antiquity in the original Greek.
Each page of the commentary includes 14-16 lines of Greek (half of a page from
Hude’s 1908 Oxford Classical Text) with all corresponding vocabulary and grammar
notes below on the same page. The corresponding vocabulary includes all words
occurring 14 or fewer times, arranged alphabetically. The bottom of each page is
devoted to grammatical notes, which are organized according to line numbers.
To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a Running
Core Vocabulary List at the beginning of this commentary that includes all words
occurring 15 or more times arranged in the order in which they first occur in the
dialogue. An alphabetized form of this list can be found in the glossary. Together,
this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have reviewed and
mastered the Running Core List, they will be able to rely solely on the Greek text
and facing commentary and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries as
they read.
The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and
so I have passed over detailed literary and philosophical explanations in favor of
short, concise, and frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and
morphology. The notes are intended to complement, not replace, an advanced level
commentary, and so I encourage readers to consult some of the additional readings
listed in the bibliography. Assuming that readers finish elementary Greek with
varying levels of ability, I draw attention to subjunctive and optative constructions,
identify unusual aorist and perfect forms, and in general explain aspects of the Greek
that they should have encountered in first year study but perhaps forgotten. As a rule,
I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little.
vi
Print on Demand Books
This volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book, and as such it

gives its author distinct freedoms and limitations that are not found in traditional
publications. After writing this commentary, I simply purchased an ISBN number
(the owner is de facto the publisher) and submitted a digital copy for printing. The
most significant limitation regarding a POD book is that it has not undergone
extensive peer-review or general editing. This is a shortcoming that should make
readers wary.
The benefits of POD, however, outweigh the costs. This commentary and others
in the series simply would not exist without POD. Since there is no traditional
publisher acting as a middle man, there is no one to deny publication of this work
because it is a financial gamble and may not be profitable for the publisher. In
addition, since the production costs are so low and there is no standing inventory of
unsold books, I am able to offer this book at a comparatively low price—and even
for free in digital form online. Finally, since this book is no more than a .pdf file
waiting to be printed, I am able to make corrections and place a revised edition of a
POD book for sale as often as I want. In this regard, we should liken PODs to
software instead of traditional typeset books. Although the first edition of a POD
may not be as polished as a traditional book, I am able to respond quickly to readers’
recommendations and criticisms and create an emended and augmented POD that is
far superior to previous editions. Consider, therefore, what you hold in your hand as
an inexpensive beta version of the commentary. If you would like to recommend
changes to this volume or download a free .pdf copy, please see one of the addresses
below. All criticisms are welcome.
Lastly, this latest revision includes over 100 changes, both great and small,
generously recommended by Alex Purves and her students. I am very grateful for
their insights, and readers will benefit considerably from their attention to detail.
Geoffrey D. Steadman Ph.D.

[email protected]
www.geoffreysteadman.com
vii
How to Use this Commentary
Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of

reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone.
One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.
1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.
A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing running vocabulary and forms
before you begin reading. Begin with an intensive review of the running core list
on the following pages and then turn to less frequent vocabulary words as you
encounter them.
B. If you have to consult the alphabetized core list as you read, either photocopy
the list or print it from online and keep it by your book to avoid page-flipping.
More importantly, place a dot or similar mark by all core words that you consult.
As review progresses, devote extra effort on the words that accumulate marks.
C. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg).
Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times
before you are able to commit them to long term memory, and flashcards are
particularly efficient at promoting repetition. Develop the habit of deleting
flashcards that you have mastered. Focus your efforts on the remaining words.
2. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses
One of the benefits of traditional dictionary work is that it gives readers an
interval between the time they encounter a questionable word or form and the
time they find the dictionary entry. That span of time often compels readers to
make educated guesses and actively seek out understanding of the Greek.
Despite the benefits of vocabulary lists, there is a risk that without that interval
of time you will become complacent in your reading habits and treat the Greek
as a puzzle to be decoded rather than a language to be learned. Your challenge,
therefore, is to develop the habit of making an educated guess under your
breath each time before you consult the facing vocabulary and grammar. If
you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your understanding of the
Greek. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your
weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.
3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.
Repeated readings not only help you commit Greek to memory but also increase
your ability to read the Greek as Greek. Always read the words out loud (or at
least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text
into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Greek as Greek.
4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.
This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary,
forms, and syntax, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you
with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.
viii
Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek
Herodotus wrote in an Ionic dialect, and below is a summary of some of the

differences that readers will encounter from the Attic dialect that they learned in
elementary Greek. Many of these examples are taken from the first pages of Book 1.
Attic Herodotus (Ionic)

1. Vowel Changes
a. ᾱ à η after ε, ι, ρ πρᾶγµα πρῆγµα
ἀγγελία ἀγγελίη
b. ε à ει before ν, ρ, λ ξένος ξεῖνος,
ἕνεκα εἵνεκα
c. ο à ου before ν, ρ, λ µόνος µούνος
ὄνοµα οὔνοµα
d. ει à ηϊ βασιλεία βασιληίη
στρατεία στρατηίη
d. αυ or ου à ω οὖν ὦν
ἑαυτοῦ ἑωυτοῦ
2. Consonant Changes
a. ττ à σσ θάλαττα θάλασσα,
τέτταρες τέσσερες
b. π à κ in κοῦ, κοῖος etc. πῶς κῶς
πότερος κότερος
c. φ, θ, χ à π, τ, κ ἀφικνέοµαι ἀπικνέοµαι,
αὖθις αὖτις
δέχοµαι δέκοµαι
3. Changes in Declension Endings
a. First Declension
1. masc. gen. sg. -ου à -εω Καµβύσου Καµβύσεω
2. gen. pl. -ων à -έων Περσῶν Περσέων
3. dat. pl. -αις à -ῃσι(ν) Πέρσαις Πέρσῃσι
b. Second Declension
1. dat. pl. -οις à -οισι(ν) ἑκάστοις ἐκαστοισι
c. Third Declension
1. endings are uncontracted βασιλεῖς βασιλέες
βασιλῆ βασιλέα
γένους γένεος
Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek ix
Attic Herodotus (Ionic)

4. Changes in Verbs
a. ε-augment sometimes omitted: ὥρµητο ὅρµητο
ἠµείβετο ἀµείβετο
b. uncontracted vowel stems: ὤν ἐών (pple εἰµί)

ὄντες ἐόντες
ἐδονεῖτο ἐδονέετο
δοκεῖν δοκέειν
c. 3rd pl. mid./pass. often changes:

i. -νται à -αται τίθενται τιθέαται
ii. -ντο à -ατο ἀφανίζοιντο ἀφανίζοίατο
5. Personal Pronouns
a. 1st person gen. sg. ἐµοῦ ἐµέο (ἐµεῦ)
gen. pl. ἡµῶν ἐµέων
b. 2nd person gen. sg. σοῦ σέο (σεῦ)
dat. sg. σοί τοι
gen. pl. ὑµῶν ὑµέων
acc. pl. ὕµας ὑµέας
c. 3rd person acc. sg. αὐτῷ, ῇ οἱ

acc. sg. αὐτόν, ήν, ό µιν
nom. pl. αὐτοί, αί, ά σφεῖς
gen.. pl. αὐτῶν σφέων
dat. pl. αὐτοῖς, αῖς σφι, σφιν
acc. pl. αὐτούς, άς, ά σφέας
6. Reflexive Pronoun
αυ à ωυ all forms ἐµαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ ἐµωυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ
σεαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ σεωυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ
ἑαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ ἑωυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ
7. Relative Pronoun
Non-nominative forms are identical to the definite article (ὅς ἣ, τό; τοῦ, τῆς,
τοῦ; τῷ, τῇ, τῷ…).
ἐν ᾧ ἐν τῷ in which
ὅν τόν whom
adapted from Herodotus Book III S. Newmyer (Bryn Mawr, 1986)

x
Running Core Vocabulary

This is an running list of the core vocabulary (words occurring 15 or more times Herodotus’
Histories Book 1. To use this book properly, readers should learn the running core vocabulary
as they read. Digital flashcards are available online. The number of occurrences of each word
in Herodotus was tabulated with the help of Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
The numbers in the left column correspond to the page on which the word first occurs.
2 αἴτιος, -η, -ον: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15

2 ἀλλήλους, -ας, -α: one another (non-nominative forms) 17
2 ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 171
2 ἄνθρωπος, ὁ: human being, human, man, 56
2 ἀπ-ικνέοµαι, ἀπίξοµαι, ἀπικόµην, —, ἀπῖγµαι, —: to come, arrive, 78
2 ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 74
2 ἀπο-δείκνυµι, -δέξω, -έδεξα, -δέδεχα, -δέδεγµαι -εδέχθην: demonstrate, exhibit, produce 20
2 ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 21
2 Ασσύριος, -η, -ον: Assyrian, 16
2 αὐτίκα: straightway, at once; presently, 17
2 γάρ: for, since, 247
2 γίνοµαι, γενήσοµαι, ἐγένοµην, γέγονα, γεγένηµαι, —: come to be, become; happen, 212
2 δέ: but, and, on the other hand, 1249
2 δή: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 244
2 διά: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 39
2 ἐάν: εἰ ἄν, if (contracted as ἤν), 103
2 ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 164
2 Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος, ὁ: Greek, 48
2 ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 262
2 ἐπί: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (dat.), 199
2 ἔργον, τό: work, task, deed, act, 24
2 ἐς: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 661
2 θάλασσα, ἡ: sea, 22
2 καί: and, also, even, too, 1187
2 καλέω, καλέω, ἐκάλεσα, κέκληκα, κέκληµαι, ἐκλήθην: to call, summon, invite, 63
2 µακρός, -ή, -όν: long, far, distant, large, 17
2 µέγας, µεγάλη, µέγα: big, great, important, 107
2 µέν: on the one hand, 395
2 νῦν: now; as it is, 106
2 ὁ, ἡ, τό: the; he, she, it, 4017
2 ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 133
2 οἰκέω, οἰκήσω, ᾤκησα, ᾤκηκα, ᾤκηµαι, ᾠκήθην: to inhabit, dwell, live, 36
2 οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 667
2 Πέρσης, -ου, ὁ: a Persian, 108
2 φηµί, ἐρέω, εἶπον, εἴρηκα, εἴρηµαι, ἐρρήθην: to say, claim, assert, 51
2 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 48
2 χώρη, ἡ: land, region, area, place, 46
2 χῶρος, ὁ: ground, place, land, 16
2 ὡς: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 238
3 αὐτός, -ή, -ό: -self; he, she, it; the same, 392
3 βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73
3 γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 77
3 εἰµί, ἔσοµαι: to be, exist, 689
Running Core Vocabulary xi
3 ἔρχοµαι, ἐλεύσοµαι, ἦλθον, ἐλήλυθα, —, —: to come or go, 32

3 ἤ: or (either...or); than, 69
3 ἡµέρη, ἡ: day, daylight, dawn, 35
3 θυγάτηρ, ἡ: a daughter, 21
3 ἵστηµι, στήσω, ἔστησα, ἓστηκα, ἕσταµαι, ἐστάθην: make stand, set up, stop, establish, 21
3 κατά: down from (+ gen.), down (along); concerning (+ acc.), 130
3 λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα, εἴλοχα, λέλεγµαι, ἐλέχθην: to say, speak, (fut. is often ἐρέω) 159
3 µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 32
3 νηῦς, νηός, ἡ: a ship, boat, 19
3 οἱ: to or for him(self), her(self), it(self); dat. sg., equivalent to αὐτῷ, —ῇ (acc. µιν) 118?
3 ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which, that, 226
3 οὔνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 48
3 πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: every, all, the whole, 234
3 πολύς, πολλά, πολύ: much, many, 107
3 σφεῖς, σφέων, σφέας, σφι (σφίσι): they, equivalent to αὐτοὺς, -άς 160
4 ἄν: modal adv., 78
4 ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα, ἦρχα, ἦργµαι, ἢρχθην: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48
4 δεύτερος, -η, -ον: second, 24
4 εἵνεκα: for the sake or because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 31
4 ἐνθεῦτεν: hence, thence; thereupon (Att. ἐντεῦθεν ), 19
4 ἔχω, ἕξω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἔσχηµαι, —: to have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 171
4 µετά: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 75
4 ὁρµάω, ὁρµήσω, ὥρµησα, —, ὥρµηµαι, ὡρµήθην: to set out, begin; set in motion, urge, 15
4 οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 226
4 οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 82
4 πέµπω, πέµψω, ἔπεµψα, πέποµφα, πέπεµµαι, ἐπέµφθην: to send, conduct, convey, 44
4 πλέων, πλέον: more, greater, larger, 21
4 ποταµός, ὁ: river, stream 75
4 πρός: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 111
4 πρῶτος, -η, -ον: first, earliest 56
4 τίς, τί (τις, τι): who? which?; anyone, something, 943
5 ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 17
5 ἀκούω, ἀκούσοµαι, ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, —, ἠκούσθην: to hear, listen to, 32
5 Ἀργεῖος, -η, -ον: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece), 15
5 βούλοµαι, βουλήσοµαι, —, —, βεβούληµαι, ἐβουλήθην: to wish, be willing, desire, 42
5 δίδωµι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδοµαι, ἐδόθην: to give, offer, grant, provide, 37
5 δίκη, ἡ: justice, reparation, penalty; lawsuit, trial, 15
5 δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα, δεδόκηκα, δέδογµαι, ἐδοκήθην: to seem, seem best, think, imagine, 53
5 ἐθέλω (θέλω), ἐθελήσω, ἠθέλησα, ἠθέληκα, —, —: to be willing, wish, desire, 32
5 ἐκ-δίδωµι, -δώσω, -έδωκα, -δέδωκα, -δέδοµαι, -εδόθην: to give up, surrender, render, 21
5 ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 51
5 κῆρυξ, κήρυκος ὁ: messenger, herald; auctioneer, 15
5 ὅτι: that; because, 38
5 οὐ-δέ: and not, but not, nor, not even, 36
5 παρά: from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
6 ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man; husband 92
6 Ἀσίη, ἡ: Asia, 29
6 ἔθνος, -εος, τό: race, people, tribe, 35
6 εἰ: if, whether, 78
6 λόγος, ὁ: word, speech, discourse, argument, 61
6 µή: not, lest, 92
xii Running Core Vocabulary
6 µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 20

6 µοῦνος, -η, -ον: alone, only, solitary, 36
6 νοµίζω, νοµιῶ, ἐνόµισα, νενόµικα, νενόµισµαι, ἐνοµίσθην: believe, consider, deem, hold 27
6 ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, whichever, whatever, 62
6 οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 78
6 ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα, πεποίηκα, πεποίηµαι, ἐποιήθην: to do, make; mid. consider, 193
6 πρότερος, -η, -ον: before, in front of; earlier, 108
6 στρατεύω, στρατεύσω, ἐστράτευσα: to wage war, campaign against, 34
7 ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα, ἦγµαι, ἤχθην: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 38
7 ἀλλά: but, 76
7 ἀρχή, ἡ: a beginning; rule, office, 38
7 ἄστυ, τὸ: a city, town, 26
7 ἐγώ: I, 187
7 ἐπεί: when, after, since, because (also ἐπείτε, ἐπειδή) 60
7 ἐρέω: will say, will speak, will mention (fut. of λέγω, pf. εἴρηµαι) 20
7 εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὗρον, ηὕρηκα, ηὕρηµαι, ηὑρέθην: to find, discover, devise, invent, 20
7 µανθάνω, µαθήσοµαι, ἔµαθον, µεµάθηκα, —, —: to learn, understand, 24
7 οἶδα: to know (pf. with pres. sense), 22
7 ὅµοιος, -η, -ον: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
7 περί: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
8 Αἰολεύς, -έος, ὁ: Aeolian, 15
8 Ἀλυάττης, ὁ: Alyattes, 22
8 ἀµφότερος, -η, -ον: each of two, both, 18
8 κατα-στρέφω, -στρέψω, -έστρεψα -έστραµµαι -εστράφθην: upset, overturn; mid subdue 22
8 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, Spartan, 31
8 παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
8 ῥέω, ῥυήσοµαι, ἐρρύην, ἐρρύηκα, —, —: to flow, run, stream, 18
8 φίλος, -η, -ον: dear, beloved; subst. friend, kin, 15
9 βασιλεύω, βασιλεύσω, ἐβασίλευσα: to rule, be king, 23
9 ἔτος, -εως, τό: a year, 43
9 Ἴωνες, οἱ: Ionian, 60
9 Ἰωνίη, ἡ: Ionia, 15
9 πέντε: five, 16
9 πόλις, ἡ: a city, 78
9 Σάρδις, ίων, αἱ: Sardis, capital city of Lydia, 49
10 ἅµα: at once, at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 21
10 εἶπον: said, spoke (aor. λέγω, φηµί), 51
10 ἐµός, -ή, -όν: my, mine, 57
10 θηέοµαι, θεήσοµαι, ἐθηησάµην: to see, watch, look at; consider (Att. θεάοµαι), 15
10 κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 26
10 καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 18
10 κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα, κεκέλευκα, κεκέλευσµαι, ἐκελεύσθην: to bid, order, exhort, 39
10 ὅκως: how, in what way; in order that, that, 26
10 πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέποιθα, πέπεισµαι, ἐπείσθην: persuade, trust; mid. obey, 27
10 περί: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
10 πρῆγµα, τό: deed, act; matter, affair, trouble, 29
10 σύ: you, 161
10 τοιόσδε, -άδε, -όνδε: such, 32
10 τυγχάνω, τεύξοµαι, ἔτυχον, τετύχηκα, —, —: to chance upon, get; meet with; happen, 21
10 ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 22
11 ἀµείβοµαι, ἀµείψοµαι, ἠµειψάµην: to answer, make return; exchange, 23
Running Core Vocabulary xiii
11 δέω (δέοµαι), δεήσω, ἐδέησα, δεδέηκα, δεδέηµαι, ἐδεήθην: to lack; mid. want, need, ask 20
11 εἷς, µία, ἕν: one, single, alone, 34
11 ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 39
11 ἐπεάν: whenever, 15
11 ἑωυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 133
11 κεῖµαι, κείσοµαι: to lie (down); be assigned, be established (often equiv. to pass. τίθηµι) 16
11 ὁράω, ὄψοµαι, εἶδον, ἑώρακα, ὦµµαι, ὤφθην: to see, look, behold, 32
11 πάρ-ειµι, -έσοµαι: to be near, be present, be at hand, 38
11 πειράοµαι, πειρήσοµαι, ἐπειρησάµην,—, πεπείρηµαι, ἐπειρήθην: attempt, make trial of 15
11 τίθηµι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, τέθειµαι, ἐτέθην: to set, put, place, arrange, 22
11 τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 33
11 ὑπό: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 74
12 Γύγης, ὁ: Gyges, 22
12 εἶµι: will go, will come, (fut. of ἔρχοµαι,) 38
12 Λυδός, -ή, -όν: Lydian, of Lydia, 86
12 οὔ-τε: and not, neither...nor, 54
12 τάχιστος, -η, -ον: very fast; τάχιστα, very quickly, 36
12 τότε: at that time, then, 26
12 φέρω, οἴσω, ἤνεγκον, ἐνήνοχα, ἐνήνεγµαι, ἠνέχθην: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 42
12 χωρέω, χωρήσω, ἐχώρησα, κεχώρηκα, —, —: to go, come; have room for, 49
13 ἀπ-όλλυµι, -ὀλῶ, -ώλεσα, -ολώλεκα, —, —: to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 15
13 βασιληίη, -ης, ἡ: kingship, rule; kingdom 21
13 βουλεύω, -σω, -σα, βεβούλευκα, βεβούλευµαι, ἐβουλεύθην: deliberate, take counsel, 18
13 δεῖ: it is necessary, must, ought; it is right, (+ inf.), 18
13 εἶδον: saw, beheld, (aor. of ὁράω) 41
13 γε: at least, at any rate; indeed, 37
13 ὁδός, ἡ: road, way, path, journey, 23
14 αἱρέω, αἱρήσω, εἷλον, ᾕρηκα, ᾕρηµαι, ᾑρέθην: to seize, take; mid. choose, 26
14 ἐπ-ειρωτάω, -ἐρωτήσω, -ἠρόµην, -ἠρώτηκα, -ἠρώτηµαι, -ἠρωτήθην: ask, inquire of, 17
14 πέρ: just; all, however, though, 42
14 τρόπος, ὁ: way, manner, course, direction, 30
15 βασιλεύω, βασιλεύσω, ἐβασίλευσα: to rule, be king, 23
15 Δελφοί, -ῶν, οἱ: Delphi; the Delphians 37
15 µέντοι: however, nevertheless; certainly, 21
15 ὀπίσω: backwards, back, back again, 18
15 ὅσος, -η, -ον: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 45
15 πρίν: until, before, 20
15 Πυθίη, ἡ: Pythia, priestess of Apollo, 17
15 χρηστήριον, τό: an oracle, 23
16 βασιλήιος, -ον: royal, kingly, 35
16 ἔνθα: where; there, 16
16 στρατίη, ἡ: an army, expedition, land force, 22
16 χράοµαι, χρήσοµαι, ἐχρησάµην, —, κέχρηµαι, ἐχρήσθην: use, employ, engage in (dat.), 57
16 χράω, χρήσω, ἔχρησα, —, κέχρηµαι, ἐχρήσθην: to proclaim or direct by oracle, 10
16 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 32
16 χρυσός, ὁ: gold, 17
17 ἔτος, -εως, τό: a year, 43
17 Μῆδος, ὁ: Mede, Median, 63
17 Σκύθης, ὁ: Scythian, 20
17 τε: and, both, 419
18 γῆ, ἡ: earth, 26
xiv Running Core Vocabulary
18 δια-φθείρω, -φθερῶ, -έφθειρα, -έφθορα, -έφθαρµαι, -εφθάρην: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 17

18 ἐάω, ἐάσω, εἴασα, εἴακα, εἴαµαι, εἰάθην: to permit, allow, let be, suffer, 3
18 Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian; ἡ Μιλησίη, Milesia, 25
18 οἰκίη, ἡ: a house, home, dwelling, 18
18 πατήρ, ὁ: a father, 23
18 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 24
19 ἔτι: still, besides, further, 40
19 µάχοµαι, µαχέοµαι, ἐµαχεσάµην, —, µεµάχηµαι, —: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 20
19 ὅµοιος, -η, -ον: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
19 οὐδαµός, -ή, -όν: not even one, no one, 15
19 πεδίον, τό: plain, flat land, 15
20 θεός, ὁ: a god, divinity, 53
20 νηός, ὁ: temple, 26
21 µέλλω: to be about to, to intend to, 18
21 ξεῖνος, ὁ: guest, foreigner, stranger, 16
21 πυνθάνοµαι, πεύσοµαι, ἐπυθόµην,--, πέπυσµαι,--: to learn by inquiry, learn by hearsay, 41
23 πλέω, πλεύσοµαι, ἔπλευσα, πέπλευκα, πέπλευσµαι, ἐπλεύσθην: to sail, 16
23 χρῆµα, -ατος, τό: money, goods, 28
23 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 20
24 λαµβάνω, λήψοµαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα, εἴληµµαι, ἐλήφθην: to take, receive, catch, grasp, 30
24 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 20
24 µέσος, - η, -ον: middle, in the middle of, 16
24 µιν: him(self), her(self), it(self), one(self); acc. sg. equiv. to αὐτόν, —ήν (dat. sg. see οἱ) 69
24 πλοῖον τό: ship, vessel, 15
24 ταχύς, εῖα, ύ: quick, swift, hastily, 30
24 ὦν: and so, then; at all events (Ion. for οὖν), 68
25 εὖ: well, 24
25 νόµος, ὁ: law, custom; tune, 31
25 τελευτάω, τελευτήσω, ἐτελεύσησα, τετελεύτηκα, —, —:end, complete, finish; die, 30
26 ἀνά-θηµα, -ατος, τό: votive offering, 16
26 τεῖχος, -εος τό : wall, city-wall, 35
27 ἵππος, ὁ: a horse, 19
27 Κροῖσος, ὁ: Croesus, King of the Lydians, 165
27 ὦ: O! oh!, 39
28 ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 18
28 κάρτα: very, very much, strongly, 19
28 Λυδός, -ή, -όν: Lydian, of Lydia, 86
28 νῆσος, ἡ: an island, 19
28 παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
29 Κᾶρες, οἱ: Carians, 16
29 οἷος, -η, -ον: of what sort, as, 21
30 εἴροµαι, εἰρήσοµαι, ἠρόµην: to ask, enquire, question (usually aor., Att. pres. ἐρωτάω) 16
30 σός, -ή, -όν: your, yours, 41
31 ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 22
31 µάχη, ἡ: battle, fight, combat, 21
32 ἱρός, -ή, -όν: holy, divine; neuter noun temple (Att. ἱερός), 37
33 θύω, θύσω, ἔθυσα, τέθυκα, τέθυµαι, ἐτύθην: to sacrifice, 19
34 ἕτερος, -η, -ον: one of two, other, different, 37
34 φαίνω, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφηνα, πέφασµαι, ἐφάνθην: show; mid. appear, seem 19
37 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
38 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 15
Running Core Vocabulary xv
39 αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there, 49

39 ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, 18
41 τῇ: here, there, 147
42 γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose, 20
42 νικάω, νικήσω, ἐνίκησα, νενίκηκα, νενίκηµαι, ἐνικήθην: to conquer, defeat, win, 21
43 φυλάσσω, φυλάξω, ἐφύλαξα, πεφύλαχα, πεφύλαγµαι, ἐφυλάχθην: keep watch, guard 15
46 Ἀστυάγης, ὁ: Astyages, 63
46 Κῦρος, -εος, ὁ: Cyrus, 125
48 ἐνθαῦτα: here, hither, there, thither, then, (Att. ἐνταῦθἀ) 17
53 στρατός, τό: army, encamped army, 33
55 φεύγω, φεύξοµαι, ἔφυγον, πέφευγα, —, —: to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
58 Πεισίστρατος, ὁ: Pisistratus, 24
59 κατ-ίστηµι, -στήσω, -έστησα, -έστηκα -έσταµαι -εστάθην: set down; appoint, establish 17
71 ὀρύσσω, ὀρύξω, ὤρυξα, ὀρώρυκα, ὀρώρυγµαι, ὠρύχθην, : to dig, dig through, quarry 19
72 ἐν-τέλλοµαι, —, ἐνετειλάµην, —, ἐντέταλµαι, —: to command, enjoin, 18
76 ἄνω: up, above, 16
79 Βαβυλώνιος, -η, -ον: Babylonian, 20
81 ταύτῃ: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 16
82 ἀπ-ίστηµι, -στήσω, -έστησα, -έστηκα, -έσταµαι, -εστάθην: to make revolt; remove, 15
85 ἁλίσκοµαι, ἁλώσοµαι, ἑάλων, ἑάλωκα, —, —: to be taken, be caught, 16
121 Ἅρπαγος, ὁ: Harpagus, 50
123 βου-κόλος, ὁ: cowherd, herdsman, 24
169 Πακτύης, ὁ: Pactyes, 16
169 Βαβυλών, ἡ: Babylon, 18
170 ἐλαύνω, ἐλῶ, ἤλασα, ἐλήλακα, ἐλήλαµαι, ἠλάθην: to march, drive, set in motion, 27
221 Μασσαγέται, οἱ: Massagetae, 18
xvi
Abbreviations
abs. absolute imp. imperative pf. perfect

acc. accusative impf. imperfect pl. plural
act. active imper. impersonal plpf. pluperfect
adj. adjective indic. indicative pred. predicate
adv. adverb i.o. indirect object prep. preposition
aor. aorist inf. infinitive pres. present
app. appositive inter. interrogative pron. pronoun
comp. comparative m. masculine reflex. reflexive
dat. dative n. neuter rel. relative
dep. deponent nom. nominative seq. sequence
d.o. direct object obj. object sg. singular
f. feminine opt. optative subj. subject
fut. future pple. participle superl. superlative
gen. genitive pass passive voc. vocative
Additional Readings
The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories (2007) edited by Robert

Strassler is arguably the best single volume available on Herodotus for its
price. In addition to a vivid translation of the entire Histories, the book
includes copious detailed maps and 21 short articles (5 to 11 pages each) that
introduce a lay audience to historical topics as diverse as the the Herodotus’
Egypt, Greek religious festivals, hoplite warfare, and Greek women. There is
also a good bibliography for the general reader.
The Cambridge Campanion to Herodotus (2006) edited by Carolyn

Dewald and John Marincola contains a series of 20 essays on the Histories
that are somewhat longer than those found in the Landmark edition (about 15
pages each). The essays focus not only on relevant historical topics but on
the literary qualities in Herodotus’ writing as well.
Discourses on the First Book of Herodotus (1995) by James Arieti offers a

very thoughtful analysis of Book I aimed for the general reader. In roughly
40 short chapters of very readable prose, Arieti discusses each episode of
Herodotus’ narrative sequentially, offering insights into the nuances of
Herodotus’ Greek, the significance of particular passages, and the continuity
of Herodotus’ thought. The book can be read in its entirety as an introduction
to Book I or chapter by chapter as readers advance through the Greek.
The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one great thing.
- Archilochus
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
2 Herodotus 1.1.1 – 1.4
Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε 1
τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε

ἔργα μεγάλα τε καὶ θωμαστά, τὰ μὲν Ἕλλησι τὰ δὲ βαρβά-
ροισι ἀποδεχθέντα, ἀκλεᾶ γένηται, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ δι᾽ ἣν
αἰτίην ἐπολέμησαν ἀλλήλοισι. 5
1 Περσέων μέν νυν οἱ λόγιοι Φοίνικας αἰτίους φασὶ

γενέσθαι τῆς διαφορῆς. τούτους γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐρυθρῆς
καλεομένης θαλάσσης ἀπικομένους ἐπὶ τήνδε τὴν θάλασσαν,
καὶ οἰκήσαντας τοῦτον τὸν χῶρον τὸν καὶ νῦν οἰκέουσι,
αὐτίκα ναυτιλίῃσι μακρῇσι ἐπιθέσθαι, ἀπαγινέοντας δὲ φορτία 10
Αἰγύπτιά τε καὶ Ἀσσύρια τῇ τε ἄλλῃ [χωρῇ] ἐσαπικνέεσθαι

2 καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Ἄργος. τὸ δὲ Ἄργος τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον
προεῖχε ἅπασι τῶν ἐν τῇ νῦν Ἑλλάδι καλεομένῃ χωρῇ. 13
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 ἐρυθρός, -ή, -όν: red, 5

αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 ἐσ-απ-ικνέοµαι: to come to or into, arrive at, 1
ἀ-κλεής, -ές: without fame, inglorious, 1 Ἡρόδοτος, ὁ: Herodotus, 1
Αλικαρνησσεύς, -εος, ὁ: of Halicarnassus, 2 θωµαστός, -ή, -όν: wonderful, strange, 1
ἀπαγινέω: lead away, carry off (ἀπάγω), 1 ἱστορίη, ἡ: inquiry; examination, 2
ἀπό-δεξις, -εος, ἡ: presentation, display, 2 λόγιος, -α, -ον: versed in stories, learned, 3
Ἄργος, -εος, τό: Argos (a Greek city), 5 µή-τε: and not, neither…nor, 14
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 ναυτιλίη, ἡ: voyage, a sailing, 2
διαφορή ἡ: difference, disagreement, quarrel πολεµέω: wage war (against + dat.), 10
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ: Greece, 8 προ-έχω: hold before; is superior, surpass, 4
ἐξίτηλος, -ον: forgotten, obliterated; fading, 1 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
ἐπι-τίθηµι: put on, set up; apply oneself to, 9 φορτίον, τό: freight, merchandise, load, 3
1 ἀπόδεξις ἥδε: the following is a accusative predicate of the aor. inf.

presentation; as often, add the verb ἐστίν γενέσθαι in an ind. statement governed by
ὡς…γένηται..γένηται: so that…may φασὶ; αἰτίους means “responsible”
become; purpose, with aor. subj. γίνοµαι 7 Ἑρυθρῆς…θαλάσσης: i.e. the Indian Ocean
2 τά γενόµενα: things having happened; aor. 8 θάλασσαν: i.e. the Mediterranean Sea
pple., neuter pl. subject of a 3rd sg. verb 9 τὸν… οἰκέουσι: which they inhabit; relative
3 τὰ µὲν…τὰ δὲ: some… others…; in καί νῦν: even now; καί is adverbial
apposition to neuter pl. ἔργα 10 ἐπιθέσθαι: set (out) on ; ind. discourse
Ἕλλησι… βαρβάροισι: both are dat. of with φασὶ ; aor. inf. ἐπι-τίθηµι (+ dat.)
agent with pass. ἀποδεχθέντα 12 καὶ δὴ καὶ: and in particular, and
4 ἀποδεχθέντα: having been exhibited; especially; ‘and indeed also,’
neuter. pl. aor. passive pple. ἀπο-δείκνυµι τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον: during..; duration
δι ᾿ ἥν αἰτίην: for what reason; “on account 13 προεῖχε ἅπασι: was surpassing in all
of which cause,” ἥν is a relative adjective things; dat respect, impf., gen. comparison
6 φασὶ: 3rd sg. pres. φηµί τῶν ἐν τῇ…χώρῃ: those (cities) in the
Φοίνικας αἰτίους: accusative subject and place now called Greece; attributive
Conflicting accounts of kidnapping 3
ἀπικομένους δὲ τούς Φοίνικας ἐς δὴ τὸ Ἄργος τοῦτο διατί- 14
3 θεσθαι τὸν φόρτον. πέμπτῃ δὲ ἢ ἕκτῃ ἡμέρῃ ἀπ᾽ ἧς ἀπίκοντο, 15
ἐξεμπολημένων σφι σχεδόν πάντων, ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν

γυναῖκας ἄλλας τε πολλάς καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦ βασιλέος θυγατέρα·
τὸ δέ οἱ οὔνομα εἶναι, κατὰ τὠυτὸ τὸ καὶ Ἕλληνές λέγουσι,
4 Ἰοῦν τὴν Ἰνάχου. ταύτας στάσας κατά πρύμνην τῆς νεὸς
ὠνέεσθαι τῶν φορτίων τῶν σφι ἦν θυμός μάλιστα· καὶ τοὺς 20
Ἄργος, -εος, τό: Argos (a Greek city), 5 πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6
δια-τίθηµι: to disposit, arrange, treat, handle 3 πρύµνη, ἡ: stern, 3
ἕκτος, -α, -ον: sixth, 4 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 5
ἐξ-εµ-πολάω: to sell off, trade, traffic, 1 ὠνέοµαι: to buy, purchase, 6
θυµός, ὁ: desire, heart; soul, life, 5 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
Ἴναχος, ὁ: Inachus (a river god), 1 φορτίον, τό: freight, merchandise, load, 3
Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5 φόρτος, τό: a load, freight, cargo, 2
15 πέµπτῃ ἤ ἕκτῃ ἡµέρῃ: on the...or…; dative possession

of time when 18 κατὰ τὠυτὸ τὸ: in the same way that;
ἀπ ᾿ ἥς: from which (day); supply ἡµέρης crasis τὸ αὐτὸ; τὸ is a relative pronoun
ἀπίκοντο: 3rd pl. aor. ἀπικνέοµαι 19 τὴν Ἰνάχου: the (daughter) of Inachus
16 ἐξεµποληµένων…πάντων: everything στάσας: acc. pl. aor. pple ἵστηµι, with
having been sold off; gen. abs., pf. pass. ταύτας
pple κατὰ πρύµνην: on the prow
σφι: by them; dat. agent from σφεῖς τῆς νεὸς: gen. sg. ὁ νηῦς
ἐλθεῖν: aor. inf. ἔργοµαι 20 τῶν φορτίων: (some) of the merchandise;
17 γυναῖκες…θυγατέρα: acc. subj. of ἐλθεῖν partive gen.
18 τὸ δέ οἱ οὔνοµα εἶναι: and her name τῶν…θυµος: of which they had a
was…; “to her the name was…” οἱ is 3rd desire…; relative, σφι is dat. of possession
pers. pronoun equivalent to αὐτῷ, dat. of
4 Herodotus 1.1.4 – 4.1
Φοίνικας διακελευσαμένους ὁρμῆσαι ἐπ᾽ αὐτάς. τὰς μὲν δὴ 1
πλεῦνας τῶν γυναικῶν ἀποφυγεῖν, τὴν δὲ Ἰοῦν σὺν ἄλλῃσι

ἁρπασθῆναι. ἐσβαλομένους δὲ ἐς τὴν νέα οἴχεσθαι ἀπο-
2 πλέοντας ἐπ᾽ Αἰγύπτου. οὕτω μὲν Ἰοῦν ἐς Αἴγυπτον
ἀπικέσθαι λέγουσι Πέρσαι, οὐκ ὡς Ἕλληνές, καὶ τῶν 5
ἀδικημάτων πρῶτον τοῦτο ἄρξαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἑλλήνων

τινάς (οὐ γὰρ ἔχουσι τοὔνομα ἀπηγήσασθαι) φασὶ τῆς Φοι-
νίκης ἐς Τύρον προσσχόντας ἁρπάσαι τοῦ βασιλέος τὴν
θυγατέρα Εὐρώπην. εἴησαν δ᾽ ἄν οὗτοι Κρῆτες. ταῦτα μὲν
δὴ ἴσα πρὸς ἴσα σφι γενέσθαι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἕλληνας 10
2 αἰτίους τῆς δευτέρης ἀδικίης γενέσθαι. καταπλώσαντας γὰρ
μακρῇ νηί ἐς Αἶαν τε τὴν Κολχίδα καὶ ἐπὶ Φᾶσιν ποταμόν,

ἐνθεῦτεν, διαπρηξαμένους καὶ τἄλλα τῶν εἵνεκεν ἀπίκατο,
3 ἁρπάσαι τοῦ βασιλέος τὴν θυγατέρα Μηδείην. πέμψαντά δὲ 14
ἀ-δίκηµα, -ατος, τό: injustice, wrongdoing, 3 Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5

ἀ-δικίη, ἡ: injustice, wrong-doing, 2 κατα-πλέω: sail downstream, sail to shore, 4
ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: relate, tell; lead away (from), 6 Κολχίς, -ιδος, ἡ: Colchis, 2
ἀπο-φεύγω: to flee from, escape, 2 Κρής, -ητός, ὁ: a Cretan, from Crete, 2
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 4 Μηδείη, ἡ: Medea, 2
ἁρπάζω: seize, carry off, kidnap, 11 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
Αἶα, ἡ: Aia (later Colchis, home of Medea), 1 προσ-έχω: to offer, provide; put in, land on 2
Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
δια-κελεύοµαι: bid, encourage one another, 3 Τύρος, ἡ: Tyre (a Phoenician city), 1
δια-πρήσσω: accomplish, complete, settle, 1 Φᾶσις, -ιος (-ιδος), ἡ: Phasis river, 2
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
Εὐρώµη, ἡ: Europa, Europe 7 Φοινίκη, ἡ: Phoenicia, 1
ἴσος, -η, -ον: equal to, the same as, like, 5
1 διακελευσαµένος: encouraging (one 8 προσσχόντας: that (they) heading toward;

another);aor. mid. pple., reflexive action aor. pple προσέχω modifying acc. subject
ὁρµῆσαι: aor. inf., ὁρµάω in ind. discourse ἁρπάσαι: aor. inf. ἁρπάζω
3 ἁρπασθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. ἁρπάζω 9 εἴησαν δ ᾿ ἄν: these would be; potential opt.
ἐσβαλοµένους: (those) throwing (the 10 ἴσα πρὸς ἴσα: equal for equal; pred. adj.
women); acc. subject of οἴχεσθαι, σφι: for them
ἐς τὴν νέα: onto the ship 12 µακρῇ νηῒ: with a long ship; dat. means
5 ἀπικέσθαι: aor. inf. ἀπ-ικνέοµαι 13 διαπρηξαµένους: acc. pl. aor. mid. pple.
οὐκ ὡς Ἕλληνες: not as the Greeks (say) τἆλλα τῶν εἵνεκεν: and other things for
6 ἀρξαι: aor. inf., ἄρχω + gen.; τοῦτο subj. the sake of which; τὰ ἄλλα; τῶν is a rel.
7 οὐ…ἔχουσι: they are not able; common ἀπίκατο: 3rd pl. plpf. ἀπ-ικνέοµαι
translation of ἔχω with an infinitive 14 πέµψαντα: acc. sg. aor. pple. modifies
Φοινίκης : of Phoencia, partitive gen. τὸν Κόλχον, κήρυκα is the acc. d.o.
τὸν Κόλχον [βασιλέα] ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα κήρυκα αἰτέειν τε δίκας 15
τῆς ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀπαιτέειν τὴν θυγατέρα. τοὺς δὲ ὑποκρί-

νασθαι ὡς οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνοι Ἰοῦς τῆς Ἀργείης ἔδοσάν σφι δίκας
3 τῆς ἁρπαγῆς· οὐδὲ ὤν αὐτοὶ δώσειν ἐκείνοισι. δευτέρῃ δὲ
λέγουσι γενεῇ μετὰ ταῦτα Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Πριάμου, ἀκηκοότα
ταῦτα, ἐθελῆσαί οἱ ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος δι᾽ ἁρπαγῆς γενέσθαι 20
γυναῖκα, ἐπιστάμενον πάντως ὅτι οὐ δώσει δίκας. οὐδὲ γὰρ

2 ἐκείνους διδόναι. οὕτω δὴ ἁρπάσαντος αὐτοῦ Ἑλένην, τοῖσι
Ἕλλησι δόξαι πρῶτὸν πέμψαντας ἀγγέλους ἀπαιτέειν τε

Ἑλένην καὶ δίκας τῆς ἁρπαγῆς αἰτέειν. τοὺς δέ, προϊσχο-
μένων ταῦτα, προφέρειν σφι Μηδείης τὴν ἁρπαγήν, ὡς οὐ 25
δόντες αὐτοὶ δίκας οὐδὲ ἐκδόντες ἀπαιτεόντων βουλοίατό σφι

4 παρ᾽ ἄλλων δίκας γίνεσθαι. μέχρι μὲν ὤν τούτου ἁρπαγάς
Ἀλέξανδρος, ὁ: Alexander, Paris of Troy, 1 Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5

ἀπ-αιτέω: to ask back, demand back, 3 Κόλχος, -η, -ον: Colchian, 4
ἁρπάζω: seize, carry off, kidnap, 11 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
ἁρπαγή, ἡ: seizure, robbery kidnapping, 9 Μηδείη, ἡ: Medea, 2
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 6 πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
γενεή, ἡ: generation, race, family, lineage, 4 Πρίαµος, ὁ: Priam (king of Troy), 2
Ἑλένη, ἡ: Helen, 2 προ-φέρω: bring, bring forth, 1
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ: Greece, 8 προ-ίσχω: to put forward, propose, 3
ἐπίσταµαι: to know (how) understand, 12 ὑπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, respond, 4
15 τὸν Κόλχον: the Colchian king; acc. subj. 22 ἐκεινους: acc. subj; i.e. Paris will not pay
16 τῆς ἁρπαγῆς: for…; gen. of accusation since those Greeks did not pay earlier
τοὺς δὲ: and these; i.e. Trojans, acc. subj. ἁρπάσαντος…Ἑλένην: gen. abs.
17 ὡς ἐκεῖνοι…: that those…; ind. discourse 23 δόξαι: it seemed good; aor. inf. δοκεῖ
ἔδοσαν…δίκας: did pay the penalties; not 24 τοὺς δὲ: and these; acc. subject
“inflicted the penalties” 3rd pl. aor. δίδωµι προϊσχοµένων ταῦτα: (the Greeks)
18 ὤν: and so, therefore; οὖν in Attic Greek proposing these things; gen. abs.
αὐτοὶ δώσειν: they themselves (say that 25 ὡς…βουλοίατό: that the Greeks
they) will pay; fut. inf. δίδωµι in ind. disc. themselves not paying the penalties nor
19 τὸν ἀκηκοότα: having heard (acc) from giving up (the girl)…wanted to have
(gen. of source); acc. sg. pf. pple ἀκούω penalties from others; 3rd pl. opt.
21 ἐθελῆσαί: aor. inf. ἐθέλω βούλοµαι in indirect discourse
20 οἱ…γενέσθαι γυναῖκα: that he have a 26 ἀπαιτεόντων: with (the Asians) asking
wife; ‘be a wife for him,’ dat. possession back; gen. abs.
21 δώσει: 3rd sg. fut. δίδωµι 27 µέχρι…τούτου: up to this (point of time)
6 Herodotus 1.4.1 – 5.3
μούνας εἶναι παρ᾽ ἀλλήλων, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου Ἕλληνας δὴ 1
μεγάλως αἰτίους γενέσθαι· προτέρους γὰρ ἄρξαι στρα-

2 τεύεσθαι ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην ἢ σφέας ἐς τὴν Εὐρώπην. τὸ μέν
νυν ἁρπάζειν γυναῖκας ἀνδρῶν ἀδίκων νομίζειν ἔργον εἶναι,
τὸ δὲ ἁρπασθεισέων σπουδήν ποιήσασθαι τιμωρέειν ἀνοήτων, 5
τὸ δὲ μηδεμίαν ὤρην ἔχειν ἁρπασθεισέων σωφρόνων· δῆλα

3 γὰρ δὴ ὅτι, εἰ μὴ αὐταὶ ἐβούλοντο, οὐκ ἂν ἡρπάζοντο. σφέας
μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίης λέγουσι Πέρσαι ἁρπαζομενέων τῶν
γυναικῶν λόγον οὐδένα ποιήσασθαι, Ἕλληνας δὲ Λακεδαι-
μονίης εἵνεκεν γυναικὸς στόλον μέγαν συναγεῖραι καὶ ἔπειτα 10
4 ἐλθόντας ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην τὴν Πριάμου δύναμιν κατελεῖν. ἀπὸ

τούτου αἰεὶ ἡγήσασθαι τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν σφίσι εἶναι πολέμιον.
τὴν γὰρ Ἀσίην καὶ τὰ ἐνοικέοντα ἔθνεα βάρβαρα οἰκηιεῦνται
οἱ Πέρσαι, τὴν δὲ Εὐρώπην καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν ἥγηνται 14
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 6 κατ-αιρέω: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5

αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
ἀ-νόητος, -ον: foolish, unintelligent, 2 οἰκηιόω: make or mid. claim as one’s own, 2
ἁρπάζω: seize, carry off, kidnap, 11 πολέµιος, -η, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 Πρίαµος, ὁ: Priam (king of Troy), 2
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 2 σπουδή, ἡ: earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 3
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 στόλος, ὁ: expedition, armament, 3
ἐν-οἰκέω: to inhabit, dwell in , live in, 1 συν-άγείρω: to gather together, assemble, 2
ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 8 σώφρων, -ον: prudent, temperate, sound, 1
Εὐρώµη, ἡ: Europa, Europe 7 τιµωρέω: to avenge, exact vengeance, 7
ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, think, believe, 5 ὢρη, ἡ: care, concern, regard for (gen), 1
1 τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου: but from this (time) ἁρπασθεισέων: for…; see. 5, objective gen.
2 προτέρους…ἤ: earlier than; comparative δῆλα…ὅτι: it (is) quite clear that…
ἄρξαι: aor. inf. ἄρχω; Ἕλληνας acc. subj. 7 εἰ…ἐβούλοντο,…ἄν ἡρπάζοντο: if they
3 σφέας: them; see reference box p. 5 did not…they would not…; pres. contrary-
τὸ µὲν νυν: now, at present; adverbial acc. to-fact conditional (εἰ + impf., ἄν + impf.)
4 νοµίζειν: (the Asians) believe that σφέας…Ἀσίης: those from Asia; acc. subj.
τὸ µὲν ἁρπάζειν…ἔργον εἶναι: to kidnap is prep. phrase is in attributive position
the task; articular infinitive is acc. subject 9 λόγον ποιήσασθαι: made no account; +gen
5 τὸ δὲ...ποιήσασθαι τιµωρέειν: to make εἵνεκεν: for the sake of…; + gen., i.e. Helen
earnest to avenge…(is the task); supply 10 συναγεῖραι: aor. inf.; Ἓλληνας acc. subj.
ἔργον εἶναι from above; see l. 6 below 11 ἐλθόντας: acc. pl. aor. pple., ἔρχοµαι
ἁρπασθεισέων: for those having been κατελεῖν: aor. inf., κατ-αιρέω
kidnapped; gen. pl. aor. pass. 12 ἡγήσασθαι: (the Persians) believed
6 τὸ δὲ...ἔχειν: to have no care…(is the task) 14 ἥγηνται: (Persians) have considered; pf.
κεχωρίσθαι. 15
5 Οὕτω μὲν Πέρσαι λέγουσι γενέσθαι, καὶ διὰ τὴν Ἰλίου

ἅλωσιν εὑρίσκουσι σφίσι ἐοῦσαν τὴν ἀρχήν τῆς ἔχθρης τῆς
2 ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας. περὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰοῦς οὐκ ὁμολογέουσι
Πέρσῃσι οὕτω Φοίνικες· οὐ γὰρ ἁρπαγῇ σφέας χρησαμένους

λέγουσι ἀγαγεῖν αὐτήν ἐς Αἴγυπτον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἐν τῷ Ἄργεϊ 20
ἐμίσγετο τῷ ναυκλήρῳ τῆς νέος· ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔμαθε ἔγκυος ἐοῦσα,

αἰδεομένη τοὺς τοκέας οὕτω δὴ ἐθελοντήν αὐτήν τοῖσι Φοίνιξι
3 συνεκπλῶσαι, ὡς ἂν μὴ κατάδηλος γένηται. ταῦτα μέν νυν
Πέρσαι τε καὶ Φοίνικες λέγουσι· ἐγὼ δὲ περὶ μὲν τούτων

οὐκ ἔρχομαι ἐρέων ὡς οὕτω ἢ ἄλλως κως ταῦτα ἐγένετο, 25
τὸν δὲ οἶδα αὐτὸς πρῶτον ὑπάρξαντα ἀδίκων ἔργων ἐς τοὺς

Ἕλληνας, τοῦτον σημήνας προβήσομαι ἐς τὸ πρόσω τοῦ
λόγου, ὁμοίως σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα ἄστεα ἀνθρώπων ἐπεξιών.
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 6 κῶς: Ion. for πῶς, how? in what way? 2
Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
αἰδέοµαι: be or feel ashamed of; respect, 2 ναύκληρος, ὁ: shipowner, ship-master, 1
ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 4
ἅλωσις, -ιος, ἡ: capture, destruction, 2 προ-βαίνω: to advance, step forward, 6
Ἄργος, -εος, τό: Argos (a Greek city), 5 πρόσω: forwards, further, far, 2
ἁρπαγή, ἡ: seizure, robbery, kidnapping 9 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἔγκυος, -ον: pregnant, 1 σµικρός, -η, -ον: small, little; insignificant, 5
ἐθελοντήν: voluntarily, 1 συν-εκ-πλέω: to sail out along with, 1
ἐπ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go over, go through, 2 τόκευς, ὁ: parent, 3
ἔχθρη, ἡ: hatred, enmity, 2 ὑπ-άρχω: begin; make a beginning of (gen) 4
Ἴλιος, ἡ: Ilium, Troy, 1 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5 χωρίζω: to separate, sever, divide, 4
κατά-δηλος, -ον: quite clear or evident, 1
15 κεχωρίσθαι: pf. pass. inf. 22 αἰδεοµένη: being ashamed before (+ acc)

16 γενέσθαι: that (it) happened αυ: I will advance; fut.
17 ἐοῦσαν: fem. acc. pple. εἰµί Att. οὖσαν 23 ὡς…γένηται: that she may become; purp.
19 Πέρσῃσι with…; dat. obj. of ὁµο-λογέω 25 ἔρχοµαι ἐρέων: I am going to say; fut.
ἁρπαγῇ…χρησαµένους: engaging in periphrastic; pple ἐρέω, fut. of λέγω
kidnapping; χράοµαι takes a dat. obj. οὕτως ἤ…κως: in this or some other way
20 ἀγαγειν: aor. inf. ἄγω 26 τὸν δὲ οἶδα…τοῦτον: this which I know;
ὡς…ἐµίσγετο: that…; impf. middle the antecedent follows the relative clause
21 τῆς νεός: of the ship 27 σηµήνας: nom. sg. aor. pple. σηµαίνω
ἔµαθε: she (Io) learned; aor. µανθάνω προβήσοµαι: I will advance; fut.
ἐοῦσα: fem. nom. sg. pple, εἰµί Att. οὖσα τὸ πρόσω…: a further point of my story
w
in ind. disc. (i.e. that she was) with ἔµαθε 28 ἐπεξιών: nom. fut. pple. ἐπ-εξ-έρχοµαι
8 Herodotus 1.5.4 – 7.4
τὰ γὰρ τὸ πάλαι μεγάλα ἦν, τὰ πολλὰ σμικρὰ αὐτῶν γέγονε,

4 1
τὰ δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἐμεῦ ἦν μεγάλα, πρότερον ἦν σμικρά. τὴν ἀνθρω-

πηίην ὤν ἐπιστάμενος εὐδαιμονίην οὐδαμὰ ἐν τὠυτῷ μένουσαν
ἐπιμνήσομαι ἀμφοτέρων ὁμοίως.
6 Κροῖσος ἦν Λυδὸς μὲν γένος, παῖς δὲ Ἀλυάττεω, 5
τύραννος δὲ ἐθνέων τῶν ἐντός Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ, ὃς ῥέων ἀπὸ

μεσαμβρίης μεταξὺ Συρίων τε καὶ Παφλαγόνων ἐξίει πρὸς
2 βορῆν ἄνεμον ἐς τὸν Εὔξεινον καλεόμενον πόντον. οὗτος ὁ
Κροῖσος βαρβάρων πρῶτος τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν τοὺς μὲν κατε-

στρέψατο Ἑλλήνων ἐς φόρου ἀπαγωγήν, τοὺς δὲ φίλους 10
προσεποιήσατο. κατεστρέψατο μὲν Ἴωνάς τε καὶ Αἰολέας

καὶ Δωριέας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ, φίλους δὲ προσεποιήσατο
3 Λακεδαιμονίους. πρὸ δὲ τῆς Κροίσου ἀρχῆς πάντες Ἕλληνες
ἦσαν ἐλεύθεροι· τὸ γὰρ Κιμμερίων στράτευμα τὸ ἐπὶ τὴν 14
Ἅλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 Κιµµέριοι, οἱ: the Cimmerians, 4

ἄνεµος, ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Λυδός, ὁ: Lydus, son of Atys, 2
ἀνθρώπηιος, -η, -ον: human, 4 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
ἀπαγωγή, ἡ: payment, a leading away, 2 µεσ-αµβρίη, ἡ: mid-day, noon; the south, 3
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 µεταξύ: between, 3
Βορέης, ὁ: the North; North wind, 5 οὐδαµά: in no place, in no way, not at all, 3
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
ἐλεύθερος, -η, -ον: free, 4 Παφλαγών, -όνος ὁ: Paphlagonian, 3
ἐντός: within, inside, 4 πόντος, ὁ: sea, 5
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 προσ-ποιέω: make over; mid gain, win over 2
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 σµικρός, -η, -ον: small, little; insignificant, 5
εὐ-δαιµονίη, ἡ: happiness, prosperity, 5 στρατευµα, τό: an expedition, campaign, 3
Εὔξεινος, ὁ: the Black Sea, the Euxine 4 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 9
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 τύραννος, ὁ: an absolute sovereign, 3
ἡµεῖς: we, 7 φόρος, ὁ: tribute, 6
1 τὰ...ἦν…αὐτῶν: (as for the cities) which Ἀλυάττεω: common gen. sg, Attic -ου
long ago were important, many of them… ; 7 ἐξίει: discharged, sent out; impf. ἐξίηµι
‘in respect to what was…’ acc. respect 9 τῶν ἡµεῖς ἴδµεν: (of those) whom we know;
τό πάλαι: long ago; adverbial acc. acc. rel. made gen. by missing antecedent
γέγονε: have become; subject is neut. pl. 12 τοὺς µὲν…τοὺς δὲ: some… others of the
2 τὰ δὲ…µεγάλα: (those things) which…; the Greeks; partitive gen.
rel. clause is parallel to τὰ γὰρ above Δωριέας τοὺς…Ἀσίῃ: Dorians in Asia
ἐπ ᾿ ἐµεῦ: in my (time) 14 ἦσαν: were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί
3 τὠυτῷ: in the same place; crasis τῷ αὐτῷ τὸ...ἀπικόµενον: having come against
5 γένος: by race, by lineage; acc. respect Ionia; aor. pple., modifying στράτευµα
Gyges and Candales 9
Ἰωνίην ἀπικόμενον Κροίσου ἐὸν πρεσβύτερον οὐ κατα- 15
7 στροφὴ ἐγένετο τῶν πολίων ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς ἁρπαγή. ἡ

δὲ ἡγεμονίη οὕτω περιῆλθε, ἐοῦσα Ἡρακλειδέων ἐς τὸ γένος
2 τὸ Κροίσου, καλεομένους δὲ Μερμνάδας. ἦν Κανδαύλης, τὸν
οἱ Ἕλληνές Μυρσίλον ὀνομάζουσι, τύραννος Σαρδίων, ἀπό-

γονος δὲ Ἀλκαίου τοῦ Ἡρακλέος. Ἄγρων μὲν γὰρ ὁ Νίνου 20
τοῦ Βήλου τοῦ Ἀλκαίου πρῶτος Ἡρακλειδέων βασιλεὺς

3 ἐγένετο Σαρδίων, Κανδαύλης δὲ ὁ Μύρσου ὕστατος. οἱ δὲ
πρότερον Ἄγρωνος βασιλεύσαντες ταύτης τῆς χώρης ἦσαν

ἀπόγονοὶ Λυδοῦ τοῦ Ἄτυος, ἀπ᾽ ὅτευ ὁ δῆμος Λύδιος ἐκλήθη
4 ὁ πᾶς οὗτος, πρότερον Μηίων καλεόμενος. παρὰ τούτων 25
Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφθέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχήν ἐκ θεοπροπίου,

ἐκ δούλης τε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος, ἄρξαντες
μὲν ἐπὶ δύο τε καὶ εἴκοσι γενεᾶς ἀνδρῶν ἔτεα πέντε τε καὶ
πεντακόσια, παῖς παρὰ πατρὸς ἐκδεκόμενος τὴν ἀρχήν, μέχρι
Ἄγρων, -ωνος ὁ: Agron, 2 Κανδαύλης, ὁ: Candaules, King of Sardis, 12

Ἀλκαῖος, ὁ: Alcaeus, 2 κατα-στροφή, ἡ: overturning, subduing, 2
Ἄτυς, -υος, ὁ: Atys, 4 Λύδιος, -η, -ον: Lydian, of Lydia, 6
ἀπό-γονος, -ον: descendents, born from, 4 Λυδός, ὁ: Lydus, son of Atys, 2
ἁρπαγή, ἡ: seizure, robbery, kidnapping, 9 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
Βῆλος, ὁ: Belus, 2 Μερµνάδαι, αἱ: Mermnadae, 2
γένος, -εος, ὁ: race, family, lineage, stock, 13 Μήιων, -ον: Maionian, 1
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 Μύρσος, ὁ: Myrsus, 2
δούλη, τό: slave-girl, 1 Μυρσίλος, ὁ: Myrsilus, 1
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Nineveh, 8
ἐπι-δροµή, ἡ: raid, sudden inroad, 1 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
ἐπι-τρέπω: to entrust, turn over to, 5 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 2
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 περι-έρχοµαι: to come around, go around, 3
ἡγεµονίη, ἡ: sovereignty, hegemony, 2 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old (man), 5
Ἡρακλέης, ὁ: Heracles, 7 θεο-πρόπιον, τό: oracle, prophesy, 5
Ἡρακλεῖδαι, αἱ: Heraclids, 7 τύραννος, ὁ: an absolute sovereign, 3
Ἰάρδανος, ὁ: Iardanus, 1 ὕστατος, -η, -ον: last, latter, 1
15 Κροίσου: than Croesus; gen. comparison ὁ δῆµος…ἐκλήθη: this entire district was
ἐὸν: being; nom. sg. neuter pple, εἰµί called Lydian; aor. pass. καλέω
17 περιῆλθε: came around (and ended) at 26 ἐπιτραφθέντες: having been entrusted
ἐοῦσα Ἡρακλειδέων: being of the (with the rule); aor. pass. pple. ἐπιτρέπω
Heraclids; nom. sg. fem. pple, εἰµί ; ἔσχον: held; 3rd pl. aor. ἔχω
18 τὸν…ὀνοµάζουσι: whom… call; relative 27 γεγονότες: having been born; pf. pple
24 ἀπ ᾿ ὅτευ: from whomever; Attic ὅτου 28 ἐπί δυό…: over 22 generations of men
10 Herodotus 1.8.1 – 9.3
8 Κανδαύλεω τοῦ Μύρσου. οὗτος δὴ ὦν ὁ Κανδαύλης ἠράσθη 1
τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γυναικός, ἐρασθεὶς δὲ ἐνόμιζέ οἱ εἶναι γυναῖκα

πολλὸν πασέων καλλίστην. ὥστε δὲ ταῦτα νομίζων, ἦν γάρ
οἱ τῶν αἰχμοφόρων Γύγης ὁ Δασκύλου ἀρεσκόμενος μάλιστα,
τούτῳ τῷ Γύγῃ καὶ τὰ σπουδαιέστερα τῶν πρηγμάτων ὑπερετί- 5
θετο ὁ Κανδαύλης καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ εἶδος τῆς γυναικὸς ὑπερεπ-

2 αινέων. χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος, χρῆν γὰρ
Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς, ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε.
‘Γύγη, οὐ γὰρ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι μοι λέγοντι περὶ τοῦ
εἴδεος τῆς γυναικός (ὦτα γὰρ τυγχάνει ἀνθρώποισι ἐόντα 10
ἀπιστότερα ὀφθαλμῶν), ποίεε ὅκως ἐκείνην θεήσεαι γυμνήν.

3 ὃ δ᾽ μέγα ἀμβώσας εἶπε ‘δέσποτα, τίνα λέγεις λόγον οὐκ
ὑγιέα, κελεύων με δέσποιναν τὴν ἐμὴν θεήσασθαι γυμνήν;
ἅμα δὲ κιθῶνι ἐκδυομένῳ συνεκδύεται καὶ τὴν αἰδῶ γυνή. 14
ἀνα-βοάω: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2 γυµνός, -η, -ον: naked, unclothed, 5
ἀρέσκω: to please, satisfy, (+dat.), 1 Κανδαύλης, ὁ: Candaules, King of Sardis, 12
ἄ-πιστος, -ον:, ὁ: untrustworthy, distrustful 1 κιθών, -ῶνος ὁ: clothes, chiton; Lat. tunica 5
αἰδώς, -όος ὁ: modesty, sense of shame, 1 Μύρσος, ὁ: Myrsus, 2
αἰχµοφόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spearman, 3 ὀφθαλµός, ὁ: the eye, 3
Δάσκυλος, ὁ: Dascylus, 1 οὖς, ὠτος, τό: ear, 1
δέσποινη, ἡ: mistress, lady, 2 σπουδαῖος, -η, -ον: serious, important, 1
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 συν-εκ-δύοµαι: to take off at the same time, 1
δι-έρχοµαι: to go through, pass, 1 ὑγιής, -ές: sound, healthy, wholesome, 1
ἐκ-δύω : or ἐκ-δύνω, take off, strip off; 2 ὑπερ-επαινέω: to praise above measure, 1
ἔραµαι: to love, to be in love with, 3 ὑπερ-τίθηµι: to set over; communicate, 3
εἶδος, -εος, τό: beauty; form, shape, figure, 5 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
1 ἠράσθη: fell passionately in love; 3rd sg. 11 ἀπιστότερα: comparative, neuter pl.
aor. dep., an ingressive aorist ὀφθαλµῶν: than…; gen. of comparison
2 ἐρασθεὶς: having fallen in love; aor. pple ποίει ὅκως: make it happen that; ποίεε,
οἱ εἶναι: that he had; dat. poss.; inf. εἰµί singular imperative and clause of effort
3 πολλὸν…καλλίστην: by far the most θεήσεαι: θεήσε(σ)αι, fut. 2nd sg. θηέοµαι
beautiful of all; acc. extent; superlative 12 ὁ δὲ: but he; i.e. Gyges, change of subject
ἦν…οἱ: he had; dat. poss.; 3rd sg. impf. εἰµί µέγα: loudly; adverbial accusative
4 τῶν αἰχµοφόρων: among…; partitive gen. ἀµβώσας: nom. sg. aor. pple. ἀνα-βοάω
5 σπουδαίεστερα: comparative adjective τίνα…λόγον οὐκ ὑγιέα: what unsound
7 χρόνου…διελθόντος: gen. abs., aor. pple speech
χρῆν: it was fated, was fitting; impf. χρή 13 θεήσασθαι: aor. inf. θηέοµαι
8 γενέσθαι κακῶς: go badly; γίνοµαι + adv. 14 ἅµα…ἐκδυοµένῳ συνεκδύεται: at the
10 ὦτα: neuter acc. pl. τὸ οὖς same time as the robe is removed, a
τυγχάνει ἐόντα: happen to be; pple εἰµί woman removes; pass. pple and pres. mid.
Gyges and Candaules 11
2 πάλαι δὲ τὰ καλὰ ἀνθρώποισι ἐξεύρηται, ἐκ τῶν μανθάνειν 15
δεῖ· ἐν τοῖσι ἓν τόδε ἐστί, σκοπέειν τινὰ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ. ἐγὼ δὲ

πείθομαι ἐκείνην εἶναι πασέων γυναικῶν καλλίστην, καὶ σέο
9 δέομαι μὴ δέεσθαι ἀνόμων.’ ὃ μὲν δὴ λέγων τοιαῦτα ἀπε-
μάχετο, ἀρρωδέων μὴ τί οἱ ἐξ αὐτῶν γένηται κακόν, ὃ δ᾽
ἀμείβετο τοῖσιδε. ‘θάρσεε, Γύγη, καὶ μὴ φοβεῦ μήτε ἐμέ, ὡς 20
σέο πειρώμενος λέγω λόγον τόνδε, μήτε γυναῖκα τὴν ἐμήν,

2 μὴ τὶ τοι ἐξ αὐτῆς γένηται βλάβος. ἀρχήν γὰρ ἐγὼ μηχανή-
σομαι οὕτω ὥστε μηδέ μαθεῖν μιν ὀφθεῖσαν ὑπὸ σεῦ. ἐγὼ
γάρ σε ἐς τὸ οἴκημα ἐν τῷ κοιμώμεθα ὄπισθε τῆς ἀνοιγομένης
θύρης στήσω. μετὰ δ᾽ ἐμὲ ἐσελθόντα παρέσται καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἡ 25
ἐμὴ ἐς κοῖτον. κεῖται δὲ ἀγχοῦ τῆς ἐσόδου θρόνος· ἐπὶ

τοῦτον τῶν ἱματίων κατὰ ἕν ἕκαστον ἐκδύνουσα θήσει, καὶ
3 κατ᾽ ἡσυχίην πολλὴν παρέξει τοι θεήσασθαι. ἐπεὰν δέ ἀπὸ
ἀγχοῦ: near, nearby, 3 θύρη, ἡ: a door, 4

ἀν-οίγνυµι: to open, 6 ἱµάτιον, τό: a cloak or mantle, 1
ἄ-νοµος, -ον: lawless, without law, 2 κοιµάω: to put to sleep; mid. to fall asleep, 2
ἀπο-µάχοµαι: to fight off, decline, 1 κοῖτος, ὁ: bed; sleep, 1
ἀρρωδέω: to fear, dread, shrink from, 3 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
βλάβος, ὁ: harm, damage, hurt, 1 µή-τε: and not, neither…nor, 14
ἐκ-δύω : or ἐκ-δύνω, take off, strip off; 2 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 11 οἴκηµα, -ατος, τό: (store)room, workshop, 6
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
ἐσ-οδος, ὁ: entrance, way in, 1 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
θαρσέω: take courage or heart, be confident 5 σκοπέω: to look at, examine, consider, 3
θρόνος, ὁ: chair, seat, 5 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 4
15 ἐξεύρηται: noble things have been µή…γένηται: lest…happen; fearing clause

discovered; pf. pass. with dative of agent 22 ἀρχὴν: first; adverbial acc.
16 ἓν τόδε ἐστί, σκοπέειν: this is one, namely 23 ὥστε…µαθειν µιν ὀφθεῖσαν: so that she
that one see his own possession does not learn that she was watched…;
17 σεο δέοµαι: I ask (from) you; Att. σου result clause; acc. aor. pass. pple ὁράω
19 µὴ...γένηται: lest…happen; fearing clause 24 ἐν τῷ κοιµώµεθα: in which…; relative cl.
τί…κακὸν: something bad; τι is indefinite 25 στήσω: I will set you; 1st sg. fut. ἵστηµι
20 τοισίδε: with the following words; means ἐσελθόντα: acc. sg. aor. pple, ἐσ-έρχοµαι
Θάρσει: take courage; Θάρσεε, sg. imp. παρέσται: will be present; fut. πάρ-ειµι
µὴ φοβεῦ µήτε…µητε: do not fear 27 κατα…θήσει: she will put down; tmesis
either…or; sg. imp., Att. φοβοῦ κατα-τίθηµι
21 ὥς…λέγω: (thinking) that…I say παρέξει: it will be granted to you; fut.
σεο πειρώµενος: testing you; Att. σου impersonal is passive in sense
12 Herodotus 1.9.3 – 11.4
τοῦ θρόνου στείχῃ ἐπὶ τὴν εὐνήν κατὰ νώτου τε αὐτῆς γένῃ, 1
σοὶ μελέτω τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν ὅκως μὴ σε ὄψεται ἰόντα διὰ θυρέων.’

10 ὃ μὲν δὴ ὡς οὐκ ἐδύνατο διαφυγεῖν, ἦν ἕτοιμος· ὁ δὲ Καν-
δαύλης, ἐπεὶ ἐδόκεε ὥρη τῆς κοίτης εἶναι, ἤγαγε τὸν Γύγεα
ἐς τὸ οἴκημα. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτίκα παρῆν καὶ ἡ γυνή. 5
2 ἐσελθοῦσαν δὲ καὶ τιθεῖσαν τὰ εἵματα ἐθηεῖτο ὁ Γύγης. ὡς
δὲ κατὰ νώτου ἐγένετο ἰούσης τῆς γυναικός ἐς τὴν κοίτην,

ὑπεκδὺς ἐχώρεε ἔξω, καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἐπορᾷ μιν ἐξιόντα. μαθοῦσὰ
δὲ τὸ ποιηθέν ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς οὔτε ἀνέβωσε αἰσχυνθεῖσα οὔτε
ἔδοξε μαθεῖν, ἐν νοῶ ἔχουσα τείσασθαι τὸν Κανδαύλεα. 10
3 παρὰ γὰρ τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι, σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι
βαρβάροισι καὶ ἄνδρα ὀφθῆναι γυμνόν ἐς αἰσχύνην μεγάλην

11 φέρει. τότε μὲν δὴ οὕτω οὐδέν δηλώσασα ἡσυχίην εἶχε.
ὡς δὲ ἡμέρη τάχιστα ἐγεγόνεε, τῶν οἰκετέων τοὺς μάλιστα 14
ἀνα-βοάω: to should aloud, cry aloud, 2 ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7
αἰσχύνη, ἡ: shame, disgrace, dishonor, 1 θρόνος, ὁ: chair, seat, 5
αἰσχύνω: to shame, mid. feel shame, 3 θύρη, ἡ: a door, 4
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 κοίτη, ἡ: the marriage-bed, bed-time 2
γυµνός, -η, -ον: naked, unclothed, 5 µέλει: there is a care for (dat., gen.), 2
δηλόω: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit 7 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
δια-φεύγω: to flee, get away from, escape, 2 νῶτον, τό: the back, 3
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 οἰκέτης, -ου, ὁ: a servent, house-slave, 5
εἶµα, -ατος, τό: clothing, clothes garment, 5 οἴκηµα, -ατος, τό: (store)room, workshop, 6
ἐπ-οράω: to see, observe, take notice of, 7 στίχω: to walk, come or go (in a line), 1
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 5
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 ὑπ-εκ-δύοµαι: to slip out of, escape 2
εὐνή, ἡ: bed 1 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
1 ἐπεαν…γένῃ: whenever she walks...you be; 8 ὑπεκδύς: nom. sg. aor. pple, ὑπεκδύοµαι
aor. subj. 3rd sg. στίχω, 2nd sg. γίνοµαι ἐπορᾷ: ἐποραει, 3rd sing. impf. ἐπ- οράω
κατὰ νώτου αὐτῆς: from behind her back µαθοῦσα: having learned; aor. µανθάνω
2 σοὶ µελέτω: let it be a care for you; 3rd 9 ποιηθὲν: what was being done; neuter sg.
sg. imperative aor. pass. pple, ἐκ + gen. agent
ὅκως…ὄψεται: that she not see; fut. ὁράω αἰσχυνθεῖσα: being ashamed; aor. dep. pple
ἰόντα: acc. sg. pres. pple, ἔρχοµαι 10 τείσασθαι: to punish; aor. mid. inf. τίνω
3 ὡς…ἐδύνατο: since he was not able 12 καὶ ἄνδρα ὀφθῆναι γυµνόν: that even a
4 ἤγαγε: 3rd sg. aor. ἄγω man be seen nude; aor. pass. inf. ὁράω;
5 παρῆν: 3rd sg. impf. πάρ-ειµι 13 ἡσυχίην εἴχε: held her silence; impf. ἔχω
6 ἐσ-ελθοῦσαν, τιθεῖσαν: pres. pple τίθηµι 14 ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as
ἐθηεῖτο: 3rd sg. impf. θηέοµαι ἐγεγόνεε: had come; plpf. γίνοµαι
ὥρα πιστοὺς ἐόντας ἑωυτῇ, ἑτοίμους ποιησαμένη ἐκάλεε τὸν 15
Γύγεα. ὁ δὲ οὐδὲν δοκέων αὐτήν τῶν πρηχθέντων ἐπί-

στασθαι ἦλθε καλεόμενος· ἐώθεε γὰρ καὶ πρόσθε, ὅκως ἡ
2 βασίλεια καλέοι, φοιτᾶν. ὡς δὲ ὁ Γύγης ἀπίκετο, ἔλεγε
ἡ γυνὴ τάδε. ‘νῦν τοί δυῶν ὁδῶν παρεουσέων Γύγη δίδωμί
αἵρεσιν, ὁκοτέρην βούλεαι τραπέσθαι. ἢ γὰρ Κανδαύλεα 20
ἀποκτείνας ἐμέ τε καὶ τὴν βασιληίην ἔχε τὴν Λυδῶν, ἢ αὐ-

τόν σε αὐτίκα οὕτω ἀποθνήσκειν δεῖ, ὡς ἂν μὴ πάντα πειθό-
3 μενος Κανδαύλῃ τοῦ λοιποῦ ἴδῃς τὰ μὴ σε δεῖ. ἀλλ᾽ ἤτοι
κεῖνόν γε τὸν ταῦτα βουλεύσαντα δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι, ἢ σε τὸν
ἐμὲ γυμνήν θεησάμενον καὶ ποιήσαντα οὐ νομιζόμενα.’ ὁ δὲ 25
Γύγης τέως μὲν ἀπεθώμαζε τὰ λεγόμενα, μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ

4 μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν. οὔκ ὦν
ἀναγκαίη, ἡ: necessity, force, 5 ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12

ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 ἤ-τοι: either (ἤ) in truth…or (ἤ), 2
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 ἱκετεύω: to beseech, approach as a suppliant 1
ἀπο-θωµάζω: marvel at, wonder at, 4 Κανδαύλης, ὁ: Candaules, King of Sardis, 12
αἵρεσις, ὁ: choice, 2 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
βασίλεια, ἡ: a queen, princess, 8 ὁκότερος, -η, -ον: which (of two), 4
γυµνός, -η, -ον: naked, unclothed, 5 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
δια-κρίνω: decide, settle; distinguish, 2 πρόσθεν: before, 3
ἐν-δέω: to bind; compel, 1 τέως: till then; as long as, 5
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 τρέπω: to turn, direct;alter, change, 13
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
11
15 ὥρᾱ: 3rd sg. impf. ὁράω, α you; ‘are at hand to you,’ gen. abs.
ἑωυτῇ: to herself; governed by πιστοὺς 20 βούλεαι: βούλε(σ)αι, 2nd sg. pres.
ἑτοίµους ποιησαµένη: making them 21 ἀποκτείνας: nom. sg. aor. pple.
available αὐτὸν σε: that you yourself die; with δεῖ
16 οὐδὲν…τῶν πρηχθέντων: none of the 22 ὡς...ἴδῃς: so that in the future you not see
things done; aor. pass. pple πρήσσω all that it is not proper that you (see), by
αὐτην…ἐπίστασθαι: that she… knew; ind. obeying Candales; purpose, 2nd sg. aor.
discourse governed by the pple. δοκέων subj. ὁράω
17 ἐωθεε: was accustomed; plpf., impf. sense 23 τοῦ λοιποῦ: in the future; time within
ὅκως…καλέοι: whenever…queen called; 25 οὐ νοµιζόµενα: things not being
opt. general temporal cl. in secondary seq accustomed
18 φοιτᾶν: pres. infinitive, α-constract verb 26 µετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε: afterwards, he begged;
19 τοι…παρεουσέων: two paths lie before impf.
14 Herodotus 1.11.4 – 14.1
δὴ ἔπειθε, ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα ἀναγκαίην ἀληθέως προκειμένην ἢ 1
τὸν δεσπότεα ἀπολλύναι ἢ αὐτὸν ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων ἀπόλλυσθαι·

αἱρέεται αὐτὸς περιεῖναι. ἐπειρώτα δὴ λέγων τάδε. ‘ἐπεί
με ἀναγκάζεις δεσπότεα τὸν ἐμὸν κτείνειν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα,
φέρε ἀκούσω τέῳ καὶ τρόπῳ ἐπιχειρήσομεν αὐτῷ.’ ἣ δὲ 5
ὑπολαβοῦσα ἔφη ‘ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μὲν χωρίου ἡ ὁρμή ἔσται

ὅθεν περ καὶ ἐκεῖνος ἐμέ ἐπεδέξατο γυμνήν, ὑπνωμένῳ δὲ ἡ
12 ἐπιχείρησις ἔσται.’ ὡς δὲ ἤρτυσαν τὴν ἐπιβουλήν, νυκτὸς
γενομένης (οὐ γὰρ ἐμετίετο ὁ Γύγης, οὐδέ οἱ ἦν ἀπαλλαγὴ
οὐδεμία, ἀλλ᾽ ἔδεε ἤ αὐτὸν ἀπολωλέναι ἢ Κανδαύλεα) εἵπετο 10
ἐς τὸν θάλαμον τῇ γυναικί, καί μιν ἐκείνη, ἐγχειρίδιον δοῦσα,

2 κατακρύπτει ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτὴν θύρην. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἀναπαυο-
μένου Κανδαύλεω ὑπεκδύς τε καὶ ἀποκτείνας αὐτὸν ἔσχε καὶ

τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὴν βασιληίην Γύγης τοῦ καὶ Ἀρχίλοχος 14
ἀναγκάζω: to force, compel, requir δe, 5 θάλαµος, ὁ: bedchamber, inner room, 2

ἀναγκαίη, ἡ: necessity, force, (Ion ἀναγκή) 5 θύρη, ἡ: a door, 4
ἀνα-παύοµαι: to rest; make cease, stop, 3 Κανδαύλης, ὁ: Candaules, King of Sardis, 12
ἀπ-αλλαγή, ἡ: escape; release, departure, 1 κατα-κρύπτω: to conceal, hide, cover over, 1
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 κτείνω: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
ἀρτύω: to prepare, devise, arrange, 1 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
Ἀρχίλοχος, ὁ: Archilochus, 1 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
βασίληιη, ἡ: a queen, princess, 8 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2
γυµνός, -η, -ον: naked, unclothed, 5 ὁρµή, ἡ: assault, attack, onset, 1
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
ἐγ-χειρίδιον, τό: hand-knife, dagger, 2 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 ὑπ-εκ-δύοµαι: to go out secretly, escape, 2
ἐπι-βουλή, ἡ: plot, the plan against, 1 ὑπνάω: to sleep, 1
ἐπι-δείκνυµι: to display, point out, prove, 2 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 4
ἐπι-χειρέω: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
ἐπι-χείρησις, ὁ: attack, attempt, try, 1
1 ὥρᾱ: he saw; 3rd sg. impf. ὁράω 9 ἐµετίετο: was being let go; impf. pass.
ἤ…ἀπολλύναι: either to kill…or be killed; οἱ ἤν: he had; “there was to him” dat. poss.
2 αἱρέεται: chooses; pres. mid. αἰρέω 10 ἔδεε: it was necessary…that he; impf. δεῖ
3 ἐπειρώτα: 3rd sg. impf. ἐπ-ειρωτάω ἀπολωλέναι: die; pf. inf. ἀπ-όλλυµι
5 φέρε: come now!; often preceding an imper. εἵπετο: 3rd sing. impf. ἕποµαι, + dat.
ἀκούσω: let me hear; aor. jussive subj. 11 δοῦσα: having given; aor. pple. δίδωµι
τέῳ. .τρόπῳ: in what way; means Att. τίνι ὑπὸ: behind
6 ἔφη: said; 3rd sg. impf. φηµί 12 ὑπεκδύς…ἀποκτείνας: nom. sg. aor. pple
ἐσται: will be; 3rd sg. fut. εἰµί ἔσχε: 3rd sg. impf. ἔχω
7 ὑπνωµένῳ: upon him (while) sleeping 14 τοῦ…ἐπεµνήσθη: whom he recalled; aor.
ὁ Πάριος κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον γενόμενος ἐν ἰάμβῳ 15
13 τριμέτρῳ ἐπεμνήσθη. ἔσχε δὲ τὴν βασιληίην καὶ ἐκρατύνθη

ἐκ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖσι χρηστηρίου. ὡς γὰρ δὴ οἱ Λυδοὶ δεινόν
ἐποιεῦντο τὸ Κανδαύλεω πάθος καὶ ἐν ὅπλοισι ἦσαν, συνέ-
βησαν ἐς τὠυτὸ οἳ τε τοῦ Γύγεω στασιῶται καί οἱ λοιποὶ
Λυδοί, ἤν μὲν τὸ χρηστήριον ἀνέλῃ μιν βασιλέα εἶναι 20
Λυδῶν, τόν δὲ βασιλεύειν, ἤν δὲ μή, ἀποδοῦναι ὀπίσω ἐς

2 Ἡρακλείδας τὴν ἀρχήν. ἀνεῖλέ τε δὴ τὸ χρηστήριον καὶ
ἐβασίλευσε οὕτω Γύγης. τοσόνδε μέντοι εἶπε ἡ Πυθίη, ὡς

Ἡρακλείδῃσι τίσις ἥξει ἐς τὸν πέμπτον ἀπόγονον Γύγεω.
τούτου τοῦ ἔπεος Λυδοί τε καί οἱ βασιλέες αὐτῶν λόγον 25
14 οὐδένα ἐποιεῦντο, πρὶν δὴ ἐπετελέσθη. τὴν μὲν δὴ τυραννίδα

οὕτω ἔσχον οἱ Μερμνάδαι τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας ἀπελόμενοι,
Γύγης δὲ τυραννεύσας ἀπέπεμψε ἀναθήματα ἐς Δελφοὺς οὐκ
ὀλίγα, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσα μὲν ἀργύρου ἀναθήματα, ἔστι οἱ πλεῖστα ἐν
ἀν-αιρέω: choose, pick up, answer, 3 Μερµνάδαι, αἱ: Mermnadae, 2

ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἀπό-γονος, -ον: descendent, born from, 4 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 5
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, 6 πάθος τό: suffering, experience, misfortune 6
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 Πάριος, -η, -ον, ὁ: Parian, from Paros, 1
ἀργύριον, τό: silver, silver coin, 4 πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 στασιώτης, ὁ: supporter, partisan member, 6
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 συµ-βαίνω: to meet, happen, occur, 4
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 τίσις, ἡ: revenge, vengeance, payback, 2
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 τοσόσδε, ήδε, όνδε: so great, much or many 4
Ἡρακλεῖδαι, αἱ: Heraclids, 7 τρίµετρος, ὁ: trimeter, of three metres, 1
ἴαµβος, ὁ: iambic poem, satire, 1 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
κρατύνω: to strengthen, confirm, 3 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
15 κατὰ...γενόµενος: born during the same ἀνέλῃ: 3rd sg. aor. subj. ἀν-αιρέω
time 21 τὸν δὲ βασιλεύειν: then he rules
16 ἐκρατύνθη: was confirmed, ‘was ἀποδοῦναι: he gives back; aor. inf.
strengthened’ aor. pass. κρατύνω ἀποδίδωµι in indirect discourse
17 δεινὸν ἐποιεῦντο: considered…terrible; 24 ἥξει: will come; 3rd sg. fut. ἥκω
impf. mid.. 25 λόγον…ἐποιεῦντο: considered of no
ἦσαν: was; 3rd pl. impf. account; impf. mid.
18 συνέβησαν: agreed; “came together” 26 ἐπετελέσθη: was fulfilled; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
20 ἤν µὲν…ἤν δὲ µὴ: if…if not…; ἤν = ἐάν 27 ἀπ-ελόµενοι: taking it from; ἀπ-αιρέω
16 Herodotus 1.14.1 – 16.2
Δελφοῖσι, πάρεξ δὲ τοῦ ἀργύρου χρυσὸν ἄπλετον ἀνέθηκε 1
ἄλλον τε καὶ τοῦ μάλιστα μνήμην ἄξιον ἔχειν ἐστί, κρητῆρες

2 οἱ ἀριθμὸν ἓξ χρύσεοι ἀνακέαται. ἑστᾶσι δὲ οὗτοι ἐν τῷ
Κορινθίων θησαυρῷ, σταθμὸν ἔχοντες τριήκοντα τάλαντα·
ἀληθέι δὲ λόγῳ χρεωμένῳ οὐ Κορινθίων τοῦ δημοσίου ἐστὶ ὁ 5
θησαυρός, ἀλλὰ Κυψέλου τοῦ Ἠετίωνος. οὗτος δὲ ὁ Γύγης

πρῶτος βαρβάρων τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν ἐς Δελφοὺς ἀνέθηκε
ἀναθήματα μετὰ Μίδην τὸν Γορδίεω Φρυγίης βασιλέα.
3 ἀνέθηκε γὰρ δὴ καὶ Μίδης τὸν βασιλήιον θρόνον ἐς τὸν
προκατίζων ἐδίκαζε, ἐόντα ἀξιοθέητον· κεῖται δὲ ὁ θρόνος 10
οὗτος ἔνθα περ οἱ τοῦ Γύγεω κρητῆρες. ὁ δὲ χρυσός οὗτος

καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος τὸν ὁ Γύγης ἀνέθηκε, ὑπὸ Δελφῶν καλέεται
4 Γυγάδας ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀναθέντος ἐπωνυμίην. ἐσέβαλε μέν νυν
στρατιὴν καὶ οὗτος ἐπείτε ἦρξε ἔς τε Μίλητον καὶ ἐς Σμύρνην 14
ἀληθής, -ές: true, 6 Ἠετίων, ὁ: Eetion, 1

ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up, attribute, 14 θησαυρός, ὁ: treasure (house), treasury, 7
ἀνά-κειµαι: to be set up, to be devoted, 2 θρόνος, ὁ: chair, seat, 5
ἀριθµός, ὁ: number, amount, quantity, 5 Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
ἄ-πλετος, -ον: boundless, immense, 3 κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11
ἀξιο-θέητος, -ον: well worth seeing 2 Κύψελος, ὁ: Cypselus, 3
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 Μίδης, ὁ: Midas, 4
ἄργυρος, ὁ: silver, 4 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 µνήµη, ἡ: remembrance, memory, record, 4
Γορδίης, ὁ: Gordias, 3 πάρ-εξ: besides, except, 5
Γυγάδας: Gygean, of Gyges, 1 προ-κατ-ίζω: sit down before, sit in public, 2
δηµόσιος, -η, -ον: public, of the people, 2 Σµύρνη, ἡ: Smyrna, 5
δικάζω: give judgment, pass judgment, 6 σταθµός, ὁ: weight; jamb, post, 6
ἕξ: six, 4 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equiv. to 57.75 lbs.), 5
ἐπωνυµίη, ἡ: name, a nickname, surname, 3 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 Φρυγίη, ὁ: Phrygia, 1
1 ἀνέθηκε: dedicated; 3rd sg. aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι χρεωµένῳ: for one using a true assessment
2 ἄλλον τε καὶ: in particular; both other and 5 δηµοσίου: is not the people’s but Cypselus’
τοῦ…ἄξιον…ἐστί: (that) for which it is 7 τῶν ἡµεῖς ἴδµεν: whom we know; acc. rel.
especially worthy to make mention; τοῦ is a pronoun draw into genitive by βαρβάρων
rel. pronoun that modifies the pred. ἄξιον 9 ἐς τὸν: upon which; rel. pronoun
3 ἀριθµὸν ἕξ: six in number; acc. of respect 10 ἐόντα: acc. sg. pres. pple. εἰµί
ἀνακέαται: have been dedicated by him; 11 ἔνθα περ: at the very place where
pres. as pf. pass. ἀνατίθηµι ; οἱ is dat agent 12 τὸν…ἀνέθηκε: which…; relative, see l. 1
ἑστᾶσι: stand; 3rd pl. pf. ἵστηµι 13 ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀναθέντος ἐπωνυµίην: in name
4 σταθµόν: in weight; acc. of respect after the one having dedicated it; respect
Early kings of Lydia 17
καὶ Κολοφῶνος τὸ ἄστυ εἷλε· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲν γὰρ μέγα ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ 15
ἄλλο ἔργον ἐγένετο βασιλεύσαντος δυῶν δέοντα τεσσεράκοντα

15 ἔτεα, τοῦτον μὲν παρήσομεν τοσαῦτα ἐπιμνησθέντες, Ἄρδυος
δὲ τοῦ Γύγεω μετὰ Γύγην βασιλεύσαντος μνήμην ποιήσομαι.
οὗτος δὲ Πριηνέας τε εἷλε ἐς Μίλητόν τε ἐσέβαλε, ἐπὶ τούτου
τε τυραννεύοντος Σαρδίων Κιμμέριοι ἐξ ἠθέων ὑπὸ Σκυθέων 20
τῶν νομάδων ἐξαναστάντες ἀπίκοντο ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην καὶ Σάρδις

πλὴν τῆς ἀκροπόλιος εἷλον.
16 Ἄρδυος δὲ βασιλεύσαντος ἑνὸς δέοντα πεντήκοντα ἔτεα
ἐξεδέξατο Σαδυάττης ὁ Ἄρδυος, καὶ ἐβασίλευσε ἔτεα δυώδεκα,
2 Σαδυάττεω δὲ Ἀλυάττης. οὗτος δὲ Κυαξάρῃ τε τῷ Δηιόκεω 25
ἀπογόνῳ ἐπολέμησε καὶ Μήδοισι, Κιμμερίους τε ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίης

ἐξήλασε, Σμύρνην τε τὴν ἀπὸ Κολοφῶνος κτισθεῖσαν εἷλε,
ἐς Κλαζομενάς τε ἐσέβαλε. ἀπὸ μέν νυν τούτων οὐκ ὡς
ἤθελε ἀπήλλαξε, ἀλλὰ προσπταίσας μεγάλως· ἄλλα δὲ ἔργα
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14

ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to set free, release; end, 12 µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
ἀπό-γονος, -ον: descendent, born from, 4 Μήδειος, -η, -ον: Mede, Median, 2
Ἄρδυς, ὁ: Ardys, 4 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 µνήµη, ἡ: remembrance, memory, record, 4
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 νοµάς, νοµάδος, ὁ: nomad; adj. nomadic, 6
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 παρ-ίηµι: to pass over, skip over; neglect, 10
ἐξ-ανίστηµι: rise and depart from, emigrate, 4 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 6
ἐξ-ελαύνω: drive out, 13 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 πολεµέω: wage war (against + dat.), 10
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 Πριήνη, ἡ: Priene, 1
ἦθος, -έος ὁ: custom; accustomed place, 3 προσ-πταίω: strike against, stumble; lose, 2
Κιµµέριοι, οἱ: the Cimmerians, 4 Σαδυάττης, ὁ: Sadyattes, 6
Κλαζοµεναί, οἱ: Clazomenae, 2 Σµύρνη, ἡ: Smyrna, 5 τεσσαράκοντα: forty, 5
Κολοφών, -ονος, ὁ: Colophon, 3 τοσοῦτος αύτη οῦτο: so great/much/many 11
κτίζω: to found, establish, colonize, 7 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
14 ἐπείτε ἦρξε: when he ruled Ἄρδυος…βασιλεύσαντος: obj. of µνήµην

15 εἷλε: captured; 3rd sg. aor αἱρέω (stem ἑλ) 18 τοῦ Γύγεω: (son) of Gyges
οὐδὲν…ἔργον: no other important deed 20 ὑπο Σκυθέων: because of the Scythians…
16 δυῶν δέοντα τεσσεράκοντα ἔτεα: for 38 23 ἑνος δέοντα…ἔτεα: for 49 years; see l. 16
years; acc. duration, “forty lacking from 27 ἐξήλασε: he drove out: aor. ἐξ-ελαύνω
two,” pple δέω and genitive of separation κτισθεῖσαν: having been settled; aor. pple
17 παρήσοµεν: 1st pl. fut. παρ-ίηµι 28 ὡς…ἀπήλλαξε: not as he wished, he
ἐπιµνησθέντες: having recalled; aor. dep. ceased
18 Herodotus 1.17.0 – 18.3
17 ἀπεδέξατο ἐὼν ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ ἀξιαπηγητότατα τάδε. ἐπολέμησε 1
Μιλησίοισι, παραδεξάμενος τὸν πόλεμον παρὰ τοῦ πατρός.

ἐπελαύνων γὰρ ἐπολιόρκεε τὴν Μίλητον τρόπῳ τοιῷδε· ὅκως
μὲν εἴη ἐν τῇ γῇ καρπὸς ἁδρός, τηνικαῦτα ἐσέβαλλε τὴν
στρατιήν· ἐστρατεύετο δὲ ὑπὸ συρίγγων τε καὶ πηκτίδων καὶ 5
2 αὐλοῦ γυναικηίου τε καὶ ἀνδρηίου. ὡς δὲ ἐς τὴν Μιλησίην

ἀπίκοιτο, οἰκήματα μὲν τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν οὔτε κατέβαλλε
οὔτε ἐνεπίμπρη οὔτε θύρας ἀπέσπα, ἔα δὲ κατὰ χώρην
ἑστάναι· ὁ δὲ τὰ τε δένδρεα καὶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν ἐν τῇ γῇ
3 ὅκως διαφθείρειε, ἀπαλλάσσετο ὀπίσω. τῆς γὰρ θαλάσσης 10
οἱ Μιλήσιοι ἐπεκράτεον, ὥστε ἐπέδρης μὴ εἶναι ἔργον τῇ

στρατιῇ. τὰς δὲ οἰκίας οὐ κατέβαλλε ὁ Λυδὸς τῶνδε εἵνεκα,
ὅκως ἔχοιεν ἐνθεῦτεν ὁρμώμενοι τὴν γῆν σπείρειν τε καὶ
ἐργάζεσθαι οἱ Μιλήσιοι, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐκείνων ἐργαζομένων ἔχοι 14
ἀγρός, ὁ: field, country, 4 ἐσ-βάλλω: put on ship, put on land, throw, 13

ἁδρός, ά, όν: ripe, full-grown, 1 θύρη, ἡ: a door, 4
ἀνδρήιος, -α, -ον: of a man, brave, low tone 3 καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14
ἀξια-πήγητος, -ον: worth telling, 2 κατα-βάλλω: to strike down, overthrow, 3
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10
ἀπο-σπάω: to tear away, drag away, 2 οἴκηµα, -ατος, τό: (store)room, workshop, 6
αὐλός, ὁ: a flute, 2 παρα-δέκοµαι: to take in charge, inherit, 6
γυναικήιος, -η, -ον: of a woman, high tone, 2 πηκτίς, -ιδος, ἡ: harp, 1
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, δένδρος, -εος, τό, 4 πολεµέω: wage war (against + dat.), 10
ἐµ-πίµπρηµι: to burn, set on fire, kindle, 3 πολιορκέω: besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἐπ-έδρη, ἡ: siege, a sitting, seat, 1 σπείρω: sow, plant, 2
ἐπ-ἐλαύνω: drive on, charge, 3 σῦριγξ, σύριγγος, ἡ: a pipe, 1
ἐπι-κρατέω: to rule over, overpower + gen. 4 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11
1 ἀπεδέξατο: exhibited,; aor. ἀπο-δείκνυµι countryside

ἐὼν ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ: being in power; pple εἰµί 8 ἔα: he allows (them); i.e. houses; ἐάω
ἀξιαπηγητότατα: superlative degree κατὰ χώρην: on land
2 παρὰ τοῦ πατρός: from his father ἑστάναι: to stand; pf. inf. ἵστηµι
3 τρόπῳ τοιῷδε: in such a way 9 ὅκως διαφθείρειε: whenever…; 3rd sg. opt.
ὅκως µὲν εἴη: when…was; 3rd sg. opt. of 10 ἀπαλλάσσετο: he used to depart; impf.
εἰµί, temporal clause in secondary sequence 11 ὥστε…ἔργον: so that…was not a goal;
6 γυναικηίου…ἀνδρηίου: flute both high and 12 τῶνδε εἵνεκα: for the following reasons
low tone; “feminine and masculine” 13 ὅκως ἔχοιεν…ἔχοι: so that… might be
ὡς…ἀπίκοιτο: When he arrived; 3rd sg. able… might be able; purpose with opt. in
opt., temporal cl. in secondary sequence secondary sequence; common meaning of
7 οἰκήµατα…ἀγρῶν: houses in the ἔχω with an infinitive
18 τι καὶ σίνεσθαι ἐσβάλλων. ταῦτα ποιέων ἐπολέμεε ἔτεα 15
ἕνδεκα, ἐν τοῖσι τρώματα μεγάλα διφάσια Μιλησίων ἐγένετο

ἔν τε Λιμενηίῳ χώρης τῆς σφετέρης μαχεσαμένων καὶ ἐν
2 Μαιάνδρου πεδίῳ. τὰ μέν νυν ἓξ ἔτεα τῶν ἕνδεκα Σαδυάττης
ὁ Ἄρδυος ἔτι Λυδῶν ἦρχε, ὁ καὶ ἐσβάλλων τηνικαῦτα ἐς τὴν
Μιλησίην τὴν στρατιήν· Σαδυάττης οὗτος γὰρ καὶ ὁ τὸν 20
πόλεμον ἦν συνάψας· τὰ δὲ πέντε τῶν ἐτέων τὰ ἑπόμενα

τοῖσι ἓξ Ἀλυάττης ὁ Σαδυάττεω ἐπολέμεε, ὃς παραδεξά-
μενος, ὡς καὶ πρότερον μοι δεδήλωται, παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς τὸν
3 πόλεμον προσεῖχε ἐντεταμένως. τοῖσι δὲ Μιλησίοισι οὐδαμοὶ
Ἰώνων τὸν πόλεμον τοῦτον συνεπελάφρυνον ὅτι μὴ Χῖοι 25
μοῦνοι. οὗτοι δὲ τὸ ὅμοιον ἀνταποδιδόντες ἐτιμώρεον· καὶ
ἀντ-απο-δίδωµι: to give back, repay, 1 πολεµέω: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 10
Ἄρδυς, ὁ: Ardys, 4 προσ-έχω: offer; attend to; put in, land on, 2
δηλόω: make clear; reveal; show, exhibit, 7 Σαδυάττης, ὁ: Sadyattes, 6
διφάσιος, -η, -ον: two, two-fold, double, 2 σίνοµαι: to plunder, do harm, destroy, 1
ἕνδεκα: eleven, 4 συν-άπτω: join together (in battle), tie
ἐντεταµένως: strenuously, vehemently, 1 together, 1
ἕξ: six, 4 συν-επ-ελαφρύνω: help make light, relieve, 1
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 σφέτερος, -η, -ον: their own, their, 5
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
Λιµενηίον, τό: Limeneion, 1 τιµωρέω: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
Μαίανδρος, ὁ: Maeander, 2 τρῶµα, τό: disaster; wound, (τραῦµα) 1
παρα-δέκοµαι: to take in charge, inherit, 6 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
15 τι καὶ: something also; acc. obj; καί is adv the years following those six (years); acc.
ἔτεα ἕνδεκα: for 11 years; acc. duration of duration
16 ἐν τοῖσι: in which years; antecedent ἔτεα 24 ὡς…δεδήλωται: as it has been revealed
Μιλησίων…µαχεσαµένων: with the by me…; pf. pass. δηλόω and dat. agent
Milesians having fought both in the παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς: from his father
Limeneion (district) of their land and in 25 συνεπελάφρυνον: assisted the Milesians
the plain of Maeander; gen. abs. aor. pple in…
17 τὰ...ἕξ ἔτεα: for…; acc. of duration ὅτι µὴ: except; common after a negative
19 Λυδῶν: gen. object of ἦρχε clause
20 ὁ…συνάψας: was also one joining battle; 26 τὸ ὅµοιον: in kind; “the same sort;” acc.
nom. sg. aor. pple; 3rd sg. impf. εἰµί direct object of ἀνταποδιδόντες
21 τὰ δὲ πὲντε….ἑποµενα τοῖσι ἕξ: for five of
20 Herodotus 1.18.3 – 21.2
γὰρ δὴ πρότερον οἱ Μιλήσιοι τοῖσι Χίοισι τὸν πρὸς Ἐρυ- 1
19 θραίους πόλεμον συνδιήνεικαν. τῷ δὲ δυωδεκάτῳ ἔτεϊ

ληίου ἐμπιπραμένου ὑπὸ τῆς στρατιῆς συνηνείχθη τι τοιόνδε
γενέσθαι πρῆγμα· ὡς ἅφθη τάχιστα τὸ λήιον, ἀνέμῳ
βιώμενον ἅψατο νηοῦ Ἀθηναίης ἐπίκλησιν Ἀσσησίης, ἁφθεὶς 5
2 δὲ ὁ νηὸς κατεκαύθη. καὶ τὸ παραυτίκα μὲν λόγος οὐδεὶς
ἐγένετο, μετὰ δὲ τῆς στρατιῆς ἀπικομένης ἐς Σάρδις ἐνόσησε

ὁ Ἀλυάττης. μακροτέρης δέ οἱ γινομένης τῆς νούσου πέμπει
ἐς Δελφοὺς θεοπρόπους, εἴτε δὴ συμβουλεύσαντός τευ, εἴτε
καὶ αὐτῷ ἔδοξε πέμψαντα τὸν θεὸν ἐπειρέσθαι περὶ τῆς νούσου. 10
3 τοῖσι δὲ ἡ Πυθίη ἀπικομένοισι ἐς Δελφοὺς οὐκ ἔφη χρήσειν
πρὶν ἢ τὸν νηὸν τῆς Ἀθηναίης ἀνορθώσωσι, τὸν ἐνέπρησαν

20 χώρης τῆς Μιλησίης ἐν Ἀσσησῷ. Δελφῶν οἶδα ἐγὼ οὕτω
ἀκούσας γενέσθαι· Μιλήσιοι δὲ τάδε προστιθεῖσι τούτοισι, 14
Ἀθηναίη, ἡ: Athena, 9 (Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens 6) Ἐρυθραῖοι, οἱ: Erythraeans, 2

ἀν-ορθόω : rebuild, set upright, 1 θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle 10
ἄνεµος, ου, ὁ: wind, 9 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 5
ἅπτω: kindle, set afire; fasten, touch (gen.), 6 λήιον, τό: crop, 3
Ἀσσησίος, -η, -ον: of Assesus, 1 νοσέω: to be sick, ill, 2
Ἀσσησός, ὁ: Assesus, 2 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
βιάω: to overpower, use force, constrain, 1 παρ-αυτίκα: immediately, straightaway, 2
δωδέκατος, -η, -ον: twelfth, 1 προσ-τίθηµι: to add, attribute, impose, give, 7
εἴτε: either...or; whether...or, 9 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
ἐµ-πίπρηµι: to burn, set on fire, kindle, 3 συµ-φέρω: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 συν-δια-φέρω: help to wage, carry on (war),1
ἐπίκλησιν: by name (adverbial acc.), 2 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
1 πρὸς Ἐρυθραίους: against Erythraeans ἁφθεὶς: having been set on fire; nom.
2 συνδιήνεικαν: 3rd pl. aor. συν-δια-φέρω singular aor. pass. pple ἅπτω
τῷ δυωδεκάτῳ ἔτεϊ: in..; dative time when 6 κατεκαύθη: 3rd sg. aor. passive, κατα-καίω
3 ληίου ἐµπιπραµένου: gen. absolute λόγος…ἐγένετο: no account was made
ὑπο τῆς στρατιῆς: by…; gen. agent 7 µετὰ δὲ: but afterwards; µετὰ is an adverb
συνηνείχθη…πρῆγµα: it happened that τῆς στρατιῆς…Σάρδις: gen. absolute
some such event came to be; 3rd sg. aor. ἐνόσησε: fell ill; ingressive aor., νοσέω
pass. of συµ-φέρω 8 µακροτέρης: rather lengthy; comparative
4 ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as… γινοµένης…νούσου: gen. absolute
ἅφθη: was set on fire; aor pass. ἅπτω οἱ: for him; dat. interest or dat. possession
βιώµενον: (the fire) overpowered; pass. 9 συµβουλεύσαντός τευ: since someone
pple; supply τὸ πῦρ as the modified noun advised him; ‘someone having advised’
5 ἅψατο: touched, reached; aor. mid. ἅπτω τευ (τινός) is a gen. sg. indefinite pronoun
νηοῦ: the temple; partitive gen. of ἅπτω 10-14 notes on the facing page
Περίανδρον τὸν Κυψέλου ἐόντα Θρασυβούλῳ τῷ τότε Μιλή- 15
του τυραννεύοντι ξεῖνον ἐς τὰ μάλιστα, πυθόμενον τὸ χρη-

στήριον τὸ τῷ Ἀλυάττῃ γενόμενον, πέμψαντα ἄγγελον
κατειπεῖν, ὅκως ἄν τι προειδὼς πρὸς τὸ παρεὸν βουλεύηται.
21 Μιλήσιοι μέν νυν οὕτω λέγουσι γενέσθαι. Ἀλυάττης δέ, ὡς
οἱ ταῦτα ἐξαγγέλθη, αὐτίκα ἔπεμπε κήρυκα ἐς Μίλητον βουλό- 20
μενος σπονδὰς ποιήσασθαι Θρασυβούλῳ τε καὶ Μιλησίοισι

χρόνον ὅσον ἂν τὸν νηὸν οἰκοδομέῃ. ὁ μὲν δὴ ἀπόστολος ἐς
τὴν Μίλητον ἤϊε, Θρασύβουλος δὲ σαφέως προπεπυσμένος
πάντα λόγον, καὶ εἰδὼς τὰ Ἀλυάττης μέλλοι ποιήσειν,
2 μηχανᾶται τοιάδε· ὅσος ἦν ἐν τῷ ἄστεϊ σῖτος καὶ ἑωυτοῦ 25
καὶ ἰδιωτικός, τοῦτον πάντα συγκομίσας ἐς τὴν ἀγορὴν

προεῖπε Μιλησίοισι, ἐπεὰν αὐτὸς σημήνῃ, τότε πίνειν τε
ἀγορή, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 8 πίνω: to drink, 2

ἀπόστολος, ὁ: messenger, envoy, 1 προ-εῖπον: to tell beforehand, 8
ἐξ-αγγέλλω : to send out, 1 προ-πυνθάνοµαι: learn or hear beforehand, 2
Θρασύβουλος, ὁ: Thrasybolus, 7 πρό-οιδα: know beforehand or in advance 1
ἰδιωτικός, -η, -ον: private, 1 σαφής, -ές: reliable, definite, clear, distinct, 1
κατ-εῖπον: to disclose, speak, 1 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
Κύψελος, ὁ: Cypselus, 3 σῖτος, ὁ: to grain, food, 5
µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10 σπονδή, ἡ: treaty for peace, libation, 2
οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10 συγ-κοµίζω: to bring together, collect, 1
Περίανδρος, ὁ: Periander 5 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
10 ἔδοξε: it seemed; aor. δοκεῖ, + dat. αὐτῷ of ἐοντα, acc. sg. pple of εἰµί
πέµψαντα: that he having sent (a 18 ὅκως ἄν…βουλεύηται: that he may
messenger); Alyattes is antecedent of deliberate; purpose clause with pres. subj.
αὐτῷ and acc. subj. προειδὼς: nom. sg. pple πρό-οιδα
11 οὐκ ἔφη χρήσειν: said that she would not πρὸς τὸ παρεὸν: regarding what is
respond by oracle; fut. inf. χράω present; neuter pple πάρ-ειµι
12 πρὶν ἤ: before, until; “sooner than” 22 χρόνον ὅσον ἄν: for as much time as; ‘for
τὸν ἐνέπρησαν: which they burned; a time, as much as,’ acc. of duration
relative clause, 3rd pl. aor. ἐµ-πίπρηµι 23 ἤϊε: went; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι (Att. ᾔε)
13 χώρης τῆς Μιλησίης: of the land of προπεπυσµένος: nom. sg. pf. pple
Milesia προ-πυνθάνοµαι
Δελφῶν: from Delphi; obj. of ἀκούσας 24 εἰδως τὰ: knowing (the things) which;
οὕτω…γενέσθαι: that it came to be in this nom. sg. pple
way 25 ὅσος. . .: as much grain as; antecedent
14 προστιθεῖσι: Ionic 3rd pl. pres., equivalent το͂υτον
to the Attic form προστιθέασι 27 σηµήνῃ: he gives the sign; 3rd sg. pres.
15 ξεῖνον ἐς τὰ µάλιστα: a guest-friend to subj.
the greatest degree to Thrasybolus; pred.
22 Herodotus 1.22.1 – 24.1
22 πάντας καὶ κώμῳ χρᾶσθαι ἐς ἀλλήλους. ταῦτα δὲ ἐποίεέ 1
τε καὶ προηγόρευε Θρασύβουλος τῶνδε εἵνεκεν, ὅκως ἂν δὴ ὁ

κῆρυξ ὁ Σαρδιηνὸς ἰδών τε σωρὸν μέγαν σίτου κεχυμένον καὶ
2 τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι ἐόντας ἀγγείλῃ Ἀλυάττῃ· τὰ
δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο. ὡς γὰρ δὴ ἰδών τε ἐκεῖνα ὁ κῆρυξ καὶ εἶπας 5
πρὸς Θρασύβουλον τοῦ Λυδοῦ τὰς ἐντολὰς ἀπῆλθε ἐς τὰς

Σάρδις, ὡς ἐγὼ πυνθάνομαι, δι᾽ οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐγένετο ἡ
3 διαλλαγή. ἐλπίζων γὰρ ὁ Ἀλυάττης σιτοδείην τε εἶναι
ἰσχυρὴν ἐν τῇ Μιλήτῳ καὶ τὸν λεὼν τετρῦσθαι ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον
κακοῦ, ἤκουε τοῦ κήρυκος νοστήσαντος ἐκ τῆς Μιλήτου τοὺς 10
4 ἐναντίους λόγους ἢ ὡς αὐτὸς κατεδόκεε. μετὰ δὲ ἥ τε

διαλλαγή σφι ἐγένετο ἐπ᾽ ᾧ τε ξείνους ἀλλήλοισι εἶναι καὶ
συμμάχους, καὶ δύο τε ἀντὶ ἑνὸς νηοὺς τῇ Ἀθηναίῃ οἰκοδό-
μησε ὁ Ἀλυάττης ἐν τῇ Ἀσσησῷ, αὐτός τε ἐκ τῆς νούσου 14
ἀγγέλλω: to announce, proclaim, report, 2 λέως, ὁ: people, population, 1

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 Λυδός, ὁ: Lydus, 1
ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10
Ἀσσησός, ὁ: Assesus, 2 νοστέω: return, come back, 3
δι-αλλαγή, ἡ: reconciliation, truce, 2 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
ἐναντίος, -α, -ον: opposite, contrary, 4 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
ἐντολαί, αἱ: instructions, orders, commands 2 Σαρδιηνός, -ή, -όν: of Sardis, 3
ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 σῖτος, ὁ: to grain, food, 5
εὐπάθειη, ἡ: enjoyment, 3 σιτο-δείη, ἡ : famine, want of food, 2
Θρασύβουλος, ὁ: Thrasybolus, 7 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 σωρός, ὁ: a heap, 1
κατα-δοκέω: to suppose, believe; guess, 3 τρύω: to rub down, wear out, 1
κῶµος, ὁ: party, revelry, a village festival, 1 χέω: throw up, heap up; pour (a libation), 2
1 κώµῳ χρᾶσθαι: have fun; “enjoy a party” 7 ὡς ἐγὼ πυνθάνοµαι: as I…; parenthetical
2 τῶνδε εἵνεκεν: for the sake of the following δι ᾿ οὐδὲν ἄλλο: for no other (reason)
ὅκως ἄν…ἀγγείλῃ: so that…might report; 8 σιτοδείην τε εἶναι: that…; ind. disc. inf. εἰµι
purpose clause; 3rd sg. aor. subj. ἀγγέλλω 9 τετρῦσθαι: have been worn down; pf. pass.
3 ἰδών: seeing; nom. sg. aor. pple. εἶδον τρύω , ind. discourse
κεχυµένον: having been heaped; pf. χέω 10 ἤκουε: aor. ἀκούω, hear (acc) from (gen)
ἐόντας: being; acc. pl. pres. pple εἰµί 11 ἤ ὡς αὐτὸς κατεδόκεε: or so he thought
Ἀλυάττη̣: to Alyattes; dat. indirect object µετὰ δὲ: afterwards; µετὰ is adverbial
5 τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐγένετο: and these things in fact 12 ἐπ᾿ ᾧ τε… εἶναι: on the condition that
occurred; “these things in fact came to be” they be…; ἐπὶ ᾧ τε + pres. inf. εἰµί
εἴπας: having spoken; nom. aor. pple εἶπον 13 δύο τε ἀντὶ ἑνὸς νηοὺς: two instead of
6 ἀπῆλθε: 3rd sg. aor. ἀπ-έρχοµαι one temples; ἑνὸς is gen. sg.
ἀνέστη. κατὰ μέν τὸν πρὸς Μιλησίους τε καὶ Θρασύβουλον 15
πόλεμον Ἀλυάττῃ ὧδε ἔσχε.

23 Περίανδρος δὲ ἦν Κυψέλου παῖς οὗτος ὁ τῷ Θρασυ-
βούλῳ τὸ χρηστήριον μηνύσας· ἐτυράννευε δὲ ὁ Περίανδρος
Κορίνθου· τῷ δὴ λέγουσι Κορίνθιοι (ὁμολογέουσι δέ σφι
Λέσβιοι) ἐν τῷ βίῳ θῶμα μέγιστον παραστῆναι, Ἀρίονα τὸν 20
Μηθυμναῖον ἐπὶ δελφῖνος ἐξενειχθέντα ἐπὶ Ταίναρον, ἐόντα

κιθαρῳδὸν τῶν τότε ἐόντων οὐδενὸς δεύτερον, καὶ διθύραμβον
πρῶτον ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν ποιήσαντά τε καὶ ὀνομά-
24 σαντα καὶ διδάξαντα ἐν Κορίνθῳ. τοῦτον τὸν Ἀρίονα λέγουσι,
τὸν πολλὸν τοῦ χρόνου διατρίβοντα παρὰ Περιάνδρῳ ἐπι- 25
θυμῆσαι πλῶσαι ἐς Ἰταλίην τε καὶ Σικελίην, ἐργασάμενον

δὲ χρήματα μεγάλα θελῆσαι ὀπίσω ἐς Κόρινθον ἀπικέσθαι.
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 κιθαρ-ῳδός, ὁ: lyre-player, singer with lyre 1
Ἀρίων, -ονος, ὁ: Arion, 8 Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
βίος, ὁ: life, 12 Κύψελος, ὁ: Cypselus, 3
δελφίς, -φῖνος, ὁ: dolphin, 3 Λέσβιος, -α, -ον: inhabitants of Lesbos, 3
δια-τρίβω: to pass time, consume, spend, 2 µηνύω: to disclose, reveal, 1
διδάσκω: to teach, instruct, 2 Μηθυµναῖος, -η, -ον: of Methymna, 1
διθύραµβος, ὁ: dithyramb, 1 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 4
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 5 παρ-ίστηµι: to set before the mind, stand, 5
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 Περίανδρος, ὁ: Periander 5
ἡµεῖς: we, 7 Σικελίη, ἡ: Sicily, 1
Θρασύβουλος, ὁ: Thrasybolus, 7 Ταίναρον τό, : Taenaron, 3
θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
Ἰταλίη, ἡ: Italy, 3
15 ἀνέστη: rose, recovered; 3rd sg. aor. 21 ἐόντα: pres. pple. of εἰµί , modifies
ἀν-ίστηµι Ἀρίονα
κατὰ: concerning…, regarding… 22 τῶν τότε ἐόντων…δεύτερον: second to
16 ὧδε ἔσχε: Thus it was for Alyattes in the no one of those being (lyre-players) at
war against…; ἔχω + adv. = ‘to be’ that time; οὐδενὸς(“than no one”); is gen.
17 οὗτος ὁ…µηνύσας: this (was) the one of comparison with δεύτερον, ἐόντων is
having revealed…; supply a form of εἰµί a partitive gen.
19 τῷ δὴ...: as for this (man) 23 τῶν ἡµεῖς ἴδµεν: whom we know
ὁµολογέουσι…σφι: agree with them 25 ἐπιθυµῆσαι πλῶσαι: desired to sail; aor.
20 θῶµα…παραστῆναι: wonder came to 26 ἐργασάµενον…θελῆσαι: having worked
mind for much money he wished…; aor. inf.
21 ἐξενειχθέντα: being carried, having been ἐθέλω
carried; acc. sg. aor. pass. pple ἀνα-φέρω
24 Herodotus 1.24.2 – 24.8
2 ὁρμᾶσθαι μέν νυν ἐκ Τάραντος, πιστεύοντα δὲ οὐδαμοῖσι 1
μᾶλλον ἢ Κορινθίοισι μισθώσασθαι πλοῖον ἀνδρῶν Κορινθίων.

τοὺς δὲ ἐν τῷ πελάγεϊ ἐπιβουλεύειν τὸν Ἀρίονα ἐκβαλόντας
ἔχειν τὰ χρήματα. τὸν δὲ συνέντα τοῦτο λίσσεσθαι, χρήματα
3 μὲν σφι προϊέντα, ψυχὴν δὲ παραιτεόμενον. οὔκ ὦν δὴ 5
πείθειν αὐτὸν τούτοισι, ἀλλὰ κελεύειν τοὺς πορθμέας ἢ αὐτὸν

διαχρᾶσθαί μιν, ὡς ἂν ταφῆς ἐν γῇ τύχῃ, ἢ ἐκπηδᾶν ἐς τὴν
4 θάλασσαν τὴν ταχίστην· ἀπειληθέντα δὴ τὸν Ἀρίονα ἐς
ἀπορίην παραιτήσασθαι, ἐπειδή σφι οὕτω δοκέοι, περιιδεῖν
αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ σκευῇ πάσῃ στάντα ἐν τοῖσι ἑδωλίοισι ἀεῖσαι· 10
5 ἀείσας δὲ ὑπεδέκετο ἑωυτὸν κατεργάσασθαι. καὶ τοῖσι

ἐσελθεῖν γὰρ ἡδονὴν εἰ μέλλοιεν ἀκούσεσθαι τοῦ ἀρίστου
ἀνθρώπων ἀοιδοῦ, ἀναχωρῆσαι ἐκ τῆς πρύμνης ἐς μέσην
νέα. τὸν δὲ ἐνδύντα τε πᾶσαν τὴν σκευὴν καὶ λαβόντα τὴν 14
ἀείδω: to sing, 7 λίσσοµαι: to beg, pray, entreat, beseech, 1

ἀνα-χωρέω: to go back, withdraw, retreat, 3 µισθόω: to rent, hire, 3
ἀοιδός, ὁ; singer, bard, 1 παρ-αιτέοµαι: to beg, beg from, 4
ἀπ-ειλέω: to threaten, force back, 4 πέλαγος, -εος, τό: the sea, 2
ἀ-πορίη, ἡ: difficulty, bewilderment, 3 περι-οράω: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on, 1
Ἀρίων, -ονος, ὁ: Arion, 8 πορθµεύς, ὁ: a sailor, 2
δια-χράοµαι : to use constantly; destroy, 5 προ-ίηµι: to send before; surrender, betray, 3
ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 3 πρύµνη, ἡ: stern, 3
ἐκ-πηδάω: to leap out, 2 σκευή, ὁ: attire, equipment, gear, 4
ἐνδύνω: put on, clothe, 2 συν-ίηµι: understand, realize; put together, 3
ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot against, contrive against, 7 Τάρας -αντος, ὁ: Tarentum, 2
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 6 ταφή, ἡ: burial; pl. funeral 3
ἑδώλια, τά: quarter-deck, 2 τύχη, ἡ: chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
ἡδονή, ἡ: pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 1 ὑπο-δέκοµαι: receive, undertake, promise, 4
κατ-εργάζοµαι: make, achieve; overcome, 5 ψυχή, ἡ: breath, life, spirit, soul, 2
Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
1 ὁρµᾶσθαι: he set out; Arion is acc. subject 8 τὴν ταχίστην: by the quickest way; + ὁδὸν
2 µᾶλλον ἤ: more than; comparative ἀπειληθέντα: acc. sg. aor. pass. ἀπ-ειλέω
4 συνέντα τοῦτο: acc. sg. aor. pple συν-ίηµι 9 περιιδεῖν: that (they) allow;
5 προϊέντα: surrenderings; pr. pple προ-ίηµι 10 ἐν τῇ σκευῇ πάσῃ: in full entire
6 πείθειν…: he does not persuade these στάντα: standing; acc. sg. pple ἵστηµι
κελεύειν τοὺς πορθµέας: the sailors bid; ἀεῖσαι: aor. inf. ἀείδω
αὐτὸν διαχρᾶσθαι µιν: that he kill himself 11 ἑωυτὸν κατεργάσεσθαι: to kill himself
7 ὡς ἄν…τύχῃ: so that he may obtain; purp. 12 ἐσελθεῖν: it occurred to them as a delight
ἐκπηδᾶν: to leap out; inf. α –contract verb 13 ἀναχωρῆσαι: they withdrew; aor. inf.
κιθάρην, στάντα ἐν τοῖσι ἑδωλίοισι διεξελθεῖν νόμον τὸν 15
ὄρθιον, τελευτῶντος δὲ τοῦ νόμου ῥῖψαί μιν ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν

6 ἑωυτὸν ὡς εἶχε σὺν τῇ σκευῇ πάσῃ. καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἀποπλέειν
ἐς Κόρινθον, τὸν δὲ δελφῖνα λέγουσι ὑπολαβόντα ἐξενεῖκαι
ἐπὶ Ταίναρον. ἀποβάντα δέ αὐτὸν χωρέειν ἐς Κόρινθον σὺν
τῇ σκευῇ, καὶ ἀπικόμενον ἀπηγέεσθαι πᾶν τὸ γεγονός. 20
7 Περίανδρον δὲ ὑπὸ ἀπιστίης Ἀρίονα μὲν ἐν φυλακῇ ἔχειν

οὐδαμῇ μετιέντα, ἀνακῶς δὲ ἔχειν τῶν πορθμέων. ὡς δὲ ἄρα
παρεῖναι αὐτούς, κληθέντας ἱστορέεσθαι εἴ τι λέγοιεν περὶ
Ἀρίονος. φαμένων δὲ ἐκείνων ὡς εἴη τε σῶς περὶ Ἰταλίην
καί μιν εὖ πρήσσοντα λίποιεν ἐν Τάραντι, ἐπιφανῆναί σφι 25
τὸν Ἀρίονα ὥσπερ ἔχων ἐξεπήδησε· καὶ τοὺς ἐκπλαγέντας οὐκ

8 ἔχειν ἔτι ἐλεγχομένους ἀρνέεσθαι. ταῦτα μέν νυν Κορίνθιοί
τε καὶ Λέσβιοι λέγουσι, καὶ Ἀρίονος ἐστὶ ἀνάθημα χάλκεον
οὐ μέγα ἐπὶ Ταινάρῳ, ἐπὶ δελφῖνος ἐπὲων ἄνθρωπος.
ἀνακῶς: with ἐχω, give heed to (+ gen.) 1 κιθάρη, ἡ: lyre, lute, 1

ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: to relate, tell; lead away from, 6 Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
ἀ-πιστίη, ἡ: disbelief, distrust, mistrust, 3 Κό́ρινθος, ὁ: Corinth, 5
ἀπο-βαίνω: to turn out, result; disembark, 4 Λέσβιος, -α, -ον: inhabitants of Lesbos, 3
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 4 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
Ἀρίων, -ονος, ὁ: Arion, 8 ὄρθιος, -η, -ον: upright, straight up, steep, 1
ἀρνέοµαι: to deny, refuse, 1 οὐδαµῇ: no where, in no place, 3
δελφίς, -φῖνος, ὁ: dolphin, 3 Περίανδρος, ὁ: Periander 5
δι-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go through; recount, 4 πορθµεύς, ὁ: a ferryman, 2
ἑδώλια, τά: quarter-deck, 2 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἐκ-πηδάω: to leap out, 2 ῥίπτω: to throw, cast, hurl;. 2
ἐκ-πλήσσοµαι: strike or drive out of; amaze, 4 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8 σῶς, σόη, σόον: safe (and) sound, 3
ἐλέγχω: to cross-examine, test, refute, 3 Ταίναρον τό: Taenaron 3 Τάρας: Tarentum 2
ἔπ-ειµι: to be upon, be set upon, 10 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 4
ἐπι-φαίνω: appear, make an appearance, 1 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
ἱστορέω: to question, inquire into, 5 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
Ἰταλίη, ἡ: Italy, 3 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 4
15 νόµον τὸν ὄρθιον: a high-pitch tune 23 κληθέντας: summoned; aor. pass. καλέω
17 ὡς εἶχε: just as he was; impf. ἔχω + adv. 24 ὡς εἴη…λίποιεν: that he was…they left
18 ἐξενεῖκαι: aor. inf. ἐκ-φέρω 26 ὥσπερ ἔχων: just as he was (when)
20 τὸ γεγονός: all that happened; pf. pple ἐκπλαγέντας: struck dumb; aor. pass.
22 µετιέντα: letting go; acc. sg. aor. pple. 27 ἔχειν…: were able to deny (it); ἔχω + inf.
26 Herodotus 1.25.1 – 27.3
25 Ἀλυάττης δὲ ὁ Λυδὸς τὸν πρὸς Μιλησίους πόλεμον 1
διενείκας μετέπειτα τελευτᾷ, βασιλεύσας ἔτεα ἑπτὰ καὶ

2 πεντήκοντα. ἀνέθηκε δὲ ἐκφυγὼν τὴν νοῦσον δεύτερος
οὗτος τῆς οἰκίης ταύτης ἐς Δελφοὺς κρητῆρά τε ἀργύρεον

μέγαν καὶ ὑποκρητηρίδιον σιδήρεον κολλητόν, θέης ἄξιον 5
διὰ πάντων τῶν ἐν Δελφοῖσι ἀναθημάτων, Γλαύκου τοῦ

Χίου ποίημα, ὃς μοῦνος δὴ πάντων ἀνθρώπων σιδήρου κόλ-
λησιν ἐξεῦρε.
26 Τελευτήσαντος δὲ Ἀλυάττεω ἐξεδέξατο τὴν βασιληίην
Κροῖσος ὁ Ἀλυάττεω, ἐτέων ἐὼν ἡλικίην πέντε καὶ τριή- 10
κοντα· ὃς δὴ Ἑλλήνων πρώτοισι ἐπεθήκατο Ἐφεσίοισι.

22 ἔνθα δὴ οἱ Ἐφέσιοι πολιορκεόμενοι ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἀνέθεσαν τὴν
πόλιν τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι, ἐξάψαντες ἐκ τοῦ νηοῦ σχοινίον ἐς τὸ

τεῖχος. ἔστι δὲ μεταξὺ τῆς τε παλαιῆς πόλιος, ἣ τότε 14
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to set up, dedicate; attribute, 14 κολλητός, -ή, -όν: welded or glued together, 1
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11
ἀργύρεος, -η, -ον: silver, of silver, 8 µεταξύ: between, 3
Ἄρτεµις, ἡ: Artemis, 1 µετ-έπειτα: thereafter, 3
Γλαῦκος, ὁ: Glaucus, 2 νόυσος, ὁ: sickness, illness, disease, 10
δια-φέρω: to carry over; differ, surpass, 4 παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 6
ἐκ-φεύγω: to flee out away, escape, 4 ποίηµα, τό: handwork, work done; poem, 1
ἐξ-άπτω: to tie from, bind from, 1 πολιορκέω: besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 11 σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 σίδηρος, ὁ: iron; sword, knife, 7
ἑπτά: seven, 4 σχοινίον, τό : rope, cord, 1
Ἐφέσιος, -η, -ον: Ephesian, 3 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
ἡλικίη, ἡ: age, time of life, 6 ὑπο-κρητηρίδιον, τό: bowl-stand, 1
θέη, ἡ: view, sight, spectacle, 1 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
κόλλησις, ἡ: welding, glueing, 1
2 διενείκας: nom. sg. aor. pple δια-φέρω 10 ἐὼν: being; pres. pple ἐιµί
τελευτᾷ: 3rd sg. pres. α-contract verb ἡλικίην: in age; acc. respect
3 ἀνέθηκε: he dedicated; aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι 11 ἐπεθήκατο: he attacked; aor. mid. + dat.
ἐκφυγὼν: escaping; aor. pple ἐκ-φεύγω Ἑλλήνων πρώτοισι: the first of the
5 θέης ἄξιον: worthy of seeing; apposition Greeks (that Croesus encountered)
6 διὰ πάντων: above all 12 ἔνθα δὴ: At the very moment when
Γλαύκου…ποίηµα: the work of Glaucos of ἀνέθεσαν: they dedicated; aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι
Chios; acc. apposition to ὑπο-κρητηρίδιον 13 ἐξάψαντες: aor. pple ἐξ-άπτω; in this
8 ἐξεῦρε: discovered; 3rd sg. aor. ἐξ-ευρίσκω way the domain of Artemis extends to the
9 Τελευτήσαντος…Ἀλυάττεω: gen. abs. walls as well
Rise of the Lydian empire under Croesus 27
2 ἐπολιορκέετο, καὶ τοῦ νηοῦ ἑπτὰ στάδιοι. πρώτοισι μὲν δὴ 15
τούτοισι ἐπεχείρησε ὁ Κροῖσος, μετὰ δὲ ἐν μέρεϊ ἑκάστοισι

Ἰώνων τε καὶ Αἰολέων, ἄλλοισι ἄλλας αἰτίας ἐπιφέρων,
τῶν μὲν ἐδύνατο μέζονας παρευρίσκειν, μέζονα ἐπαιτιώ-
27 μενος, τοῖσι δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ φαῦλα ἐπιφέρων. ὡς δὲ ἄρα οἱ
ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ Ἕλληνες κατεστράφατο ἐς φόρου ἀπαγωγήν, 20
τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν ἐπενόεε νέας ποιησάμενος ἐπιχειρέειν τοῖσι

2 νησιώτῃσι. ἐόντων δέ οἱ πάντων ἑτοίμων ἐς τὴν ναυπη-
γίην, οἰ μὲν Βίαντα λέγουσι τὸν Πριηνέα ἀπικόμενον ἐς

Σάρδις, οἰ δὲ Πιττακὸν τὸν Μυτιληναῖον, εἰρομένου Κροί-
σου εἴ τι εἴη νεώτερον περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, εἰπόντα τάδε 25
3 καταπαῦσαι τὴν ναυπηγίην· ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, νησιῶται ἵππον
συνωνέονται μυρίην, ἐς Σάρδις τε καὶ ἐπὶ σὲ ἐν νόῳ ἔχοντες

στρατεύεσθαι.’ Κροῖσον δὲ ἐλπίσαντα λέγειν ἐκεῖνον ἀλη-
θέα εἰπεῖν ‘αἲ γὰρ τοῦτο θεοὶ ποιήσειαν ἐπὶ νόον νησιώτῃσι,
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8

ἀληθής, -ές: true, 6 µέρος, -έος, τό: a part, share, portion, 5
ἀπαγωγή, ἡ: payment, a leading away, 2 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 3
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 Μυτιληναῖος, -η, -ον: Mytilenian, 3
Βίας, βίαντος, ὁ: Bias, 3 ναυπηγίη, ἡ: shipbuilding 3
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 10
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 8 νησιῶται, οἱ: islanders, Aegean islanders, 6
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
ἐπ-αιτιάοµαι: bring a charge against, blame 1 παρ-ευρίσκω: to discover, invent, 1
ἐπι-νοέω : to devise, contrive, 2 Πιττακός, -η, -ον: Pittacus, 1
ἐπι-φέρω: to bring against, put on, 6 Πριηνεύς, ὁ: Prieneus, of Priene, 5
ἐπι-χειρέω: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
ἐρέοµαι: to ask, enquire, 1 συν-ωνέοµαι: to buy together, 1
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 φαῦλος, -η, -ον: trivial, insignificant, cheap, 3
κατα-παύω: to stop, prevent put an end to, 4 φόρος, ὁ: tribute, 6
15 ἑπτὰ στάδιοι: seven stades; subject of εἰµί 19 τοῖσι…ἐπιφέρων: but against others of
16 µετὰ δὲ: but afterwards them bringing even trivial matters
ἐν µέρεϊ: in turn 20 κατεστράφατο: had been overturned; 3rd
17 ἄλλοισι ἄλλας αἰτίας: some accusations pl. plpf. pass. κατα-στρέφω
against some, others accusations against 22 ἐόντων: all being available to him; abs.
others; “other accusations against others” ἐς τὴν ναυπηγίην: for shipbuilding
18 τῶν µὲν…ἐπαιτιώµενος: making greater 23 οἱ µὲν…οἱ δὲ: some say…others say
(accusations) against (those) whose 25 εἴ. . νεώτερον: whether there was any news
(accusations) he was able to find greater 29 αἴ γαρ. . .ποιήσειαν: would that..; opt. wish
28 Herodotus 1.27.4 – 30.1
4 ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ Λυδῶν παῖδας σὺν ἵπποισι.’ τὸν δὲ ὑπολαβόντα 1
φάναι ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, προθύμως μοι φαίνεαι εὔξασθαι νησιώτας

ἱππευομένους λαβεῖν ἐν ἠπείρῳ, οἰκότα ἐλπίζων. νησιώτας
δὲ τί δοκέεις εὔχεσθαι ἄλλο ἤ, ἐπείτε τάχιστα ἐπύθοντο
σε μέλλοντα ἐπὶ σφίσι ναυπηγέεσθαι νέας, λαβεῖν ἀρώ- 5
μενοι Λυδούς ἐν θαλάσσῃ, ἵνα ὓπερ τῶν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ οἰκη-

μένων Ἑλλήνων τίσωνταί σε, τοὺς σὺ δουλώσας ἔχεις;’
5 κάρτα τε ἡσθῆναι Κροῖσον τῷ ἐπιλόγῳ καί οἱ, προσφυέως
γὰρ δόξαι λέγειν, πειθόμενον παύσασθαι τῆς ναυπηγίης.

καὶ οὕτω τοῖσι τὰς νήσους οἰκημένοισι Ἴωσι ξεινίην συνε- 10
28 θήκατο. χρόνου δὲ ἐπιγινομένου καὶ κατεστραμμένων

σχεδὸν πάντων τῶν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ οἰκημένων· πλὴν
γὰρ Κιλίκων καὶ Λυκίων τοὺς ἄλλους πάντας ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ εἶχε
καταστρεψάμενος ὁ Κροῖσος. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε, Λυδοί, Φρύγες, 14
Ἅλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 νησιῶται, οἱ: islanders, Aegean islanders, 6

ἀράοµαι: to pray to, invoke; vow that (inf.), 2 ξεινίη, ἡ: guest-friendship, hospitality, 2
δουλόω: to make a slave of, enslave, 5 οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἐντός: within, inside, 4 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἐπι-γίνοµαι: to pass, come after, supervene, 3 πρό-θυµος, -ον: eager, zealous, ready, 4
ἐπί-λογος, ὁ: conclusion (of a conversation)1 προσ-φυέως: shrewdly; appropriately, 1
εὔχοµαι: to pray, offer prayers, 3 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 5 συν-τίθηµι: to put together, form; agree, 2
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 5
ἱππεύω: to ride (a horse), 2 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
Κίλικες, οἱ: Cilician, 3 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of gen; beyond acc, 7
Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 4
ναυπηγέω: to build ships, 1 Φρύξ, Φρύγος, ὁ: a Phrygian, 4
ναυπηγίη, ἡ: shipbuilding 3
1 τοῦτο…νησιώτῃσι, ἐλθεῖν: would that the ἐπύθοντο: they learned; 3rd sg. aor.
gods bring to the attention of the 5 ἐπι σφίσι: against them
islanders this, (namely) to come… 6 ἵνα..τείσωνται σε: so that they may punish
ἐπι…: against + acc. you; purpose, 3rd sg. aor. subjunctive τίνω
Φάναι: he says; pres. inf. φηµί 7 τοὺς…: whom you posssess; rel. clause
2 µοι φαίνεαι: you seem; φαίνε(σ)αι, 2nd sg. δουλώσας: nom. sg. aor. pple δουλόω
3 λαβεῖν: to catch; νησιώτας is acc. object 8 ἡσθῆναι: was pleased; aor. dep. inf. ἥδοµαι
οἰκότα: things appropriate; Att. ἐοικότα 9 γὰρ δόξαι: since he seemed to speak
4 τὶ δοκέεις…ἄλλο ἤ: what do you think the shrewdly; made an aor. inf. by attraction
islanders pray for something other than… οἱ…πειθόµενον: obeying him; i.e. Pittacus
ἐπείτε τάχιστα: as soon as 9-14 notes on the facing page
Solon and Croesus 29
Μυσοί, Μαριανδυνοί, Χάλυβες, Παφλαγόνες, Θρήικες οἱ Θυνοί 15
τε καὶ Βιθυνοί, Κᾶρες, Ἴωνες, Δωριέες, Αἰολέες, Πάμφυλοι·

29 κατεστραμμένων δὲ τούτων καὶ προσεπικτωμένου Κροίσου
Λυδοῖσι, ἀπικνέονται ἐς Σάρδις ἀκμαζούσας πλούτῳ ἄλλοι
τε οἱ πάντες ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος σοφισταί, οἳ τοῦτον τὸν
χρόνον ἐτύγχανον ἐόντες, ὡς ἕκαστος αὐτῶν ἀπικνέοιτο, καὶ 20
δὴ καὶ Σόλων ἀνὴρ Ἀθηναῖος, ὃς Ἀθηναίοισι νόμους κελεύ-

σασι ποιήσας ἀπεδήμησε ἔτεα δέκα κατά θεωρίης πρόφασιν
ἐκπλώσας, ἵνα δὴ μή τινα τῶν νόμων ἀναγκασθῇ, λῦσαι τῶν
2 ἔθετο. αὐτοὶ γὰρ οὐκ οἷοί τε ἦσαν αὐτὸ ποιῆσαι Ἀθηναῖοι·
ὁρκίοισι γὰρ μεγάλοισι κατείχοντο δέκα ἔτεα χρήσεσθαι 25
30 νόμοισι τοὺς ἄν σφι Σόλων θῆται. αὐτῶν δὴ ὦν τούτων καὶ

τῆς θεωρίης ἐκδημήσας ὁ Σόλων εἵνεκεν ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἀπί-
Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7

ἀκµάζω: to be in full bloom, flourish, 1 λύω: to loosen, abolish, break, dissolve, 4
ἀναγκάζω: to force, compel, require, 5 Μαριανδυνοί, οἱ: Mariandynian, 1
ἀπο-δηµέω: to be away (from home), 1 Μυσός, -η, -ον: a Mysian, 8
Βιθυνοί, οἱ: Bithunian, 1 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
δέκα: ten, 5 Πάµφυλοι, οἱ: Pamphylians, 1
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 Παφλαγών, -όνος ὁ: Paphlagonian, 3
ἐκ-δηµέω: to be or go abroad, 2 πλοῦτος, ὁ: wealth, riches, 2
ἐκ-πλέω: to sail off, sail away, 2 πρό-φασις, ἡ : excuse, pretext, 2
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 8 προσ-επι-κτάοµαι: to acquire in addition, 1
θεωρίη, ἡ: sight-seeing, 3 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
Θρῆιξ, ικος, ὁ: a Thracian, 2 σοφιστής, ὁ: sage, wise man, 1
Θυνοί, οἱ: Thunian, 1́ Χάλυψ, -υβις, ὁ: Chalybian, 1
9 ναυπηγίης: from shipbuilding; separation 21 κελεύσασι: ordering him; dat. pl. aor. pple
10 συνεθήκατο: he made a friendship with ποιήσας: having made; nom. sg. aor.
Ionians 22 κατὰ πρόφασιν: on the excuse of sight-
12 ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταµοῦ: within the Halys seeing
river; i.e. west of the river Halys 23 ἵνα…ἀναγκασθῇ: so that…be forced; 3rd
13 ὑπ ᾿ ἑωυτῷ εἴχε: held under himself sg. aor. subj
εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε: they are these (following) λῦσαι..ἔθετο: to abolish…which he set
18 ἀκµάζουσας: flourishing; modifies acc. down; aor. inf. λύω and aor. mid. τίθηµι
pl. Σάρδις 24 οἵοι τε ἧσαν: were able; οἵος τε + εἰµί
19 τοῦτον..χρόνον: during…; acc duration ‘to be fit to’ often governs an infinitive
20 ἐτύγχανον ἐόντες: happened to be; 3rd sg. 26 τοὺς. . θῆται: which Solon set down; aor.
impf., τυγχάνω + complementary pple subj. τίθηµι
ὡς…ἀπικνέοιτο: whenever…arrived; opt.
30 Herodotus 1.30.1 – 31.2
κετο παρὰ Ἄμασιν καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Σάρδις παρὰ Κροῖσον. 1
ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐξεινίζετο ἐν τοῖσι βασιληίοισι ὑπὸ τοῦ Κροί-

σου· μετὰ δὲ ἡμέρῃ τρίτῃ ἢ τετάρτῃ κελεύσαντος Κροίσου
τὸν Σόλωνα θεράποντες περιῆγον κατὰ τοὺς θησαυρούς, καὶ
2 ἐπεδείκνυσαν πάντα ἐόντα μεγάλα τε καὶ ὄλβια. θεησά- 5
μενον δέ μιν τὰ πάντα καὶ σκεψάμενον ὥς οἱ κατὰ καιρὸν ἦν,

εἴρετο ὁ Κροῖσος τάδε. ‘ξεῖνε Ἀθηναῖε, παρ᾽ ἡμέας γὰρ περὶ
σέο λόγος ἀπῖκται πολλὸς καὶ σοφίης εἵνεκεν τῆς σῆς καὶ
πλάνης, ὡς φιλοσοφέων γῆν πολλὴν θεωρίης εἵνεκεν ἐπελή-
λυθας· νῦν ὦν ἐπειρέσθαι με ἵμερος ἐπῆλθέ σε εἴ τινα ἤδη πάν- 10
3 των εἶδες ὀλβιώτατον.’ ὃ μὲν ἐλπίζων εἶναι ἀνθρώπων ὀλβιώ-

τατος ταῦτα ἐπειρώτα· Σόλων δὲ οὐδὲν ὑποθωπεύσας ἀλλὰ
τῷ ἐόντι χρησάμενος λέγει ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, Τέλλον Ἀθηναῖον.’
4 ἀποθωμάσας δὲ Κροῖσος τὸ λεχθὲν εἴρετο ἐπιστρεφέως· ‘κοίῃ 14
Ἄµασις, ὁ: Amasis, 2 κοίῃ: how? in what way? in what respect?, 1

ἀπο-θωµάζω: marvel at, wonder at, 4 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
βασίληιον, τό: palace. 13 ξεινίζω: to receive or entertain a guest, 2
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 περι-άγω: to lead around, 1
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 πλάνη, ἡ: a wandering,
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 σκέπτοµαι: to look about, examine, inspect, 1
ἐπι-δείκνυµι: to display, point out, prove, 2 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
ἐπιστρεφέως: eagerly, earnestly, 1 σοφίη, ἡ: wisdom, skill, judgment, 4
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 Τέλλος, -ου, ὁ: Tellus, 4
θεράπων, -οντος, ὁ: an attendant, servant, 3 τέταρτος, -α, -ον: fourth, 3
θεωρίη, ἡ: sight-seeing, 3 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
θησαυρός, ὁ: treasure (house), treasury, 7 ὑπο-θωπεύω: to flatter (a little), 1
ἵµερος, ὁ: a longing, yearning, desire, 2 φιλο-σοφέω: seek knowledge, philosophize, 1
καιρός, ὁ: time, (proper) time, 2
1 καὶ δὲ καὶ: and in particular ἐπέρχοµαι

2 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards 10 ἵµερος…ἐπῆλθε: desire came to me;
3 ἡµέρῃ on the…day; dat. time when ἐπέρχοµαι
4 περιῆγον: were leading around; impf. εἴ τινα…εἶδες ὀβιώτατον: whether you
5 ἐπεδείκνυσαν: were showing; 3rd pl. impf. saw anyone (to be) the happiest of all men
6 ὥς οἱ κατὰ καιρὸν ἤν: when it was the 11 εἶναι…ὀλβιώτατος: to be the happiest;
right time for him; ‘at the right time’ superlative agrees with the subject ὁ µὲν
7 εἴρετο: asked; 3rd sg. εἴροµαι 12 ἐπειρώτα: was asking; impf. ἐπ-ειρωτάω
8 περὶ σέο: concerning you; Att. σοῦ οὐδὲν: not at all; internal acc.
ἀπῖκται: has come; 3rd sg. pf. ἀπικνέοµαι 13 τῷ ἐόντι χρησάµενος: employing the
9 ἐπελήλυθας: you have come to; 2nd sg. pf. truth; ‘that being (the case)’ pple εἰµί
δὴ κρίνεις Τέλλον εἶναι ὀλβιώτατον;’ ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘Τέλλῳ τοῦτο 15
μὲν τῆς πόλιος εὖ ἡκούσης παῖδες ἦσαν καλοί τε κἀγαθοί, καί

σφι εἶδε ἅπασι τέκνα ἐκγενόμενα καὶ πάντα παραμείναντα·
τοῦτο δὲ τοῦ βίου εὖ ἥκοντι, ὡς τὰ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, τελευτὴ τοῦ
5 βίου λαμπροτάτη ἐπεγένετο· γενομένης γὰρ Ἀθηναίοισι
μάχης πρὸς τοὺς ἀστυγείτονας ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι, βοηθήσας καὶ 20
τροπὴν ποιήσας τῶν πολεμίων ἀπέθανε κάλλιστα, καί μιν

Ἀθηναῖοι δημοσίῃ τε ἔθαψαν αὐτοῦ τῇ περ ἔπεσε καὶ
31 ἐτίμησαν μεγάλως.’ ὠς δὲ τὰ κατὰ τὸν Τέλλον προετρέ-
ψατο ὁ Σόλων τὸν Κροῖσον εἴπας πολλά τε καὶ ὀλβία,
ἐπειρώτα τίνα δεύτερον μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον ἴδοι, δοκέων πάγχυ 25
δευτερεῖα γῶν οἴσεσθαι. ὁ δ᾽ εἶπε ‘Κλέοβίν τε καὶ Βίτωνα.

2 τούτοισι γὰρ ἐοῦσι γένος Ἀργείοισι βίος τε ἀρκέων ὑπῆν
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 κρίνω: to choose, decide, 4

ἀρκέω: to suffice, be enough, ward off, 1 λαµπρός, -ά, -όν: bright, brilliant, radiant, 2
ἀστυ-γείτων, -ον: neighboring; neighbor, 1 µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
Βίτων, ὁ: Biton, 2 πάγχυ: quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, 2
βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 παρα-µένω: to live and grow up, remain, 5
δευτερεῖα, τά: the second prize, 2 πίπτω: to fall, fall down, 5
δηµόσιος, -η, -ον: public, of the people, 2 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
ἐκ-γίνοµαι: to be born to, be made from, 2 προ-τρέπω: to turn forth, persuade, urge, 1
Ἐλευσίς, ἡ: Eleusis, an old city in Attica, 1 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
ἐπι-γίνοµαι: to pass, come after, supervene, 3 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 Τέλλος, -ου, ὁ: Tellus, 4
γῶν: at least, (Att. γοῦν, γε οὖν) 1 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 12
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 τροπή, ἡ: rout, turning, 1
κάλλιστα: very well, 2 ὕπ-ειµι: be under, underlie; remain, 1
Κλέοβις, ὁ: Cleobis, 2
14 τὸ λεχθὲν: what was said; aor. pple λέγω 20 βοηθήσας…ποιήσας: offering assistance
εἴρετο: asked; 3rd sg. εἴροµαι and making a rout of the enemy; aor. pples
15 Τέλλῳ…ἦσαν: to Tellus there were; poss. 21 ἀπέθανε: died; 3rd sg. aor. ἀπο-θνήσκω
τοῦτο µὲν. .τοῦτο δὲ: in part…in part κάλλιστα: most nobly; superlative adverb
16 τῆς πόλιος εὖ ἡκούσης: the city being 22 δηµοσίῃ: by the public, at public expense
well-off; gen. abs.; fem. pple ἥκω + adv. ἔθαψαν…ἔπεσε: aor. θάπτω , πίπτω
17 σφι…ἅπασι: to them all; i.e. children τῇ περ: there, in the very place where
18 εὖ ἥκοντι: to him being well off; see l. 16 τίνα…ἴδοι: whom Solon saw; 3rd sg. opt.
τοῦ βίου: in his livelihood; limits the adv. 26 οἴσεσθαι: he will carry; fut. inf. φέρω
ὡς…παρ ᾿ ἡµῖν: just as things in our time
32 Herodotus 1.31.2 – 32.2
καὶ πρὸς τούτῳ ῥώμη σώματος τοιήδε· ἀεθλοφόροι τε ἀμφό- 1
τεροι ὁμοίως ἦσαν, καὶ δὴ καὶ λέγεται ὅδε ὁ λόγος. ἐούσης

ὁρτῆς τῇ Ἥρῃ τοῖσι Ἀργείοισι ἔδεε πάντως τὴν μητέρα αὐ-
τῶν ζεύγεϊ κομισθῆναι ἐς τὸ ἱρόν, οἱ δέ σφι βόες ἐκ τοῦ
ἀγροῦ οὐ παρεγίνοντο ἐν ὥρῃ· ἐκκληιόμενοι δὲ τῇ ὥρῃ οἱ 5
νεηνίαι ὑποδύντες αὐτοὶ ὑπὸ τὴν ζεύγλην εἷλκον τὴν ἅμαξαν,

ἐπὶ τῆς ἁμάξης δέ σφι ὠχέετο ἡ μήτηρ· σταδίους δὲ πέντε
3 καὶ τεσσεράκοντα διακομίσαντες ἀπίκοντο ἐς τὸ ἱρόν. ταῦτα
δέ σφι ποιήσασι καὶ ὀφθεῖσι ὑπὸ τῆς πανηγύριος τελευτὴ
τοῦ βίου ἀρίστη ἐπεγένετο, διέδεξέ τε ἐν τούτοισι ὁ θεὸς ὡς 10
ἄμεινον εἴη ἀνθρώπῳ τεθνάναι μᾶλλον ἢ ζώειν. Ἀργεῖοι

μὲν γὰρ περιστάντες ἐμακάριζον τῶν νεηνιέων τὴν ῥώμην,
4 αἱ δὲ Ἀργεῖαι τὴν μητέρα αὐτῶν, οἵων τέκνων ἐκύρησε· ἡ δὲ
μήτηρ περιχαρής ἐοῦσα τῷ τε ἔργῳ καὶ τῇ φήμῃ, στᾶσα ἀντίον 14
ἀγρός, ὁ: field, country, 4 µακαρίζω: to deem blessed or happy, 1

ἀεθλο-φόρος, -ον: athletic prize-winner, 1 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12
ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 4 νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 5 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 παν-ήγυρις,ἡ: assembly, 1
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
βοῦς, ὁ: cow, 4 παρα-γίνοµαι: to be present; to arrive, 5
δια-δείκνυµι: to make plain, show clearly, 2 περι-ίστηµι: to stand around, 2
δια-κοµίζω: to bring over or across, 1 περι-χαρής, -ες: very pleased, 2
ἐκ-κληίω: to shut out, constrain, exclude, 3 ῥώµη, ἡ: bodily strength, might, 3
ἕλκω: to draw, drag, 10 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
ἐπι-γίνοµαι: to pass, come after, supervene, 3 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
ζάω: to live, 8 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
ζεύγλη, ἡ: the strap of a yoke, 1 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 12
ζεῦγος, τό: cart (drawn by yoked animals), 3 τεσσαράκοντα: forty, 5
Ἡρη, ἡ: Hera, 1 ὑπο-δύνω: to place underneath; go under, 2
θνήσκω: to die, 5 φήµη, ἡ: praise, report, rumor, 2
κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
κυρέω: to get, attain, obtain (+ gen.) 4
1 πρὸς τούτῳ: in addition to this 3 ἔδεε: it was necessary; impersonal impf. δεῖ
2 ὅδε λόγος: the following account is told 4 κοµισθῆναι: to be brought; aor. pass. inf.
ἐούσης…τῇ Ἥρῃ…Ἄργείοισι: while the 5 παρεγίνοντο: were not arriving; impf.
Argives were having a festival for Hera; ῞ ἐκκληιόµενοι…ὥρῃ: constrained by time
Ἤρῃ dat. interest; Ἀργείοισι dat. of. poss. 6-14 notes on the facing page
τοῦ ἀγάλματος εὔχετο Κλεόβι τε καὶ Βίτωνι τοῖσι ἑωυτῆς 15
τέκνοισι, οἵ μιν ἐτίμησαν μεγάλως, τὴν θεὸν δοῦναι τὸ

2 ἀνθρώπῳ τυχεῖν ἄριστον ἐστί. μετὰ ταύτην δὲ τὴν εὐχὴν
ὡς ἔθυσάν τε καὶ εὐωχήθησαν, κατακοιμηθέντες ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ

ἱρῷ οἱ νεηνίαι οὐκέτι ἀνέστησαν ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τέλεϊ τούτῳ
ἔσχοντο. Ἀργεῖοι δὲ σφέων εἰκόνας ποιησάμενοι ἀνέθεσαν ἐς 20
32 Δελφοὺς ὡς ἀριστῶν γενομένων.’ Σόλων μὲν δὴ εὐδαι-

μονίης δευτερεῖα ἔνεμε τούτοισι, Κροῖσος δὲ σπερχθεὶς εἶπε
‘ὦ ξεῖνε Ἀθηναῖε, ἡ δ᾽ ἡμετέρη εὐδαιμονίη οὕτω τοι ἀπέρ-
ριπται ἐς τὸ μηδὲν ὥστε οὐδὲ ἰδιωτέων ἀνδρῶν ἀξίους
ἡμέας ἐποίησας;’ ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘ὦ Κροῖσε, ἐπιστάμενόν με τὸ 25
θεῖον πᾶν ἐὸν φθονερόν τε καὶ ταραχῶδες ἐπειρωτᾷς ἀνθρω-

3 πηίων πρηγμάτων πέρι. ἐν γὰρ τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ πολλὰ
μὲν ἐστὶ ἰδεῖν τὰ μή τις ἐθέλει, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ παθεῖν. ἐς
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 θεῖος, -η, -ον: from god, divine, 5
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to set up, dedicate; attribute, 14 ἰδιώτης, -ου, ὁ: a private citizen, 4
ἀνθρώπηιος, -η, -ον: human, 4 κατα-κοιµάω: to fall asleep, sleep through, 1
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 Κλέοβις, ὁ: Cleobis, 2
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
ἀπο-ρρίπτω: throw away or aside; disown, 2 νέµω: to portion out, distribute; inhabit, 7
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
Βίτων, ὁ: Biton, 2 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
δευτερεῖα, τά: the second prize, 2 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
εἰκών, -όνος, ἡ: a likeness, image; statue, 3 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 σπέρχοµαι: be angry, be set off (in motion), 1
εὐ-δαιµονίη, ἡ: happiness, prosperity, 5 ταραχώδης, -ες: turbulent, confusing, 1
εὐχή, ἡ: a prayer, vow, 2 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
εὔχοµαι: to pray, offer prayers, 3 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
εὐωχέω: eat a feast, feast, entertain well, 2 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7 φθονερός, -ή, -όν: jealous, grudging, 1
6 εἵλκον: 3rd sg. impf. ἕλκω 13 Ἀργεῖαι: the Argive women (deemed)
7 ὠχέετο: proceeded 3rd sg. impf. οἴχοµαι their mother blessed; add ἐµακάριζον
8 ἀπίκοντο: arrived; 3rd pl. aor. ἀπικνέοµαι 14 ἔργῳ. . φήµῃ: in deed… in words; respect
9 σφι ποιήσασι…ὀφθεῖσι: to those doing… 16 δοῦναι: to give; aor. inf. δίδωµι
and being seen; dat. pl. aor. act. pple 17 τὸ...τυχεῖν…ἔστι: that which it is best for
ποιέω; dat. sg. aor. pass. ὁράω a human to attain; gen. τὸ attracted to acc
10 διεδεξέ: showed i.e. aor. δια-δείκνυµι 20 ἐσχοντο: were held bound; aor mid = pass
11 ὡς ἄµεινον εἴη: that it was better; opt. εἰµί 21 ὡς…γενοµένων: since… ; alleged cause
τεθνάναι: pf. inf. θνήσκω 28 ἰδεῖν…παθεῖν: aor. inf., εἶδον, πάσχω
µᾶλλον ἤ: rather than; µᾶλλον redundant τὰ...ἐθέλει: which no one wishes; relative
34 Herodotus 1.32.2 – 32.7
γὰρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα οὖρον τῆς ζόης ἀνθρώπῳ προτίθημι. 1
3 οὗτοι ἐόντες ἐνιαυτοὶ ἑβδομήκοντα παρέχονται ἡμέρας διη-

κοσίας καὶ πεντακισχιλίας καὶ δισμυρίας, ἐμβολίμου μηνὸς
μὴ γινομένου· εἰ δὲ δὴ ἐθελήσει τοὔτερον τῶν ἐτέων μηνὶ
μακρότερον γίνεσθαι, ἵνα δὴ αἱ ὧραι συμβαίνωσι παραγιν- 5
όμεναι ἐς τὸ δέον, μῆνες μὲν παρὰ τὰ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα οἱ

ἐμβόλιμοι γίνονται τριήκοντα πέντε, ἡμέραι δὲ ἐκ τῶν
4 μηνῶν τούτων χίλιαι πεντήκοντα. τουτέων τῶν ἁπασέων
ἡμερέων τῶν ἐς τὰ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα, ἐουσέων πεντήκοντα
καὶ διηκοσιέων καὶ ἑξακισχιλιέων καὶ δισμυριέων, ἡ ἑτέρη 10
αὐτέων τῇ ἑτέρῃ ἡμέρῃ τὸ παράπαν οὐδὲν ὅμοιον προσάγει

πρῆγμα. οὕτω ὦν Κροῖσε πᾶν ἐστὶ ἄνθρωπος συμφορή.
5 ἐμοὶ δὲ σὺ καὶ πλουτέειν μέγα φαίνεαι καὶ βασιλεὺς πολλῶν
εἶναι ἀνθρώπων· ἐκεῖνο δὲ τὸ εἴρεό με, οὔκω σε ἐγὼ λέγω, 14
διηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 4 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
δισ-µύριοι, -αι, -α: twenty thousand, 2 πεντα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: five thousand, 2
ἑβδοµήκοντα: seventy, 4 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 6
ἐµ-βόλιµος, -ον: inserted, intercalary, 2 πλουτέω: to be rich, wealthy, 1
ἐνιαυτός, ὁ: year, long period of time, 4 προσ-άγω: to bring to, attach, apply, 1
ἑξα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: six thousand, 2 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
ζόη, ἡ: life, lifetime, 5 συµ-βαίνω: to meet, happen, occur, 4
µείς, µῆνος, ὁ: a month, 9 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
οὔ-κω: not yet, (Att. οὔπω ) 2 χίλιοι, -αι, -α: a thousand, 2
παρα-γίνοµαι: to be present; to arrive, 5 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
παρά-παν: entirely, altogether, 5
1 ἑς ἑβδοµήκοντα ἔτεα: at 70 years; ‘up to’ 9 τῶν ἐς…ἔτεα: up to 70 years

2 ἐοντες ἐνιαυτοὶ: being 70 years; pple εἰµί 10 ἡ ἑτέρη αὐτέων: each one of them; i.e.
3 ἐµβολίµου…γινοµένου: there being no days
intercalary month; gen. abs.; i.e. no 11 τῇ ἑτέρῃ ἡµέρῃ: to the next day; with
intercalary month is inserted to align the ὅµοιον
lunar calendar with the solar calendar τὸ παράπαν: entirely; adverb
4 τοὔτερον: one (of two); τὸ ἔτερον, subject 12 πᾶν…συµφορή: a human being is
µηνὶ: by a month; dat. degree of difference altogether a thing of chance; πᾶν is
with the comparative µακρότερον adverbial accusative
5 ἵνα… ἐς τὸ δέον: so that they… come 13 φαίνεαι: you appear; φαίνε(σ)αι pres.
together at the appropriate (time); ‘that µέγα: greatly; adverbial accusative
being fitting,’ purpose clause, pres. subj.; 14 ἐκεῖνο…τὸ εἴρεο µε: as for that which you
adding a month to align the two calendars asked me; acc. respect, relative clause,
6 παρὰ τὰ...ἔτεα: besides the seventy years and a 2nd sg. impf. εἴρε(σ)ο
πρὶν τελευτήσαντα καλῶς τὸν αἰῶνα πύθωμαι. οὐ γάρ τι ὁ 15
μέγα πλούσιος μᾶλλον τοῦ ἐπ᾽ ἡμέρην ἔχοντος ὀλβιώτερος

ἐστί, εἰ μή οἱ τύχη ἐπίσποιτο πάντα καλὰ ἔχοντα εὖ τελευτῆ-
σαὶ τὸν βίον. πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ ζάπλουτοι ἀνθρώπων ἀνόλβιοι
6 εἰσί, πολλοὶ δὲ μετρίως ἔχοντες βίου εὐτυχέες. ὁ μὲν δὴ μέγα
πλούσιος ἀνόλβιος δὲ δυοῖσι προέχει τοῦ εὐτυχέος μοῦνον, 20
οὗτος δὲ τοῦ πλουσίου καὶ ἀνόλβιου πολλοῖσι· ὃ μὲν ἐπι-

θυμίην ἐκτελέσαι καί ἄτην μεγάλην προσπεσοῦσαν ἐνεῖκαι
δυνατώτερος, ὁ δὲ τοῖσιδε προέχει ἐκείνου· ἄτην μὲν καὶ
ἐπιθυμίην οὐκ ὁμοίως δυνατὸς ἐκείνῳ ἐνεῖκαι, ταῦτα δὲ ἡ
εὐτυχίη οἱ ἀπερύκει, ἄπηρος δὲ ἐστί, ἄνουσος, ἀπαθὴς κακῶν, 25
7 εὔπαις, εὐειδής. εἰ δὲ πρὸς τούτοισι ἔτι τελευτήσει τὸν
αἰών, -ῶνος ὁ: span of life, life, 1 εὐ-ειδής, -ές: good-looking, attractive, 7

ἀν-όλβιος, -α, -ον: not happy, not blessed, 2 εὔ-παις, -παιδός, ὁ ἡ: having good children 1
ἄ-νουσος, -ον: without sickness, 1 εὐ-τυχής, -ές: lucky, fortunate, 3
ἀ-παθής, -ές: without experience of, 2 εὐτυχίη, ἡ: good luck, success, prosperity, 2
ἀπ-ερύκω: to ward off, keep away, 2 ζάπλουτος, -ον: very wealthy, 1
ἄ-πηρος, -ον: unmaimed, 1 µέτριος, -η, -ον: ordinary, moderate, 2
ἄτη, ἡ: ruin, misfortune, bewilderment, 2 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 πλούσιος, -η, -ον: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 6 προ-έχω: hold before; is superior, surpass, 4
ἐκ-τελέω: to bring to an end, to accomplish, 1 προσ-πίπτω: to fall upon, befall, 2
ἐπ-έποµαι: to follow after, obey, 2 τύχη, ἡ: chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
ἐπιθυµίη, ἡ: desire, longing, yearning, 2
15 πύθωµαι: I learn; 1st sg. aor. subj. not happy man; adjectives modify the
πυνθάνοµαι same man
16 µέγα: greatly; adverbial acc. with 20 δυοῖσι…εὐτυχέος: is superior to a lucky
πλούσιος man in two ways; dat. of respect, gen.
τοῦ ἐπ ἡµέρην ἔχοντος: than (one) having comparison
(enough) for the day; i.e. subsistence 21 πλουσίου…πολλοῖσι: see l. 20, supply
living, gen. comparison with µᾶλλον προέχει
17 εἰ µὴ...ἐπισποιτο: unless luck should 22 ἐκτελέσαι, ἐνεῖκαι: to fulfill, to endure;
follow upon him that; aor. opt. ἐπ-έποµαι aor. inf. ἐκτελέω, φέρω governed by
τελευτῆσαι: aor. inf.; ἔχοντα is acc. subj. δυνατώτερος
19 µετρίως ἔχοντες: being ordinary; ἔχω + 23 τοισίδε…ἐκείνου: is superior to that one in
adv. is often translated as “to be” + adj. the following ways; see. l. 20 above
τοῦ βίου: in his livelihood; limits the adv. 24 ὁµοίως…ἐκείνῳ: similarly to that one
εὐτυχέες: nom. pl. predicate; supply εἰσι ἐνεῖκαι: to endure; aor. inf. φέρω
19 ὁ µὲν…ἄνολβος δὲ: one very wealthy but 26 πρὸς τούτοισι: in addition to these things
36 Herodotus 1.32.7 – 34.3
βίον εὖ, οὗτος ἐκεῖνος τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, <ὁ> ὄλβιος κεκλῆσθαι 1
ἄξιος ἐστί· πρὶν δ᾽ ἂν τελευτήσῃ, ἐπισχεῖν, μηδὲ καλέειν

8 κω ὄλβιον ἀλλ᾽ εὐτυχέα. τὰ πάντα μέν νυν ταῦτα
συλλαβεῖν ἄνθρωπον ἐόντα ἀδύνατον ἐστί, ὥσπερ χώρη
οὐδεμία καταρκέει πάντα ἑωυτῇ παρέχουσα, ἀλλὰ ἄλλο 5
μὲν ἔχει ἑτέρου δὲ ἐπιδέεται· ἣ δὲ ἂν τὰ πλεῖστα ἔχῃ,

αὕτη ἀρίστη. ὣς δὲ καὶ ἀνθρώπου σῶμα ἓν οὐδὲν αὔταρκες
9 ἐστί· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει, ἄλλου δὲ ἐνδεές ἐστι· ὃς δ᾽ ἂν αὐτῶν
πλεῖστα ἔχων διατελέῃ καὶ ἔπειτα τελευτήσῃ εὐχαρίστως
τὸν βίον, οὗτος παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ τὸ οὔνομα τοῦτο ὦ βασιλεῦ 10
δίκαιος ἐστὶ φέρεσθαι. σκοπέειν δὲ χρὴ παντὸς χρήματος τὴν

τελευτήν, κῇ ἀποβήσεται· πολλοῖσι γὰρ δὴ ὑποδέξας
33 ὄλβον ὁ θεὸς προρρίζους ἀνέτρεψε.’ ταῦτα λέγων τῷ Κροίσῳ
οὔ κως οὔτε ἐχαρίζετο, οὔτε λόγου μιν ποιησάμενος οὐδενὸς 14
ἀ-δύνατος, -ον: unable, impossible, 2 κατ-αρκέω: to suffice, 1

ἀνα-τρέπω: to overturn, upset, ruin, 1 κῇ: in what way; in some way, somehow, 5
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 κω: yet, up to this time, 10
ἀπο-βαίνω: to turn out, result; disembark, 4 κως: somehow, in any way, Att. πως, 9
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
αὐτάρκης, -ες: self-sufficient, 1 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
δια-τελέω: to continue, bring to an end, 2 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 πρόρριζος, -ον: root and branch, utterly, 1
ἐν-δεής, -ές: in need of, lacking (+ gen.), 1 σκοπέω: to look at, examine, consider, 3
ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 8 συλ-λαµβάνω: to collect, gather together, 5
ἐπ-έχω: to have, hold, restrain, 8 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
ἐπι-δέω: need of (+ gen.); fasten or bind on, 2 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 12
εὖ: well, 24 ὑπο-δείκνυµαι: show (secretly), mark out, 2
εὐ-τυχής, -ές: lucky, fortunate, 3 χαρίζοµαι: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 7
εὐχαρίστως: agreeably, 1 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
ζητέω: to seek, look for, investigate, 3 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 4
1 τὸν σὺ ζητέεις: whom you seek; relative for itself; pres. pple modifies fem. χώρη
κεκλῆσθαι: to be called; pf. pass. καλέω µὲν…δὲ: one land…but… ; χώρη is subject
2 πρὶν…τελευτήσῃ: before he dies; aor. subj. 6 ἑτέρου: from another thing, of another
ἐπισχεῖν…καλέειν: infinitives as imperative thing; gen. of separation with ἐπιδέεται
4 ἀδύνατον ἐστι: it is impossible ἤ…ἄν…ἔχῃ: whichever has; 3rd sg. subj.
ἄνθρωπον ἐόντα: that (one) being a man; 7 αὕτη ἀρίστη: supply ἐστι ; ἀρίστη is pred.
acc. subj. of συλλαβεῖν , aor. inf. ὥς δὲ: so…; correlative with ὥσπερ
5 πάντα…παρέχουσα: providing everything 8-14 notes on the facing page
Adrastus and Atys 37
ἀποπέμπεται, κάρτα δόξας ἀμαθέα εἶναι, ὃς τὰ παρεόντα 15
ἀγαθὰ μετεὶς τὴν τελευτὴν παντὸς χρήματος ὁρᾶν ἐκέλευε.

34 μετὰ δὲ Σόλωνα οἰχόμενον ἔλαβέ ἐκ θεοῦ νέμεσις
μεγάλη Κροῖσον, ὡς εἰκάσαι, ὅτι ἐνόμισε ἑωυτὸν εἶναι
ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων ὀλβιώτατον. αὐτίκα δέ οἱ εὕδοντι
ἐπέστη ὄνειρος, ὅς οἱ τὴν ἀληθείην ἔφαινε τῶν μελλόντων 20
2 γενέσθαι κακῶν κατὰ τὸν παῖδα. ἦσαν δὲ τῷ Κροίσῳ δύο
παῖδες, τῶν οὕτερος μὲν διέφθαρτο, ἦν γὰρ δὴ κωφός, ὁ δὲ

ἕτερος τῶν ἡλίκων μακρῷ τὰ πάντα πρῶτος· οὔνομα δέ οἱ
ἦν Ἄτυς. τοῦτον δὴ ὦν τὸν Ἄτυν σημαίνει τῷ Κροίσῳ
3 ὁ ὄνειρος, ὡς ἀπολέει μιν αἰχμῇ σιδηρέῃ βληθέντα. ὃ δὲ 25
ἐπείτε ἐξηγέρθη καὶ ἑωυτῷ λόγον ἔδωκε, καταρρωδήσας τὸν

ὄνειρον ἄγεται μὲν τῷ παιδὶ γυναῖκα, ἐωθότα δὲ στρατηγέειν
μιν τῶν Λυδῶν οὐδαμῇ ἔτι ἐπὶ τοιοῦτο πρῆγμα ἐξέπεμπε,
αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 κατα-ρρωδέω: to fear, dread, 3

ἀλήθειη, ἡ: truth, 5 κωφός, -ή, -όν: dumb, 2
ἀ-µαθής, -ές: unlearned, ignorant, stupid, 1 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 νέµεσις, ὁ: divine vengeance, resentment, 1
Ἄτυς, -υος, ὁ: Atys, 4 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
αὐτίκα: straightway, at once; presently, 17 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
βάλλω: to throw, pelt, hit, strike, 3 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
εἰκάζω: to guess, make like, 2 οὐδαµῇ: no where, in no place, 3
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐξ-εγείρω: to wake up, 2 σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
ἐπίσταµαι: to know (how), understand, 12 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
εὕδω: to sleep, lie down to sleep, 4 στρατηγέω: wage war, campaign against, 2
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense 11 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 12
ἧλιξ, -ικος, ὁ: of the same age, peer, 3
8 τὸ µεν…ἔχει: (that) which (one) possesses; 15 παρέοντα: present; “being present” pple.
relative clause, antecedent is subject of ἐστι 16 µετεὶς: passing over; nom. pple µετ-ίηµι
ὅς δ ᾿ ἄν. . .διατελέῃ. . .τελευτήσῃ: whoever...; 18 ὡς εἰκάσαι: since—to venture a guess—
general relative + 3rd sg. pres. and aor. subj. 19 οἱ…ἐπέστη: stood by him; aor. ἑπ-ίστηµι
9 ἔχων διατελέῃ: continues possessing; 22 τῶν οὕτερος…διέφθαρτο: of these, one
διατελέω governed a complementary pple had been disabled; ὁ ἕτερος; plpf. pass.
10 οὖτος…φέρεσθαι: this (one) to me is right 25 ἀπολέει: will lose him; fut. ἀπ-όλλυµι
to carry this name; i.e. blessed, mid. inf. βληθέντα: struck; aor. pass. pple βάλλω
12 ἀποβήσεται: it will turn out; fut. dep. 26 ἐξηγέρθη: was awakened; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
ὑποδέξας: having shown; nom. aor. pple λόγον ἔδωκε: made a plan..; aor. δίδωµι
14 ποιησάµενος: considering him of no 27 ἄγεται: brings a wife to his son;
account ἐωθότα: being accustomed; pple. ἔωθα
38 Herodotus 1.34.3 – 36.2
ἀκόντια δὲ καὶ δοράτια καὶ τά τοιαῦτα πάντα τοῖσι χρέων- 1
ται ἐς πόλεμον ἄνθρωποι, ἐκ τῶν ἀνδρεώνων ἐκκομίσας ἐς

τοὺς θαλάμους συνένησε, μή τί οἱ κρεμάμενον τῷ παιδὶ
35 ἐμπέσῃ. ἔχοντος δέ οἱ ἐν χερσὶ τοῦ παιδὸς τὸν γάμον,
ἀπικνέεται ἐς τὰς Σάρδις ἀνὴρ συμφορῇ ἐχόμενος καὶ οὐ 5
καθαρὸς χεῖρας, ἐὼν Φρὺξ μὲν γενεῇ, γένεος δὲ τοῦ βασι-

ληίου. παρελθὼν δὲ οὗτος ἐς τὰ Κροίσου οἰκία κατὰ
νόμους τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους καθαρσίου ἐδέετο ἐπικυρῆσαι, Κροῖσος
2 δέ μιν ἐκάθηρε. ἔστι δὲ παραπλησίη ἡ κάθαρσις τοῖσι
Λυδοῖσι καὶ τοῖσι Ἕλλησι. ἐπείτε δὲ τὰ νομιζόμενα 10
ἐποίησε ὁ Κροῖσος, ἐπυνθάνετο ὁκόθεν τε καὶ τίς εἴη,

3 λέγων τάδε· ‘ὤνθρωπε, τίς τε ἐὼν καὶ κόθεν τῆς Φρυγίης
ἥκων ἐπίστιός μοι ἐγένεο; τίνα τε ἀνδρῶν ἢ γυναικῶν
ἐφόνευσας;’ ὁ δὲ ἀμείβετο ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, Γορδίεω μὲν τοῦ 14
ἀκόντιον, τό: javelin, 1 κάθαρσις, ἡ: purification, 1

ἀνδρέων, ὁ: the men's quarters, 1 καθάρσιος, -η, -ον: (of) purification, 2
βασίληιον, τό: palace. 13 καθαίρω: to clean, cleanse, purify, 8
γάµος, ὁ: a wedding (feast), marriage, 4 καθαρός, -ά, -όν: clean, pure, spotless, 5
γενεή, ἡ: generation, race, family, lineage, 4 κόθεν: whence? from where?, 2
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 κρεµάµαι: to hang, 2
Γορδίης, ὁ: Gordias, 3 κυρέω: to get, light upon; attain, obtain, 4
δοράτιον, τό: javelin, 1 ὁκόθεν: whence, from what place, 1
ἐκ-κοµίζω: to carry or bring out, 2 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 3
ἐµ-πίπτω: to fall on, fall upon, 1 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; nearly, 10
ἐπι-κυρέω: to get, attain, obtain (+ gen.), 1 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
ἐπίστιος, -ον: of the hearth; suppliant, 3 συν-νέω: pile together, heap up, 2
ἐπι-χώριος, -α, -ον: local, native, 5 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 Φρύξ, Φρύγος, ὁ: a Phrygian, 4
θάλαµος, ὁ: bedchamber, inner room, 2 Φρύγιος, -η, -ον: Phrygian, from Phrygia, 2
1 τοῖσι..ἄνθρωποι: which humans use..; rel. of description governed by pple ἐὼν

2 ἐκκοµίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἐκ-κοµίζω 7 κατὰ...ἐπιχωρίους: according to… laws
3 µὴ τὶ...ἐµπέσῃ: lest…fall; fearing, aor subj 8 ἐδέετο: he was asking; 3rd sg. impf. δέοµαι
τί κρεµάµενον: something hanging for him 9 ἐκαθήρε: 3rd sg. aor. καθαίρω
τω+̂ͅ παιδὶ: on the son; dat. compound verb 10 τὰ νοµιζόµενα: what is customary
4 ἔχοντος…τοῦ παιδὸς: While the son has 11 ἐπυνθάνετο: attempted to learn; impf.
the marriage in his hand; gen. abs. τίς εἴη: who he was; opt. εἰµί, second. seq.
6 χεῖρας: with respect to his hands; respect 12 Ὤνθρωπε: Ὁ ἄνθρωπε; voc. dir. address
ἐὼν: being; nom. sg. pres. pple εἰµί τίς…ἐων…κόθεν…ἥκων: being who and
γενεῇ: by lineage; dat of respect having come from where…; with pples
γένεος…Βασιληίου: of royal family; gen. 13 ἐγένεο: you came; 3rd sg. impf. ἐγένε(σ)ο
Μίδεω εἰμὶ παῖς, ὀνομάζομαι δὲ Ἄδρηστος, φονεύσας δὲ 15
ἀδελφεὸν ἐμεωυτοῦ ἀέκων πάρειμι ἐξεληλαμένος τε ὑπὸ τοῦ

4 πατρὸς καὶ ἐστερημένος πάντων.’ Κροῖσος δέ μιν ἀμείβετο
τοῖσιδε· ‘ἀνδρῶν τε φίλων τυγχάνεις ἔκγονος ἐὼν καὶ ἐλή-

λυθας ἐς φίλους, ἔνθα ἀμηχανήσεις χρήματος οὐδενὸς μένων
ἐν ἡμετέρου, συμφορήν τε ταύτην ὡς κουφότατα φέρων 20
36 κερδανέεις πλεῖστον.’ ὃ μὲν δὴ δίαιταν εἶχε ἐν Κροίσου. ἐν

δὲ τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ ἐν τῷ Μυσίῳ Ὀλύμπῳ ὑὸς χρῆμα
γίνεται μέγα· ὁρμώμενος δὲ οὗτος ἐκ τοῦ ὄρεος τούτου τὰ
τῶν Μυσῶν ἔργα διαφθείρεσκε. πολλάκις δὲ οἱ Μυσοὶ ἐπ᾽
αὐτὸν ἐξελθόντες ποιέεσκον μὲν κακὸν οὐδέν, ἔπασχον δὲ 25
2 πρὸς αὐτοῦ. τέλος δὲ ἀπικόμενοι παρὰ τὸν Κροῖσον τῶν
Μυσῶν ἄγγελοι ἔλεγον τάδε. ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, ὑὸς χρῆμα μέγι-

στον ἀνεφάνη ἡμῖν ἐν τῇ χώρῃ, ὃς τὰ ἔργα διαφθείρει. τοῦτον
ἀδελφεός, ὁ: a brother, 5 Μίδης, ὁ: Midas, 4

Ἄδρηστος, ὁ: Adrastus, 7 Μυσός, -η, -ον: a Mysian, 8
ἀ-έκων, -ουσα, -ον: unwilling, unintending 12 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
ἀµηχανέω: be at a loss for, lack from, (gen) 1 Ὄλυµπος, ὁ: Olympus, 3
ἀνα-φαίνω: to reveal, show forth, display, 2 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
δίαιτα, ἡ: a way of living, living, 5 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἔκ-γονος, -ον: offspring, a child, 2 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἐµαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: myself, 3 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 3
ἐξ-ελαύνω: drive out, 13 στερέω: to deprive, bereave, rob of, 2
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
κερδαίνω: to gain, make a profit, 1 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
κοῦφος, -η, -ον: light, nimble; easy, 1 ὗς, ὑός, ὁ, ἡ: the wild boar, sow, 4
16 ἐµεωυτοῦ: of mine, my; gen. ἐµαυτοῦ 21 δίαιταν εἶχε: was living his life; idiom,
ἐξεληλαµένος: pf. pass. pple ἐξελαύνω impf. ἔχω
17 ἐστερηµένος: pf. pass. pple στερέω ἐν…χρόνῳ τουτῷ: at this same time
18 τοισίδε: with these words 22 ὑὸς χρῆµα… µέγα: a great thing of a
τυγχάνεις…ἐὼν…ἐληλυθας: you happen boar; ὑὸς is gen. sg.
to be…and to have come; complementary 24 ἔργα: worked lands; i.e. plowed lands
pple nom. sg. εἰµί and pf. pple ἔρχοµαι; διαφθείρεσκε. . .ποιέεσκον: was accustomed
19 ἀµηχανήσεις: you will lack from (+ gen.) to destroy… …to do; -σκ = iterative impf.
20 ἐν ἡµετέρου: in our (house) 28 ἀνεφάνη: appeared to us; aor. dep.
ὠς κουφότατα φέρων: bearing as lightly ἀνα-φαίνω
as possible; ὡς + superlative adverb
40 Herodotus 1.36.2 – 38.2
προθυμεόμενοι ἑλεῖν οὐ δυνάμεθα. νῦν ὦν προσδεόμεθά σευ 1
τὸν παῖδα καὶ λογάδας νεηνίας καὶ κύνας συμπέμψαι ἡμῖν,

3 ὡς ἄν μιν ἐξέλωμεν ἐκ τῆς χώρης.’ οἳ μὲν δὴ τούτων ἐδέοντο,
Κροῖσος δὲ μνημονεύων τοῦ ὀνείρου τὰ ἔπεα ἔλεγέ σφι τάδε.
‘παιδὸς μὲν πέρι τοῦ ἐμοῦ μὴ μνησθῆτε ἔτι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ὑμῖν 5
συμπέμψαιμι· νεόγαμός τε γὰρ ἐστὶ καὶ ταῦτά οἱ νῦν μέλει.

Λυδῶν μέντοι λογάδας καὶ τὸ κυνηγέσιον πᾶν συμπέμψω,
καὶ διακελεύσομαι τοῖσι ἰοῦσι εἶναι ὡς προθυμοτάτοισι συν-
37 εξελεῖν ὑμῖν τὸ θηρίον ἐκ τῆς χώρης.’ ταῦτα ἀμείψατο·
ἀποχρεωμένων δὲ τούτοισι τῶν Μυσῶν, ἐπεσέρχεται ὁ τοῦ 10
Κροίσου παῖς ἀκηκοὼς τῶν ἐδέοντο οἱ Μυσοί. οὐ φαμένου

δὲ τοῦ Κροίσου τόν γε παῖδά σφι συμπέμψειν, λέγει πρὸς
2 αὐτὸν ὁ νεηνίης τάδε. ‘ὦ πάτερ, τὰ κάλλιστα πρότερον κοτὲ
καὶ γενναιότατα ἡμῖν ἦν ἔς τε πολέμους καὶ ἐς ἄγρας φοι- 14
ἄγρη, ἡ: chase, 6 µέλει: is a care for (dat., gen.), 2

ἀπο-χράοµαι: be content, suffice, use up, 2 µνάοµαι: to mention, remember (+ gen.) 3
γενναῖος, -α, -ον: noble, well-bred, 3 µνηµονεύω: to recall, remember (+ gen.) 1
δια-κελεύοµαι: bid, encourage one another, 3 Μυσός, -η, -ον: a Mysian, 8
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
ἐξ-αιρέω: to take out, remove, leave out, 5 νεό-γαµος, -ον: newly married (spouse), 3
ἐπ-εσ-έρχοµαι: to come in (in addition), 1 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 προ-θυµέοµαι: to be eager, zealous, ready, 3
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 πρό-θυµος, -ον: eager, zealous, ready, 4
κάλλιστα: very well, 2 προσ-δέοµαι: to need or ask in addition, 1
κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14 συµ-πέµπω: to send along with, 5
κυνηγέσιον, τό: a pack of hounds, 1 συν-εξ-αιρέω: to help remove, help take out,
κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8 1
λογάδες, οἱ: picked men, 4 φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
1 ἑλεῖν: aor. inf. αἱρέω 10 ἀποχρεωµένων: being content; gen. abs.

σευ: from you; obj. of προσδεόµεθα, Att. 11 ἀκηκοὼς: having heard; nom. sg. pf. pple
σου τῶν…Μυσοί: (the things) which..; relative
3 ὡς ἄν. . .ἐξέλωµεν: so that we may remove it 12 οὐ φαµένου…συµπέµψειν: Since Croesus
5 µὴ µνησθῆτε ἔτι: no longer mention; was saying that he would not send…; abs.
prohibitive subj., 2nd pl. aor. dep. µνάοµαι 13 τὰ κάλλιστα…εὐδοκιµεέιν at some time
6 συµπέµψαιµι: I would not send him; potent. before it was a very fine and very noble
µέλει: these things are now a care for him thing for us to be well-reputed going to
8 τοῖσι ἰοῦσι: those going. dat. pple ἔρχοµαι both wars and hunts
ὡς προθυµοτάτοισι: as eager as possible 14 ἀµφοτέρων…τούτων ἀποκληίσας ἔχεις:
to…; ὡς + superlative, predicate of εἶναι from both of these you have closed me off
συνεξελεῖν: aor. inf. συν-εξ-αιρέω
τέοντας εὐδοκιμέειν· νῦν δὲ ἀμφοτέρων με τούτων ἀποκληίσας 15
ἔχεις, οὔτε τινὰ δειλίην μοι παριδὼν οὔτε ἀθυμίην νῦν τε

τέοισί με χρὴ ὄμμασι ἔς τε ἀγορὴν καὶ ἐξ ἀγορῆς φοιτέοντα
3 φαίνεσθαι; κοῖος μέν τις τοῖσι πολιήτῃσι δόξω εἶναι, κοῖος
δέ τις τῇ νεογάμῳ γυναικί; κοίῳ δὲ ἐκείνη δόξει ἀνδρὶ

συνοικέειν; ἐμὲ ὦν σὺ ἢ μέθες ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὴν θήρην, ἢ λόγῳ 20
ἀνάπεισον ὅκως μοι ἀμείνω ἐστὶ ταῦτα οὕτω ποιεόμενα.’

38 ἀμείβεται Κροῖσος τοῖσιδε. ‘ὦ παῖ, οὔτε δειλίην οὔτε ἄλλο
οὐδὲν ἄχαρι παριδών, τοι ποιέω ταῦτα, ἀλλά μοι ὄψις ὀνείρου
ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ ἐπιστᾶσα ἔφη σε ὀλιγοχρόνιον ἔσεσθαι, ὑπὸ γὰρ
2 αἰχμῆς σιδηρέης ἀπολέεσθαι. πρὸς ὦν τὴν ὄψιν ταύτην τόν 25
τε γάμον τοι τοῦτον ἔσπευσα καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ παραλαμβανόμενα

οὐκ ἀποπέμπω, φυλακὴν ἔχων, εἴ κως δυναίμην ἐπὶ τῆς ἐμῆς
σε ζόης διακλέψαι. εἷς γὰρ μοι μοῦνος τυγχάνεις ἐὼν παῖς·
τὸν γὰρ δὴ ἕτερον διεφθαρμένον [τὴν ἀκοὴν] οὐκ εἶναί μοι
ἀγορή, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 8 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
ἀ-θυµίη, ἡ: cowardice, without heart, 1 νεό-γαµος, -ον: newly married (spouse), 3
αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 ὀλιγο-χρόνιος, -ον: short-lived, 1
ἀκοή, ἡ: sense of hearing, hearing, 2 ὄµµα, -ατος, τό: the eye, 1
ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 5 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 6 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἀπο-κληίω: to shut off or away from, 3 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 παρ-οράω: see (acc.) in (dat.), 3
ἄ-χαρις, -χαρι -ιτος: unpleasant, graceless, 4 πολίτης, ὁ: citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
γάµος, ὁ: a wedding (feast), marriage, 4 σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
δειλίη, ἡ: cowardice, 2 σπεύδω: to be eager, hasten, 6
δια-κλέπτω: to keep alive by stealth, 1 συν-οἰκέω: to dwell together , live togther, 10
εὐδοκιµέω: to be well-reputed, 2 ὕπνος, ὁ: sleep, slumber, 4
ζόη, ἡ: life, lifetime, 5 φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
θήρη, ἡ: the chase, 1 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
κοῖος, -α, -ον: what sort of? what kind of?, 11 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
κως: somehow, in any way, 9
16 παριδὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple, παροράω 24 ἐπιστᾶσα: standing over; nom. sg. fem.
17 τέοισί ὄµµασι: with what eyes; Att. τίσι aor. pple
20 ἤ µέθες…ἤ ἀνάπεισον: either release…or ἔσεσθαι: will be; fut. inf. εἰµί
persuade; aor. imper. µετ-ίηµι, ἀνα-πείθω 26 τὰ παραλαµβανόµενα things undertaken
21 ἀµείνω: better; ἀµείνονα; neuter pl. pred. 28 διακλέψαι: to steal you (from death); aor
23 ἄχαρι: neuter acc. sg. inf. διακλέπτω
42 Herodotus 1.39.1 – 43.1
39 λογίζομαι.’ ἀμείβεται ὁ νεηνίης τοῖσιδε. ‘συγγνώμη μὲν ὦ 1
πάτερ τοι, ἰδόντι γε ὄψιν τοιαύτην, περὶ ἐμὲ φυλακὴν ἔχειν·

τὸ δὲ οὐ μανθάνεις ἀλλὰ λέληθέ σε τὸ ὄνειρον, ἐμέ τοί
2 δίκαιον ἐστί φράζειν. φής τοι τὸ ὄνειρον ὑπὸ αἰχμῆς σιδηρέης
φάναι ἐμὲ τελευτήσειν. ὑὸς δὲ κοῖαι μὲν εἰσὶ χεῖρες, κοίη 5
δὲ αἰχμὴ σιδηρέη τὴν σὺ φοβέαι; εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ ὀδόντος

τοι εἶπε τελευτήσειν με, ἢ ἄλλου τευ ὅ τι τούτῳ ἔοικε, χρῆν
δή σε ποιέειν τὰ ποιέεις· νῦν δὲ ὑπὸ αἰχμῆς. ἐπείτε ὦν οὐ
40 πρὸς ἄνδρας ἡμῖν γίνεται ἡ μάχη, μέτες με.’ ἀμείβεται
Κροῖσος ‘ὦ παῖ, ἔστι τῇ με νικᾷς γνώμην ἀποφαίνων περὶ 10
τοῦ ἐνυπνίου. ὡς ὦν νενικημένος ὑπὸ σέο μεταγινώσκω,

41 μετίημί τε σὲ ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὴν ἄγρην.’ εἴπας δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Κροῖσος
μεταπέμπεται τὸν Φρύγα Ἄδρηστον, ἀπικομένῳ δέ οἱ λέγει
τάδε. ‘Ἄδρηστε, ἐγώ σε συμφορῇ πεπληγμένον ἀχάριτι, τήν 14
ἄγρη, ἡ: chase, 6 ὀδών, ὀδόνος: tusk, tooth, 1

Ἀδρηστος, ὁ: Adrastus, 7 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 5 πλήσσω: to strike, beat, 2
ἄ-χαρις, -χαρι -ιτος: unpleasant, graceless, 4 σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 συγ-γνώµη, ἡ: forgiveness; confession, 3
ἐν-ύπνιον, τό: dream, vision seen in sleep, 4 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
κοῖος, -α, -ον: what sort of? what kind of?, 11 ὗς, ὑός, ὁ, ἡ: the wild boar, sow, 4
λανθάνω: to escape notice of, be unnoticed, 4 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 4
λογίζοµαι: to consider, reckon, calculate, 2 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12 Φρύξ, Φρύγος, ὁ: a Phrygian, 4
µετα-γιγνώσκω: to change one's mind, 1 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
1 Συγγνώµη…τοι…φυλακὴν ἔχειν: I forgive 7 εἶπε: (the dream) told; 3rd sg. aor. λέγω
you for keeping guard; ‘there is forgiveness ἄλλου τευ: (by) something else; τινος
for you to keep guard…” explanatory inf. ὅ τι τούτῳ οἶκε: which is like this; ἔοικἀ
2 ἰδόντι: dat. sg. pple ὁράω modifying τοι χρῆν: it would be necessary. impf. χρή
3 τὸ δὲ...ὄνειρον: the dream which you do 8 τὰ ποιέεις: (the things) which…; relative
not understand; relative clause ἐπείτε: since…
λέληθε σε: has escaped your notice; pf. act. 9 µέθες µε: let me go; aor. imperative µετ-ίηµι
ἐµέ…φράζειν: that I talk. ἐµε is acc. subject 10 ἔστι τῇ: there is (a way) by which; relative
5 φάναι: pres. inf. φηµί 11 νενικηµένος: having been…; pf. pass.
ὑὸς..εἰσι: does a boar have; ‘are of a boar’ 12 ἰέναι: to go; inf. ἔρχοµαι
6 τὴν…φοβέαι:that you fear; φοβε(́σ)αι 14 πεπληγµένον: struck; pf. pass. pple
2 τοι οὐκ ὀνειδίζω, ἐκάθηρα καὶ οἰκίοισι ὑποδεξάμενος ἔχω, 15
παρέχων πᾶσαν δαπάνην. νῦν ὤν ὀφείλεις γὰρ ἐμοῦ προ-

ποιήσαντος χρηστὰ ἐς σὲ χρηστοῖσί με ἀμείβεσθαι, φύλακα
παιδός σε τοῦ ἐμοῦ χρηίζω γενέσθαι ἐς ἄγρην ὁρμωμένου,
μή τινες κατ᾽ ὁδὸν κλῶπες κακοῦργοι ἐπὶ δηλήσι φανέωσι
3 ὑμῖν. πρὸς δὲ τούτῳ καὶ σέ τοι χρεόν ἐστι ἰέναι ἔνθα ἀπο- 20
λαμπρυνέαι τοῖσι ἔργοισι· πατρώιόν τε γάρ τοι ἐστὶ καὶ

42 προσέτι ῥώμη ὑπάρχει.’ ἀμείβεται ὁ Ἄδρηστος ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ,
ἄλλως μὲν ἔγωγε ἂν οὐκ ἤια ἐς ἄεθλον τοιόνδε· οὔτε γὰρ
συμφορῇ τοιῇδε κεχρημένον οἰκός ἐστι ἐς ὁμήλικας εὖ πρήσ-
σοντας ἰέναι, οὔτε τὸ βούλεσθαι πάρα, πολλαχῇ τε ἂν ἶσχον 25
2 ἐμεωυτόν. νῦν δέ, ἐπείτε σὺ σπεύδεις καὶ δεῖ τοί χαρίζεσθαι
(ὀφείλω γάρ σε ἀμείβεσθαι χρηστοῖσι), ποιέειν εἰμὶ ἕτοιμος

ταῦτα, παῖδα τε σόν, τὸν διακελεύεαι φυλάσσειν, ἀπήμονα
43 τοῦ φυλάσσοντος εἵνεκεν προσδόκα τοι ἀπονοστήσειν.’ τοιού-
ἄγρη, ἡ: chase, 6 ὀφείλω: owe, be under obligation to (inf.), 3

Ἄδρηστος, ὁ: Adrastus, 7 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἄεθλος, ὁ: feat, task, duty, 2 πατρῷος, -η, -ον: of one's father, ancestral, 3
ἀ-πήµων, -ον: unharmed, unhurt, 1 πολλα-χῆ: in many ways; many times, 1
ἀπο-λαµπρύνοµαι: to become famous, 1 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἀπο-νοστέω: to return, come home, 3 προ-ποιέω: to do beforehand, 1
ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 προσ-δοκάω: to expect, 1
δαπάνη, ἡ: expense, cost, expenditure, 1 προσ-έτι: moreover, in addition, still, 1
δήλησις, ἡ: mischief, ruin, bane, 1 ῥώµη, ἡ: bodily strength, might, 3
δια-κελεύοµαι: bid, encourage one another, 3 σπεύδω: to be eager, hasten, 6
ἐµαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: myself, 3 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 ὑπ-άρχω: begin; make a beginning of (gen) 4
ἴσχω: to have, hold back, check, restrain, 3 ὑπο-δέκοµαι: receive, undertake, promise, 4
καθαίρω: to clean, cleanse, purify, 8 φύλαξ, -κος, ὁ: a watcher, guard, sentinel, 3
κακοῦργος, ον: doing ill, mischievous, 1 χαρίζοµαι: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 7
κλώψ, -ῶπος, ὁ: a thief, 1 χρεόν: (it is) right that 3
οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικα) 8 χρηίζω: to request, want, need, (gen., inf.), 3
ὁµ-ῆλιξ, ικος, ὁ: of the same age, comrade, 2 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, 7
ὀνειδίζω: to object, reproach, rebuke, 2
15 ὑποδεξάµενος ἔχω: I have received in dat. 23 ἄν ἤια: I would not go; potential impf. ind.
16 ἐµοῦ…ἐς σὲ: (since) I did worthy deeds for 24 κεχρηµένον: one experienced in; χράοµαι
you before; gen. abs. causal in sense οἶκος ἐστι: it is reasonable; pple οἶκα
19 µὴ...ἐπὶ δηλήσι φανέωσι: lest… show you 25 ἄν ἴσχον: I would restrain myself; cf. l. 23
to ruin; fearing clause; aor. subj. 28 τὸν διακελεύε(σ)αι: whom you bid; 2nd sg.
φαίνοµαι
44 Herodotus 1.43.1 – 45.3
τοισι ἐπείτε οὗτος ἀμείψατο Κροῖσον, ἤισαν μετὰ ταῦτα 1
ἐξηρτυμένοι λογάσι τε νεηνίῃσι καὶ κυσί. ἀπικόμενοι δὲ ἐς

τὸν Ὄλυμπον τὸ ὄρος ἐζήτεον τὸ θηρίον, εὑρόντες δὲ καὶ
2 περιστάντες αὐτὸ κύκλῳ ἐσηκόντιζον. ἔνθα δὴ ὁ ξεῖνος, οὗτος
δὴ ὁ καθαρθεὶς τὸν φόνον, καλεόμενος δὲ Ἄδρηστος, ἀκον- 5
τίζων τὸν ὗν τοῦ μὲν ἁμαρτάνει, τυγχάνει δὲ τοῦ Κροίσου

2 παιδός. ὃ μὲν δὴ βληθεὶς τῇ αἰχμῇ ἐξέπλησε τοῦ ὀνείρου
τὴν φήμην, ἔθεε δέ τις ἀγγελέων τῷ Κροίσῳ τὸ γεγονός,

ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐς τὰς Σάρδις τὴν τε μάχην καὶ τὸν τοῦ παι-
44 δὸς μόρον ἐσήμηνέ οἱ. ὁ δὲ Κροῖσος τῳ θανάτῳ τοῦ παιδὸς 10
συντεταραγμένος μᾶλλον τι ἐδεινολογέετο ὅτι μιν ἀπέκτεινε

2 τὸν αὐτὸς φόνου ἐκάθηρε· περιημεκτέων δὲ τῇ συμφορῇ
δεινῶς ἐκάλεε μὲν Δία καθάρσιον μαρτυρόμενος τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ
ξείνου πεπονθὼς εἴη ἐκάλεε δὲ ἐπίστιόν τε καὶ ἑταιρήιον, 14
αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 καθάρσιος, -η, -ον: (of) purification, 2

ἀκοντίζω: to hurl a javelin at, 1 κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14
ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5 κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 λογάδες, οἱ: picked men, 4
βάλλω: to throw, pelt, hit, strike, 3 µαρτύροµαι: to call to witness, invoke, 1
δεινο-λογέοµαι: to complain loudly, 1 µόρος, ὁ: death, doom, fate, destiny, 4
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
ἐκ-πίµπληµι: to fill up, expiate, 3 Ὄλυµπος, ὁ: Olympus, 3
ἐξ-αρτύω: to equip, fit out, furnish, prepare, 2 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
ἐπίστιος, -ον: Protector of the hearth, 3 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἐσ-ακοντίζω: to hurl a javelin at, 1 περι-ηµεκτέω: to be greatly aggrieved, 3
ἑταιρῆιος, -ον: Protector of friendship, 2 περι-ίστηµι: to stand around, 2
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ζητέω: to seek, look for, investigate, 3 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
θάνατος, ὁ: death, 4 συν-ταράσσω: confound, distress, disturb, 2
θέω: to run, rush, 6 ὗς, ὑός, ὁ, ἡ: the wild boar, sow, 4
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 φήµη, ἡ: praise, report, rumor, 2
καθαίρω: to clean, cleanse, purify, 8 φόνος, ὁ: murder, homicide, slaughter, 5
1 ἤισαν: went; 3rd pl. impf. ἔρχοµαι τυγχάνει: but hits; + gen. obj.
2 λογάσι…κυσί: with…; dat. accompaniment 7 βληθεὶς: nom. pl. aor. pple. βάλλω
3 εὑρόντες: nom. pl. aor. pple. εὑρίσκω ἐξέπλησε: fulfilled; 3rd sg. aor. ἐκ-πίµπληµι
περιστάντες: nom. pl. aor. pple. περιίστηµι 8 τὸ γεγονός: what happened; pf. pple
4 ἔνθα δὴ: just then 9 συντεταραγµένος: pf. pple. συν-ταράσσω
5 καθαρθεὶς: having been purified; aor. pass. 11 µᾶλλον τι: furthermore; acc. of respect
τὸν φὸνον: in respect to murder; respect 12 τὸν…ἐκάθηρε: (the one) whom he purified
6 τοῦ µὲν ἁµαρτάνει: misses this; gen. obj. φόνου: from…; separation; 13-14 Facing
τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον ὀνομάζων θεόν, τὸν μὲν ἐπίστιον καλέων, 15
διότι δὴ οἰκίοισι ὑποδεξάμενος τὸν ξεῖνον φονέα τοῦ παιδὸς

ἐλάνθανε βόσκων, τὸν δὲ ἑταιρήιον, ὡς φύλακα συμπέμψας
45 αὐτὸν εὑρήκοι πολεμιώτατον. παρῆσαν δὲ μετὰ τοῦτο οἱ
Λυδοὶ φέροντες τὸν νεκρόν, ὄπισθε δὲ εἵπετό οἱ ὁ φονεύς.
στὰς δὲ οὗτος πρὸ τοῦ νεκροῦ παρεδίδου ἑωυτὸν Κροίσῳ 20
προτείνων τὰς χεῖρας, ἐπικατασφάξαι μιν κελεύων τῷ νεκρῷ,

λέγων τήν τε προτέρην ἑωυτοῦ συμφορήν, καὶ ὡς ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνῃ
τὸν καθήραντα ἀπολωλεκὼς εἴη, οὐδέ οἱ εἴη βιώσιμον.
2 Κροῖσος δὲ τούτων ἀκούσας τόν τε Ἄδρηστον κατοικτείρει,
καίπερ ἐὼν ἐν κακῷ οἰκηίῳ τοσούτῳ καὶ λέγει πρὸς αὐτόν 25
‘ἔχω ὦ ξεῖνε παρὰ σεῦ πᾶσαν τὴν δίκην, ἐπειδὴ σεωυτοῦ

καταδικάζεις θάνατον. εἶς δὲ οὐ σύ μοι τοῦδε τοῦ κακοῦ
αἴτιος, εἰ μὴ ὅσον ἀέκων ἐξεργάσαο, ἀλλὰ θεῶν κού τις, ὅς
3 μοι καὶ πάλαι προεσήμαινε τὰ μέλλοντα ἔσεσθαι.’ Κροῖσος
Ἄδρηστος, ὁ: Adrastus, 7 οἰκήιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; of the family, 5

ἀ-έκων, -ουσα, -ον: unwilling, 12 οἰκίον, τό: house, dwelling, abode, 14
βιώσιµος, -ον: worth living, 1 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
βόσκω: to feed, nourish, tend, 1 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
διότι: because, on account of which, 1 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
ἐξ-εργάζοµαι: to perform, accomplish, 4 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἐπι-κατα-σφάζω: to slay upon or over, 2 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
ἐπίστιος, -ον: Protector of the hearth, 3 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 προ-σηµαίνω : show before, reveal, 1
ἑταιρῆιος, -ον: Protector of friendship, 2 προ-τείνω: to hold out before, propose, 2
καίπερ: although, albeit, 2 συµ-πέµπω: to send along with, 5
κατα-δικάζω: to condemn, sentence, 1 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
κατ-οικτείρω: show mercy or compassion, 1 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 ὑπο-δέκοµαι: receive, undertake, promise, 4
λανθάνω: to escape notice of, be unnoticed, 4 φονεύς, ὁ: murderer, slayer, homicide, 6
νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12 φύλαξ, -κος, ὁ: a watcher, guard, sentinel, 3
13 δεινῶς ἐκάλεε…καθάρσιον: he kept παρῆσαν: were present; impf. πάρ-ειµι

invoking fiercely Zeus the Purifier 19 εἵπετό οἱ: followed it; 3rd sg. impf. ἕποµαι
τὰ...πεπονθὼς εἴη: (the things) that he 20 παρεδίδου: tried to hand over; impf
suffered…; pf. pple of πάσχω + 3rd sg. 21 ἐπικατασφάξαι: to slay over; aor. inf.
opt. εἰµί forms a periphrastic pf. opt. 22 ὡς…ἀπολωλεκὼς εἴη: that he has
15 τὸν αὐτὸν..θεὸν: this same god; i.e. Zeus destroyed; periphrastic pf. opt., ind. disc.
18 ὡς…εὑρήκοι: that he discovered; 3rd sg. 27 εἶς: you are; 2nd sg. pres. εἰµί, Att. εἶ
pf. opt. εὑρίσκω; ind. disc, secondary seq. εἰ µὴ ὅσον: except insofar as you; respect
46 Herodotus 1.45.3 – 47.1
μέν νυν ἔθαψε ὡς οἰκὸς ἦν τὸν ἑωυτοῦ παῖδα· Ἄδρηστος 1
δὲ ὁ Γορδίεω τοῦ Μίδεω, οὗτος δὴ ὁ φονεὺς μὲν τοῦ ἑωυτοῦ

ἀδελφεοῦ γενόμενος φονεὺς δὲ τοῦ καθήραντος, ἐπείτε ἡσυχίη
τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐγένετο περὶ τὸ σῆμα, συγγινωσκόμενος
ἀνθρώπων εἶναι τῶν αὐτὸς ᾔδεε βαρυσυμφορώτατος, ἐπικατα- 5
σφάζει τῷ τύμβῳ ἑωυτόν.

46 Κροῖσος δὲ ἐπὶ δύο ἔτεα ἐν πένθεϊ μεγάλῳ κατῆστο τοῦ
παιδὸς ἐστερημένος. μετὰ δὲ ἡ Ἀστυάγεος τοῦ Κυαξάρεω
ἡγεμονίη καταιρεθεῖσα ὑπὸ Κύρου τοῦ Καμβύσεω καὶ τὰ τῶν
Περσέων πρήγματα αὐξανόμενα πένθεος μὲν Κροῖσον ἀπέ- 10
παυσε, ἐνέβησε δὲ ἐς φροντίδα, εἴ κως δύναιτο, πρὶν μεγά-

λους γενέσθαι τοὺς Πέρσας, καταλαβεῖν αὐτῶν αὐξανομένην
2 τὴν δύναμιν. μετὰ ὦν τὴν διάνοιαν ταύτην αὐτίκα ἀπεπειρᾶτο
τῶν μαντείων τῶν τε ἐν Ἕλλησι καὶ τοῦ ἐν Λιβύῃ, διαπέμ- 14
ἀδελφεός, ὁ: a brother, 5 κατ-αιρέω: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5

Ἀδρηστος, ὁ: Adrastus, 7 κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize, lay hold of, find, 3
ἀπο-παύω: to stop from, cease from, 1 κατ-ηµαι: to sit down, station, 4
ἀπο-πειράοµαι: test, to make trial (+ gen.) 1 Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14
αὐξάνω: to increase, augment, 5 κως: somehow, in any way, 9
βαρυσύµφορος, -ον: ill-fated, 1 Λιβύη, ἡ: Libya, the north part of Africa, 2
Γορδίης, ὁ: Gordias, 3 µαντεῖος, -α, -ον: prophetic, oracular, 7
διά-νοια, ἡ: thought, intention, purpose, 2 Μίδης, ὁ: Midas, 4
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 πένθος, τό: grief, woe, sorrow, 2
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 σῆµα, -ατος, τό: tomb, 6
ἐµ-βαίνω: to place in, step in, 1 στερίσκω: to deprive, bereave, rob of, 2
ἐπι-κατα-σφάζω: slay upon or over (+ dat.) 2 συγ-γινώσκω: agree, have sympathy with, 3
ἡγεµονίη, ἡ: sovereignty, hegemony, 2 τύµβος, ὁ: tomb, a sepulchral mound, 1
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 φονεύς, ὁ: murderer, slayer, homicide, 6
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 φροντίς, -ιδός, ἡ: deliberation, thought, 2
Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9
1 ὡς οἰκὸς ἤν: as was reasonable; pple οἶκα 8 ἐστερηµένος: pf. pass. στερέω, + genitive
3 καθήραντος: of the purifier; pf. καθαίρω of separation
4 συγγινωσκόµενος…εἶναι: acknowledging 9 κατ-αιρεθεῖσα: nom. fem. aor. pass.
to be…; Adrestus is also subj. of the inf. 10 πένθεος: from his grief; gen. separation
5 τῶν…ᾔδεε: whom he himself knew; 3rd sg. 11 ἐνεβησε: made him embark; aor. ἐµ-βαίνω
2nd plpf. οἶδα (εἰδ-ε), translate as simple ἐς φροντίδα ἔι…δύναιτο: on the thought
past; acc. obj. is gen. through attraction whether he would be able; aor. potent. opt
7 ἐπὶ δύο ἔτεα: over two years 14 τῶν τε ἐν Ἕλλησι…τοῦ: both those in
κατῆστο: 3rd sg. impf. κάτ-ηµαι Greece and that in Libya
Croesus’ ambition toward Persia 47
ψας ἄλλους ἄλλῃ, τοὺς μὲν ἐς Δελφοὺς ἰέναι, τοὺς δὲ ἐς 15
Ἄβας τὰς Φωκέων, τοὺς δὲ ἐς Δωδώνην· οἳ δὲ τινὲς ἐπέμ-

ποντο παρὰ τε Ἀμφιάρεων καὶ παρὰ Τροφώνιον, οἳ δὲ τῆς
3 Μιλησίης ἐς Βραγχίδας. ταῦτα μέν νυν τὰ Ἑλληνικὰ
μαντήια ἐς τὰ ἀπέπεμψε μαντευσόμενος Κροῖσος· Λιβύης

δὲ παρὰ Ἄμμωνα ἀπέστελλε ἄλλους χρησομένους. διέπεμπε 20
δὲ πειρώμενος τῶν μαντηίων ὅ τι φρονέοιεν, ὡς εἰ φρονέοντα

τὴν ἀληθείην εὑρεθείη, ἐπείρηται σφέα δεύτερα πέμπων εἰ
47 ἐπιχειρέοι ἐπὶ Πέρσας στρατεύεσθαι. ἐντειλάμενος δὲ τοῖσι
Λυδοῖσι τάδε ἀπέπεμπε ἐς τὴν διάπειραν τῶν χρηστηρίων,
ἀπ᾽ ἧς ἂν ἡμέρης ὁρμηθέωσι ἐκ Σαρδίων, ἀπὸ ταύτης ἡμερολο- 25
γέοντας τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον ἑκατοστῇ ἡμέρῃ χρᾶσθαι τοῖσι

χρηστηρίοισι, ἐπειρωτῶντας ὅ τι ποιέων τυγχάνοι ὁ Λυδῶν
Ἄβαι, αἱ: Abae, 2 Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8

ἀλήθειη, ἡ: truth, 5 ἐν-τελλοµαι: to command, enjoin, order, 1
ἄλλῃ: in another place; in another way, 3 ἐπι-χειρέω: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6
Ἄµφιάρεως, ὁ: Amphiareus, 4 ἡµερολογέω: to count the days, 1
Ἄµµων, -ονος, ὁ: Zeus-Ammon, 1 Λιβύη, ἡ: Libya, the north part of Africa, 2
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἀπο-στέλλω: to send out or away, dispatch, 4 µαντεύοµαι: to consult an oracle; prophesy, 2
Βράγχιδαι, αἱ: Branchidai, 5 µαντήιον, τό: (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
διά-πειρα, ἡ: test, trial, experiment, 1 Τροφώνιος, ὁ: Trophonius, 1
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 φρονέω: to think, know, be wise, prudent, 4
Δωδώνη, ἡ: Dodona, 1 Φωκέες, οἱ: a Phocian, 2
ἑκατοστός, -ή, -όν: the hundredth, 1
15 ἄλλους ἄλλῃ: different men in different 21 πειρώµενος: testing; pres. pple

places ὅ τι φρονέοιεν: what(ever) they knew; 3rd
τοὺς µὲν…δὲ...δὲ: some… others… (still) pl. pres. opt. in a general relative clause
others ὡς…ἐπείρηταί: so that he may ask;
17 παρά…Ἀµφιάρεων: to Amphiaraus; acc. purpose
sing. in the Attic declension, not gen. pl. εἰ εὑρεθείη: if it should be found; aor. pass.
18 Μιλησίης: of the Milesian (district) opt.
ταῦτα…τὰ µαντήια: these (are) the 22 σφεα δεύτερα: sending them a second
oracles (time)
19 ἐς τὰ ἀπέπεµψε: to which he sent… 23 ἐντειλάµενος : ordering these things...to
µαντευσόµενος: fut. pple µαντεύοµαισ consult and report; + χρᾶσθαι, ἀναφέρειν
20 ἀπέστειλε: 3rd sg. aor. ἀπο-στέλλω 25 ἀπ ᾿ ἧς: from which they set out; aor. dep.
χρησοµένους: going to consult the oracle; subjunctive ὁρµάω
fut. pple. χράω 27 ποιέων τυγχάνοι: he happens to be doing
διέπεµπε: he sent (them); supply an object
48 Herodotus 1.47.1 – 50.1
βασιλεὺς Κροῖσος ὁ Ἀλυάττεω· ἅσσα δ᾽ ἂν ἕκαστα τῶν 1
χρηστηρίων θεσπίσῃ, συγγραψαμένους ἀναφέρειν παρ᾽ ἑωυ-

2 τόν. ὅ τι μέν νυν τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν χρηστηρίων ἐθέσπισε, οὐ
λέγεται πρὸς οὐδαμῶν· ἐν δὲ Δελφοῖσι ὡς ἐσῆλθον τάχιστα
ἐς τὸ μέγαρον οἱ Λυδοὶ χρησόμενοι τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐπειρώτων 5
τὸ ἐντεταλμένον, ἡ Πυθίη ἐν ἑξαμέτρῳ τόνῳ λέγει τάδε·

3 οἶδα δ᾽ ἐγὼ ψάμμου τ᾽ ἀριθμὸν καὶ μέτρα θαλάσσης,
καὶ κωφοῦ συνίημι, καὶ οὐ φωνεῦντος ἀκούω.
ὀδμή μ᾽ ἐς φρένας ἦλθε κραταιρίνοιο χελώνης
3 ἑψομένης ἐν χαλκῷ ἅμ᾽ ἀρνείοισι κρέεσσιν, 10
ᾗ χαλκὸς μὲν ὑπέστρωται, χαλκὸν δ᾽ ἐπιέσται.

48 ταῦτα οἱ Λυδοὶ θεσπισάσης τῆς Πυθίης συγγραψάμενοι
οἴχοντο ἀπιόντες ἐς τὰς Σάρδις. ὡς δὲ καὶ ὧλλοι οἱ περι-
πεμφθέντες παρῆσαν φέροντες τοὺς χρησμούς, ἐνθαῦτα 14
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9

ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 περι-πέµπω: to send round, send, 1
ἀριθµός, ὁ: number, amount, quantity, 5 θεσπίζω: to declare by oracle, prophesy, 3
ἀρνεῖος, -η, -ον: of a sheep, 1 συγ-γράφω: to compose, write in prose, 2
ἑξάµετρος, -ον: hexameter, of six meters, 2 συν-ίηµι: understand, realize; put together, 3
ἐπ-ιέννυµι: put on over, cover over, 1 τόνος, ὁ: meter; cord, tension, 3
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 ὐπό-στόρεννυµι: to spread beneath, 1
ἑψέω: to stew, cook; boil, 4 φρήν, φρενός, ἡ: the midriff; mind, wits, 1
κραταίρινος, -ον: hard-shelled, 1 φωνέω: speak, utter, 2
κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 7
κωφός, -ή, -όν: deaf, 3 χελώνη, ἡ: a tortoise, 2
λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13 χρησµός, ὁ: the reply of an oracle, oracle, 7
µέτρον, τό: measure, length, size, 2 ψάµµος, ἡ: sand, 1
ὀδµή, ἡ: a smell, scent, odor, 3
1 ἅσσα ἄν…θεσπίσῃ: whatever each 9 ἐς φρένας ἦλθε: has come to mind; ἔρχοµαι
prophesies; aor. subj., general relative cl. κραταιρίνοιο: gen. sg., modifing χελώνης
2 ὅ τι: that which…; relative, subj. of ἑψοµένης: gen. sg. pres. pass. ἑψέω
λέγεται 10 ἅµ ᾿ ἀρνείοισι κρέεσσιν: together with with
4 ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as they entered sheep’s meat; κρέεσσιν is an epic dat. pl.
5 ἐπειρώτων: asked. 3rd pl. impf. 11 ᾗ: under which; dat. of compound verb
ἐπ-ερωτάω ὑπέστρωται: has been spread under; pf.
6 ἐντεταλµένον: what was commanded; “the ἐπίεσται: epic 3rd sg. pf. ἐπ-ιέννυµι
thing commanded” pf. pass. ἐν-τέλλοµαι 13 ἀπιόντες: nom. pl. pple, ἁπ-έρχοµαι
ἑξαµέρῳ τόνῳ: in hexameter verse ὧλλοι: crasis for οἱ ἄλλοι
7 κωφοῦ: gen. of source, object of συν-ίηµι περιπεµφθέντες: sent around; aor. pass.
φωνεῦντος: one not speaking; pres. pple 14 παρῆσαν: were at hand; impf. πάρ-ειµι
ὁ Κροῖσος ἕκαστα ἀναπτύσσων ἐπώρα τῶν συγγραμμάτων. 15
τῶν μὲν δὴ οὐδὲν προσίετό μιν· ὁ δὲ ὡς τὸ ἐκ Δελφῶν

ἤκουσε, αὐτίκα προσεύχετό τε καὶ προσεδέξατο, νομίσας
μοῦνον εἶναι μαντήιον τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖσι, ὅτι οἱ ἐξευρήκεε τὰ
2 αὐτὸς ἐποίησε. ἐπείτε γὰρ δὴ διέπεμψε παρὰ τὰ χρηστήρια
τοὺς θεοπρόπους, φυλάξας τὴν κυρίην τῶν ἡμερέων ἐμηχανᾶτο 20
τοιάδε· ἐπινοήσας τὰ ἦν ἀμήχανον ἐξευρεῖν τε καὶ ἐπιφρά-

σασθαι, χελώνην καὶ ἄρνα κατακόψας ὁμοῦ ἧψε αὐτὸς ἐν
49 λέβητι χαλκέῳ, χάλκεον ἐπίθημα ἐπιθείς. τὰ μὲν δὴ ἐκ
Δελφῶν οὕτω τῷ Κροίσῳ ἐχρήσθη· κατὰ δὲ τὴν Ἀμφιάρεω
τοῦ μαντηίου ὑπόκρισιν, οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν ὅ τι τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι 25
ἔχρησε ποιήσασι περὶ τὸ ἱρὸν τὰ νομιζόμενα (οὐ γὰρ ὦν οὐδὲ

τοῦτο λέγεται), ἄλλο γε ἢ ὅτι καὶ τοῦτον ἐνόμισε μαντήιον
50 ἀψευδὲς ἐκτῆσθαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα θυσίῃσι μεγάλῃσι τὸν ἐν
Δελφοῖσι θεὸν ἱλάσκετο· κτήνεά τε γὰρ τὰ θύσιμα πάντα
τρισχίλια ἔθυσε, κλίνας τε ἐπιχρύσους καὶ ἐπαργύρους καὶ 30
ἀ-µήχανος, -ον: impossible, inconceivable, 2 ἱλάσκοµαι: to appease, propitiate, 2

Ἀµφιάρεως, -εω ὁ: Amphiareus, 4 κατα-κόπτω: to chop up, cut up, 3
ἀνα-πτύσσω: to unroll, unfold, 2 κλίνη, ἡ: a couch, bed, 3
ἀρνός, τοῦ, τῆς: lamb, sheep, (no nom.), 1 κτάοµαι: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6
ἀ-ψευδής, -ές: without lie, without deceit, 1 κτῆνος, -εος, τό: animal; flocks, herds, 3
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 κυρίος, -η, -ον: appointed, authorized, 1
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 11 λέβης, ὁ: caldron, kettle, 2
ἐπ-άργυρος, -όν: silver-plated, 1 µαντήιον, τό: (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
ἐπί-θηµα, τό: lid, cover, 1 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
ἐπι-νοέω : to devise, contrive, 2 ὁµοῦ: at the same place, together, 1
ἐπι-φράζω: point out besides, tell, indicate, 2 προσ-δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, 2
ἐπι-χρυσός, -όν: gold-plated, 1 προσ-εύχοµαι: to pray to, worship, 2
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 προσ-ίηµι: to admit, allow; mid. attract, 3
ἐπ-οράω: see over, observe, take notice of, 7 σύγγραµµα, ατος, τό: composition, writing 1
ἑψέω: to stew, cook; boil, 4 τρισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: three thousand, 1
θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger for an oracle, 10 ὑπό-κρισις, ὁ: a reply, answer, 3
θυσίη, ἡ: an offering, sacrifice, 6 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
θύσιµος, -όν: fit for sacrifice, sacrificial, 1 χελώνη, ἡ: a tortoise, 2
15 ἐπώρα: looked over; ἐπ-ωραε, 3rd sg. 24 ἐχρησθη: were consulted; aor. pass.
impf. ἐπ-οράω 25 ἔχω εἰπεῖν ὅ τι: I am able to say what…
16 προσίετό: attracted; impf. mid. προσ-ιηµι 26 ποιήσασι: doing proper things; dat. pl. pple
20 φυλάξας…: looking for the appointed day 27 ἄλλο γε ἤ ὅτι: other, at least, than that…
23 ἐπιθείς: nom. sg. aor. pple. ἑπι-τίθηµι 28 ἐκτῆσθαι: pf. inf. κτάοµαι
50 Herodotus 1.50.1 – 51.3
φιάλας χρυσέας καὶ εἵματα πορφύρεα καὶ κιθῶνας, νήσας 1
πυρὴν μεγάλην, κατέκαιε, ἐλπίζων τὸν θεὸν μᾶλλον τι τού-

τοισι ἀνακτήσεσθαι· Λυδοῖσι τε πᾶσι προεῖπε θύειν πάντα
2 τινὰ αὐτῶν τούτῳ ὅ τι ἔχοι ἕκαστος. ὡς δὲ ἐκ τῆς θυσίης
ἐγένετο, καταχεάμενος χρυσὸν ἄπλετον ἡμιπλίνθια ἐξ αὐτοῦ 5
ἐξήλαυνε, ἐπὶ μὰν τὰ μακρότερα ποιέων ἑξαπάλαιστα, ἐπὶ

δὲ τὰ βραχύτερα τριπάλαιστα, ὕψος δὲ παλαιστιαῖα. ἀριθμὸν
δὲ ἑπτακαίδεκα καὶ ἑκατόν, καὶ τούτων ἀπέφθου χρυσοῦ
τέσσερα, τρίτον ἡμιτάλαντον ἕκαστον ἕλκοντα, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα
3 ἡμιπλίνθια λευκοῦ χρυσοῦ, σταθμὸν διτάλαντα. ἐποιέετο 10
δὲ καὶ λέοντος εἰκόνα χρυσοῦ ἀπέφθου ἕλκουσαν σταθμὸν

τάλαντα δέκα. οὗτος ὁ λέων, ἐπείτε κατεκαίετο ὁ ἐν Δελ-
φοῖσι νηός, κατέπεσε ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμιπλινθίων (ἐπὶ γὰρ τούτοισι
ἵδρυτο), καὶ νῦν κεῖται ἐν τῷ Κορινθίων θησαυρῷ, ἕλκων στα- 14
ἀνα-κτάοµαι: to win over, regain, recover, 2 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 5
ἄ-πλετος, -ον: boundless, immense, 3 κατα-πίπτω: to fall down, 1
ἄπεφθος, ὁ: pure, refined, boiled down, 2 κατα-χέω: pour or melt down, pour over, 2
ἀριθµός, ὁ: number, amount, quantity, 5 κιθών, -ῶνος ὁ: clothes, chiton; Lat. tunica 5
βραχύς, έα, ύ: short, 2 Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
δέκα: ten, 5 λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 5
διτάλαντος, -ον: worth two talents, 1 λέων, -οντος, ὁ: a lion, 4
εἰκών, -όνος, ἡ: a likeness, image; statue, 3 µάν: truly, surely (Att. µήν), 1
εἶµα, -ατος, τό: clothing, clothes, garment, 5 νέω: heap up, 1
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 παλαστιαῖος, -η, -ον: of one palm-length, 1
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 πορφύρεος, -η, -ον: purple-dyed, dark, 2
ἑξα-πάλαιστος, -ον: of six palm-lengths, 1 πυρη, ἡ: fire, pyre, funeral pyre, 8
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 σταθµός, ὁ: weight; jamb, post, 6
ἑπτα-καί-δεκα: seventeen, 1 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equiv. to 57.75 lbs.), 5
ἡµι-πλίνθιον, τό: an ingot, half-brick, 3 τέσσαρες, -α: four, 8
ἡµι-τάλαντον, τό: a half-talent, 4 τριπάλαιστος, η, ον: of three palm-lengths 1
θησαυρός, ὁ: treasure (house), treasury, 7 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
θυσίη, ἡ: an offering, sacrifice, 6 ὕψος, -ου, τό: height, 3
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 φιάλη, ἡ: a broad, flat vessel, a bowl, 1
3 πάντα… αὐτῶν: that every one of them… 7 ἀριθµὸν: in number; acc. of respect
4 ὅ τι ἔχοι: which…has; opt., general relative 9 ἕλκοντα: weighing; “drawing,” same below
6 ἐπὶ µὲν… παλαστιαῖα: making the longer 10 σταθµὸν: in weight; acc. respect, also l.14
(sides) six palms-length, the shorter (sides) 12 ἐπείτε…νηός: after the temple was burned
three palm-lengths, and one palm-length in 13 κατέπεσε: fell down; aor. κατα-πίπτω
height; add πλευρά, ὕψος acc respect 14 ἱδρυτο: had sat; plpf. deponent ἱδρύω
θμὸν ἕβδομον ἡμιτάλαντον· ἀπετάκη γὰρ αὐτοῦ τέταρτον 15
51 ἡμιτάλαντον. ἐπιτελέσας δὲ ὁ Κροῖσος ταῦτα ἀπέπεμπε ἐς

Δελφούς, καὶ τάδε ἄλλα ἅμα τοῖσι, κρητῆρας δύο μεγάθεϊ
μεγάλους, χρύσεον καὶ ἀργύρεον, τῶν ὁ μὲν χρύσεος ἔκειτο
ἐπὶ δεξιὰ ἐσιόντι ἐς τὸν νηόν, ὁ δὲ ἀργύρεος ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερά.
2 μετεκινήθησαν δὲ καὶ οὗτοι ὑπὸ τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα καὶ 20
ὁ μὲν χρύσεος κεῖται ἐν τῷ Κλαζομενίων θησαυρῷ, ἕλκων

σταθμὸν εἴνατον ἡμιτάλαντον καὶ ἔτι δυώδεκα μνέας, ὁ δὲ
ἀργύρεος ἐπὶ τοῦ προνηίου τῆς γωνίης, χωρέων ἀμφορέας
ἑξακοσίους· ἐπικίρναται γὰρ ὑπὸ Δελφῶν Θεοφανίοισι.
25
3 φασὶ δὲ μιν Δελφοὶ Θεοδώρου τοῦ Σαμίου ἔργον εἶναι, καὶ
ἐγὼ δοκέω· οὐ γὰρ τὸ συντυχὸν φαίνεταί μοι ἔργον εἶναι.
καὶ πίθους τε ἀργυρέους τέσσερας ἀπέπεμψε, οἳ ἐν τῷ Κοριν-
θίων θησαυρῷ ἑστᾶσι, καὶ περιρραντήρια δύο ἀνέθηκε, χρύ-
σεόν τε καὶ ἀργύρεον, τῶν τῷ χρυσέῳ ἐπιγέγραπται Λακε-
ἀµφορεύς, ὁ: amphora, jar, urn (39 liters), 2 ἡµι-τάλαντον, τό: a half-talent, 4

ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 Θεόδωρος, ὁ: Theodorus, 1
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 Θεοφάνια, τά: Theophania, Delphic festival 1
ἀπο-τήκω: to melt from, 1 θησαυρός, ὁ: treasure (house), treasury, 7
ἀργύρεος, -η, -ον: silver, of silver, 8 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 5
ἀριστερός, -ή, -όν: left, left side, 3 Κλαζοµεναί, οἱ: Clazomenae, 2
γωνίη, ἡ: corner, angle, 1 Κορίνθιος, -η, -ον: Corinthian, 8
δεξιός, -ή, -όν: on the right hand or side, 5 κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, size, height, 13
ἕβδοµος, -η, -ον: seventh, 1 µετα-κινέω: to transpose, shift, change, 1
εἴνατος, -η, -ον: ninth, 1 µνέαι, αἱ: minae (1/60 talent, 15 ounces), 1
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 περι-ρραντήριον, τό: sprinkler, 2
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 2 πίθος, ὁ: a wine-jar, 1
ἐπι-γράφω: to inscribe on, 2 πρό-νηιον, τό: fronthall of a temple, 1
ἐπί-κιρνάω: to mix wine, 1 Σάµιος, -η, -ον: Samians, from Samos, 6
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 συν-τυγχάνω: to meet with, fall in with, 2
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: to go into, enter, 6 τέταρτος, -α, -ον: fourth, 3
15 ἀπετάκη: was melted off; 3rd sg. aor. pass. 20 κατακαέντα: burned; neuter pl. aor. pass.
αὐτοῦ: from it; gen. separation pple
17 ἅµα τοῖσι: along with these 23 χωρέων: having room for, holding; pres.
µεγάθεϊ: in length; dat. of respect pple
18 χρύσεος ἔκειτο: one of gold was set; cf 19 26 τὸ συντυχὸν: ordinary, usual; neut. aor.
19 ἐπι δεξιὰ ἐσιόντι: on the right for one pple, ‘encountering’
entering; pple ἐσ-έρχοµαι 28 ἑστᾶσι: stand; 3rd pl. pf. ἵστηµι
52 Herodotus 1.51.3 – 53.3
δαιμονίων φαμένων εἶναι ἀνάθημα, οὐκ ὀρθῶς λέγοντες· 1
4 ἔστι γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο Κροίσου, ἐπέγραψε δὲ τῶν τις Δελφῶν
Λακεδαιμονίοισι βουλόμενος χαρίζεσθαι, τοῦ ἐπιστάμενος τὸ

οὔνομα οὐκ ἐπιμνήσομαι. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν παῖς, δι᾽ οὗ τῆς χειρὸς
ῥέει τὸ ὕδωρ, Λακεδαιμονίων ἐστί, οὐ μέντοι τῶν γε περιρ- 5
5 ραντηρίων οὐδέτερον. ἄλλα τε ἀναθήματα οὐκ ἐπίσημα
πολλὰ ἀπέπεμψε ἅμα τούτοισι ὁ Κροῖσος, καὶ χεύματα

ἀργύρεα κυκλοτερέα, καὶ δὴ καὶ γυναικὸς εἴδωλον χρύσεον
τρίπηχυ, τὸ Δελφοὶ τῆς ἀρτοκόπου τῆς Κροίσου εἰκόνα
λέγουσι εἶναι. πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γυναικὸς τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς 10
52 δειρῆς ἀνέθηκε ὁ Κροῖσος καὶ τὰς ζώνας. ταῦτα μὲν ἐς

Δελφοὺς ἀπέπεμψε, τῷ δὲ Ἀμφιάρεῳ, πυθόμενος αὐτοῦ τήν
τε ἀρετὴν καὶ τὴν πάθην, ἀνέθηκε σάκος τε χρύσεον πᾶν
ὁμοίως καὶ αἰχμὴν στερεὴν πᾶσαν χρυσέην, τὸ ξυστὸν τῇσι 14
αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 ζώνη, ἡ: a belt, 1

Ἀµφιάρεως, ὁ: Amphiareus, 4 κυκλοτερής, -ές: round, circular, 3
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 ξυστόν, τό: shaft (of a spear), 1
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 ὀρθός, -ή, -όν: straight, upright, right, 4
ἀρετή, ἡ: excellence, goodness, virtue, 3 οὗ: where, 6
ἀργύρεος, -η, -ον: silver, of silver, 8 οὐδ-έτερος, -η, -ον: neither of the two, 3
ἀρτο-κόπος, ὁ, ἡ: a baker, 1 πάθη, ἡ: misfortune, 3
δειρή, ἡ: the neck, throat, 1 περι-ρραντήριον, τό: sprinkler, 2
εἴδωλον, τό: an image, likeness, phantom, 1 σάκος, τό: a shield, 1
εἰκών, -όνος, ἡ: a likeness, image; statue, 3 στερεός, -ή, -όν: solid, firm, 3
ἐπι-γράφω: to inscribe on, 2 τρίπηχυς, -υ: of three cubits length (4.5 ft.), 1
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ἐπίσηµος, -η, -ον: remarkable, marked on, 1 χαρίζοµαι: do a favor, gratify, indulge (dat) 7
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 χεῦµα, -ατος, τό: bowl, 1
1 τῶν…φαµένων…ἀνάθηµα: of these (two) τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς δειρῆς: necklaces; “things

on the golden one it has been inscribed, from the neck”
with the Spartans claiming that it is their 12 πυθόµενος: having learned; aor. pple
offering; gen. abs. φηµί governs ind. disc. πυνθάνοµαι
2 λέγοντες: speaking; i.e. the Spartans αὐτοῦ….πάθην: his valor and misfortune;
τῶν τις Δελφῶν: one of the Delphians Amphiaraus was one of the “Seven
4 ἐπιµνήσοµαι: I will not mention; fut. against Thebes,” who was swallowed by
ὁ µὲν παῖς: (the statue of) the boy the earth. A shrine in his honor is the site
δι ᾿ οὗ τῆς χειρὸς: through whose hands of the oracle.
5 οὐδέτερον: neither are Spartan 14 τῇσι Λόγχῃσι: similarly to the
6 ἅµα τούτοισι: along with these spearpoints; dat. governed by the
10 πρὸς δὲ καὶ: and in addition following adv. ὁµοίως
λόγχῃσι ἐὸν ὁμοίως χρύσεον· τὰ ἔτι καὶ ἀμφότερα ἐς ἐμὲ 15
ἦν κείμενα ἐν Θήβῃσι καὶ Θηβέων ἐν τῳ νηῷ τοῦ Ἰσμηνίου

Ἀπόλλωνος.
53 τοῖσι δὲ ἄγειν μέλλουσι τῶν Λυδῶν ταῦτα τὰ δῶρα ἐς
τὰ ἱρὰ ἐνετέλλετο ὁ Κροῖσος ἐπειρωτᾶν τὰ χρηστήρια εἰ
στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας Κροῖσος καὶ εἴ τινα στρατὸν 20
2 ἀνδρῶν προσθέοιτο φίλον, ὡς δὲ ἀπικόμενοι ἐς τὰ ἀπεπέμ-
φθησαν, οἱ Λυδοὶ ἀνέθεσαν τὰ ἀναθήματα, ἐχρέωντο τοῖσι

χρηστηρίοισι λέγοντες ‘Κροῖσος ὁ Λυδῶν τε καὶ ἄλλων
ἐθνέων βασιλεύς, νομίσας τάδε μαντήια εἶναι μοῦνα ἐν
ἀνθρώποισι, ὑμῖν τε ἄξια δῶρα ἔδωκε τῶν ἐξευρημάτων, καὶ 25
νῦν ὑμέας ἐπειρωτᾷ εἰ στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας καὶ εἴ τινα

3 στρατὸν ἀνδρῶν προσθέοιτο σύμμαχον.’ οἱ μὲν ταῦτα
ἐπειρώτων, τῶν δὲ μαντηίων ἀμφοτέρων ἐς τὠυτὸ αἱ γνῶμαι

συνέδραμον, προλέγουσαι Κροίσῳ, ἢν στρατεύηται ἐπὶ
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 Ἰσµηνίος, -ου, ὁ: Ismenian, 2

ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 λόγχη, ἡ: a spear-head, javelin-head, 1
Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 5 µαντήιον, τό: (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 προ-λέγω: fortell, announce, 1
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 προσ-τίθηµι: to attach, add, impose, give, 7
ἐξ-εύρηµα, τό: a thing discovered, invention 3 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
Θῆβαι, αἱ: Thebes, 4 συν-τρέχω: to run together, coincide, 2
15 εόν: neuter sg. pres. pple, εἰµί πέµπω

ἐς ἐµὲ: up to my time; “up to me” 22 ἀνέθεσαν: 3rd pl. aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι
16 ἦν κείµενα: were lying; impf. εἰµί; neuter ἐχρέωντο: they consulted; χράω + dat.
pple 24 νοµίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple νοµίζω
Θηβέων: in (the district) of Thebes; 25 ἄξια…τῶν ἐξευρηµάτων: worthy of the
partitive gen. things discovered; i.e. Croesus’ test
18 τοῖσι…µέλλουσι: to those (of the) Lydians ἔδωκε: gave; 3rd sg. aor. δίδωµι
intending to bring; dat. pple; partitive gen. 26 ἐπειρωτᾷ: he asks; 3rd sg. pres. α-contract
19 ἐπειρωτᾶν: to order; pres. inf. α-contract 27 εἰ στρατεύηται…προσθέοιτο: see 19-20
εἰ…στρατεύηται: whether he is to ἐπειρώτων: they asked; 3rd pl. impf.
campaign..; deliberative pres. subjunctive 28 ἐς τὠυτὸ...συνέδραµον: agreed; “ran
20 εἴ…προσθέοιτο: whether he should together to the same,” aor. συν-τρέχω
attach…(to himself) as a friend; aor. opt. 29 ἤν στρατεύηται: if every he campaigns;
where one expects a deliberative subj. Att. ἐάν + pres subj, protasis in a present
21 ἐς τὰ: to the oracles; supply χρηστήρια general condition
ἀπεπέµφθησαν: 3rd pl. aor. pass. ἀπο-
54 Herodotus 1.53.3 – 56.3
Πέρσας, μεγάλην ἀρχὴν μιν καταλύσειν· τοὺς δὲ Ἑλλήνων 1
δυνατωτάτους συνεβούλευόν οἱ ἐξευρόντα φίλους προσθέσθαι.

54 ἐπείτε δὲ ἀνενειχθέντα τὰ θεοπρόπια ἐπύθετο ὁ Κροῖσος,
ὑπερήσθη τε τοῖσι χρηστηρίοισι, πάγχυ τε ἐλπίσας κατα-
λύσειν τὴν Κύρου βασιληίην, πέμψας αὖτις ἐς Πυθὼ Δελ- 5
φοὺς δωρέεται, πυθόμενος αὐτῶν τὸ πλῆθος, κατ᾽ ἄνδρα δύο

2 στατῆρσι ἕκαστον χρυσοῦ. Δελφοὶ δὲ ἀντὶ τούτων ἔδοσαν
Κροίσῳ καὶ Λυδοῖσι προμαντηίην καὶ ἀτελείην καὶ προεδρίην,

καὶ ἐξεῖναι τῷ βουλομένῳ αὐτῶν γίνεσθαι Δελφὸν ἐς τὸν
55 αἰεὶ χρόνον. δωρησάμενος δὲ τοὺς Δελφοὺς ὁ Κροῖσος 10
ἐχρηστηριάζετο τὸ τρίτον· ἐπείτε γὰρ δὴ παρέλαβε τοῦ

μαντείου ἀληθείην, ἐνεφορέετο αὐτοῦ. ἐπειρώτα δὲ τάδε
χρηστηριαζόμενος, εἴ οἱ πολυχρόνιος ἔσται ἡ μουναρχίη.
2 ἡ δὲ Πυθίη οἱ χρᾷ τάδε. 14
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 µουν-αρχίη, ἡ: monarchy, sovereignty, 1

ἀλήθειη, ἡ: truth, 5 πάγχυ: quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, 2
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἀ-τέλειη, ἡ: exemption from taxes, 1 πολυ-χρόνιος, -ον: long lived, 2
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 προεδρίη, ἡ: the privilege of the front seats, 1
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 6 προ-µαντηίη, ἡ: right to consult oracle first, 1
δωρέοµαι: to bestow, give, present, 3 προσ-τίθηµι: to attach, add, impose, give, 7
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 Πυθω, ἡ: Pytho, 1
ἐµ-φορέοµαι: to take one’s fill of; carry in, 1 στατήρ, ὁ: stater, gold coin, 1
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 11 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
θεο-πρόπιον, τό: oracle, prophesy, 5 ὑπερ-ήδοµαι: to be very pleased at, 2
κατα-λύω: to destroy, break up, upset, 4 χρηστηριάζω: to consult an oracle, 5
µαντεῖος, -α, -ον: prophetic, oracular, 7
1 µιν καταλύσειν: that he will destroy; fut. ἐπύθετο: 3rd sg. aor. πυνθάνοµαι
2 δυνατωτάτους superlative 4 ὑπερήσθη: 3rd sg. aor. dep. ὑπερ-ήδοµαι
συνεβούλεύον οἱ: they advised him that he ἐλπίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἐλπίζω
ἐξευρόντα: (that he) finding out; aor. pple. καταλύσειν: see note l. 1
acc. sg. subject of προσθέσθαι; Croesus, 6 Δελφοὺς δωρέεται…κατ ᾿ ἄνδρα…:
is the antecedent of the dat. sg. οἱ and bestows the Delphians with two staters of
the understood noun governing the acc. gold for each man; verb governs acc. of
ἐξευρόντα person and dat. obj.
προσθέσθαι: aor. mid. inf. προσ-τίθηµι πυθόµενος: aor. pple πυνθάνοµαι
3 ἀνενειχθέντα: having been reported; neuter 7 ἀντὶ τούτων: in response to these (gifts)
aor. pass. pple. ἀνα-φέρω 7-14 Notes on facing page
Croesus’ appeal to the Greeks 55
ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν ἡμίονος βασιλεὺς Μήδοισι γένηται, 15
καὶ τότε, Λυδὲ ποδαβρέ, πολυψήφιδα παρ᾽ Ἕρμον

φεύγειν μηδὲ μένειν μηδ᾽ αἰδεῖσθαι κακός εἶναι.
56 τούτοισι ἐλθοῦσι τοῖσι ἔπεσι ὁ Κροῖσος πολλόν τι μάλιστα
πάντων ἥσθη, ἐλπίζων ἡμίονον οὐδαμὰ ἀντ᾽ ἀνδρὸς βασι-
λεύσειν Μήδων, οὐδ᾽ ὦν αὐτὸς οὐδὲ οἱ ἐξ αὐτοῦ παύσεσθαι 20
κοτὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐφρόντιζε ἱστορέων τοὺς

ἂν Ἑλλήνων δυνατωτάτους ἐόντας προσκτήσαιτο φίλους,
2 ἱστορέων δὲ εὕρισκε Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ Ἀθηναίους
προέχοντας τοὺς μὲν τοῦ Δωρικοῦ γένεος τοὺς δὲ τοῦ

Ἰωνικοῦ. ταῦτα γὰρ ἦν τὰ προκεκριμένα, ἐόντα τὸ ἀρχαῖον 25
τὸ μὲν Πελασγικὸν τὸ δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἔθνος. καὶ τὸ μὲν

3 οὐδαμῇ κω ἐξεχώρησε, τὸ δὲ πολυπλάνητον κάρτα. ἐπὶ μὲν
αἰδέοµαι: to be or feel ashamed of; respect, 2 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 κω: yet, up to this time, 10
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 6 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
Δωρικός, -ή, -όν: Doric, 2 ὅταν: ὅτε ἄν, whenever, 2
ἐκ-χωρέω: to go out, depart, emigrate, 1 οὐδαµῇ: no where, in no place, 3
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 Πελασγικός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
Ἕρµος, ὁ: Hermos river, 2 ποδαβρός, -όν: tenderfooted, 1
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 πολυ-πλάνητος, -όν: wandering, roving, 1
φροντίζω: to think, worry, give heed to, 4 πολυ-ψήφις, —φιδος: with many pebbles, 1
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in (+ dat.) 5 προ-έχω: be superior, hold before, surpass, 4
ἡµί-ονος, ὁ: mule, half-breed, 5 προ-κρίνω: to choose before others, prefer, 2
ἱστορέω: to question, inquire into, 5 προσ-κτάοµαι: to win over, gain besides, 2
Ἰωνικός, -ή, -όν: Ionic, Ionian, 2
ἔδοσαν 3rd pl. aor. pl. δίδωµι subj. general temporal clause
9 ἐξεῖναι: and to allow (any) of them 16 Λυδὲ ποδαβρέ: vocative, direct address
wishing…; one of the many objects of 17 φεύγειν, µένειν, αἰδεῖσθαι: inf. as
ἔδοσαν imperatives
ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον: for everlasting time 18 τούτοισι ἐλθοῦσι: in these words coming
10 δωρησάµενος: aor. pple. δωρέοµαι (to Croesus); obj. of verb
11 τὸ τριτὸν: a third time ἥσθη: 3rd sg. aor. dep. ἥδοµαι
παρέλαβε: 3rd sg. aor. παρα-λαµβάνω 20 οἱ ἐξ αὐτοῦ: those (decended) from him
12 ἐνεφορέετο: 3rd sg. impf. ἐµ-φορέοµαι 21 τοὺς…προσκτήσαιτο: whom he could
ἐπειρώτα: he asked; 3rd sg. impf. win over…; relative clause, aor. potential
13 ἔσται: 3rd sg. fut. εἰµί opt.
14 χρᾷ: prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres. χράω 25 ἦν…προκεκριµένα: were the chosen; pf.
15 ὅταν…γένηται: whenever…comes; aor. pple or plpf. periphrastic (pf. pple + impf.)
56 Herodotus 1.56.3 – 58.1
γὰρ Δευκαλίωνος βασιλέος οἴκεε γῆν τὴν Φθιῶτιν, ἐπὶ δὲ 1
Δώρου τοῦ Ἕλληνος τὴν ὑπὸ τὴν Ὄσσαν τε καὶ τὸν Ὄλυμ-
πον χώρην, καλεομένην δὲ Ἱστιαιῶτιν· ἐκ δὲ τῆς Ἱστιαιώ-
τιδος ὡς ἐξανέστη ὑπὸ Καδμείων, οἴκεε ἐν Πίνδῳ Μακεδνὸν
καλεόμενον· ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ αὖτις ἐς τὴν Δρυοπίδα μετέβη 5
καὶ ἐκ τῆς Δρυοπίδος οὕτω ἐς Πελοπόννησον ἐλθὸν Δωρικὸν

57 ἐκλήθη. ἥντινα δὲ γλῶσσαν ἵεσαν οἱ Πελασγοί, οὐκ ἔχω
ἀτρεκέως εἰπεῖν. εἰ δὲ χρεόν ἐστι τεκμαιρόμενον λέγειν
τοῖσι νῦν ἔτι ἐοῦσι Πελασγῶν τῶν ὑπὲρ Τυρσηνῶν Κρη-
στῶνα πόλιν οἰκεόντων, οἳ ὅμουροι κοτὲ ἦσαν τοῖσι νῦν 10
Δωριεῦσι καλεομένοισι (οἴκεον δὲ τηνικαῦτα γῆν τὴν νῦν

2 Θεσσαλιῶτιν καλεομένην), καὶ τῶν Πλακίην τε καὶ Σκυ-
λάκην Πελασγῶν οἰκησάντων ἐν Ἑλλησπόντῳ, οἳ σύνοικοι

ἐγένοντο Ἀθηναίοισι, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα Πελασγικὰ ἐόντα 14
ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 Ὄλυµπος, ὁ: Olympus, 3

αὖτις: back again, later, 11 ὅµ-ουρος, -ον: having the same borders, 2
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 Ὄσσα, ἡ: Mt. Ossa, 1
Δευκαλίων, -ονος, ὁ: Deucalion, 1 Πελασγικός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
Δρυοπίς, ὁ: Dryopis, 3 Πελασγός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
Δῶρος, ὁ: Dorus, 1 Πελοπόννησος, ἡ: the Peloponnesus, 4
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 Πίνδος, ὁ: Pindus mountains 1
Δωρικός, -ή, -όν: Doric, 2 Πλακίη, ἡ , 1: Placia, 1
Ἑλλήσποντος, ὁ: the Hellespont, 1 Σκυλάκη, ἡ: Scylake, 1
ἐξ-ανίστηµι: rise and depart from, emigrate, 4 σύν-οικος, -ον: co-inhabitant, dwelled with, 1
Θεσσαλιῶτις, ἡ: Thessaliotis, 1 τεκµαίροµαι: to guess, conjecture, 2
Ἱστιαιῶτις, ἡ: Histiaeotis, 2 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
Καδµεῖος, -η, -ον: Cadmean, 3 Τυρσηνός, -ή, -όν: Tyrrhenian, Etruscan, 1
κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of +gen; beyond +acc7
Κρηστών, ῶνος, ὁ: Creston, 1 Φθιῶτις, ἡ: Phthia, 1
Μακεδνός, ή, όν: Macedonian, 1 χρεόν: (it is) necessary, right, 3
µετα-βαίνω: to migrate, change places, 2
1 ἐπὶ… : in the time of King Deucalion 8 χρεόν ἐστι: it is necessary; impersonal

οἴκεε: (the Greek people) lived; 3rd sg. impf. τεκµαιρόµενον…τοῖσι…ἐοῦσι: (that one)
ἐπὶ δὲ Δώρου: in the time of Dorus… guessing by those of the Pelasgians existing
4 ἐξανέστη: rose and departed; 3rd sg. aor. still now; dat. means; add missing acc. subj.
ὑπὸ Καδµείων: because of the Cadmeans 10 ἦσαν: were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί
5 µετέβη: migrated; 3rd sg. aor. µετα-βαίνω 12 καὶ τῶν…Πελασγῶν οἰκησάντων: and
7 ἐκλήθη: was called; 3rd sg. aor pass. καλέω of the Pelasgians having inhabited…;
ἥντινα…ἵεσαν: what…uttered; aor. ἱηµί 14 καὶ ὅσα…ἐόντα: and as many other
ἔχω: I am able; ἔχω +inf. Pelasgian towns…;
Croesus’ appeal to the Greeks 57
πολίσματα τὸ οὔνομα μετέβαλε· εἰ τούτοισι τεκμαιρόμενον 15
3 δεῖ λέγειν, ἦσαν οἱ Πελασγοὶ βάρβαρον γλῶσσαν ἱέντες. εἰ

τοίνυν ἦν καὶ πᾶν τοιοῦτο τὸ Πελασγικόν, τὸ Ἀττικὸν
ἔθνος ἐὸν Πελασγικὸν ἅμα τῇ μεταβολῇ τῇ ἐς Ἕλληνας
καὶ τὴν γλῶσσαν μετέμαθε. καὶ γὰρ δὴ οὔτε οἱ Κρηστω-
νιῆται οὐδαμοῖσι τῶν νῦν σφέας περιοικεόντων εἰσὶ ὁμό- 20
γλωσσοι οὔτε οἱ Πλακιηνοί, σφίσι δὲ ὁμόγλωσσοι· δηλοῦσί

τε ὅτι τὸν ἠνείκαντο γλώσσης χαρακτῆρα μεταβαίνοντες ἐς
58 ταῦτα τὰ χωρία, τοῦτον ἔχουσι ἐν φυλακῇ. τὸ δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν
γλώσσῃ μὲν ἐπείτε ἐγένετο αἰεί κοτε τῇ αὐτῇ διαχρᾶται, ὡς
ἐμοὶ καταφαίνεται εἶναι· ἀποσχισθὲν μέντοι ἀπὸ τοῦ Πελα- 25
σγικοῦ ἐόν ἀσθενές, ἀπό σμικροῦ τεο τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁρμώμενον

αὔξηται ἐς πλῆθος τῶν ἐθνέων, Πελασγῶν μάλιστα προσ-
κεχωρηκότων αὐτῷ καὶ ἄλλων ἐθνέων βαρβάρων συχνῶν.
πρόσθε δὲ ὦν ἔμοιγε δοκέει οὐδὲ τὸ Πελασγικὸν ἔθνος, ἐὸν
βάρβαρον, οὐδαμὰ μεγάλως αὐξηθῆναι. 30
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 ὁµό-γλωσσος -η -ον: of the same language, 3
ἀ-σθενής, -ές: without strength, weak, 6 Πελασγικός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
ἀπο-σχίζω: to separate, to split off, 2 Πελασγός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, 5 περι-οικέω: to live around, 1
αὐξάνω: to increase, augment, 5 Πλακιηνοί, -αι, -α:, people of Placia, 1
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
δηλόω: make clear or visible; show, exhibit 7 πόλισµα, -µατος, τό: a city, 5
δια-χράοµαι: use continually; destroy (dat), 5 πρόσθεν: before, 3
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 προσ-χωρέω: to go to, approach, 2
κατα-φαίνω: declare, make clear, declare, 1 σµικρός, -η, -ον: small, little; insignificant, 5
Κρηστωνιῆται, οἱ: Crestonian, 1 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 5
µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11 τοί-νυν: well then; therefore, accordingly, 2
µετα-βαίνω: to migrate, change places, 2 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
µετα-βάλλω: to change, 4 χαρακτήρ, ὁ: type, feature, dialect, 3
µετα-βολή, ἡ: change; eclipse, 2 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
µετα-µανθάνω: to learn, 1
15 ἐι…λέγειν: if it is necessary to speak language they brought; aor. φέρω ;

guessing by these; repeating ll. 8-9 25 ἀποσχισθε͂ν: having been separated; pple
16 ἱέντες: speaking; pres. pple. ἱηµί 26 ἀπὸ σµικροῦ τεο: from something small
18 ἅµα… : with the change to Greeks 27 αὐξηται: have increased; pf. pass.
21 σφίσι: to them; i.e. the Crestonians 29 πρὸς δὴ: in addition
22 τὸν ἠνείκαντο: what dialect of the 30 αὐξηθῆναι: to have been increased; pf inf.
58 Herodotus 1.59.1 – 60.1
59 τούτων δὴ ὦν τῶν ἐθνέων τὸ μὲν Ἀττικὸν κατεχόμενόν 1
τε καὶ διεσπασμένον ἐπυνθάνετο ὁ Κροῖσος ὑπὸ Πεισι-

στράτου τοῦ Ἱπποκράτεος τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τυραννεύοντος
Ἀθηναίων. Ἱπποκράτεϊ γὰρ ἐόντι ἰδιώτῃ καὶ θεωρέοντι
τὰ Ὀλύμπια τέρας ἐγένετο μέγα· θύσαντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ 5
ἱρὰ οἱ λέβητες ἐπεστεῶτες καὶ κρεῶν τε ἐόντες ἔμπλεοι καὶ

2 ὕδατος ἄνευ πυρὸς ἔζεσαν καὶ ὑπερέβαλον. Χίλων δὲ ὁ
Λακεδαιμόνιος παρατυχὼν καὶ θεησάμενος τὸ τέρας συνε-
βούλευε Ἱπποκράτεϊ πρῶτα μὲν γυναῖκα μὴ ἄγεσθαι τεκνο-
ποιὸν ἐς τὰ οἰκία, εἰ δὲ τυγχάνει ἔχων, δευτέρα τὴν γυναῖκα 10
ἐκπέμπειν, καὶ εἴ τίς οἱ τυγχάνει ἐὼν παῖς, τοῦτον ἀπείπασθαι.

3 οὔκ ων ταῦτα παραινέσαντος Χίλωνος πείθεσθαι θέλειν τὸν
Ἱπποκράτεα· γενέσθαι οἱ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸν Πεισίστρατον
τοῦτον, ὃς στασιαζόντων τῶν παράλων καὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου
Ἀθηναίων, καὶ τῶν μὲν προεστεῶτος Μεγακλέος τοῦ Ἀλ- 15
Ἀλκµέων, -ωνος, ὁ: Alcmeon, 1 Ὀλύµπια, τά: the Olympic games, 2

ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 παρ-αινέω: to advise, exhort, order, 6
ἀπ-εῖπον: speak against, refuse, renounce, 4 πάρ-αλος, -η, -ον: coastal (people), 1
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, 5 παρα-τυγχάνω: to happen to be present at, 1
δια-σπάω: to tear asunder, pull apart, 1 προ-ίστηµι: to be in charge, set in charge, 4
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 πῦρ, -ος, τό: fire, 9
ἐµ-πλεος, -η, -ον: full of, 1 στασιάζω: to dispute, quarrel, rebel, revolt, 3
ζέω: to boil, seethe, bubble up, 1 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
ἰδιώτης, -ου, ὁ: a private citizen, 4 τέρας, τό: portent, sign, wonder, marvel, 4
Ἰπποκράτης, -εος, ὁ: Hippocrates, 4 τεκνο-ποιός, -όν: child-bearing, 1
κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
λέβης, ὁ: caldron, kettle, 2 ὑπερ-βάλλω: boil over; surpass, overshoot, 3
Μεγακλέης, ὁ: Megacles, 5 Χίλων, Χίλωνος, ὁ: Chilon, 2
1 ἐθνέων: among these people; partitive gen. ὑπερέβαλον: they boiled over; 3rd pl. aor.
τὸ...κατεχόµενον: that the Attic region is 8 παρατυχὼν: happening to be present; aor.
held and is torn asunder…; ind. disc (pple ) 9 µὴ ἄγεσθαι: not to lead (in marriage); mid.
3 τοῦ Ἱπποκράτεος: son of Hippocrates 10 τυφχάνει ἔχων: happens to have (one)
χρόνον: during this time; acc. duration 11 τυγχαν́ει: if there happens to be a son to..
4 Ἀωηναίων: gen. obj. of τυραννεύω 12 θέλειν: H. was willing; ind. discourse
Ἱπποκράτεϊ…ἐγένετο: came to + dat. 13 γενέσθαι οἱ: came to be (born) to him
θύσαντος…αὐτοῦ…ἱρὰ when he sacrificed 14 στασιαζόντων…: the coastal people and
the sacrificial victims; gen. abs. Athenians on the plain fighting; gen. abs.
6 ἐπεστεῶτες: standing on (tripods); pf. pple 15 προεστεῶτος: being in charge over; pf.
Pisistratus of Athens 59
κμέωνος, τῶν δὲ ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου Λυκούργου Ἀριστολαΐδεω, 16
καταφρονήσας τὴν τυραννίδα ἤγειρε τρίτην στάσιν· συλλέξας

δὲ στασιώτας καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῶν ὑπερακρίων προστὰς μη-
4 χανᾶται τοιάδε. τρωματίσας ἑωυτόν τε καὶ ἡμιόνους ἤλασε ἐς
τὴν ἀγορὴν τὸ ζεῦγος ὡς ἐκπεφευγὼς τοὺς ἐχθρούς, οἵ μιν 20
ἐλαύνοντα ἐς ἀγρὸν ἠθέλησαν ἀπολέσαι δῆθεν, ἐδέετό τε
τοῦ δήμου φυλακῆς τινος πρὸς αὐτοῦ κυρῆσαι, πρότερον εὐδο-
κιμήσας ἐν τῇ πρὸς Μεγαρέας γενομένῃ στρατηγίῃ, Νίσαιάν
5 τε ἑλὼν καὶ ἄλλα ἀποδεξάμενος μεγάλα ἔργα. ὁ δὲ δῆμος ὁ
τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐξαπατηθεὶς ἔδωκέ οἱ τῶν ἀστῶν καταλέξας 25
ἄνδρας τούτους οἳ δορυφόροι μὲν οὐκ ἐγένοντο Πεισιστράτου,

κορυνηφόροι δέ· ξύλων γὰρ κορύνας ἔχοντες εἵποντό οἱ
6 ὄπισθε. συνεπαναστάντες δὲ οὗτοι ἅμα Πεισιστράτῳ
ἔσχον τὴν ἀκρόπολιν. ἔνθα δὴ ὁ Πεισίστρατος ἦρχε
Ἀθηναίων, οὔτε τιμὰς τὰς ἐούσας συνταράξας οὔτε θέσμια 30
μεταλλάξας, ἐπί τε τοῖσι κατεστεῶσι ἔνεμε τὴν πόλιν
60 κοσμέων καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ. μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολλὸν χρόνον
ἀγορή, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 8 κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10

ἀγρός, ὁ: field, country, 4 κυρέω: get, light upon; attain, obtain (gen.), 4
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 Λυκοῦργος: Lycurgus, 8
Ἀριστολαΐδης, ὁ: Aristolaides, 1 Μεγαρέες, οἱ: Megarians, 1
ἀστός, -ή, -όν: townsman, country-man, 6 µετ-αλλάσσω: change, alter, 1
δῆθεν: really, (implies falsity of speech), 2 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 νέµω: to distribute, deal out; govern, graze, 7
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 Νίσαια, ἡ: Nisaea, 1 ξύλον, τό: wood, 4
ἐγείρω: to awaken, wake up, rouse, 3 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
ἐκ-φεύγω: to flee out away, escape, 4 στάσις, ἡ: party, faction; quarrel, 4
ἐξ-απατάω: to deceive, beguile, 3 στασιώτης, ὁ: partisan, party member, 6
ἐχθρός, -ά, -όν: hated, hostile; subs. enemy, 2 στρατηγίη, ἡ: generalship, leadership, 2
εὐδοκιµέω: to be well-reputed, 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ζεῦγος, τό: cart, a yoke of beasts, 3 συν-επ-αν-ίστηµι: rise up against together, 1
ἡµί-ονος, ὁ: mule, half-breed, 5 συν-ταράσσω: confound, distress, disturb, 2
qe/smioj, -h, -on: lawful; subst. the law, 1 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political offices, 9
κατα-λέγω: pick, recount, 3 τρίτος, -α, -ον: third, 7 τρωµατίζω: wound 1
κατα-φρονέω: fix one’s thoughts on, aim at 2 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
κορύνη, ἡ: staff, club, 1 ὑπερ-άκριοι, οἱ: hill-men, 1
κορυνη-φόρος, ὁ: club-bearers, 1 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
16 Λυκούργου: gen. abs.; add προεστεῶτος he asked to get; 24 ἑλων: aor pple αἱρέω
18 τῷ λόγῳ προστὰς: in word, heading… 27 εἵποντό: attended him; impf. ἕποµαι
19 ἤλασε: aor. ἐλαύνω; 21 ἐδέετό… κυρῆσαι 31 κατεστεῶσι: within standing laws; pf.
60 Herodotus 1.60.1 – 61.1
τὠυτὸ φρονήσαντες οἵ τε τοῦ Μεγακλέος στασιῶται καὶ οἱ 1
τοῦ Λυκούργου ἐξελαύνουσί μιν. οὕτω μὲν Πεισίστρατος

ἔσχε τὸ πρῶτον Ἀθήνας, καὶ τὴν τυραννίδα οὔ κω κάρτα
ἐρριζωμένην ἔχων ἀπέβαλε. οἱ δὲ ἐξελάσαντες Πεισί-
2 στρατον αὖτις ἐκ νέης ἐπ᾽ ἀλλήλοισι ἐστασίασαν. περιε- 5
λαυνόμενος δὲ τῇ στάσι ὁ Μεγακλέης ἐπεκηρυκεύετο

Πεισιστράτῳ, εἰ βούλοιτό οἱ τὴν θυγατέρα ἔχειν γυναῖκα
3 ἐπὶ τῇ τυραννίδι. ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογή-
σαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ
κατόδῳ πρῆγμα εὐηθέστατον, ὡς ἐγὼ εὑρίσκω, μακρῷ, 10
ἐπεί γε ἀπεκρίθη ἐκ παλαιτέρου τοῦ βαρβάρου ἔθνεος τὸ

Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν καὶ δεξιώτερον καὶ εὐηθείης ἠλιθίου ἀπηλλα-
γμένον μᾶλλον, εἰ καὶ τότε γε οὗτοι ἐν Ἀθηναίοισι τοῖσι
πρώτοισι λεγομένοισι εἶναι Ἑλλήνων σοφίην μηχανῶνται 14
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 κω: yet, up to this time, 10

ἀπο-βάλλω: to throw off, or away, 4 Λυκοῦργος, ὁ: Lycurgus, 8
ἀπο-κρίνω: separate; mid. to answer, reply, 2 Μεγακλέης, ὁ: Megacles, 5
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 10
δεξιός, -ή, -όν: clever, on the right side, 5 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 4
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
ἐν-δέκοµαι: to take on oneself, consent to, 1 περι-ελαύνω: to drive round; harass, 2
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 ῥιζόω: to take root, establish, 2
ἐπι-κηρυκεύοµαι: to send by a herald, 2 σοφίη, ἡ: wisdom, skill, intelligence, 4
εὐ-ήθης, -ες: stupid, silly, simple-minded, 1 στάσις, ἡ: party, faction; quarrel, 4
εὐήθείη, ἡ: stupidity, silliness, foolishness, 1 στασιάζω: to dispute, quarrel, rebel, revolt, 3
ἠλίθιος, -ον: foolish, 1 στασιώτης, ὁ: partisan, party member, 6
κάτ-οδος, ἡ: return; descent, 2 φρονέω: to think, know, be wise, prudent, 4
1 τὠυτὸ φρονήσαντες: thinking the same distinguished themselves from barbarian

4 ἐρριζωµένην: having taken root; pf. pple. people; 3rd sg. aor. dep; gen. of separation
ἐξελάσαντες: driving out;. aor. pple. ἐκ παλαιτέρου: from rather long ago
5 ἐκ νέης: anew; “from new” 12 ἐον καὶ....καὶ: being both…and; pple εἰµί
6 τῇ στάσι: by the quarrel; dat. means εὐηθίης ἠλιθίου: from…; gen. separation
7 ἔχειν γυναῖκα: to have his daughter as wife ἀπηλλαγµένον: having been removed; pf.
8 ἐπὶ...τυραννίδι: on condition of the tyranny 13 εἰ καὶ τότε γε: if even at that time…
ἐνδεξαµένου…Πεισιστράτου: gen. abs. ἐν Ἀθηναίοισι. . σοφίην: among Athenians
9 ἐπὶ τούτοισι: on these conditions said to be first of the Greeks in wisdom;
10 µακρῷ: by far; dat. degree of difference, πρώτοισι is pred.; σοφίην, respect
11 ἀπεκρίθη…τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν: the Greeks
4 τοιάδε. ἐν τῷ δήμῳ τῷ Παιανιέι ἦν γυνὴ τῇ οὔνομα ἦν 15
Φύη, μέγαθος ἀπὸ τεσσέρων πηχέων ἀπολείπουσα τρεῖς

δακτύλους καὶ ἄλλως εὐειδής· ταύτην τὴν γυναῖκα σκευά-
σαντες πανοπλίῃ, ἐς ἅρμα ἐσβιβάσαντες καὶ προδέξαντες
σχῆμα οἷόν τι ἔμελλε εὐπρεπέστατον φανέεσθαι ἔχουσα,
ἤλαυνον ἐς τὸ ἄστυ, προδρόμους κήρυκας προπέμψαντες· οἳ 20
τὰ ἐντεταλμένα ἠγόρευον ἀπικόμενοι ἐς τὸ ἄστυ, λέγοντες

5 τοιάδε· ‘ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, δέκεσθε ἀγαθῷ νόῳ Πεισίστρατον,
τὸν αὐτὴ ἡ Ἀθηναίη τιμήσασα ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα κατάγει
ἐς τὴν ἑωυτῆς ἀκρόπολιν.’ οἳ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα διαφοιτέοντες
ἔλεγον· αὐτίκα δὲ ἔς τε τοὺς δήμους φάτις ἀπίκετο ὡς 25
Ἀθηναίη Πεισίστρατον κατάγει, καὶ οἱ ἐν τῷ ἄστεϊ πειθό-

μενοι τὴν γυναῖκα εἶναι αὐτὴν τὴν θεὸν προσεύχοντό τε
61 τὴν ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἐδέκοντο Πεισίστρατον. ἀπολαβὼν
δὲ τὴν τυραννίδα τρόπῳ τῷ εἰρημένῳ ὁ Πεισίστρατος κατὰ
τὴν ὁμολογίην τὴν πρὸς Μεγακλέα γενομένην γαμέει τοῦ 30
Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 7 ὁµο-λογίη, ἡ: agreement, 2

ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 Παιανιεύς, ὁ: Paeanian, 1
ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 πανοπλίη, ἡ: the full armour of a hoplite, 1
ἀπο-λαµβάνω: receive from, cut off, 2 πῆχυς, ὁ: cubit, fore-arm length (17.46 in.), 6
ἀπο-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 1 προ-δείκνυµι: to show (before), foreshadow, 2
ἅρµα, τό: a chariot, 1 πρό-δροµοι, οἱ: advance-guard, 1
γαµέω: to marry, 3 προ-πέµπω: to send before or forward, 3
δάκτυλος, ὁ: a finger, 3 προσ-εύχοµαι: to pray to, worship, 2
δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, take, 7 σκευάζω: prepare, make ready; bring about 9
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 σχῆµα, -ατος, τό: form, figure, appearance, 1
δια-φοιτάω: to go to and fro continually, 2 τέσσαρες, -α: four, 8
ἐσ-βιβάζω: to cause to enter, 1 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
εὐ-ειδής, -ές: good-looking, attractive, 7 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
εὐ-πρεπής, -ές: well-looking; decent, fitting 1 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
κατ-άγω: to bring back or down, 3 φάτις, ἡ: report, rumor, 3
Μεγακλέης, ὁ: Megacles, 5 Φύη, ἡ: Phue, 1
νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
15 ἦν γυνή: there was a woman; impf. εἰµί advance having which sort of appearance
τῇ: to whom; dat. of possession she was going to appear most beautiful
16 µεγάθος…δακτύλους: 3 fingers short of 4 21 τὰ ἐντεταλµένα: things ordered; pf. pass.
cubits in height; acc. of respect 29 τρόπῷ…εἰρηµένῳ: in the way mentioned
18 προδέξαντες. . φανέεσθαι: showing in κατὰ τὴν ὁµολογίην: in the agreement
62 Herodotus 1.61.1 – 62.3
Μεγακλέος τὴν θυγατέρα. οἷα δὲ παίδων τέ οἱ ὑπαρχόντων 1
νεηνιέων καὶ λεγομένων ἐναγέων εἶναι τῶν Ἀλκμεωνιδέων,

οὐ βουλόμενός οἱ γενέσθαι ἐκ τῆς νεογάμου γυναικὸς τέκνα
2 ἐμίσγετό οἱ οὐ κατὰ νόμον. τὰ μέν νυν πρῶτα ἔκρυπτε
ταῦτα ἡ γυνή, μετὰ δὲ εἴτε ἱστορεύσῃ εἴτε καὶ οὒ φράζει 5
τῇ ἑωυτῆς μητρί, ἡ δὲ τῷ ἀνδρί. τὸν δὲ δεινὸν τι ἔσχε
ἀτιμάζεσθαι πρὸς Πεισιστράτου. ὀργῇ δὲ ὡς εἶχε καταλλάσ-
σετο τὴν ἔχθρην τοῖσι στασιώτῃσι. μαθὼν δὲ ὁ Πει-
σίστρατος τὰ ποιεύμενα ἐπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ἀπαλλάσσετο ἐκ τῆς
χώρης τὸ παράπαν, ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐς Ἐρέτριαν ἐβουλεύετο 10
3 ἅμα τοῖσι παισί. Ἱππίεω δὲ γνώμῃ νικήσαντος ἀνακτᾶ-
σθαι ὀπίσω τὴν τυραννίδα, ἐνθαῦτα ἤγειρον δωτίνας ἐκ τῶν
πολίων αἵτινές σφι προαιδέατό κού τι. πολλῶν δὲ μεγάλα
παρασχόντων χρήματα Θηβαῖοι ὑπερεβάλοντο τῇ δόσι τῶν
4 χρημάτων. μετὰ δέ, οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, χρόνος διέφυ 15
ἀγείρω: to collect, gather together, 4 κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 5

Ἀλκµεωνίδης, ὁ: Alcmeonid, 2 Μεγακλέης, ὁ: Megacles, 5
ἀνα-κτάοµαι: to win over, regain, recover, 2 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to set free, release; end, 12 νεηνίης, -εω, ὁ: a young man, youth, 8
δια-φύω: to pass; intervene, 1 νεό-γαµος, -ον: newly married (spouse), 3
δόσις, -εως, ἡ: a giving, a gift, 2 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
δωτίνη, ἡ: a gift, present, offering, 2 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 5
εἴτε: either...or; whether...or, 9 παρά-παν: entirely, altogether, 5
ἐναγής, -ές: under a curse, 1 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
Ἐρέτρια, ἡ: Eretria, 2 προ-αιδέοµαι: to owe, be obligated to, 1
ἔχθρη, ἡ: hatred, enmity, 2 στασιώτης, ὁ: partisan, party member, 6
Θηβαῖος, -η, -ον: Theban, 1 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
Ἱππίης, ὁ: Hippias, 1 ὑπ-άρχω: begin; make a beginning of (gen) 4
ἱστορέω: to question, inquire into, 5 ὑπερ-βάλλω: to surpass, overshoot, 3
κατ-αλλάσσω: to change, reconcile, 1 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13
1 οἶα: since..;. governing both gen. absolutes τὸν δεινόν τι: to be dishonored by Pisist.
παίδων…νεηνιέων: he (already) had seized this one something terrible; aor. ἔχω
young children; gen. abs., dat. possession δεινόν τι is adv. acc: ‘in a terrible way’
2 Ἀλκµεωνιδέων: Alcmaeonids said to be… 7 ὀργῇ… ὡς εἶχε: in anger, as he was; impf.
3 οἱ γενέσθαι: that he have;. dat. possession 8 µάθων: aor. pple. µανθάνω
4 ἐµίσγετό οἱ: had intercourse with her 9 τὰ ποιεύµενα: the things being done
κατὰ νόµον: according to custom 11 Ἱππίεω δὲ γνώµῃ νικήσαντος: Hippias
τὰ πρῶτα: at first;. adv. acc. convincing him to…; + dat. of respect
5 µετὰ δέ: afterwards 13 προαιδέατο: had been obligated to them
ἱστορεύσῃ: inquiring;. pres. pple. + µητρί 15 εἰπεῖν: to speak in not…words; inf. abs.
6 ἡ δὲ...ἀνδρί: and she speaks to her husband
καὶ πάντα σφι ἐξήρτυτο ἐς τὴν κάτοδον· καὶ γὰρ Ἀργεῖοι 16
μισθωτοὶ ἀπίκοντο ἐκ Πελοποννήσου, καὶ Νάξιός σφι ἀνὴρ

ἀπιγμένος ἐθελοντής, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Λύγδαμις, προθυμίην
62 πλείστην παρείχετο, κομίσας καὶ χρήματα καὶ ἄνδρας. ἐξ
Ἐρετρίης δὲ ὁρμηθέντες διὰ ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος ἀπίκοντο 20
ὀπίσω, καὶ πρῶτον τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἴσχουσι Μαραθῶνα. ἐν

δὲ τούτῳ τῷ χώρῳ σφι στρατοπεδευομένοισι οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ
ἄστεος στασιῶται ἀπίκοντο ἄλλοι τε ἐκ τῶν δήμων προσέρ-
ρεον, τοῖσι ἡ τυραννὶς πρὸ ἐλευθερίης ἦν ἀσπαστότερον.
2 οὗτοι μὲν δὴ συνηλίζοντο· Ἀθηναίων δὲ οἱ ἐκ τοῦ ἄστεος, 25
ἕως μὲν Πεισίστρατος τὰ χρήματα ἤγειρε, καὶ μεταῦτις ὡς

ἔσχε Μαραθῶνα, λόγον οὐδένα εἶχον· ἐπείτε δὲ ἐπύθοντο ἐκ
τοῦ Μαραθῶνος αὐτὸν πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ ἄστυ, οὕτω δὴ
3 βοηθέουσι ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν. καὶ οὗτοί τε πανστρατιῇ ἤισαν ἐπὶ
τοὺς κατιόντας καὶ οἱ ἀμφὶ Πεισίστρατον, ὡς ὁρμηθέντες 30
ἐκ Μαραθῶνος ἤισαν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄστυ, ἐς τὠυτὸ συνιόντες ἀπι-
ἀγείρω: to collect, gather together, 4 µετ-αῦτις: afterwards, 1

ἀµφί: on both sides, 4 µισθωτός, -ή, -όν: hired, 1
ἀσπαστός, -ή, -όν: desirable; welcome, 1 Νάξιος, -η, -ον: Naxian, 1
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, 5 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 παν-στρατιῇ: in full force, 1
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἐθελοντής, ὁ: volunteer, 1 Πελοπόννησος, ἡ: the Peloponnesus, 4
ἐλευθερίη, ἡ: freedom, liberty, 3 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἑν-δέκατος, -η, -ον: the eleventh, 1 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
ἐξ-αρτύω: to equip, fit out, furnish, prepare, 2 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
Ἐρέτρια, ἡ: Eretria, 2 προ-θυµίη, ἡ: eagerness, zeal, readiness, 3
ἕως: until, as long as, 2 προσ-ρέω: to stream in, stream to, 2
ἴσχω: to have, hold back, check, restrain, 3 στασιώτης, ὁ: partisan, party member, 6
κατ-έρχοµαι: to return; descend, 2 στρατοπεδεύω: to encamp, take a position,2
κάτ-οδος, ἡ: return; descent, 2 συν-αλίζω: to bring together, collect, 4
κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
Λύγδαµις, ὁ: Lygdamis, 2 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
Μαραθών, Μαραθῶνος, ὁ: Marathon, 4
16 σφι εξήρτυτο: fitted out for themselves διὰ...ἔτεος: during the 11th year
18 ἀπιγµένος: having arrived;. pf. pple 27 λόγον…εἶχον: held (him) of no account
τῷ…ἦν: to whom was;. dat. possession 29 ἤισαν: went; 3rd pl. impf. ἔρχοµαι
20 ὁρµηθέντες: having set out;. aor. dep pple 31 τὠυτὸ: the same thing; τὸ αὐτὸ
64 Herodotus 1.62.3 – 64.3
κνέονται ἐπὶ Παλληνίδος Ἀθηναίης ἱρόν, καὶ ἀντία ἔθεντο τὰ 1
2 ὅπλα. ἐνθαῦτα θείῃ πομπῇ χρεώμενος παρίσταται Πεισι-

στράτῳ Ἀμφίλυτος ὁ Ἀκαρνὰν χρησμολόγος ἀνήρ, ὅς οἱ
προσιὼν χρᾷ ἐν ἑξαμέτρῳ τόνῳ τάδε λέγων·
ἔρριπται δ᾽ ὁ βόλος, τὸ δὲ δίκτυον ἐκπεπέτασται, 5
θύννοι δ᾽ οἰμήσουσι σεληναίης διὰ νυκτός.

63 ὁ μὲν δή οἱ ἐνθεάζων χρᾷ τάδε, Πεισίστρατος δὲ συλλαβὼν
τὸ χρηστήριον καὶ φὰς δέκεσθαι τὸ χρησθὲν ἐπῆγε τὴν
στρατιήν. Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ οἱ ἐκ τοῦ ἄστεος πρὸς ἄριστον
τετραμμένοι ἦσαν δὴ τηνικαῦτα, καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἄριστον μετεξέ- 10
τεροι αὐτῶν οἱ μὲν πρὸς κύβους οἱ δὲ πρὸς ὕπνον. οἱ δὲ

ἀμφὶ Πεισίστρατον ἐσπεσόντες τοὺς Ἀθηναίους τρέπουσι.
2 φευγόντων δὲ τούτων βουλὴν ἐνθαῦτα σοφωτάτην Πεισί-
στρατος ἐπιτεχνᾶται, ὅκως μήτε ἁλισθεῖεν ἔτι οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι 14
Ἀκαρνάν, ὁ: Acarnian, 1 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13

ἁλίζω: to collect, gather together, 5 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 5
Ἀµφίλυτος, ὁ: Amphilytus, 1 οἰµάω: to dart along, pounce upon, 1
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 Παλληνις, -ίδος, ἡ: Pallas, 1
ἀµφί: on both sides, 4 παρ-ίστηµι: stand near, set before the mind, 5
ἄριστον, τό: midday meal, 2 ποµπή, ἡ: escort, guidance, 1
βόλος, ὁ: a cast (of a net), 1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 5
βουλή, ἡ: plan, deliberation, advice, opinion 1
θεῖος, -η, -ον: from god, divine, 5
δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, take, 7 θύννος, ὁ: a tuna fish, 1
δίκτυον, τό: snare, net, 2 ῥίπτω: to throw, cast, hurl;. 2
ἐκ-πετάννυµι: to spread out, 1 σεληναῖος, -η, -ον: moonlit, lit by the moon, 1
ἐν-θεάζω: to be inspired, 1 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 5
ἐπ-άγω: to lead on or against, 2 συλ-λαµβάνω: to collect, gather together, 5
ἐπι-τεχνάοµαι: to devise, contrive, 2 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
ἐσ-πίπτω: to fall upon, attack, 1 τόνος, ὁ: meter; cord, tension, 3
ἑξάµετρος, -ον: hexameter, of six meters, 2 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
κύβος, ὁ: dice, 2 ὕπνος, ὁ: sleep, slumber, 4
µετεξέτεροι, -αι, -α: some among many, 3 χρησµο-λόγος, ὁ: speaking oracles, 1
1 ἀντία ἔθεντο: set arms opposite (one 7 συλλαβὼν: grasping; aor. pple
another); 3rd pl. aor. mid. τίθηµι 8 φὰς: saying; nom. sg. pple. φηµί
2 θείῃ…χρεώµενος: employing + dat. χρησθὲν: thing prophesied; aor. pass pple
παρίσταται: is standing; mid. παρ-ίστηµι 10 τετραµµένοι ἦσαν: had turned; plpf. mid.
4 προσίων: pres. pple προσ-έρχοµαι pres 11 πρὸς κύβους…πρὸς: supply “had turned”
χρᾷ: prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres. χράω 12 ἐσπεσόντες: attacking; aor. ἐσ-πίπτω
5 ἔρριπαι: has been thrown; 3rd sg. pf. ῥίπτω 14 ὅκως…εἶεν: so that… might gather… be;
ἐκπεπέτασται: 3rd sg. pf. ἐκ-πετάννυµι purpose, aor. opt. pass. ἁλίζω, pres. opt. εἰµί
διεσκεδασμένοι τε εἶεν· ἀναβιβάσας τοὺς παῖδας ἐπὶ ἵππους 15
προέπεμπε, οἳ δὲ καταλαμβάνοντες τοὺς φεύγοντας ἔλεγον

τὰ ἐντεταλμένα ὑπὸ Πεισιστράτου, θαρσέειν τε κελεύοντες
64 καὶ ἀπιέναι ἕκαστον ἐπὶ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ. πειθομένων δὲ τῶν
Ἀθηναίων, οὕτω δὴ Πεισίστρατος τὸ τρίτον σχὼν Ἀθήνας
ἐρρίζωσε τὴν τυραννίδα ἐπικούροισί τε πολλοῖσι καὶ χρημάτων 20
συνόδοισι, τῶν μὲν αὐτόθεν τῶν δὲ ἀπὸ Στρυμόνος ποταμοῦ

συνιόντων, ὁμήρους τε τῶν παραμεινάντων Ἀθηναίων καὶ
μὴ αὐτίκα φυγόντων παῖδας λαβὼν καὶ καταστήσας ἐς Νάξον
2 (καὶ γὰρ ταύτην ὁ Πεισίστρατος κατεστρέψατο πολέμῳ καὶ
ἐπέτρεψε Λυγδάμι) πρὸς τε ἔτι τούτοισι τὴν νῆσον Δῆλον 25
καθήρας ἐκ τῶν λογίων καθήρας δὲ ὧδε· ἐπ᾽ ὅσον ἔποψις

τοῦ ἱροῦ εἶχε, ἐκ τούτου τοῦ χώρου παντὸς ἐξορύξας τοὺς
3 νεκροὺς μετεφόρεε ἐς ἄλλον χῶρον τῆς Δήλου. καὶ Πεισί-
στρατος μὲν ἐτυράννευε Ἀθηνέων, Ἀθηναίων δὲ οἳ μὲν ἐν
τῇ μάχη ἐπεπτώκεσαν, οἳ δὲ αὐτῶν μετ᾽ Ἀλκμεωνιδέων 30
ἔφευγον ἐκ τῆς οἰκηίης.
Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 7 Νάξος, ὁ: Naxos, 1

Ἀλκµεωνίδης, ὁ: Alcmeonid, 2 µετα-φορέω: shift, move, 1
ἀνα-βιβάζω: make go up, cause to mount, 3 νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12
ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 οἰκήιος, -η, -ον: of the house; relative, 5
αὐτό-θεν: from the very spot, 1 ὅµηρος, ὁ: a hostage, 1
Δῆλος, ὁ: Delos, 2 παρα-µένω: remain, live and grow up, 5
δια-σκεδάννυµι: scatter, disperse, disband, 3 πίπτω: to fall, fall down, 5
ἐξ-ορύσσω: to dig out, 1 προ-πέµπω: to send before or forward, 3
ἐπί-κουρος, ὁ: a helper, assistant, ally, 2 ῥιζόω: to take root, establish, 2
ἐπι-τρέπω: turn toward or over to, entrust, 5 Στρυµων, -ονος, ὁ: the Strymon, 1
ἔπ-οψις, ἡ: range of vision, a view over, 1 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
θαρσέω: take courage or heart, be confident 5 σύν-οδος, ἡ: collection; assembly, meeting, 1
καταίρω: to clean, cleanse, purify, 8 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
κατα-λαµβάνω: to find, seize, lay hold of, 3 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
λόγιον, τό: prophecy, oracle, 2 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
Λύγδαµις, ὁ: Lygdamis, 2
16 τοὺς φεύγοντας: those fleeing; i.e. battle 23 λαβὼν: taking as hostages; aor. pple.
17 τὰ ἐντεταλµένα: things ordered; pf. pass. 26 ἐκ τῶν λογίων: in accordance with…
κελεύοντες: the sons bidding (the fleeing) ἑπ ᾿ ὅσον: over as much land…
18 ἐπὶ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ: to his own home 30 ἐπεπτώκεσαν: 3rd pl. plpf. πίπτω
19 σχὼν: holding; nom. sg. aor. ἔχω
66 Herodotus 1.65.1 – 66.1
65 τοὺς μέν νυν Ἀθηναίους τοιαῦτα τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον 1
ἐπυνθάνετο ὁ Κροῖσος κατέχοντα, τοὺς δὲ Λακεδαιμονίους

ἐκ κακῶν τε μεγάλων πεφευγότας καὶ ἐόντας ἤδη τῷ πολέμῳ
κατυπερτέρους Τεγεητέων. ἐπὶ γὰρ Λέοντος βασιλεύοντος
καὶ Ἡγησικλέος ἐν Σπάρτῃ τοὺς ἄλλους πολέμους εὐτυχέοντες 5
2 οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι πρὸς Τεγεήτας μούνους προσέπταιον. τὸ δὲ
ἔτι πρότερον τούτων καί κακονομώτατοι ἦσαν σχεδὸν πάντων
Ἑλλήνων κατά τε σφέας αὐτοὺς καὶ ξείνοισι ἀπρόσμικτοι·
μετέβαλον δὲ ὧδε ἐς εὐνομίην. Λυκούργου τῶν Σπαρτιητέων
δοκίμου ἀνδρὸς ἐλθόντος ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ χρηστήριον, ὡς 10
ἐσήιε ἐς τὸ μέγαρον, εὐθὺς ἡ Πυθίη λέγει τάδε.

3 ἥκεις ὦ Λυκόοργε ἐμὸν ποτὶ πίονα νηόν
Ζηνὶ φίλος καὶ πᾶσιν Ὀλύμπια δώματ᾽ ἔχουσι.
δίζω ἤ σε θεὸν μαντεύσομαι ἢ ἄνθρωπον.
ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον θεὸν ἔλπομαι, ὦ Λυκόοργε. 15
ἀ-πρόσµεικτος, -ον: unsociable, 1 κατ-υπέρτερος, -η, -ον: superior to (gen.), 3

δίζω: to doubt, be at a loss, 1 µαντεύοµαι: to consult an oracle; prophesy, 2
δόκιµος, -ον: notable, famous, worthy, 6 µέγαρον, τό: megaron, hall, a large room, 2
δῶµα, -ατος, τό: house, 2 µετα-βάλλω: to change, 4
Ἡγησικλέης, ὁ: Hegesikles, 1 νηός, ὁ: temple, 26
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 Ὀλύµπια, τά: the Olympic games, 2
ἐσ-έρχοµαι: to go in, enter, 8 πίων, -ον: fat, rich, 1
ἔλποµαι: to suppose; hope, 1 ποτί: πρός, 1
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 6 προσ-πταίω: strike against, stumble; lose, 2
εὐ-νοµίη, ἡ: good order, order, 1 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
εὐ-τυχέω: prosper, be well off, successful, 3 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 5
κακό-νοµος, -η, -ον: ill-governed, 1 Τεγεήτης, -ες: of Tegea, 9
κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7
1 τοιαῦτα..κατέχοντα such things (were) things; gen. of comparison

gripping the Athenians; obj. of ἧσαν: were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί
ἐπυνθάνατο κατά τε…ἀπρόσµεικτοι: unsociable both
τὸν…τοῦτον: during…; acc. of duration regarding themselves and to foreigners;
3 πεφευτότας: having escaped; acc. pf. pple there is a lack of parallelism
τῷ πολέµῳ: in war; dat. of respect 9 λυκούργου…ἐλθόντες: abs.; aor. ἔρχοµαι
4 Τεγεητέων: gen. of comparison 11 ἐσήιε: entered, went to; impf. ἐσ-έρχοµαι
ἐπὶ: during…; Sparta had 2 kings at a time 13 Ζηνὶ...πᾶσιν: dear to Zeus and all; dative
5 τοὺς…πολέµους: regarding…; acc. respect ἔχουσι: dat. pl. pple modifying πᾶσιν
7 πρότερον τούτων: earlier than these 14 ἤ…ἤ: whether…or; εἴτε…ἤ
Sparta and its neighbors 67
4 οἳ μὲν δή τινες πρὸς τούτοισι λέγουσι καὶ φράσαι αὐτῷ τὴν 16
Πυθίην τὸν νῦν κατεστεῶτα κόσμον Σπαρτιήτῃσι. ὡς δ᾽

αὐτοὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι, Λυκοῦργον ἐπιτροπεύσαντα
Λεωβώτεω, ἀδελφιδέου μὲν ἑωυτοῦ βασιλεύοντος δὲ Σπαρ-
5 τιητέων, ἐκ Κρήτης ἀγαγέσθαι ταῦτα. ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε 20
τάχιστα, μετέστησε τὰ νόμιμα πάντα, καὶ ἐφύλαξε ταῦτα μὴ

παραβαίνειν· μετὰ δὲ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον ἔχοντα, ἐνωμοτίας καὶ
τριηκάδας καὶ συσσίτια, πρός τε τούτοισι τοὺς ἐφόρους καὶ
66 γέροντας ἔστησε Λυκοῦργος. οὕτω μὲν μεταβαλόντες εὐνο-
μήθησαν, τῷ δὲ Λυκούργῳ τελευτήσαντι ἱρὸν εἱσάμενοι 25
σέβονται μεγάλως. οἷα δὲ ἐν τε χώρῃ ἀγαθῇ καὶ πλήθεϊ

οὐκ ὀλίγων ἀνδρῶν, ἀνά τε ἔδραμον αὐτίκα καὶ εὐθηνήθησαν,
καὶ δή σφι οὐκέτι ἀπέχρα ἡσυχίην ἄγειν, ἀλλὰ καταφρονή-
σαντες Ἀρκάδων κρέσσονες εἶναι ἐχρηστηριάζοντο ἐν Δελ-
ἀδελφιδέος, ὁ: nephew, 1 Λυκοῦργος, ὁ: Lycurgus, 8

ἀπο-χράοµαι: be content, suffice, use up, 2 µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11
Ἀρκάς, -άδας, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 µετα-βάλλω: to change, 4
γέρων, -οντος, ὁ: old man; elder, 3 µετ-ίστηµι: to change, alter, 3
ἐν-ωµοτίη, ἡ: a Spartan platoon, a sworn-in 1 νόµιµα, τά: customs and laws, usages, 1
ἐπί-τροπεύω: to be guardian; manage, 2 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
εὐ-θηνέω: to thrive, flourish, prosper, 1 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
εὐ-νοµέοµαι: to have good laws, be orderly, 2 παρα-βαίνω: to transgress, offend, 1
ἔφορος, ὁ: ephor, overseer, 1 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 σέβοµαι: to worship, revere, 3
ἵζω: to make sit, establish, place, 4 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
κατα-φρονέω: to think firmly, aim at, 2 συσ-σίτιον, τό: public mess, common meal, 1
κόσµος, ὁ: good order, world, 3 τρέχω: to run, 1
κρέσσων, -ον: stronger, mightier, 1 τριηκάς, -άδος, ὁ: unit of thirty, thirty, 1
Κρήτη, ἡ: Crete, 5 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
Λεωβώτης, -εω, ὁ: Leobotes, 1 χρηστηριάζω: to consult an oracle, 5
16 πρὸς τούτοισι: in addition to these things ind. discourse, λυκοῦργον is acc. subj.
φράσαι...Πυθίην: that Pythia told; aor inf. 21 ἐφύλαξε: guarded that they not transgress
17 τὸν νῦν…κόσµον: the order now these (laws)
established; pf. pple. κατ-ίστηµι 22 τὰ...ἔχοντα: matters pertaining to war
Σπαρτιήτῃσι: for Spartans; dat. interest 24 ἔστησε: set up, established; aor. ἵστηµι
18 ἐπιτροπεύσαντα Λεωβώτεω: having εὐνοµήθησαν: became well-ordered ; aor.
become guardian of Leobotes; ingressive 25 εἱσάµενοι: having founded ; aor. pple. ἵζω
19 ἀδελφιδέου…ἑαυτοῦ: while he (was) his 26 οἷα: since (they live); οἷα + pple. is causal
nephew and was king of the Spartans; abs. 27 ἀνά. . ἔδραµον: thrived, shot up; aor τρέχω
20 αγαγέσθαι: brought; aor. mid. inf. ἄγω ; 28 ἀπέχρα: sufficed; impf., inf. is the subject
68 Herodotus 1.66.2 – 67.4
2 φοῖσι ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ Ἀρκάδων χωρῇ. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφι χρᾷ 1
τάδε.
Ἀρκαδίην μ᾽ αἰτεῖς· μέγα μ᾽ αἰτεῖς· οὐ τοι δώσω.
πολλοὶ ἐν Ἀρκαδίῃ βαλανηφάγοι ἄνδρες ἔασιν,
οἵ σ᾽ ἀποκωλύσουσιν. ἐγὼ δὲ τοι οὔτι μεγαίρω· 5
δώσω τοί Τεγέην ποσσίκροτον ὀρχήσασθαι

καὶ καλὸν πεδίον σχοίνῳ διαμετρήσασθαι.
3 ταῦτα ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ἤκουσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, Ἀρκάδων
μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἀπείχοντο, οἳ δὲ πέδας φερόμενοι ἐπὶ
Τεγεήτας ἐστρατεύοντο, χρησμῷ κιβδήλῳ πίσυνοι, ὡς δὴ 10
4 ἐξανδραποδιούμενοι τοὺς Τεγεήτας. ἑσσωθέντες δὲ τῇ συμ-

βολῇ, ὅσοι αὐτῶν ἐζωγρήθησαν, πέδας τε ἔχοντες τὰς ἐφέ-
ροντο αὐτοὶ καὶ σχοίνῳ διαμετρησάμενοι τὸ πεδίον τὸ
Τεγεητέων ἐργάζοντο. αἱ δὲ πέδαι αὗται ἐν τῇσι ἐδεδέατο
ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἦσαν σόαι ἐν Τεγέῃ περὶ τὸν νηὸν τῆς Ἀλέης 15
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 6 µεγαίρω: to be grudging, 1

Ἀλέη, ἡ: Alea, 1 ὀρχέοµαι: to dance, 3
Ἀρκαδίη, ἡ: Arcadia, 3 οὔ-τις, οὔ-τι: no one, nothing, 3
Ἀρκάς, -άδας, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 πέδη, ἡ: shackles, fetters, 7
ἀπ-έχω: to be distant, keep away from, 4 πέδιον, τό: plain, 6
ἀπο-κωλύω: to hinder or prevent from, 1 πίσυνος, -ον: relying on, trusting, 2
ἀπο-φέρω: to carry off or away, report, 5 ποσσί-κροτος, -ον: struck with the foot, 1
βαλανη-φάγος, -ον: acorn-eating, 1 συµ-βολή, ἡ: battle, a coming together, 2
δια-µετρέω: to measure out, 2 σῶς, σόη, σόον: safe and sound, safe, sound 3
ἐξανδραποδίζοµαι: to lead into captivity, 3 σχοῖνος, ὁ: measuring-rope, reed, 2
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 Τεγέη, ἡ: Tegea, 6
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 Τεγεήτης, -ες: Tegean, 9
ζωγρέω: to take alive, capture alive, 5 χρησµός, ὁ: oracle, an oracle’s reply, 7
κίβδηλος, -η, -ον: deceptive, spurious, 2
1 χρᾷ: prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres. χράω ἐπὶ Τεγεήτας: against the Tegeans
3 Ἀρκαδίην…αἰτεῖς: you ask me for Arcadia; 10 ὡς…ἐξανδραποδιούµενοι: to lead into
µέγα: you ask me for much; double acc. captivity; ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose
δώσω: 1st sg. fut. δίδωµι 11 ἑσσωθέντες: being defeated; aor. pass.
4 ἔασιν: are; 3rd sg. pres. εἰµί, Att. εἴσιν τῇ συµβολῇ: in the encounter
6 δώσω…ὀρχήσασθαι: to you (Sparta) I will 12 ἐζωγρήθησαν: 3rd pl. aor. pass. ζωγρέω
grant to dance on Tegea, struck under foot; πέδας…ἔχοντες: wearing shackles
7 διαµετρήσασθαι: to measure out; aor. inf. τὰς: which they themselves brought
8 ἀπενειχθέντα: being reported; aor pass 14 ἐν τῇσι δεδέατο: in which they had been
9 ἀπείχοντο: kept away; + gen. of separation bound; plpf. δέω 15 ἐς ἐµὲ: to my time
67 Ἀθηναίης κρεμάμεναι. κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὸν πρότερον πόλεμον 16
συνεχέως αἰεὶ κακῶς ἀέθλεον πρὸς τοὺς Τεγεήτας, κατὰ δὲ

τὸν κατὰ Κροῖσον χρόνον καὶ τὴν Ἀναξανδρίδεώ τε καὶ
Ἀρίστωνος βασιληίην ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἤδη οἱ Σπαρτιῆται
κατυπέρτεροι τῷ πολέμῳ ἐγεγόνεσαν, τρόπῳ τοιῷδε γενό- 20
2 μενοι. ἐπειδὴ αἰεὶ τῷ πολέμῳ ἑσσοῦντο ὑπὸ Τεγεητέων,

πέμψαντες θεοπρόπους ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπειρώτων τίνα ἂν θεῶν
ἱλασάμενοι κατύπερθε τῷ πολέμῳ Τεγεητέων γενοίατο. ἡ δὲ
Πυθίη σφι ἔχρησε τὰ Ὀρέστεω τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος ὀστέα
3 ἐπαγαγομένους. ὡς δὲ ἀνευρεῖν οὐκ οἷοί τε ἐγίνοντο τὴν 25
θήκην τοῦ Ὀρέστεω ἔπεμπον αὖτις τὴν ἐς θεὸν ἐπειρησο-

μένους τὸν χῶρον ἐν τῷ κέοιτο Ὀρέστης. εἰρωτῶσι δὲ
ταῦτα τοῖσι θεοπρόποισι λέγει ἡ Πυθίη τάδε.
4 ἔστι τις Ἀρκαδίης Τεγέη λευρῷ ἐνὶ χώρῳ,
ἔνθ᾽ ἄνεμοι πνείουσι δύω κρατερῆς ὑπ᾽ ἀνάγκης, 30
καὶ τύπος ἀντίτυπος, καὶ πῆμ᾽ ἐπὶ πήματι κεῖται.
Ἀγαµέµνων, -ονος ὁ: Agamemnon, 1 ἱλάσκοµαι: to appease, propitiate, 2

ἀεθλέω: compete, do battle with, 2 κατ-ύπερθε: above, from above (gen.), 4
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 κατ-υπέρτερος, -η, -ον: superior to (gen.), 3
ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, constraint, 9 κρατερός, -ή, -όν: strong, stout, mighty, 1
Ἀναξανδρίδης, ὁ: lord of men, 1 κρεµάµαι: to hang, 2
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Λακεδαίµων, -ονος, ἡ: Lacedaemon, 2
ἀν-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 5 λευρός, -ή, -όν: smooth, level, even, 1
ἀντί-τυπος, ὁ: counterblow, 2 Ὀρέστης, ὁ: Orestes, 4
Ἀρίστων, -ονος, ὁ: Ariston, 1 ὀστέον, τό: bone, 2
Ἀρκαδίη, ἡ: Arcadia, 3 πῆµα, -ατος, τό: woe, misery, suffering, 4
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 πνέω: to blow, 1
εἰρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
ἐπ-άγω: to lead on or against, 2 συν-εχής, -ές: continuous, 1
θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle 10 Τεγέη, ἡ: Tegea, 6
θήκη, ἡ: tomb, chest, box, 2 Τεγεήτης, -ες: Tegean, 9
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 τύπος, ὁ: a blow, 2
16 κατὰ...πόλεµον: during…., over… τίνα θεῶν: which of the gods; acc. sg.
17 κατὰ...χρόνον: during the time of Croesus 23 ἂν κατύπερθε γενοίατο: might become
20 τῷ πολέµῳ: in war; dat. of respect superior to; potential aor. optative
ἐγεγόνεσαν: 3rd pl. plpf. γίνοµαι 25 ἐπαγαγοµένους: if bringing; conditional
21 τρόπῳ τοιῷδε: in this way; dat. manner οἷοι τε ἐγίνετο: were able to.; ‘the sort to’
ἑσσοῦντο: kept being beaten; iterative 27 ἐν τῷ κέοιτο: in which… lay; opt. κεῖµαι
22 ἐπειρώτων: 3rd pl. impf. ἐπ-ειρωτάω εἰρωτῶσι: dat. pl. pres. pple. ἔρχοµαι
70 Herodotus 1.67.4 – 68.5
ἔνθ᾽ Ἀγαμεμνονίδην κατέχει φυσίζοος αἶα, 1
τὸν σὺ κομισσάμενος Τεγέης ἐπιτάρροθος ἔσσῃ.

2 ὡς δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ἤκουσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἀπεῖχον τῆς
ἐξευρέσιος οὐδὲν ἔλασσον, πάντα διζήμενοι, ἐς οὗ δὴ Λίχης
τῶν ἀγαθοεργῶν καλεομένων Σπαρτιητέων ἀνεῦρε, οἱ δὲ 5
ἀγαθοεργοὶ εἰσὶ τῶν ἀστῶν, ἐξιόντες ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων αἰεὶ

οἱ πρεσβύτατοι, πέντε ἔτεος ἑκάστου· τοὺς δεῖ τοῦτὸν τὸν
ἐνιαυτόν, τὸν ἂν ἐξίωσι ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων, Σπαρτιητέων τῷ
68 κοινῷ διαπεμπομένους μὴ ἐλινύειν ἄλλους ἄλλῃ. τούτων
ὦν τῶν ἀνδρῶν Λίχης ἀνεῦρε ἐν Τεγέῃ καὶ συντυχίῃ χρη- 10
σάμενος καὶ σοφίῃ. ἐούσης γὰρ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ἐπι-

μιξίης πρὸς τοὺς Τεγεήτας, ἐλθὼν ἐς χαλκήιον ἐθηεῖτο
σίδηρον ἐξελαυνόμενον, καὶ ἐν θώματι ἦν ὀρέων τὸ ποιεόμενον.
2 μαθὼν, δέ μιν ὁ χαλκεὺς ἀποθωμάζοντα εἶπε παυσάμενος τοῦ 14
Ἀγαµεµνονίδης, ὁ: Agamemnon's son Orestes ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11

ἀγαθο-εργός, ὁ: Agathoergoi, 2 θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6
αἶα, ἡ: earth, 1 ἱππεύς, ὁ: a knight, horseman, calvaryman, 4
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7
ἄλλῃ: in another place; in another way, 3 κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary; public, 7
ἀν-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 5 κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8
ἀπ-έχω: to be distant, keep away from, 4 Λίχης, ὁ: Liches, 2
ἀποθωµάζω: marvel at, wonder, be amazed 4 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
δίζηµαι: to look for, search, 4 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old (man), 5
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 σίδηρος, ὁ: iron; sword, knife, 7
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 σοφίη, ἡ: wisdom, skill, intelligence, 4
ἐλινύω : to cease, take rest, be idle, 1 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
ἐνιαυτός, ὁ: year, long period of time, 4 συν-τυχίη, ἡ: chance, luck, coincidence, 1
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 Τεγέη, ἡ: Tegea, 6
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 Τεγεήτης, -ες: Tegean, 9
ἐξ-εύρεσις, ἡ: discovery, invention, 2 φυσί-ζοος, -ον: life-producing, 1
ἐπι-µιξίη, ἡ: peaceful relations, a mixing, 1 χαλκεύς, -έως, ὁ: blacksmith, 3
ἐπι-τάρροθος, ὁ: master; helper, ally, 1 χαλκηῖον, τό: a smith's shop, forge, 1
2 τὸν…κοµισσάµενος: bring this one home τοὺς δεῖ…ἄλλῃ: it is necessary, during this
ἔσσῃ: will be; ἔσε(σ)αι, 2nd sg. fut. εἰµί, . year during which they are discharged
4 ἐξευρέσιος: from the discovery; separation from the cavalry, that they, sent out by the
οὐδὲν ἔλασσον: no less; adverbial acc. Spartans’ assembly, not stand idle, (but)
ἐς οὗ: until; “up to which (time)” various men in various tasks…
5 τῶν...: among Spartans called Agathoergoi 15 εἶδες…ἄν ἐθώµαζες: you had seen...you
6 ἐξιόντες: being discharged from cavalry would be amazed; contrafactual
7 ἔτεος ἑκάστου: for each year; time within τό περ ἐγώ: which I (had seen); relative
τοῦ ἔργου ‘ἦ κου ἄν, ὦ ξεῖνε Λάκων εἴ περ εἶδες τό περ ἐγώ, 15
κάρτα ἂν ἐθώμαζες, ὅκου νῦν οὕτω τυγχάνεις θῶμα ποιεύ-

3 μενος τὴν ἐργασίην τοῦ σιδήρου. ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐν τῇδε θέλων
τῇ αὐλῇ φρέαρ ποιήσασθαι, ὀρύσσων ἐπέτυχον σορῷ
ἑπταπήχεϊ· ὑπὸ δὲ ἀπιστίης μὴ μὲν γενέσθαι μηδαμὰ μέζονας
ἀνθρώπους τῶν νῦν ἄνοιξα αὐτὴν καὶ εἶδον τὸν νεκρὸν μήκεϊ 20
ἴσον ἐόντα τῇ σορῷ· μετρήσας δὲ συνέχωσα ὀπίσω.’ ὃ μὲν
δή οἱ ἔλεγε τά περ ὀπώπεε, ὁ δὲ ἐννώσας τὰ λεγόμενα
συνεβάλλετο τὸν Ὀρέστεα κατὰ τὸ θεοπρόπιον τοῦτον εἶναι,
4 τῇδε συμβαλλόμενος· τοῦ χαλκέος δύο ὁρέων φύσας τοὺς
ἀνέμους εὕρισκε ἐόντας, τὸν δὲ ἄκμονα καὶ τὴν σφῦραν τόν 25
τε τύπον καὶ τὸν ἀντίτυπον, τὸν δὲ ἐξελαυνόμενον σίδηρον
τὸ πῆμα ἐπὶ πήματι κείμενον, κατὰ τοιόνδε τι εἰκάζων, ὡς
5 ἐπὶ κακῷ ἀνθρώπου σίδηρος ἀνεύρηται. συμβαλόμενος δὲ
ταῦτα καὶ ἀπελθὼν ἐς Σπάρτην ἔφραζε Λακεδαιμονίοσσι πᾶν
τὸ πρῆγμα. οἳ δὲ ἐκ λόγου πλαστοῦ ἐπενείκαντὲς οἱ αἰτίην 30
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 λάκων, ὁ: a Lacedaemonian, Laconian, 1

ἄκµων, ὁ: an anvil, 1 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 µετρέω: to measure, 2
ἀν-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 5 µηδαµα: never, 2
ἀν-οίγνυµι: to open, 6 µῆκος, τό: length, 4
ἀντί-τυπος, ὁ: counterblow, 2 νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12
ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 ὅκου: where, 3
ἀ-πιστίη, ἡ: disbelief, distrust, mistrust, 3 Ὀρέστης, ὁ: Orestes, 4
αὐλή, ἡ: the court-yard, 2 πῆµα, -ατος, τό: woe, misery, suffering, 4
εἰκάζω: to guess, make like, 2 πλαστός, -ή, -όν: made-up, fabricated, 1
ἐν-νοέω: to have in mind, notice, consider, 2 σίδηρος, ὁ: iron; sword, knife, 7
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 σορός, ὁ: a coffin, vessel, 2
Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
ἐπι-τυγχάνω: hit upon, meet, attain, (dat.) 1
συγ-χόω: to to heap with earth, fill in, 1
ἐπι-φέρω: to bring against, put on, 6
συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
ἑπτά-πηχυς, -υ: seven cubits long (10.5 ft.), 1
σφῦρα, ἡ: a hammer, 1
ἐργασίη, ἡ: work, labor; making, building, 1 τύπος, ὁ: blow, 2
θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle, 10 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6 φρέαρ, τό: a well, 1
θωµάζω: to be amazed, be surprised, 2 φῦσα, ἡ: bellows, 1
ἴσος, -η, -ον: equal to, the same as, like, 5 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 7
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13
15 ἐργοῦ: from…; εἴ εἶδες: note facing page 23 κατὰ θεοπρόπιον: according to the oracle
20 τῶν νῦν: than men now; gen. comparison 27 κατὰ τοιόνδε: according to the following
22 τὰ..οπώπεε: which…had seen; plpf ὁράω 30 ἐπενείκαντες: accusing from…
72 Herodotus 1.68.5 – 70.1
ἐδίωξαν. ὁ δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς Τεγέην καὶ φράζων τὴν ἑωυτοῦ 1
συμφορὴν πρὸς τὸν χαλκέα ἐμισθοῦτο παρ᾽ οὐκ ἐκδιδόντος

6 τὴν αὐλήν· χρόνῳ δὲ ὡς ἀνέγνωσε, ἐνοικίσθη, ἀνορύξας δὲ
τὸν τάφον καὶ τὰ ὀστέα συλλέξας οἴχετο φέρων ἐς Σπάρτην.
καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ χρόνου, ὅκως πειρῴατο ἀλλήλων, πολλῷ 5
κατυπέρτεροι τῷ πολέμῳ ἐγίνοντο οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι· ἤδη δέ

σφι καὶ ἡ πολλὴ τῆς Πελοποννήσου ἦν κατεστραμμένη.
69 ταῦτα δὴ ὦν πάντα πυνθανόμενος ὁ Κροῖσος ἔπεμπε ἐς
Σπάρτην ἀγγέλους δῶρά τε φέροντας καὶ δεησομένους συμ-
μαχίης, ἐντειλάμενός τε τὰ λέγειν χρῆν. οἳ δὲ ἐλθόντες 10
2 ἔλεγον ‘ἔπεμψε ἡμέας Κροῖσος ὁ Λυδῶν τε καὶ ἄλλων
ἐθνέων βασιλεύς, λέγων τάδε. ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, χρήσαντος

τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν Ἕλληνα φίλον προσθέσθαι, ὑμέας γὰρ πυνθάν-
ομαι προεστάναι τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ὑμέας ὦν κατὰ τὸ χρη- 14
ἀνα-γιγνώσκω: to recognize, persuade, 3 Πελοπόννησος, ἡ: the Peloponnesus, 4

ἀν-ορύσσω: to dig up, 1 προ-ίστηµι: be or set in charge, (gen) 4
αὐλή, ἡ: the court-yard, 2 προσ-τίθηµι: to attach, add, impose, give, 7
διώκω: to pursue, follow; prosecute, 1 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 8 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
ἐν-οικίζοµαι: to settle in, 1 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 τάφος, ὁ : tomb, 7
κατ-υπέρτερος, -η, -ον: superior to, 3 Τεγέη, ἡ: Tegea, 6
µισθόω: to rent, hire, 3 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
ὀστέον, τό: bone, 2 χρή: it is necessary, must, ought, 13
1 ἐδίωξαν: they prosecuted him.; the charge 7 ἤν κατεστραµµένη: had been subdued;
is a pretense to send Lichas to Tegea plpf. periphrastic (impf. εἰµί + pf. pple.
2 πρὸς τὸν χαλκέα: to the blacksmith καταστέφω)
ἐµισθοῦτο: tried to rent; conative impf. 9 δεησοµένους: intending to ask (gen).; fut.
παρ ᾿ οὐκ ἐκδιδόντος: from (the smith) not pple
relenting.; i.e. blacksmith denied the rental 10 ἐντειλάµενος: ordering; aor. ἐντέλλοµαι
3 ἀνέγνωσε: he persuaded (him); causal aor. τὰ λέγειν χρῆν: that (they) ought to say
9 ἐνοικίσθη: 3rd sg. aor. deponent these things ; inf. χρή
ἀνορύξας…συλλέξας: nom. sg. aor. pple 12 χρήσαντος…θεοῦ: the god having
5 ὅκως πειρῴατο: whenever they made trial prophesied; gen. abs.; aor. pple. χράω
against one another; aor. opt. in general 13 φίλον προσθέσθαι: to attach as a friend;
temporal clause aor. mid. inf. προσ-τίθηµι
πολλῷ: by far, much; degree of difference 14 προεστάναι: to be leader of; pf
προίστηµι
στήριον προσκαλέομαι φίλος τε θέλων γενέσθαι καὶ σύμμαχος 15
3 ἄνευ τε δόλου καὶ ἀπάτης.’ Κροῖσος μὲν δὴ ταῦτα δι᾽

ἀγγέλων ἐπεκηρυκεύετο, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἀκηκοότες καὶ
αὐτοὶ τὸ θεοπρόπιον τὸ Κροίσῳ γενόμενον ἥσθησάν τε τῇ
ἀπίξι τῶν Λυδῶν καὶ ἐποιήσαντο ὅρκια ξεινίης πέρι καὶ
συμμαχίης· καὶ γὰρ τινὲς αὐτοὺς εὐεργεσίαι εἶχον ἐκ Κροί- 20
4 σου πρότερον ἔτι γεγονυῖαι. πέμψαντες γὰρ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι

ἐς Σάρδις χρυσὸν ὠνέοντο, ἐς ἄγαλμα βουλόμενοι χρήσασθαι
τοῦτο τὸ νῦν τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐν Θόρνακι ἵδρυται Ἀπόλλωνος·
Κροῖσος δέ σφι ὠνεομένοισι ἔδωκε δωτίνην.
70 τούτων τε ὦν εἵνεκεν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τὴν συμμαχίην 25
ἐδέξαντο, καὶ ὅτι ἐκ πάντων σφέας προκρίνας Ἑλλήνων

αἱρέετο φίλους. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν αὐτοὶ ἦσαν ἕτοιμοι ἐπαγ-
γείλαντι, τοῦτο δὲ ποιησάμενοι κρητῆρα χάλκεον ζῳδίων τε
ἔξωθεν πλήσαντες περὶ τὸ χεῖλος καὶ μεγάθεϊ τριηκοσίους
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 θεο-πρόπιον, τό: oracle, prophesy, 5
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 Θόρναξ, ὁ: Mt. Thornax (near Sparta), 1
ἀπάτη, -ης, ἡ: a trick, fraud, deceit, 2 ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10
ἄπιξις, ἡ: arrival, coming, 1 κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11
Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 5 Λακωνικός, -ά, -όν: Laconian, 1
δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, take, 7 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, size, height, 13
δόλος, ὁ: treachery, trickery, 4 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
δωτίνη, ἡ: a gift, present, offering, 2 πίµπληµι: to fill, fill full, (gen.) 7
ἔξω-θεν: from without, 3 προ-κρίνω: to choose before others, prefer, 2
ἐπ-αγγέλλω : to tell, proclaim, announce, 2 προσ-καλέοµαι: to call to, call on, summon, 1
ἐπι-κηρυκεύοµαι: send message by a herald, 2 συµ-µαχίη, ἡ: an alliance, 8
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
εὐ-εργεσίη, ἡ: benefaction, 1 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
ζῳδίων, τό: a small figure, picture, 1 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in (+ dat.) 5 ὠνέοµαι: to buy, purchase, 6
15 κατὰ χρηστήριον: according to the oracle χρήσασθαι: to use (the gold); add χρυσῷ
θέλων: wishing; nom. pres. pple. ἐθέλω 24 ἔδωκε: 3rd sg. aor.. δίδωµι
17 ἀκηκοότες: having heard; pf. pple ἀκούω 26 προκρίνας: nom. sg. aor. pple προ-κρίνω
18 ἥσθησάν: 3rd pl. aor. dep. ἥδοµαι 27 αἱρέετο: was choosing; impf. mid. αἱρέω
20 εἶχον: were holding them under τοῦτο µὲν…τοῦτο δὲ: not only…but also
obligation; impf.; Spartans owed Croesus ἐπαγγείλαντι dat. aor. pple. ἐπαγγέλλω
21 γεγονυῖαι: having come to be; pf. pple. 29 πλήσαντες: having covered (it) with
22 ὠνέοντο: were trying to buy; conative figures; ‘having filled’ aor. pple. πίµπληµι
ἐς ἄγαλµα: for a statue; purpose µεγάθεϊ: in size; dat. respect
74 Herodotus 1.70.1 – 71.4
ἀμφορέας χωρέοντα ἦγον, δῶρον βουλόμενοι ἀντιδοῦναι 1
2 Κροίσῳ. οὗτος ὁ κρητὴρ οὐκ ἀπίκετο ἐς Σάρδις δι᾽ αἰτίας

διφασίας λεγομένας τάσδε· οἱ μὲν Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι ὡς
ἐπείτε ἀγόμενος ἐς τὰς Σάρδις ὁ κρητὴρ ἐγίνετο κατὰ τὴν
Σαμίην, πυθόμενοι Σάμιοι ἀπελοίατο αὐτὸν νηυσὶ μακρῇσι 5
3 ἐπιπλώσαντες· αὐτοὶ δὲ Σάμιοι λέγουσι ὡς ἐπείτε ὑστέρησαν

οἱ ἄγοντες τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τὸν κρητῆρα, ἐπυνθάνοντο δὲ
Σάρδις τε καὶ Κροῖσον ἡλωκέναι, ἀπέδοντο τὸν κρητῆρα ἐν
Σάμῳ, ἰδιώτας δὲ ἄνδρας πριαμένους ἀναθεῖναί μιν ἐς τὸ
Ἥραιον. τάχα δὲ ἂν καὶ οἱ ἀποδόμενοι λέγοιεν ἀπικόμενοι 10
ἐς Σπάρτην ὡς ἀπαιρεθείησαν ὑπὸ Σαμίων.

71 κατὰ μέν νυν τὸν κρητῆρα οὕτω ἔσχε. Κροῖσος δὲ ἁμαρ-
τὼν τοῦ χρησμοῦ ἐποιέετο στρατηίην ἐς Καππαδοκίην, ἐλπίσας
2 καταιρήσειν Κῦρόν τε καὶ τὴν Περσέων δύναμιν. παρα- 14
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 ἰδιώτης, -ου, ὁ: a private citizen, 4

ἀµφορεύς, ὁ: an amphora, jar, urn, 2 Καππαδοκίη, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 κατ-αιρέω: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5
ἀντι-δίδωµι: to give in exchange, repay, 1 κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11
ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 πρίαµενος, -η, -ον: having bought, 2
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, 6 Σάµιος, -η, -ον: Samians, from Samos, 6
ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5 Σάµος, ὁ: Samos, 9
διφάσιος, -η, -ον: two, two-fold, double, 2 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 στρατηίη, ἡ: expedition, military campaign, 3
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 τάχα: perhaps, possibly, 1
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 ὑστερέω: to be too late, 1
ἐπι-πλέω: to sail against, 2 χρησµός, ὁ: oracle, an oracle’s reply, 7
Ἥραιον, τό: temple of Hera, 1
1 χωρέοντα: having room for; + κρητῆρα ἀπέδοντο: they sold; ‘gave away’ aor. mid.
ἦγον: was bringing; 3rd pl. impf. ἄγω 9 ἀναθεῖναι µιν: dedicated it; aor. ἀνατίθηµι
ἀντιδοῦναι: aor. inf. ἀντι-δίδωµι 10 ἀποδόµενοι: aor.mid. pple. ἀπο-δίδωµι
2 ἀπίκετο: did not arrive; aor. ἀπικνέοµαι ἄν…λέγοιεν: would say; 3rd pl. potent opt.
δι ᾿ αἰτίας…τάσδε: on account of these two 11 ἀπαιρεθείσαν: was stolen; aor. pass. opt.
so-called reasons 12 κατὰ...κρητῆρα: regarding the mixing-
4 ἀγόµενος: being brought; pass. pple. ἄγω bowl
5 ἀπελοίατο: stole; 3rd pl. aor. mid. opt. οὕτως ἔσχε: it was so; aor. ἔχω + adv is
ἀπ-αιρέω often translated as the verb “to be” + adj.
νηυσὶ µακρῇσι: with long ships; warships ἁµαρτὼν: having misinterpreted + gen.;
8 ἡλωκέναι: had been caught; pf. inf. ‘having missed the mark’ aor. ἁµαρτάνω
ἁλίσκοµαι ind. discourse; Σάρδις, 13 ἐλπίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple. ἐλπίζω
Κροῖσον are acc. subj. 14 καταιρήσειν: fut. inf.. καταιρέω
Croesus’ attack on Persia 75
σκευαζομένου δὲ Κροίσου στρατεύεσθαι ἐπὶ Πέρσας, τῶν τις 15
Λυδῶν νομιζόμενος καὶ πρόσθε εἶναι σοφός, ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης

τῆς γνώμης καὶ τὸ κάρτα οὔνομα ἐν Λυδοῖσι ἔχων, συνε-
βούλευσε Κροίσῳ τάδε· οὔνομά οἱ ἦν Σάνδανις. ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ,
ἐπ᾽ ἄνδρας τοιούτους στρατεύεσθαι παρασκευάζεαι, οἳ σκυτίνας
μὲν ἀναξυρίδας σκυτίνην δὲ τὴν ἄλλην ἐσθῆτα φορέουσι, 20
σιτέονται δὲ οὐκ ὅσα ἐθέλουσι ἀλλ᾽ ὅσα ἔχουσι, χώρην

3 ἔχοντες τρηχέαν. πρὸς δὲ οὐκ οἴνῳ διαχρέωνται ἀλλὰ
ὑδροποτέουσι, οὐ σῦκα δὲ ἔχουσι τρώγειν, οὐκ ἄλλο ἀγαθὸν
οὐδέν. τοῦτο μὲν δή, εἰ νικήσεις, τί σφέας ἀπαιρήσεαι,
τοῖσί γε μὴ ἔστι μηδέν; τοῦτο δέ, ἢν νικηθῇς, μάθε ὅσα 25
ἀγαθὰ ἀποβαλέεις· γευσάμενοι γὰρ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἀγαθῶν

4 περιέξονται οὐδὲ ἀπωστοὶ ἔσονται. ἐγὼ μέν νυν θεοῖσι ἔχω
ἀναξυρίδες, -ων, οἱ: trousers, 1 πρόσθεν: before, 3

ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 Σάνδανις, ἡ: Sandanis, a sage 1
ἀπο-βάλλω: to throw off, or away, 4 σιτέοµαι: to eat, 9
ἀπωστός, -ή, -όν: (able to be) driven away, 1 σκύτινος, -η, -ον: leather, made of leather, 4
γεύοµι: to taste, experience, 1 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 5
δια-χράοµαι : use continually; destroy +dat 5 σῦκον, τό: fig, 1
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7 τρηχύς, -έα, -ύ: hilly, rugged, 3
οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10 τρώγω: to eat, gnaw, 1
παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 5 ὑδρο-ποτέω: to drink water, 1
περι-έχοµαι: to cling to, hold around, 2 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 5
15 ἐπὶ Πέρσας: against the Persians εἰ νικήσεις…ἀπαιρήσε(σ)αι: if you win,

τῶν τις λυδῶν: one of the Lydians you will take away…; future more vivid
believed; partitive gen. condition (εἰ fut., fut.)
17 τὸ κάρτα…ἔχων: and in particular 25 τοῖσι…µηδέν: (from those) to whom there
having a reputation among the Lydians is not anything; aor. pple. ἐντέλλοµαι
18 οἱ ἤν: he had; ‘there was to him’ dat. poss. ἤν…νικηθῇς…µάθε: if you are defeated,
19 παρασκευάζεαι: you prepare; 2nd sg. pres. know; 2nd sg. aor. pass. subjunctive and
mid. παρασκευάζε(σ)αι aor. imp.; pres. general (ἤν = ἐάν)
22 πρὸς δὲ: and in addition 26 ἀποβαλέεις: 2nd sg. fut.
24 τοῦτο µὲν…τοῦτο δὲ: not only…but also; 27 περιέξονται: 3rd pl. fut. περι-έχοµαι
‘as for this…as for that…’ acc. respect ἔσονται: will be; 3rd pl. fut. dep. εἰµί
76 Herodotus 1.71.4 – 73.4
χάριν, οἳ οὐκ ἐπὶ νόον ποιέουσι Πέρσῃσι στρατεύεσθαι ἐπὶ 1
Λυδούς.’ ταῦτα λέγων οὐκ ἔπειθε τὸν Κροῖσον. Πέρσῃσι

γάρ, πρὶν Λυδοὺς καταστρέψασθαι, ἦν οὔτε ἁβρὸν οὔτε
ἀγαθὸν οὐδέν.
72 οἱ δὲ Καππαδόκαι ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων Σύριοι ὀνομάζονται· 5
ἦσαν δὲ οἱ Σύριοι οὗτοι τὸ μὲν πρότερον ἢ Πέρσας ἄρξαι

2 Μήδων κατήκοοι, τότε δὲ Κύρου. ὁ γὰρ οὖρος ἦν τῆς τε
Μηδικῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τῆς Λυδικῆς ὁ Ἅλυς ποταμός, ὃς ῥέει
ἐξ Ἀρμενίου ὄρεος διὰ Κιλίκων, μετὰ δὲ Ματιηνοὺς μὲν ἐν
δεξιῇ ἔχει ῥέων, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἑτέρου Φρύγας· παραμειβόμενος 10
δὲ τούτους καὶ ῥέων ἄνω πρὸς βορέην ἄνεμον ἔνθεν μὲν

Συρίους Καππαδόκας ἀπέργει, ἐξ εὐωνύμου δὲ Παφλαγόνας.
3 οὕτω ὁ Ἅλυς ποταμὸς ἀποτάμνει σχεδὸν πάντα τῆς Ἀσίης
τὰ κάτω ἐκ θαλάσσης τῆς ἀντίον Κύπρου ἐς τὸν Εὔξεινον 14
ἀβρός, -ά, -όν: delicate, graceful, 1 Κίλικες, οἱ: Cilician, 3

Ἅλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 Κύπρος, ὁ: Cyprus, 3
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Λυδικός, -ή, -όν: Lydian, 1
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 Ματιηνός, -ή, -όν: Matianian, 3
ἀπ-έργω: keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
ἀπο-τάµνω: to cut off, sever, 3 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
Ἀρµένιος, -η, -ον: Armenian, 5 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
Βορέης, ὁ: the North; North wind, 5 οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6
δεξιός, -ή, -όν: clever, on the right side, 5 Παφλαγών, -όνος ὁ: Paphlagonian, 3
ἔνθεν: from where, on the one side , 4 παρ-αµείβοµαι: pass by; leave on one side, 4
εὐώνυµος, -ον: left (side), 1 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 9
Εὔξεινος, ὁ: the Black Sea, the Euxine 4 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 5
Καππαδόκαι, αἱ: the Cappadocians, 2 Φρύξ, Φρύγος, ὁ: a Phrygian, 4
κατήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding (gen.), 5 χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ: gratitude, thanks, favor, 1
κάτω: down, below, 4
1 ἐπὶ νόον ποιέουσι: put in into the mind; “ expresses duration of time
create in the mind” 9 µετὰ Ματιηνοὺς: between the Mantienians
ἐπὶ Λυδούς: against the Lydians 10 ἔχει ῥέων: keeps flowing; pres. pple
3 Πέρσῃσι…ἦν: dat. possession ἐκ τοῦ ἑτέρου: from the other (side); i.e.
πρὶν…καταστρέψασθαι: before the left side
Lydians were subdued; πρὶν + inf. 11 πρὸς βορέην ἄνεµον: i.e. to the north
6 τὸ µὲν πρότερον…ἄρξαι…τότε δὲ: during 14 τὰ κάτω: all of Asia below from the sea
the (time) before the Persians ruled… but facing Cyprus to the Black sea
at that time; aor. articular inf. in acc.
πόντον. ἔστι δὲ αὐχὴν οὗτος τῆς χώρης ταύτης ἁπάσης· 15
μῆκος ὁδοῦ εὐζώνῳ ἀνδρὶ πέντε ἡμέραι ἀναισιμοῦνται.

73 ἐστρατεύετο δὲ ὁ Κροῖσος ἐπὶ τὴν Καππαδοκίην τῶνδε
εἵνεκα, καὶ γῆς ἱμέρῳ προσκτήσασθαι πρὸς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ
μοῖραν βουλόμενος, καὶ μάλιστα τῷ χρηστηρίῳ πίσυνος ἐὼν
2 καὶ τίσασθαι θέλων ὑπὲρ Ἀστυάγεος Κῦρον. Ἀστυάγεα 20
γὰρ τὸν Κυαξάρεω, ἐόντα Κροίσου μὲν γαμβρὸν Μήδων δὲ

βασιλέα, Κῦρος ὁ Καμβύσεω καταστρεψάμενος εἶχε, γενό-
3 μενον γαμβρὸν Κροίσῳ ὧδε. Σκυθέων τῶν νομάδων ἴλη
ἀνδρῶν στασιάσασα ὑπεξῆλθε ἐς γῆν τὴν Μηδικήν· ἐτυράν-

νευε δὲ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον Μήδων Κυαξάρης ὁ Φραόρτεω 25
τοῦ Δηιόκεω, ὃς τοὺς Σκύθας τούτους τὸ μὲν πρῶτον περιεῖπε

εὖ ὡς ἐόντας ἱκέτας· ὥστε δὲ περὶ πολλοῦ ποιεόμενος αὐτούς,
παῖδάς σφι παρέδωκε τὴν γλῶσσάν τε ἐκμαθεῖν καὶ τὴν
4 τέχνην τῶν τόξων. χρόνου δὲ γενομένου, καὶ αἰεὶ φοιτεόν-
ἀν-αισιµόω: to use up, spend, consume, 3 νοµάς, νοµάδος, ὁ: nomad; adj. nomadic, 6
αὐχήν, -ένος, ὁ: the neck, throat, 2 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
γαµβρός, ὁ: brother-in-law, 2 περι-έπω: to treat, handle, 3
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 πίσυνος, -ον: relying on, trusting (+ dat.), 2
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 πόντος, ὁ: sea, 5
εἴλη, ἡ: crowd, band, company (Att. εἴλη) 2 προσ-κτάοµαι: to win over, gain besides, 2
ἐκ-µανθάνω: to learn well or thoroughly, 3 στασιάζω: to dispute, quarrel, rebel, revolt, 3
εὔ-ζωνος, -ον: well-girded, 2 τέχνη, ἡ: art, skill, craft, 2
ἵµερος, ὁ: a longing, yearning, desire, 2 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
ἱκέτης, -ου, ὁ: suppliant seeking protection, 8 τόξον, τό: a bow, 1
Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
Καππαδοκίη, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2 ὑπ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go out secretly, withdraw, 3
Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of gen; beyond acc, 7
µῆκος, τό: length, 4 φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12 Φραόρτης, ὁ: Phraortes, 6
15 αὐχὴν…χώρης: the neck of this continent καταστρεψάµενος εἶχε: had subdued; aor.
16 εὐζώνῳ ἀνδρὶ: for a man without pple + impf. ἔχω is a periphrastic plpf.
baggage; ‘man ungirded (by baggage)’ 25 Κυαξάρης…Δηιόκεω: Cyaxares, son of
17 τῶνδε εἵνεκα: for the sake of the following Phraortes, son of Deioces
19 ἐὼν: being; pres. pple. εἰµί 26 τὸ µὲν πρῶτον: at first; adverbial acc.
20 τείσασθαι: to punish; aor. inf. τίνω 27 ὡς ἐόντας: since they were…; ὡς causal
θέλων: pres. pple ἐθέλω περὶ πολλοῦ: considering of much value
21 τὸν Κυαξάρεω: son of Cyaxares 28 παρέδωκε: 3rd sg. aor. παρα-δίδωµι
22 ὁ Καµβύσεω: son of Cambyses 29 χρόνου…γενοµένου: time having passed
78 Herodotus 1.73.4 – 74.4
των τῶν Σκυθέων ἐπ᾽ ἄγρην καὶ αἰεί τι φερόντων, καὶ κοτε 1
συνήνεικε ἑλεῖν σφεας μηδέν· νοστήσαντας δὲ αὐτοὺς κεινῇσι

χερσὶ ὁ Κυαξάρης (ἦν γάρ, ὡς διέδεξε, ὀργὴν [οὐκ] ἄκρος)
5 τρηχέως κάρτα περιέσπε ἀεικείῃ. οἳ δὲ ταῦτα πρὸς Κυαξάρεω
παθόντες, ὥστε ἀνάξια σφέων αὐτῶν πεπονθότες, ἐβούλευσαν 5
τῶν παρὰ σφίσι διδασκομένων παίδων ἕνα κατακόψαι,

σκευάσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ ἐώθεσαν καὶ τὰ θηρία σκευά-
ζειν, Κυαξάρῃ δοῦναι φέροντες ὡς ἄγρην δῆθεν, δόντες δὲ
τὴν ταχίστην κομίζεσθαι παρὰ Ἀλυάττεα τὸν Σαδυάττεω ἐς
6 Σάρδις. ταῦτα καὶ ἐγένετο. καὶ γὰρ Κυαξάρης καὶ οἱ παρε- 10
όντες δαιτυμόνες τῶν κρεῶν τούτων ἐπάσαντο, καὶ οἱ Σκύθαι

74 ταῦτα ποιήσαντες Ἀλυάττεω ἱκέται ἐγένοντο. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα,
οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Ἀλυάττης ἐξεδίδου τοὺς Σκύθας ἐξαιτέοντι
Κυαξάρῃ, πόλεμος τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι καὶ τοῖσι Μήδοισι ἐγεγόνεε 14
ἄγρη, ἡ: hunt, chase, 6 κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8

αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 2 κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11
ἀ-εικίη, ἡ: injury, unseemly treatment, 2 Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14
ἀν-άξιος, -ον: unworthy, not worthy (gen.) 2 νοστέω: return, come back, 3
δαιτυµών, -ονος, ὁ: an invited guest, 2 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 5
δῆθεν: really, (implies falsity of speech), 2 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
δια-δείκνυµι: to make plain, show clearly, 2 πατέοµαι: to eat, 1
διδάσκω: to teach, instruct, 2 περι-έπω: to treat, handle, 3
ἐξ-αιτέω: to ask from, demand from, 2 Σαδυάττης, ὁ: Sadyattes, 6
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. w/ pres. sense 11 σκευάζω: prepare, make ready; bring about 9
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 συµ-φέρω: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
ἱκέτης, -ου, ὁ: suppliant seeking protection, 8 τρηχύς, -έα, -ύ: rough, hilly, rugged, 3
κατα-κόπτω: to chop up, cut up, 3 ὠθέω: to push, thrust, 3
κεινός, -ή, -όν: empty, deserted, 1 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 4
1 ἐπ ᾿ ἄγρην: for the hunt 6 παρὰ σφίσι: among them; . i.e. Scythians
τι φερόντων: bring something back ἕνα one; acc. sg. εἷς
2 συνήνεικε: it happened; aor. συνφέρω κατακόψαι: to cut up; aor. inf.
ἑλεῖν: to catch; aor. αἱρέω, acc. subj σφεας 7 ἐωθεσαν: plpf. with impf. sense ἔωθα
3 ὡς διέδεξε: as he showed clearly. aor. 8 δοῦναι: to give; aor. inf. with.ἐβούλευσαν
ὀργὴν ἄκρος: extreme in his temper; ὡς ἄγρην δῆθην: as if really game
‘topmost in anger,’ acc. of respect 10 παρεόντες: present; “being present” pple
4 περιέσπε: treated; aor. περι-έπω 11 ἐπάσαντο: 3rd pl. aor. πατέοµαι
5 παθόντες: having suffered; aor. πάσχω 12 µετὰ ταῦτα: after these things
ὥστε…πεπονθότες: seeing that they had 13 ἐξεδίδου: hand over. 3rd sg. impf. ἐξεδίδοε
suffered…; ὥστε expresses alleged cause 14 ἐγεγόνεε: had come to be; plpf. γίγνοµαι
ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα πέντε, ἐν τοῖσι πολλάκις μὲν οἱ Μῆδοι τοὺς Λυδοὺς 15
ἐνίκησαν, πολλάκις δὲ οἱ Λυδοὶ τοὺς Μήδους, ἐν δὲ καὶ

2 νυκτομαχίην τινὰ ἐποιήσαντο· διαφέρουσι δέ σφι ἐπὶ ἴσης
τὸν πόλεμον τῷ ἕκτῳ ἔτεϊ συμβολῆς γενομένης συνήνεικε
ὥστε τῆς μάχης συνεστεώσης τὴν ἡμέρην ἐξαπίνης νύκτα
γενέσθαι. τὴν δὲ μεταλλαγὴν ταύτην τῇ ἡμέρης Θαλῆς 20
ὁ Μιλήσιος τοῖσι Ἴωσι προηγόρευσε ἔσεσθαι, οὖρον προθέ-

μενος ἐνιαυτὸν τοῦτον ἐν τῷ δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ μεταβολή.
3 οἱ δὲ Λυδοί τε καὶ οἱ Μῆδοι ἐπείτε εἶδον νύκτα ἀντὶ ἡμέρης
γενομένην, τῆς μάχης τε ἐπαύσαντο καὶ μᾶλλόν τι ἔσπευσαν
καὶ ἀμφότεροι εἰρήνην ἑωυτοῖσι γενέσθαι. οἱ δὲ συμβιβά- 25
σαντες αὐτοὺς ἦσαν οἵδε, Συέννεσίς τε ὁ Κίλιξ καὶ Λαβύνητος

4 ὁ Βαβυλώνιος. οὗτοί σφι καὶ τὸ ὅρκιον οἱ σπεύσαντες
γενέσθαι ἦσαν καὶ γάμων ἐπαλλαγὴν ἐποίησαν· Ἀλυάττεα
γὰρ ἔγνωσαν δοῦναι τὴν θυγατέρα Ἀρύηνιν Ἀστυάγεϊ τῷ
Κυαξάρεω παιδί· ἄνευ γὰρ ἀναγκαίης ἰσχυρῆς συμβάσιες 30
ἀναγκαίη, ἡ: necessity, force, (ἀναγκή), 5 µετ-αλλαγή, ἡ: change, 1

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 νυκτο-µαχίη, ἡ: a night-battle, 1
Ἀρύηνις, ἡ: Aruanis, 1 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
γάµος, ὁ: a wedding (feast), marriage, 4 οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6
δια-φέρω: to carry over; differ, surpass, 4 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
εἰρήνη, ἡ: peace, treaty of peace, 2 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
ἕκτος, -α, -ον: sixth, 4 σπεύδω: to be eager, hasten, 6
ἐνιαυτός, ὁ: year, long period of time, 4 σύµ-βασις, ἡ: treaty, 1
ἐξαπίνης: suddenly, 2 Συέννεσις, ἡ: Suennesis, 1
Θαλῆς, ὁ: Thales, 4 συµ-βιβάζω: to bring together, reconcile 1
Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14 συµ-βολή, ἡ: battle, a coming together, 2
Λαβύνητος, ὁ: Labyntus, 2 συµ-φέρω: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
µετα-βολή, ἡ: change; eclipse, 2 συν-ίστηµι: set together, combine, organize, 4
15 ἐπ ᾿ ἔτεα πέντε: over five years 21 ἔσεσθαι: fut. dep. inf. εἰµί
16 ἐν δὲ: therein, in which (time) οὖρον..τῷ: proposing the yearly limit in
17 διαφέρουσι: to those carrying on war on which…
an equal basis in the sixth year; dat. pl. 23 ἀντὶ ἡµέρης: instead of day
pple modifies σφι; dat. time when 27 σφι…ὅρκιον: there be oath for them; dat.
18 συνήνεικε: it happened. aor. συνφέρω 29 ἔγνωσαν δοῦναι: decided that Astyages
19 συνεστεώσης: pf. pple. συν-ίστηµι give his daughter; γιγνώσκω, aor. inf.
τὴ ἡµέρην: during the day; an eclipse δίδωµι
80 Herodotus 1.74.6 – 76.1
ἰσχυραὶ οὐκ ἐθέλουσι συμμένειν. ὅρκια δὲ ποιέεται ταῦτα τὰ 1
ἔθνεα τὰ πέρ τε Ἕλληνες, καὶ πρὸς τούτοισι, ἐπεὰν τοὺς

βραχίονας ἐπιτάμωνται ἐς τὴν ὁμοχροίην, τὸ αἷμα ἀναλεί-
χουσι ἀλλήλων.
75 τοῦτον δὴ ὦν τὸν Ἀστυάγεα Κῦρος ἐόντα ἑωυτοῦ μητρο- 5
πάτορα καταστρεψάμενος ἔσχε δι᾽ αἰτίην τὴν ἐγὼ ἐν τοῖσι

2 ὀπίσω λόγοισι σημανέω· τὰ Κροῖσος ἐπιμεμφόμενος τῷ
Κύρῳ ἔς τε τὰ χρηστήρια ἔπεμπε εἰ στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας,
καὶ δὴ καὶ ἀπικομένου χρησμοῦ κιβδήλου, ἐλπίσας πρὸς
ἑωυτοῦ τὸν χρησμὸν εἶναι, ἐστρατεύετο ἐς τὴν Περσέων 10
3 μοῖραν. ὡς δὲ ἀπίκετο ἐπὶ τὸν Ἅλυν ποταμὸν ὁ Κροῖσος,

τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν, ὡς μὲν ἐγὼ λέγω, κατὰ τὰς ἐούσας γεφύρας
διεβίβασε τὸν στρατόν, ὡς δὲ ὁ πολλὸς λόγος Ἑλλήνων,
4 Θαλῆς οἱ ὁ Μιλήσιος διεβίβασε. ἀπορέοντος γὰρ Κροίσου 14
αἷµα, -ατος τό: blood, 5 Θαλῆς, ὁ: Thales, 4

αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13
Ἅλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 κίβδηλος, -η, -ον: deceptive, spurious, 2
ἀνα-λείχω: to lick up, 1 µητρο-πάτωρ, ὁ: maternal grandfather, 1
ἀ-πορέω: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
βραχίων, ιονος, ὁ: arm, 1 ὁµό-χροιη, ἡ: skin, sameness of color, 1
δια-βιβάζω: to transport or carry across, 2 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
γέφυρη, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 6 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 συµ-µένω: to hold together, keep together, 1
ἐπι-µέµφοµαι: find fault with, complain of, 5 χρησµός, ὁ: oracle, an oracle’s reply, 7
ἐπι-τάµνω : to cut on the surface, 1
1 οὐκ ἐθέλουσι: are not able. ‘are not willing’ 7 σηµανέω: fut. σηµαίνω
ταῦτα τὰ ἔθνεα: these people; nom. subj. 8 εἰ στρατεύηται: whether he should
2 τά πέρ: which very (oaths)...; relative campaign; deliberative subjunctive
πρὸς τούτοισι: in addition to these things 9 καὶ δὴ καὶ: and in particular
ἐπεὰν…ἐπιτάµωνται: whenever they cut; πρὸς ἑωυτοῦ: onto his own (side).
ἄν + pres. subj. in a general temporal predicate of εἶναι
clause 11 ἀπίκετο: he arrived. aor. ἀπικνέοµαι
6 καταστρεψάµενος ἔσχε: had been 12 κατὰ...γεφύρας: across the existing
overturned; aor. pple + aor. ἔχω is a bridge
periphrastic of plpf. 13 ὡς δὲ ὁ πολλὸς λόγος…: as the frequent
δι ᾿ ἀιτίην τὴν: for a reason that; relative account of the Greeks (claims)
ἐν τοῖσι ὀπίσω: later in this (history) 14 οἱ: for him; i.e. for Croesus, dat. interest
ὅκως οἱ διαβήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν ὁ στρατός (οὐ γὰρ δὴ εἶναι 15
κω τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τὰς γεφύρας ταύτας) λέγεται παρεόντα

τὸν Θαλῆν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ ποιῆσαι αὐτῷ τὸν ποταμὸν ἐξ
ἀριστερῆς χειρὸς ῥέοντα τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ ἐκ δεξιῆς ῥέειν,
5 ποιῆσαι δὲ ὧδε· ἄνωθεν τοῦ στρατοπέδου ἀρξάμενον διώρυχα
βαθέαν ὀρύσσειν, ἄγοντα μηνοειδέα, ὅκως ἂν τὸ στρατόπεδον 20
ἱδρυμένον κατὰ νώτου λάβοι, ταύτῃ κατὰ τὴν διώρυχα ἐκτραπό-

μενος ἐκ τῶν ἀρχαίων ῥεέθρων, καὶ αὖτις παραμειβόμενος τὸ
στρατόπεδον ἐς τὰ ἀρχαῖα ἐσβάλλοι· ὥστε ἐπείτε καὶ ἐσχίσθη
6 τάχιστα ὁ ποταμός, ἀμφοτέρῃ διαβατὸς ἐγένετο, οἳ δὲ καὶ
τὸ παράπαν λέγουσι καὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ῥέεθρον ἀποξηρανθῆναι. 25
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὐ προσίεμαι· κῶς γὰρ ὀπίσω πορευόμενοι

76 διέβησαν αὐτόν; Κροῖσος δὲ ἐπείτε διαβὰς σὺν τῷ
στρατῷ ἀπίκετο τῆς Καππαδοκίης ἐς τὴν Πτερίην καλεομένην
(ἡ δὲ Πτερίη ἐστὶ τῆς χώρης ταύτης τὸ ἰσχυρότατον κατὰ
ἄνω-θεν: from above, from on high, 3 ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13
ἀπο-ξηραίνω: to dry up, 2 Καππαδοκίη, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2
ἀριστερός, -ή, -όν: left, left side, 3 κω: yet, up to this time, 10
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 κῶς: Ion. for πῶς, how? in what way? 2
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 µηνο-ειδής, -ες: crescent-shaped, 1
βαθύς, -έα, -ύ: deep, tall, 3 νῶτον, τό: the back, 3
γέφυρη, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 6 παρ-αµείβοµαι: pass by; leave on one side, 4
δεξιός, -ή, -όν: clever, on the right side, 5 παρά-παν: entirely, altogether, 5
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
δια-βατός, -ον: passable, fordable, 3 προσ-ίηµι: to admit, allow; mid. attract, 3
διῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: a trench, canal, conduit, 9 Πτερίη, ἡ: Pteria, 4
ἐκ-τρέπω: to turn aside, divert, 3 ῥέεθρον, τό: river, stream, 9
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 8
Θαλῆς, ὁ: Thales, 4 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 σχίζω: to split, cleave, 1
15 ὅκως…διαβήσεται: how…; fut. δια-βαίνω opt., purpose clause, secondary sequence

εἶναι…γεφύρας: (they say) that the 21 ταύτῃ κατὰ...: in this way along…
bridges…; ind. disc., supply a main verb 23 ἐς τὰ ἀρχαῖα (ῥέεθρα): to the old steam;
17 ποιῆσαι…ποταµὸν…καὶ ἐκ δεξιῆς ῥέειν: ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as; ‘as quickly as’
make the river flow on the right also; aor. ἐσχίσθη: was split. 3rd sg. aor. pass. σχίζω
19 ἄνωθεν: upstream; ‘from above’ 24 ἀµφοτέρῃ: on both sides
20 ἄγοντα: drawing a crescent-shape 25 ἀποξηρανθῆναι: was dried up aor pass inf
ὅκως ἄν…λάβοι: so that (the river) might 26 προσίεµαι: I admit; 1st sg. mid. προσίηµι
receive the pitched camp from behind; aor

28 ἰσχυρότατον: strongest (part)
82 Herodotus 1.76.1 – 77.4
Σινώπην πόλιν τὴν ἐν Εὐξείνῳ πόντῳ μάλιστά κῃ κειμένη), 1
ἐνθαῦτα ἐστρατοπεδεύετο φθείρων τῶν Συρίων τοὺς κλήρους·

2 καὶ εἷλε μὲν τῶν Πτερίων τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἠνδραποδίσατο, εἷλε
δὲ τὰς περιοικίδας αὐτῆς πάσας, Συρίους τε οὐδὲν ἐόντας

αἰτίους ἀναστάτους ἐποίησε. Κῦρος δὲ ἀγείρας τὸν ἑωυτοῦ 5
στρατὸν καὶ παραλαβὼν τοὺς μεταξὺ οἰκέοντας πάντας

3 ἠντιοῦτο Κροίσῳ. πρὶν δὲ ἐξελαύνειν ὁρμῆσαι τὸν στρατόν,
πέμψας κήρυκας ἐς τοὺς Ἴωνας ἐπειρᾶτο σφέας ἀπὸ Κροίσου

ἀπιστάναι. Ἴωνες μέν νυν οὐκ ἐπείθοντο. Κῦρος δὲ ὡς
ἀπίκετο καὶ ἀντεστρατοπεδεύσατο Κροίσῳ, ἐνθαῦτα ἐν τῇ 10
4 Πτερίῃ χωρῇ ἐπειρῶντο κατὰ τὸ ἰσχυρὸν ἀλλήλων. μάχης
δὲ καρτερῆς γενομένης καὶ πεσόντων ἀμφοτέρων πολλῶν,

τέλος οὐδέτεροι νικήσαντες διέστησαν νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης.
77 καὶ τὰ μὲν στρατόπεδα ἀμφότερα οὕτω ἠγωνίσατο. Κροῖσος 14
ἀγείρω: to collect, gather together, 4 µεταξύ: between, 3

ἀγωνίζοµαι: compete, do battle, wage war, 3 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
ἀνά-στατος, -ον: driven from home, 6 οὐδ-έτερος, -η, -ον: neither of the two, 3
ἀνδρα-ποδίζω: reduce to slavery, enslave, 3 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
ἀντιόοµαι: to oppose, resist (dat.), 2 περι-οικίς, -ιδος, ἡ: neighbouring town, 1
ἀντι-στρατοπεδεύω: to encamp opposite, 1 πίπτω: to fall, fall down, 5
δι-ίστηµι: to stand apart, separate, divide, 2 πόντος, ὁ: sea, 5
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 Πτερίη, ἡ: Pteria, 4
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 Σινώπη, ἡ: Sinope, 1
Εὔξεινος, ὁ: the Black Sea, the Euxine 4 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 8
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 στρατοπεδεύω: to encamp, take a position, 2
καρτερός, -ά, -όν: stronger, stauncher, 3 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 9
κῇ: in what way; in some way, somehow, 5 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
κλῆρος, ὁ: plot (of land), farm, 1 φθείρω: to ruin, waste, destroy, 1
1 κατὰ Σινώπην: down near the city Sinope πείθω

3 εἷλε: I seized; 3rd sg. aor. αἱρέω 10 ἀπίκετο: he arrived; 3rd sg. aor.
4 Συρίους…ἐποίησε: he made the Syrians ἀπικνέοµαι
homeless, though they were not at all 11 ἐπειρῶντο…ἀλλήλων: I tested each
blameworthy; ποιέω takes a double acc., other in strength; i.e. fought
the pple is concessive: ‘though being...’ 12 πεσόντων: having fallen; aor. pple
5 ἀγείρας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἀγείρω πίπτω
7 πρὶν…ὁρµῆσαι: before he set out; aor. 13 τέλος: in the end, finally; adverbial acc.
ὁρµάω πρὶν before inf. means “before” διέστησαν: 3rd pl. aor. διίστηµι
9 σφεας ἀπιστάναι: to make them revolt; inf. νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης: when night came;
9 ἐπείθοντο: were persuaded; impf. pass. gen. abs., aor. ἐπ-έρχοµαι
δὲ μεμφθεὶς κατὰ τὸ πλῆθος τὸ ἑωυτοῦ στράτευμα (ἦν γάρ 15
οἱ ὁ συμβαλὼν στρατὸς πολλὸν ἐλάσσων ἢ ὁ Κύρου), τοῦτο

μεμφθείς, ὡς τῇ ὑστεραίῃ οὐκ ἐπειρᾶτο ἐπιὼν ὁ Κῦρος,
ἀπήλαυνε ἐς τὰς Σάρδις ἐν νόῳ ἔχων παρακαλέσας μὲν
2 Αἰγυπτίους κατὰ τὸ ὅρκιον (ἐποιήσατο γὰρ καὶ πρὸς Ἄμασιν
βασιλεύοντα Αἰγύπτου συμμαχίην πρότερον ἤ περ πρὸς 20
Λακεδαιμονίους), μεταπεμψάμενος δὲ καὶ Βαβυλωνίους (καὶ

γὰρ πρὸς τούτους αὐτῷ ἐπεποίητο συμμαχίη, ἐτυράννευε δὲ
3 τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον τῶν Βαβυλωνίων Λαβύνητος), ἐπαγγείλας
δὲ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοισι παρεῖναι ἐς χρόνον ῥητόν ἁλίσας τε
δὴ τούτους καὶ τὴν ἑωυτοῦ συλλέξας στρατιὴν ἐνένωτο τὸν 25
χειμῶνα παρείς, ἅμα τῷ ἤρι στρατεύειν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας.

4 καὶ ὃ μὲν ταῦτα φρονέων, ὡς ἀπίκετο ἐς τὰς Σάρδις, ἔπεμπε
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9

Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 παρ-ίηµι: to pass over, skip over; neglect, 10
ἁλίζω: to collect, gather together, 5 παρα-καλέω: to summon, call to, 1
Ἄµασις, ὁ: Amasis, 2 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to drive away, expel from, 9 ῥητός, -ή, -όν: stated, specified, fixed, 1
ἤρ, -ρος, τό: spring, (Att. ἔαρ) 2 στρατευµα, τό: an expedition, campaign, 3
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἐπ-αγγέλλω : to tell, proclaim, announce, 2 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
Λαβύνητος, ὁ: Labyntus, 2 συµ-µαχίη, ἡ: an alliance, 8
µέµφοµαι: to blame, censure, find fault with, 5 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 ὑστεραῖος, -η, -ον: (on) the next day, 4
νοέω: to think, have in mind, suppose, 4 φρονέω: to think, know, be wise, prudent, 4
νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9 χειµών, -ῶνος τό: storm, winter, 2
15 µεµφθεὶς: finding fault; aor. dep. pple comparative degree

µέµφοµαι 22 ἐπεποίητο: had been made; plpf. ποιέω
κατὰ τὸ πλῆθος: regarding size 23 ἐπαγγείλας…Λακεδαιµονίοισι: having
16 πολλὸν ἐλάσσων ἤ: much smaller than; told the Spartans; nom. aor. pple.
adverbial accusative 24 ἁλίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple. ἁλίζω
17 τῇ ὑστεραίῃ: on the next day; time when 25 συλλέξας: nom. sg. aor. pple. συλλέγω
ἐπειρᾶτο: he tried to test; conative impf. ἐνένωτο: had had in mind; pres. inf. νοέω
ἐπιὼν: by attacking; pple. ἐπι-έρχοµαι 26 παρεὶς: passing the winter; nom. sg. aor.
19 κατὰ τὸ ὅρκιον: according to the oath pple παρ-ίηµι
20 πρότερον ἤ: before; “earlier than” ἅµα…ἦρι: at the same time as
84 Herodotus 1.77.4 – 79.3
κήρυκας κατὰ τὰς συμμαχίας προερέοντας ἐς πέμπτον μῆνα 1
συλλέγεσθαι ἐς Σάρδις· τὸν δὲ παρεόντα καὶ μαχεσάμενον

στρατὸν Πέρσῃσι, ὃς ἦν αὐτοῦ ξεινικός, πάντα ἀπεὶς διε-
78 σκέδασε οὐδαμὰ ἐλπίσας μὴ κοτε ἄρα ἀγωνισάμενος οὕτω
παραπλησίως Κῦρος ἐλάσῃ ἐπὶ Σάρδις. ταῦτα ἐπιλεγομένῳ 5
Κροίσῳ τὸ προάστειον πᾶν ὀφίων ἐνεπλήσθη· φανέντων

δὲ αὐτῶν οἱ ἵπποι μετιέντες τὰς νομὰς νέμεσθαι φοιτέοντες
κατήσθιον. ἰδόντι δὲ τοῦτο Κροίσῳ, ὥσπερ καὶ ἦν ἔδοξε
2 τέρας εἶναι· αὐτίκα δὲ ἔπεμπε θεοπρόπους ἐς τῶν ἐξηγητέων
Τελμησσέων. ἀπικομένοισι δὲ τοῖσι θεοπρόποισι καὶ μαθοῦσι 10
πρὸς Τελμησσέων τὸ θέλει σημαίνειν τὸ τέρας, οὐκ ἐξεγένετο

Κροίσῳ ἀπαγγεῖλαι· πρὶν γὰρ ἢ ὀπίσω σφέας ἀναπλῶσαι
3 ἐς τὰς Σάρδις ἥλω ὁ Κροῖσος. Τελμησσέες μέντοι τάδε
ἔγνωσαν, στρατὸν ἀλλόθροον προσδόκιμον εἶναι Κροίσῳ ἐπὶ 14
ἀγωνίζοµαι: compete, do battle, wage war, 3 µείς, µῆνος, ὁ: a month, 9

ἀλλό-θροος, -ον: foreign, speaking a tongue 1 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
ἀνα-πλέω: to sail up or back, swim back, 1 νέµω: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
ἀπ-αγγέλλω : to report (from), announce, 4 νοµή, ἡ: pasture, 1
ἀπ-ίηµι: send off, let loose, release, give up 5 ὄφις, ὁ: a snake, serpent, 3
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; nearly, 10
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6
γιγνώσκω: come to know, learn, realize, 7 προ-άστειον, τό: area in front of the city, 1
ξεινικός, -ή, -όν: foreign, of a foreigner, 4 προ-ερέω: to say beforehand, 3
ἐξ-ηγητής, ὁ: interpreter of omens, adviser, 1 προσ-δόκιµος, -ον: to be expected, 1
ἐκ-γίνοµαι: to be born from, is possible, 2 θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle, 10
ἐλπίζω: to hope for, look for, expect, 10 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐµ-πίπληµι: to fill in, fill with (gen.), 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἐπι-λέγω: think over; say in addition; pick, 5 συµ-µαχίη, ἡ: an alliance, 8
φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8 τέρας, τό: portent, sign, wonder, marvel, 4
κατ-εσθίω: to eat up, devour, 1 Τελµησσέες, οἱ: Telmessians, 2
κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 4
1 κατὰ τὰς συµµαχίας: to the allies 4 ἐλπίσας: expecting; aor. pple. ἐλπίζω
προερέοντας: (in order) to proclaim. µὴ...ἐλάσῃ: that…Cyrus would drive; 3rd sg.
fut. pple expressing purpose, προερέω aor. ἐλαύνω in a clause of fearing
ἐς πέµπτον µῆνα: at the fifth month ἀγωνισάµενος…παραπλησίως: though
2 τὸν δὲ παρεόντα…διεσκέδασε: having fighting so equally; concessive pple
released the entire army, which (part) of it 5 ἐνεπλήσθη: was filled; aor. ἐµ-πίπληµι
was foreign, being present and having φανέντων…: these having appeared;
fought the Persians, he scattered (it) 7-14 Notes on facing page
τὴν χώρην, ἀπικόμενον δὲ τοῦτον καταστρέψεσθαι τοὺς ἐπι- 15
χωρίους, λέγοντες ὄφιν εἶναι γῆς παῖδα, ἵππον δὲ πολέμιόν

τε καὶ ἐπήλυδα. Τελμησσέες μέν νυν ταῦτα ὑπεκρίναντο
Κροίσῳ ἤδη ἡλωκότι, οὐδὲν κω εἰδότες τῶν ἦν περὶ Σάρδις
τε καὶ αὐτὸν Κροῖσον.
79 Κῦρος δὲ αὐτίκα ἀπελαύνοντος Κροίσου μετὰ τὴν μάχην τὴν 20
γενομένην ἐν τῇ Πτερίῃ, μαθὼν ὡς ἀπελάσας μέλλοι Κροῖσος

διασκεδᾶν τὸν στρατόν, βουλευόμενος εὕρισκε πρῆγμά οἷ
εἶναι ἐλαύνειν ὡς δύναιτο τάχιστα ἐπὶ τὰς Σάρδις, πρὶν ἢ
2 τὸ δεύτερον ἁλισθῆναι τῶν Λυδῶν τὴν δύναμιν. ὡς δέ οἱ
ταῦτα ἔδοξε, καὶ ἐποίεε κατὰ τάχος· ἐλάσας [γὰρ] τὸν 25
στρατὸν ἐς τὴν Λυδίην αὐτὸς ἄγγελος Κροίσῳ ἐληλύθεε.

ἐνθαῦτα Κροῖσος ἐς ἀπορίην πολλὴν ἀπιγμένος, ὥς οἱ παρὰ
δόξαν ἔσχε τὰ πρήγματα ἢ ὡς αὐτὸς κατεδόκεε, ὅμως τοὺς
3 Λυδοὺς ἐξῆγε ἐς μάχην. ἦν δὲ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ἔθνος
ἁλίζω: to collect, gather together, 5 κατα-δοκέω: suppose, believe firmly; guess 3

ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 κω: yet, up to this time, 10
ἀ-πορίη, ἡ: difficulty, bewilderment, 3 Λυδίη, ἡ: Lydia, 4
δια-σκεδάννυµι: scatter, disperse, disband, 3 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
δόξα, ἡ: opinion, reputation, honor, glory, 4 ὄφις, ὁ: a snake, serpent, 3
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 Πτερίη, ἡ: Pteria, 4
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 5 τάχος, τό: speed, swiftness, 5
ἔπηλυς, -λυδος, ὁ: incomer, immigrant, 2 Τελµησσέες, οἱ: Telmessians, 2
ἐπι-χώριος, -α, -ον: local, native, 5 ὑπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, respond, 4
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14
7 µετιέντες: giving up on; pres. pple. µετ-ίηµι 13 ἥλω: was captured; 3rd sg. aor. ἁλίσκοµαι
τὰς νοµάς νέµεσθαι: the pastures for 14 ἔγνωσαν: acknowledged;. aor γιγνώσκω
grazing; ‘pastures to graze’ explanatory inf. προσδόκοµον εἶναι: was to be expected
8 κατήσθιον: were eating up (the snakes) 15 καταστρέψεθαι: fut. inf. καταστρέφω
ἰδον́τι: seeing; dat. sg. aor. pple. εἶδον 18 ἡλωκότι: having been caught; ἁλίσκοµαι
ὥσπερ καὶ ἦν: as in fact it was; καὶ is adv. εἰδότες: knowing. pple. οἶδα
ἔδοξε: it seemed. 3rd sg. aor.. δοκεῖ τῶν ἦν: (of the things) which were
9 ἐς εξηγητέων: to the seat of interpreters. 21 µαθὼν…: aor. pple µανθάνω, ἀπελαύνω
10 µαθοῦσι πρὸς: having learned; dat. pple 23 ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as he could; opt
11 τὸ θέλει…: what the omen is willing to… 24 ἁλισθῆναι: be gathered a 2nd time; aor.
ἐξεγένετο: it was possible; 3rd sg. aor. 26 αὐτὸς ἄγγελος: he himself as messenger
12 ἀπαγγεῖλαι: aor. inf. ἀπ-αγγέλλω 27 παρὰ δόξαν..κατεδόκεε: matters held
πρὶν…ἤ: before; “earlier than” + inf. contrary to opinion (than) as he expected
86 Herodotus 1.79.3 – 80.5
οὐδὲν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ οὔτε ἀνδρηιότερον οὔτε ἀλκιμώτερον τοῦ 1
Λυδίου. ἡ δὲ μάχη σφέων ἦν ἀπ᾽ ἵππων, δόρατά τε ἐφόρεον

80 μεγάλα, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἦσαν ἱππεύεσθαι ἀγαθοί. ἐς τὸ πεδίον δὲ
συνελθόντων τοῦτο τὸ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος ἐστὶ τοῦ Σαρδιηνοῦ,
ἐὸν μέγα τε καὶ ψιλὸν (διὰ δὲ αὐτοῦ ποταμοὶ ῥέοντες καὶ 5
ἄλλοι καὶ Ὕλλος συρρηγνῦσι ἐς τὸν μέγιστον, καλεόμενον δὲ

Ἕρμον, ὃς ἐξ ὄρεος ἱροῦ μητρὸς Δινδυμήνης ῥέων ἐκδιδοῖ ἐς
2 θάλασσαν κατὰ Φωκαίην πόλιν), ἐνθαῦτα ὁ Κῦρος ὡς εἶδε
τοὺς Λυδοὺς ἐς μάχην τασσομένους, καταρρωδήσας τὴν ἵππον

ἐποίησε Ἁρπάγου ὑποθεμένου ἀνδρὸς Μήδου τοιόνδε· ὅσαι 10
τῷ στρατῷ τῷ ἑωυτοῦ εἵποντο σιτοφόροι τε καὶ σκευοφόροι

κάμηλοι, ταύτας πάσας ἁλίσας καὶ ἀπελὼν τὰ ἄχθεα ἄνδρας
ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰς ἀνέβησε ἱππάδα στολὴν ἐνεσταλμένους, σκευάσας
δὲ αὐτοὺς προσέταξε τῆς ἄλλης στρατιῆς προϊέναι πρὸς τὴν 14
ἁλίζω: to collect, gather together, 5 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 2

ἄλκιµος, -α, -ον: strong, stout, 3 προσ-τάσσω: to order, assign, appoint, 5
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 Σαρδιηνός, -ή, -όν: of Sardis, 3
ἀνδρήιος, -α, -ον: of a man, brave, manly, 3 σιτο-φόρος, -ον: carrying grain/provisions, 1
ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 σκευάζω: prepare, make ready; bring about 9
ἄχθος, -εος, τό: load, weight, burden, 1 σκευο-φόρος, -ον: carrying baggage, 1
Δινδυµήνη, ἡ: Dindymene, 1 στολή, ἡ: apparel, armament, 1
δόρυ, δόρατος, τό: shaft of a spear, spear, 2 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
ἐν-στέλλω: to equip, dress in, 1 συρ-ρηγνῦµι: to break into or together, join, 1
Ἑρµος, ὁ: Hermos river, 2 τάσσω: to arrange, put in order, 10
ἱππάς, -αδος, ὁ: of a calvaryman, 1 ᾽Υλλος, ὁ: Ullus river, 1
ἱππεύω: to ride (a horse), 2 ὑπο-τίθηµι: to place under, advise, propose, 6
κάµηλος, ὁ: a camel, 6 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 5
κατα-ρρωδέω: to fear, dread, 3 Φωκαία, ἡ: Phocaea, 9
µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12 ψιλός, -όν: bare (of vegetation), simple, 1
πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
1 ἀνδρηιότερον: more courageous ἐκδιδοῖ: aor. mid. ἐκ-δίδωµι

τοῦ λυδίου: than the Lydians; comparison 8 ὡς εἶδε: when he saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὀράω
2 ἀπ ᾿ ἵππον: on horseback; ‘from…’ 10 Ἁρπάγου ὑποθεµένου: the Mede
3 ἤσαν: were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί Harpagus advising (it); aor. ὑπο-τίθηµι
ἱππεύεσθαι: explanatory inf. after ἀγαθοὶ 11 εἵποντο: accompanied; impf.. ἕποµαι
4 συνελθόντων: aor. pple. συν-έρχοµαι 12 ἀπελὼν: taking off…; aor. pple ἀπ-αιρέω
τοῦτο τὸ....ἄστεος: with neuter πεδίον ἄνδρὰς…ἀνέβησε: he made men mount
5 ἐον…ψιλόν: modifies neuter πεδίον on these; 3rd sg. aor. ἀνα-βαίνω
διὰ αὐτοῦ: through this (plain); i.e. πεδίον 13 ἐνεσταλµένους dressed in (acc.); aor. pple
7 ἐξ ὄρεος ἱροῦ: from the mountain sacred... προϊέναι: to go in front of; inf. -έρχοµαι
Κροίσου ἵππον, τῇ δὲ καμήλῳ ἕπεσθαι τὸν πεζὸν λεὼν 15
3 ἐκέλευσε, ὄπισθε δὲ τοῦ πεζοῦ ἐπέταξε τὴν πᾶσαν ἵππον. ὡς

δέ οἱ πάντες διετετάχατο, παραίνεσε τῶν μὲν ἄλλων Λυδῶν
μὴ φειδομένους κτείνειν πάντα τὸν ἐμποδὼν γινόμενον,
Κροῖσον δὲ αὐτὸν μὴ κτείνειν, μηδὲ ἢν συλλαμβανόμενος
4 ἀμύνηται. ταῦτα μὲν παραίνεσε, τὰς δὲ καμήλους ἔταξε 20
ἀντία τῆς ἵππου τῶνδε εἵνεκεν· κάμηλον ἵππος φοβέεται,

καὶ οὐκ ἀνέχεται οὔτε τὴν ἰδέην αὐτοῦ ὁρέων οὔτε τὴν ὀδμὴν
ὀσφραινόμενος. αὐτοῦ δὴ ὦν τούτου εἵνεκεν ἐσεσόφιστο,
ἵνα τῷ Κροίσῳ ἄχρηστον ᾖ τὸ ἱππικόν, τῷ δή τι καὶ ἐπεῖχε
5 ἐλλάμψεσθαι ὁ Λυδός. ὡς δὲ καὶ συνήισαν ἐς τὴν μάχην, 25
ἐνθαῦτα ὡς ὤσφροντο τάχιστα τῶν καμήλων οἱ ἵπποι καὶ

εἶδον αὐτάς, ὀπίσω ἀνέστρεφον, διέφθαρτό τε τῷ Κροίσῳ ἡ
ἀµύνω: to keep off, ward off, defend, 1 κτείνω: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
ἀνα-στρέφω: to wheel, turn; subvert, 1 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
ἀν-έχω: to uphold, endure, 3 ὀδµή, ἡ: a smell, scent, odor, 3
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 ὀσφραίνοµαι: to catch scent of, smell, 3
ἄ-χρηστός, -ή, -όν: useless, unserviceable, 2 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
δια-τάσσω: to arrange, appoint, 5 παρ-αινέω: to advise, exhort, order, 6
ἐλ-λάµποµαι: to distinguish oneself, glorify 1 πεζός, ή, όν: on foot, 3
ἐµ-ποδών: in the way, in one's path, 1 σοφίζοµαι: to devise cleverly, argue subtly, 1
ἐπ-έχω: to have, hold, restrain, 8 συλ-λαµβάνω: to collect, gather together, 5
ἐπι-τάσσω: to arrange (behind), command, 4 τάσσω: to arrange, put in order, 10
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 φείδοµαι: to spare, 2
ἰδέη, ἡ: sight, look, appearance, sort, kind, 2 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 4
ἱππικός, -ή, -όν: of the horse, calvary, 2
15 ἔπεσθαι: to follow; pres. mid. inf. ἕποµαι ὀρέων: looking at; nom. sg. pres. pple
τὸν πεζὸν λεὼν: the infantry; “the f ὁράω
oot(men) of the people,” subj. of ἔπεσθαι 23 αὐτου…εἵνεκεν…ἵνα: for this very
16 ἐπέταξε: 3rd sg. aor. ἐπι-τάσσω reason…so that…; εἵνεκεν anticipates ἵνα
17 παραίνεσε: 3rd sg. aor. lacking the 24 ἵνα…ᾗ: so that…may be; purpose clause,
ε-augment 3rd sg. pres. subjunctive εἰµί
19 µηδὲ ἤν: not even if…; ἤν. (Att. ἐάν) 25 συνηίσαν: came together; 3rd pl. impf.
συλλαµβανόµενος: while being captured συν-έρχοµαι
ἀµύνηται: he defends himself; pres. subj. 26 ὤσφροντο: smelled; 3rd pl aor. mid.
in a pres. general condtion ὀσφραίνοµαι
21 ἀντία τῆς ἵππου: opposite the calvary 27 διέφθαρτο: had been destroyed; plpf.
22 ἀνέχεται: endure; governs the two pass.
participles
88 Herodotus 1.80.6 – 82.4
ἐλπίς. οὐ μέντοι οἵ γε Λυδοὶ τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν δειλοὶ ἦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ 1
ὡς ἔμαθον τὸ γινόμενον, ἀποθορόντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων πεζοὶ

τοῖσι Πέρσῃσι συνέβαλλον. χρόνῳ δὲ πεσόντων ἀμφοτέρων
πολλῶν ἐτράποντο οἱ Λυδοί, κατειληθέντες δὲ ἐς τὸ τεῖχος
ἐπολιορκέοντο ὑπὸ τῶν Περσέων. 5
81 τοῖσι μὲν δὴ κατεστήκεε πολιορκίη. Κροῖσος δὲ δοκέων
οἱ χρόνον ἐπὶ μακρὸν ἔσεσθαι τὴν πολιορκίην ἔπεμπε ἐκ τοῦ
τείχεος ἄλλους ἀγγέλους ἐς τὰς συμμαχίας. οἱ μὲν γὰρ πρό-
τεροι διεπέμποντο ἐς πέμπτον μῆνα προερέοντες συλλέγεσθαι
ἐς Σάρδις, τούτους δὲ ἐξέπεμπε τὴν ταχίστην δέεσθαι βοη- 10
82 θέειν ὡς πολιορκεομένου Κροίσου. ἔς τε δὴ ὦν τὰς ἄλλας

ἔπεμπε συμμαχίας καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Λακεδαίμονα. τοῖσι δὲ καὶ
αὐτοῖσι [τοῖσι Σπαρτιήτῃσι] κατ᾽ αὐτὸν τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον
συνεπεπτώκεε ἔρις ἐοῦσα πρὸς Ἀργείους περὶ χώρου καλεο- 14
ἀπο-θρῴσκω: leap off, leap to the ground, 1 πεζός, ή, όν: on foot, 3

βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 πίπτω: to fall, fall down, 5
δειλός, -ή, -όν: timid, cowardly, 1 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 πολιορκίη, ἡ: siege, a besieging, 3
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 προ-ερέω: to proclaim, say beforehand, 3
ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
ἔρις, ἡ: dispute, quarrel, debate, strife, 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
κατ-ειλέοµαι: to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
Λακεδαίµων, -ονος, ἡ: Lacedaemon, 2 συµ-µαχίη, ἡ: an alliance, 8
µείς, µῆνος, ὁ: a month, 9 συµ-πίπτω: to come to blows, happen, 4
πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
2 ἔµαθον: learned; 3rd pl. aor. µανθάνω here expresses purpose, προερέω
τὸ γινόµενον: what was happening 10 τὴν ταχίστην: by the quickest route;
ἀποθορόντες: having leapt off; aor. pple. supply ὁδὸν; acc. manner
3 χρόνῳ: in time; dat. of time when δέεσθαι: to ask
πεσόντων: gen. pl. aor. pple. πίπτω 11 ὡς…Κροίσου: seeing that Croesus was
4 ἐπράποντο: turned; aor. mid. τρέπω being beseiged; gen. abs.
κατειληθέντες: aor. pass. pple. 12 καὶ δὴ καὶ: and in particular
κατ-ειλέοµαι 13 κατ ᾿ αὐτὸν…χρόνον: during this same
6 τοῖσι…κατεστήκεε πολιορκίη: the siege time
had settled over them; i.e. Persians started 14 συνεπεπτώκεε ἔρις: a quarrel had
the seige occurred; plpf. συν-πίπτω
7 χρόνον ἐπὶ µακρὸν: over a long time πρὸς Ἀργείους: against the Argives
ἔσεσθαι: fut. inf. εἰµί περὶ χώρου…Θυρέης: concerning a place
9 ἐς πέµπτον µῆνα: at the fifth month called Thurea
προερέοντας: to proclaim (them); fut. pple
2 μένου Θυρέης· τὰς γὰρ Θυρέας ταύτας ἐοῦσα τῆς Ἀρ- 15
γολίδος μοίρης ἀποταμόμενοι ἔσχον οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι. ἦν δὲ

καὶ ἡ μέχρι Μαλέων ἡ πρὸς ἑσπέρην Ἀργείων, ἥ τε ἐν τῇ
ἠπείρῳ χώρῇ καὶ ἡ Κυθηρίη νῆσος καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ τῶν νήσων.
3 βοηθησάντων δὲ Ἀργείων τῇ σφετέρῃ ἀποταμνομένῃ, ἐνθαῦτα
συνέβησαν ἐς λόγους συνελθόντες ὥστε τριηκοσίους ἑκατέρων 20
μαχέσασθαι, ὁκότεροι δ᾽ ἂν περιγένωνται, τούτων εἶναι τὸν

χῶρον· τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τοῦ στρατοῦ ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι ἑκάτερον
ἐς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ μηδὲ παραμένειν ἀγωνιζομένων, τῶνδε εἵνεκεν
ἵνα μὴ παρεόντων τῶν στρατοπέδων ὁρῶντες οἱ ἕτεροι ἑσσου-
4 μένους τοὺς σφετέρους ἀπαμύνοιεν. συνθέμενοι ταῦτα ἀπαλ- 25
λάσσοντο, λογάδες δὲ ἑκατέρων ὑπολειφθέντες συνέβαλον.

μαχομένων δὲ σφέων καὶ γινομένων ἰσοπαλέων ὑπελείποντο
ἐξ ἀνδρῶν ἑξακοσίων τρεῖς, Ἀργείων μὲν Ἀλκήνωρ τε καὶ
ἀγωνίζοµαι: compete, do battle, wage war, 3 Μαλέη, ἡ: Malea, 1

Ἀλκήνωρ, ὁ: Alcanor, 1 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
Ἀργολίς, -ίδος, ὁ: Argolis, 1 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
ἀπ-αµύνω: to ward off, keep away, 1 ὁκότερος, -η, -ον: which (of two), 4
ἀπο-τάµνω: to cut off, sever, 3 παρα-µένω: to remain, live and grow up, 5
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 περι-γίγνοµαι: be superior to, prevail over, 6
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 2 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 8
ἑσπέρη, ἡ: evening, eve; west, 4 συµ-βαίνω: to meet, happen, occur, 4
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
Θυρέη, ἡ: Thurea, 4 συν-τίθηµι: to put together, form; agree, 2
ἰσο-παλής, -ές: well-matched, 1 σφέτερος, -η, -ον: their own, their, 5
Κυθήριος, -η, -ον: Cytherean, of Cytherea, 1 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
λογάδες, οἱ: picked men, 4 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
15 τὰς γὰρ Θυρέας…Λακεδαιµόνιοι: The ὁκότεροι…περιγένωνται: whichever of

Spartans, having cut off, possessed the the two (sides) prevails; aor. subjunctive
Thurea being a part of the Argolid 22 ἀπαλλάσσεσαι: departs to his (home)
ἀποταµόµενοι: aor. mid. pple 23 ἀγωνιζοµένων: while (they) fight; abs.
16 ἦν δὲ...Ἀργείων: and (the part) as far as 24 ἵνα µὴ...ἀπαµύνοιεν: so that they might
Malis in the west was the Argives’ not come to the aid; opt. in secondary seq.
19 τῇ σφετέρῃ ἀποταµνοµένῃ: their land 25 συνθέµενοι: having agreed; aor. mid. pple
being cut off; dat. obj. of βοηθησάντων συντίθηµι
20 συµέβησαν: agreed; 3rd pl. aor. συµβάινω 26 ὑπολειφθέντες: those left behind; aor pass
21 µαχέσασθαι: fight one another; aor. mid.
90 Herodotus 1.82.4 – 84.1
Χρομίος, Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ Ὀθρυάδης· ὑπελείφθησαν δὲ 1
5 οὗτοι νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης. οἱ μὲν δὴ δύο τῶν Ἀργείων ὡς

νενικηκότες ἔθεον ἐς τὸ Ἄργος, ὁ δὲ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων
Ὀθρυάδης σκυλεύσας τοὺς Ἀργείων νεκροὺς καὶ προσφορήσας
τὰ ὅπλα πρὸς τὸ ἑωυτοῦ στρατόπεδον ἐν τῇ τάξι εἶχε ἑωυτόν. 5
6 ἡμέρῃ δὲ δευτέρῃ παρῆσαν πυνθανόμενοι ἀμφότεροι. τέως

μὲν δὴ αὐτοὶ ἑκάτεροι ἔφασαν νικᾶν, λέγοντες οἳ μὲν ὡς
ἑωυτῶν πλεῦνες περιγεγόνασι, οἳ δὲ τοὺς μὲν ἀποφαίνοντες
πεφευγότας, τὸν δὲ σφέτερον παραμείναντα καὶ σκυλεύσαντα
7 τοὺς ἐκείνων νεκρούς· τέλος δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἔριδος συμπε- 10
σόντες ἐμάχοντο, πεσόντων δὲ καὶ ἀμφοτέρων πολλῶν ἐνίκων

Λακεδαιμόνιοι. Ἀργεῖοι μέν νυν ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ χρόνου
κατακειράμενοι τὰς κεφαλάς, πρότερον ἐπάναγκες κομῶντες,
ἐποιήσαντο νόμον τε καὶ κατάρην μὴ πρότερον θρέψειν κόμην 14
ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 5 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 5
Ἄργος, -εος, τό: Argos (a Greek city), 5 παρα-µένω: to remain, live and grow up, 5
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 περι-γίγνοµαι: be superior to, prevail over, 6
ἐπ-ανάγκες: adv. by necessity/compulsion 1 πίπτω: to fall, fall down, 5
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 προσ-φορέω: to bring to, carry to, 1
ἔρις, ἡ: dispute, quarrel, debate, strife, 2 σκυλεύω: to strip or despoil a corpse, 2
θέω: to run, rush, 6 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 8
κατα-κείρω: to shear off, crop, cut, 1 συµ-πίπτω: fall together in blows, happen, 4
κατάρη, ἡ: curse, 2 σφέτερος, -η, -ον: their own, their, 5
κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9 τάξις, -εως, ἡ: post, position, order; array, 1
κοµάω: to wear or grow hair long, 5 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
κόµη, ἡ: hair, hair of the head, 2 τέως: till then; as long as, 5
νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
Ὀθρυάδης, ὁ: Othruades, 3 Χροµίος, ὁ: Chromius, 1
1 ὑπελείφθησαν: they were left behind; aor. οἱ µὲν…οἱ δὲ: some saying that… others…
pass. 8 ἑωυτῶν πλεῦνες: more of their own men
2 ἐπελθούσης: coming on; gen. abs., περιγεγόνασι: 3rd pl. pf. περιγίνοµαι
ἐπέρχοµαι τοὺς..πεφευγότας: pointing out that these
ὡς νενικηκότες: as if having won; pf. pple, had fled; pf. pple. φεύγω
ὡς + pple expresses alleged cause 10 συµπεσόντες: falling together; aor pple
5 ἐν τῇ τάξι…ἑωυτόν: he kept himself at his 11 ἐνίκων: won; ἐνίκαον; 3rd pl. impf, νικάω
post; 3rd sg. impf. ἔχω 13 κατακειρ́αµενοι…κεφαλάς cutting their
6 παρῆσαν: were at hand; impf. πάρειµι hair short; “shearing their heads,”
7 ἔφασαν νικᾶν: claimed to win; aor. φηµί 14 µὴ θρέψειν: not to cut; fut. inf. Att. τρέφω
Ἀργείων μηδένα, μηδὲ τὰς γυναῖκάς σφι χρυσοφορήσειν, πρὶν 15
8 Θυρέας ἀνασώσωνται. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ τὰ ἐναντία τούτων

ἔθεντο νόμον· οὐ γὰρ κομῶντες πρὸ τούτου ἀπὸ τούτου κομᾶν.
τὸν δὲ ἕνα λέγουσι τὸν περιλειφθέντα τῶν τριηκοσίων
Ὀθρυάδην, αἰσχυνόμενον ἀπονοστέειν ἐς Σπάρτην τῶν οἱ
συλλοχιτέων διεφθαρμένων, αὐτοῦ μιν ἐν τῇσι Θυρέῃσι κατα- 20
83 χρήσασθαι ἑωυτόν. τοιούτων δὲ τοῖσι Σπαρτιήτῃσι ἐνε-

στεώτων πρηγμάτων ἧκε ὁ Σαρδιηνὸς κῆρυξ δεόμενος Κροίσῳ
βοηθέειν πολιορκεομένῳ. οἳ δὲ ὅμως, ἐπείτε ἐπύθοντο τοῦ
κήρυκος, ὁρμέατο βοηθέειν. καί σφι ἤδη παρεσκευασμένοισι
καὶ νεῶν ἐουσέων ἑτοίμων ἦλθε ἄλλη ἀγγελίη, ὡς ἡλώκοι τὸ 25
τεῖχος τῶν Λυδῶν καὶ ἔχοιτο Κροῖσος ζωγρηθείς. οὕτω δὴ

οὗτοι μὲν συμφορὴν ποιησάμενοι μεγάλην ἐπέπαυντο.
84 Σάρδιες δὲ ἥλωσαν ὧδε. ἐπειδὴ τεσσερεσκαιδεκάτη ἐγένετο
ἡμέρη πολιορκεομένῳ Κροίσῳ, Κῦρος τῇ στρατιῇ τῇ ἑωυτοῦ
ἀγγελίη, ἡ: message, news, 3 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6

αἰσχύνω: to shame, mid. feel shame, 3 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 5
ἀνα-σῴζω: to win back, regain, recover, 2 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἀπο-νοστέω: to return, come home, 3 περι-λείποµαι: survive, be left remaining, 1
βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἐναντίος, -α, -ον: opposite, contrary, 4 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
ἐν-ίστηµι: to stand in, be appointed, 4 Σαρδιηνός, -ή, -όν: of Sardis, 3
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
ζωγρέω: to take alive, capture alive, 5 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 συλ-λοχίτης, ὁ: soldier in same company, 1
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
Θυρέη, ἡ: Thurea, 4 τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος, -η, -ον: fourteenth, 1
κατα-χράοµαι: suffice; kill, make off with, 2 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12 χρυσο-φορέω: to wear golden apparel, 1
Ὀθρυάδης, ὁ: Othruades, 3
15 πρὶν: until…; aor. subj., ἀνασῴζω having stood among the Spartans; abs.
16 ἔθεντο: set forth; 3rd pl. aor. mid. τίθηµι 22 δεόµενος: asking; pres. pple. δέοµαι
17 ἀπὸ τούτου κοµᾶν: that they not cut; inf. 24 ὁρµέατο: set out; plpf. ὁρµάω
18 ἕνα…τριηκοσίων: one of the thirty παρεσκευασµένοισι: having prepared; pf.
19 ἀισχυνόµενον ἀπονοστέειν: feeling 25 ἦλθε: 3rd pl. aor. ἔρχοµαι
ashamed to return ἡλώκοι: has been taken; pf. opt. ἁλίσκοµαι
20 διεφθαρµένων: having been killed; pf. 26 ἔχοιτο: is being held; opt. secondary seq.
καταχρήσασθαι ἑωυτον: killed himself 27 ἐπεπαυντο: had stopped; plpf παύω
21 τοιούτων…πρηγµάτων: such matters 28 ἥλωσαν: was taken; 3rd pl. aor. ἁλίσκοµαι
92 Herodotus 1.84.1 – 85.2
διαπέμψας ἱππέας προεῖπε τῷ πρώτῳ ἐπιβάντι τοῦ τείχεος 1
2 δῶρα δώσειν. μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο πειρησαμένης τῆς στρατιῆς

ὡς οὐ προεχώρεε, ἐνθαῦτα τῶν ἄλλων πεπαυμένων ἀνὴρ
Μάρδος ἐπειρᾶτο προσβαίνων, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Ὑροιάδης, κατὰ
τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος τῇ οὐδεὶς ἐτέτακτο φύλακος· οὐ γὰρ 5
3 ἦν δεινὸν κατὰ τοῦτο μὴ ἁλῷ κοτέ. ἀπότομός τε γὰρ ἐστὶ

ταύτῃ ἡ ἀκρόπολις καὶ ἄμαχος· τῇ οὐδὲ Μήλης ὁ πρότερον
βασιλεὺς Σαρδίων μούνῃ οὐ περιήνεικε τὸν λέοντα τὸν οἱ ἡ
παλλακὴ ἔτεκε, Τελμησσέων δικασάντων ὡς περιενειχθέντος
τοῦ λέοντος τὸ τεῖχος ἔσονται Σάρδιες ἀνάλωτοι. ὁ δὲ 10
Μήλης κατὰ τὸ ἄλλο τεῖχος περιενείκας, τῇ ἦν ἐπίμαχον [τὸ

χωρίον] τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, κατηλόγησε τοῦτο ὡς ἐὸν ἄμαχόν
τε καὶ ἀπότομον· ἔστι δὲ πρὸς τοῦ Τμώλου τετραμμένον τῆς
4 πόλιος. ὁ ὦν δὴ Ὑροιάδης οὗτος ὁ Μάρδος ἰδὼν τῇ προ- 14
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 παλλακή, ἡ : mistress, concubine, 3

ἄ-µαχος, -ον: unconquerable, invincible, 2 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἀν-άλωτος, -ον: impregnable, unassailable, 1 πειράζω: to make an attempt, endeavor, 5
ἀπό-τοµος, -ον: cut off, abrupt, precipitous, 2 περι-φέρω: to bring around, carry about, 4
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
δια-πέµπω: to send in different ways, 6 προσ-βαίνω: to come to, step to, approach, 2
δικάζω: give judgment, pass judgment, 6 προτεραῖος, -η, -ον: on the day before, 2
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 προ-χωρέω: to go forward, advance, 2
ἐπι-βαίνω: to go upon, step upon, 2 τάσσω: to arrange, put in order, 10
ἐπί-µαχος, -ον: easily conquered, assailable 1 Τελµησσέες, οἱ: Telmessians, 2
ἱππεύς, ὁ: a knight, horseman, calvaryman, 4 τίκτω: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
κατηλογέω: to take no account of, neglect, 2 Τµῶλος, ὁ: Mt. Tmolus, 2
κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
λέων, -οντος, ὁ: a lion, 4 Ὑροιάδης, ὁ: Hyroiades, 2
Μάρδος, -η, -ον: Mardian (a Persian tribe), 2 φύλακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, 3
Μῆλης, ἡ: Mele, 2 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
1 τῷ πρώτῳ ἐπιβάντι: to the climbing first οὐ γὰρ ἤν δεινόν µὴ ἁλῷ κοτε: for it was
2 δώσειν: that (he) will give; fut. inf. δίδωµι not feared that it ever be taken; µὴ in a
3 προεχώρεε: it was progressing; impf. fearing clause, aor. subjunctive ἁλίσκοµαι
τῶν…πεπαυµένων: abs., pf. mid. παύω 7 τῇ…µούνῃ: in this place alone; dat. where
4 ἐπειρᾶτο προσβαίνων: tried ascending 8 περιήνεικε: aor. περιφέρω
τῷ…ἤν: to whom was; dat. poss.; impf. εἰµί τὸν…ἔτεκε: which…; relative; aor. τίκτω
κατὰ τοῦτο: at this (part) of the acropolis 9 περιενειχθέντος…τεῖχος: the lion being
5 τῇ: at which; dat. place where; relative carried around along the wall; aor. pass.
ἐτέτακτο: had been posted; plpf. τάσσω 10-14 Notes on Facing page
τεραίῃ τῶν τινα Λυδῶν κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος καταβάντα 15
ἐπὶ κυνέην ἄνωθεν κατακυλισθεῖσαν καὶ ἀνελόμενον, ἐφράσθη

5 καὶ ἐς θυμὸν ἐβάλετο· τότε δὲ δὴ αὐτός τε ἀναβεβήκεε καὶ
κατ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄλλοι Περσέων ἀνέβαινον· προσβάντων δὲ συχνῶν
οὕτω δὴ Σάρδιές τε ἡλώκεσαν καὶ πᾶν τὸ ἄστυ ἐπορθέετο.
85 κατ᾽ αὐτὸν δὲ Κροῖσον τάδε ἐγίνετο. ἦν οἱ παῖς, τοῦ καὶ 20
πρότερον ἐπεμνήσθην, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἐπιεικής, ἄφωνος δέ. ἐν

τῇ ὦν παρελθούσῃ εὐεστοῖ ὁ Κροῖσος τὸ πᾶν ἐς αὐτὸν
ἐπεποιήκεε, ἄλλα τε ἐπιφραζόμενος, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Δελφοὺς
2 περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπεπόμφεε χρησομένους. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη οἱ εἶπε
τάδε. 25
Λυδὲ γένος, πολλῶν βασιλεῦ, μέγα νήπιε Κροῖσε,

μὴ βούλου πολύευκτον ἰὴν ἀνὰ δώματ᾽ ἀκούειν
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13
ἀν-αιρέω: choose, pick up, answer, 3 ἱή, ἡ: cry, voice, 1
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 7
ἄνω-θεν: from above, from on high, 3 κατα-κυλίνδω: to roll down, 1
ἂ-φωνος, -ον: voiceless, speechless, deaf, 3 κυνέη, ἡ: helmet, 1
βάλλω: to throw, pelt, hit, strike, 3 νήπιος, -α, -ον: not speaking, childish, silly, 1
δῶµα, -ατος, τό: house, 2 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 3
ἐπι-φράζω: point out besides, tell, indicate, 2 πολύ-ευκτος, -ον: much-prayed-for, 1
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 πορθέω: to plunder, ravage, destroy, 2
ἐπιεικής, -ές: suitable, reasonable, good, 1 προσ-βαίνω: to come to, step to, approach, 2
εὐ-εστω, -οῦς, ἡ: well-being, prosperity, 1 θυµός, ὁ: desire, heart; soul, life, 5
φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 5
10 ἕσονται: will be; 3rd pl. fut. mid. εἰµί καταβάντα: acc. aor. pple, κατα-βαίνω
κατὰ...: along the other part of the wall 16 ἀνελόµενον: picking up; aor. ἀν-αιρέω
11 περιενείκας: having carried (the lion) ἐφράσθη: thought; aor. dep. φράζω
around; nom. sg. aor. pple. περιφέρω 17 ἐς θυµὸν…ἐβάλετο: put (it) to memory
12 τῇ: in which; dat. place where 16 ἀνελόµενον: picking up; aor. ἀν-αιρέω
13 ὡς ἐον: since it was…; neuter pple εἰµί , 19 ἡλώκεσαν: had been taken; plpf.
ὡς + pple expresses alleged cause ἁλίσκοµαι
ἔστι…τετραµµένον πόλιος: it is (the part) 21 τὰ...ἄλλα: in other respects; acc. respect
of the city turned toward Mount Tmolus 23 ἐπεποιήκεε, ἐπεπόµφεε: plpf. ποιέω and
14 ἰδὼν: seeing; nom. sg. aor. pple ὁράω πέµπω
15 τῶν τινα Λυδῶν: one of the Lydians 27 µη Βούλευ: don’t wish; imper. βούλοµαι
κατὰ τοῦτο…ἀκροπόλιος: see line 4
94 Herodotus 1.85.2 – 86.4
παιδὸς φθεγγομένου. τὸ δέ σοι πολὺ λώιον ἀμφὶς 1
ἔμμεναι· αὐδήσει γὰρ ἐν ἤματι πρῶτον ἀνόλβῳ.

3 ἁλισκομένου δὴ τοῦ τείχεος, ἤιε γὰρ τῶν τις Περσέων
ἀλλογνώσας Κροῖσον ὡς ἀποκτενέων, Κροῖσος μέν νυν ὁρέων
ἐπιόντα ὑπὸ τῆς παρεούσης συμφορῆς παρημελήκεε, οὐδὲ τί 5
4 οἱ διέφερε πληγέντι ἀποθανεῖν· ὁ δὲ παῖς οὗτος ὁ ἄφωνος

ὡς εἶδε ἐπιόντα τὸν Πέρσην, ὑπὸ δέους τε καὶ κακοῦ ἔρρηξε
φωνήν, εἶπε δὲ ‘ὤνθρώπε, μὴ κτεῖνε Κροῖσον.’ οὗτος μὲν
δὴ τοῦτο πρῶτον ἐφθέγξατο, μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἤδη ἐφώνεε τὸν
πάντα χρόνον τῆς ζόης. 10
86 οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι τάς τε δὴ Σάρδις ἔσχον καὶ αὐτὸν Κροῖσον

ἐζώγρησαν, ἄρξαντα ἔτεα τεσσερεσκαίδεκα καὶ τεσσερεσ-
καίδεκα ἡμέρας πολιορκηθέντα, κατὰ τὸ χρηστήριόν τε
καταπαύσαντα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ μεγάλην ἀρχήν. λαβόντες δὲ αὐ- 14
ἀλλο-γνοέω: fail to recognize, misidentify, 1 ἦµαρ, ἤµατος, τό: day, 3

ἀµφίς: apart, on or at both sides, 1 κατα-παύω: to stop, prevent put an end to, 4
ἀν-όλβιος, -α, -ον: not happy, not blessed, 2 κτείνω: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 λωίων, -ον: better, more desirable, 1
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 παρα-µελέω: to disregard, dismiss, 1
αὐδάω: to utter sounds, speak, 1 πλήσσω: to strike, beat, 2
ἂ-φωνος, -ον: voiceless, speechless, deaf, 3 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
δέος, δέους, τό: fear, alarm, dread, awe, 1 ῤήγνυµι: to break, shatter, rend, 1
δια-φέρω: to carry over; differ, surpass, 4 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα: fourteen, 2
ζόη, ἡ: life, lifetime, 5 φθέγγοµαι: to utter a sound or voice, 2
ζωγρέω: to take alive, capture alive, 5 φωνή, ἡ: speech, voice, 2
1 τὸ δέ ἀµφὶς…ἔµµεναι: it is much better that 7 εἷδε: he saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω
this not happen; ‘be apart,’ inf. εἰµί ἐπιόντα: see line 5
3 ἤιε: came; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι ἔρρηξε: broke out; 3rd sg. aor. ῥήγνυµι
4 ὡς ἀποκτενέων: to kill; purpose, fut. pple. 8 εἶπε:; 3rd sg. aor. λέγω
ὁρέων: nom. sg. pres. pple ὁράω Ὤνθρωπε: vocative, crasis ὦ ἄνθρωπε
5 ἐπιόντα: (him) approaching; acc. sg. pple 9 ἐφθέγξατο: aor. mid. φθέγγοµαι
παρεούσης: present; pres. pple πάρ-ειµι τὸν…χρόνον: for the rest of his life
παρηµελήκεε: had disregarded; plpf. 11 ἔσχον: aor. ἔχω
οὐδέ τί…διέφερε: it made no difference at ἄρξαντα: having ruled; acc. aor. ἄρχω
all; τί is inner acc.; ἀποθανεῖν is subject πολιορκηθέντα: aor pass. pple πολιορκέω
6 οἱ… πληγέντι: to him being struck; 13 κατὰ χρηστήριον: according to the oracle
πλήσσω 14 λαβόντες…ἤγαγον: having caught…led
ἀποθανεῖν: aor. inf. ἀπο-θνῄσκω him; aor. pple. λαµβάνω; 3rd pl. aor. ἄγω
Croesus on the pyre 95
2 τὸν οἱ Πέρσαι ἤγαγον παρὰ Κῦρον. ὁ δὲ συννήσας πυρὴν 15
μεγάλην ἀνεβίβασε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν τὸν Κροῖσόν τε ἐν πέδῃσι

δεδεμένον καὶ δὶς ἑπτὰ Λυδῶν παρ᾽ αὐτὸν παῖδας, ἐν νόῳ
ἔχων εἴτε δὴ ἀκροθίνια ταῦτα καταγιεῖν θεῶν ὅτεῳ δή, εἴτε
καὶ εὐχὴν ἐπιτελέσαι θέλων, εἴτε καὶ πυθόμενος τὸν Κροῖσον
εἶναι θεοσεβέα τοῦδε εἵνεκεν ἀνεβίβασε ἐπὶ τὴν πυρήν, βου- 20
λόμενος εἰδέναι εἴ τίς μιν δαιμόνων ῥύσεται τοῦ μὴ ζῶντα

3 κατακαυθῆναι. τὸν μὲν δὴ ποιέειν ταῦτα· τῷ δὲ Κροίσῳ
ἑστεῶτι ἐπὶ τῆς πυρῆς ἐσελθεῖν, καίπερ ἐν κακῷ ἐόντι
τοσούτῳ, τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος ὥς οἱ εἴη σὺν θεῷ εἰρημένον,
τὸ μηδένα εἶναι τῶν ζωόντων ὄλβιον. ὡς δὲ ἄρα μιν 25
προσστῆναι τοῦτο, ἀνενεικάμενόν τε καὶ ἀναστενάξαντα ἐκ

4 πολλῆς ἡσυχίης ἐς τρὶς ὀνομάσαι ‘Σόλων.’ καὶ τὸν Κῦρον
ἀκροθίνια, τά: the choice part, first-fruits, 2 καίπερ: although, albeit, 2

ἀνα-βιβάζω: make go up, cause to mount, 3 κατ-αγίζω: to sacrifice, burn (as sacrifice), 4
ἀνα-στενάζω: to groan, sigh, 1 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 5
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
δαίµων, -ονος, ὁ: a divine being or spirit, 4 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
δίς: twice, doubly, 1 πέδη, ἡ: shackles, fetters, 7
εἴτε: either...or; whether...or, 9 προσ-ίστηµι: occur; set near, stand near, 3
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 πυρη, ἡ: fire, pyre, funeral pyre, 8
ἑπτά: seven, 4 ῥύοµαι: to draw to oneself, rescue,2
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
εὐχή, ἡ: a prayer, vow, 2 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
ζάω: to live, 8 συν-νέω: pile together, heap up, 2
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 τοσοῦτος αύτη οῦτο: so great/much/many 11
θεο-σεβής, -ες: god-fearing, pious, 1 τρίς: thrice, three times, 4
ἐσ-έρχοµαι: to go in, enter, 8
15 παρὰ Κῦρον: to Cyrus alive; articular infinitive, gen. separation

17 δεδεµένον: (having been) bound; pf. pass. 24 ἑστεῶτι: standing; dat. sg. pf. pple ἵστηµι
pple δέω ἐσελθεῖν…Σόλωνος the saying of Solon
παρ ᾿ αὐτὸν: beside him came; aor. inf. ἐσ-έρχοµαι
18 καταγιεῖν: to sacrifice; fut. inf. 25 ὡς..προσστῆναι...: when this occurred to
κατ-αγίζω him; aor. inf.
θεῶν ὅτεῳ δή: to whichever of the gods 26 ἀνενεικάµενον: sighing; aor. pple
19 θέλων: wanting; Att. ἐθέλων ἀνα-φέρω
21 εἰδέναι: to know ἐκ...ὀνοµάσαι: after much silence he
τοῦ…κατακαυθήναι: from being burned called out; aor. inf.
96 Herodotus 1.86.4 – 87.2
ἀκούσαντα κελεῦσαι τοὺς ἑρμηνέας ἐπειρέσθαι τὸν Κροῖσον 1
τίνα τοῦτον ἐπικαλέοιτο, καὶ τοὺς προσελθόντας ἐπειρωτᾶν·

Κροῖσον δὲ τέως μὲν σιγὴν ἔχειν εἰρωτώμενον, μετὰ δὲ ὡς
ἠναγκάζετο, εἰπεῖν ‘τὸν ἂν ἐγὼ πᾶσι τυράννοισι προετίμησα
μεγάλων χρημάτων ἐς λόγους ἐλθεῖν.’ ὡς δέ σφι ἄσημα 5
5 ἔφραζε, πάλιν ἐπειρώτων τὰ λεγόμενα. λιπαρεόντων δὲ

αὐτῶν καὶ ὄχλον παρεχόντων, ἔλεγε δὴ ὡς ἦλθε ἀρχὴν ὁ
Σόλων ἐὼν Ἀθηναῖος, καὶ θεησάμενος πάντα τὸν ἑωυτοῦ
ὄλβον ἀποφλαυρίσειε οἷα δὴ εἶπας, ὥς τε αὐτῷ πάντα
ἀποβεβήκοι τῇ περ ἐκεῖνος εἶπε, οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐς ἑωυτὸν 10
λέγων ἢ οὐκ ἐς ἅπαν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς παρὰ

σφίσι αὐτοῖσι ὀλβίους δοκέοντας εἶναι. τὸν μὲν Κροῖσον
ταῦτα ἀπηγέεσθαι, τῆς δὲ πυρῆς ἤδη ἁμμένης καίεσθαι τὰ
6 περιέσχατα. καὶ τὸν Κῦρον ἀκούσαντα τῶν ἑρμηνέων τὰ 14
ἀναγκάζω: to force, compel, require, 5 λιπαρέω: persist, be persistent, persevere, 2

ἀνθρώπινος, -η, -ον: human, of a human, 1 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: relate, tell; lead away (from), 6 ὄλβος, ὁ: wealth, 2
ἀπο-βαίνω: to turn out, result; disembark, 4 ὄχλος, ὁ: a crowd, throng, mob, 1
ἀπο-φλαυρίζω: to treat lightly, despise, 1 πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 2
ἅπτω: kindle, set afire; fasten, touch (gen.), 6 περι-έσχατα, τά: edges, extremities, 1
ἄ-σηµος́, ον: unintelligible, without meaning1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 5
εἰρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 προ-τιµάω: to honor before, prefer, 1
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 πυρη, ἡ: fire, pyre, funeral pyre, 8
ἐπι-καλέω: to call upon, 5 σιγή, ἡ: silence, 3
ἑρµηνεύς, ὁ: an interpreter, 2 Σόλων, ὁ: Solon, 11
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
καίω: to light, kindle, burn, 4 τέως: till then; as long as, 5
1 κελεῦσαι: bade; ind. disc., aor. inf. κελεύω 6 ὄχλον παρεχόντων: making a din; abs.
ἐπειρ́εσθαι: to ask; aor. pple ἐπ-είροµαι ἀρχὴν: in the beginning; adverbial acc.
2 τίνα…ἐπικαλέοιτο: whom is this he called 8 ἀποφλαυρίσειε: treated lightly; aor. opt
upon; opt. ἐπι-καλέω εἴπας: having said; aor. pple λέγω
ἐπειρωτᾶν: to ask; subject προσ-ελθόντας 9 αὐτῷ…ἀποβεβήκοι: all turned out for
3 ἕως: for a while; “as long as” him; pf. opt. ἀπο-βαίνω
σιγὴν ἔχειν: keep silent 10 τῇ περ: in the very way…; relative clause
µετὰ δέ: afterwards οὐδεν τι µᾶλλον…εἷναι: saying nothing at
τὸν ἄν…ἔλθειν: “(the one) whom I would all more toward himself than toward all
have honored above great wealth talked to mankind and especially to those seeming
all the tyrant; ‘came to words…’ indirect to themselves to be blessed
discourse ἀν + aor. expresses past potential 13 ἁµµένης: already kindled; pf. pple ἄπτω
5 ἐπειρώτων: he asked; impf. ἐπ-ειρωτάω 14 τὰ...εἶπε: (the things) which…said; aor.
Κροῖσος εἶπε, μεταγνόντα τε καὶ ἐννώσαντα ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς 15
ἄνθρωπος ἐὼν ἄλλον ἄνθρωπον, γενόμενον ἑωυτοῦ εὐδαιμονίῃ

οὐκ ἐλάσσω, ζῶντα πυρὶ διδοίη, πρός τε τούτοισι δείσαντα
τὴν τίσιν καὶ ἐπιλεξάμενον ὡς οὐδὲν εἴη τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώ-
ποισι ἀσφαλέως ἔχον, κελεύειν σβεννύναι τὴν ταχίστην τὸ
καιόμενον πῦρ καὶ καταβιβάζειν Κροῖσόν τε καὶ τοὺς μετὰ 20
Κροίσου. καὶ τοὺς πειρωμένους οὐ δύνασθαι ἔτι τοῦ πυρὸς

87 ἐπικρατῆσαι. ἐνθαῦτα λέγεται ὑπὸ Λυδῶν Κροῖσον μαθόντα
τὴν Κύρου μετάγνωσιν, ὡς ὥρα πάντα μὲν ἄνδρα σβεννύντα
τὸ πῦρ, δυναμένους δὲ οὐκέτι καταλαβεῖν, ἐπιβώσασθαι τὸν
Ἀπόλλωνα ἐπικαλεόμενον, εἴ τί οἱ κεχαρισμένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ 25
ἐδωρήθη, παραστῆναι καὶ ῥύσασθαι αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ παρεόντος

2 κακοῦ. τὸν μὲν δακρύοντα ἐπικαλέεσθαι τὸν θεόν, ἐκ δὲ
αἰθρίης τε καὶ νηνεμίης συνδραμεῖν ἐξαπίνης νέφεα καὶ

χειμῶνά τε καταρραγῆναι καὶ ὗσαι ὕδατι λαβροτάτῳ, κατα-
αἰθρίη, ἡ: clear sky, clear weather, 1 κατα-ρρήγνυµι: break, break down, 1

Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 5 κατα-σβέννυµι: to put out, quench, 1
ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: not liable to fall, safe, secure 3 λάβρος, -ον: violent, furious, 1
δακρύω: to weep, shed tears, 2 µετα-γιγνώσκω: to change one's mind, 1
δείδω: to fear, 5 µετά-γνωσις, ἡ: change of mind/purpose, 1
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 νέφος, -εος, τό: a cloud, mass of clouds, 1
δωρέοµαι: to bestow, give, present, 3 νηνεµίη, ἡ: stillness in the air, calm weather, 1
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
ἐν-νοέω: to have in mind, consider, 2 παρ-ίστηµι: stand near, set before the mind, 5
ἐξαπίνης: suddenly, 2 πῦρ, -ος, τό: fire, 9
ἐπι-βοάω: to call, call upon, invoke, 1 ῥύοµαι: to draw to oneself, rescue, 2
ἐπι-καλέω: to call upon, 5 σβέννυµι: to quench, put out, 2
ἐπι-κρατέω: rule over, overpower (+ gen.), 4 συν-τρέχω: to run together, coincide, 2
ἐπι-λέγω: think over; say in addition; pick, 5 τίσις, ἡ: revenge, vengeance, payback, 2
εὐ-δαιµονίη, ἡ: happiness, prosperity, 5 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ζάω: to live, 8 ὕω: to send rain, to rain, 2
καίω: to light, kindle, burn, 4 χαρίζοµαι: favor, gratify, indulge (dat.) 7
κατα-βιβάζω: make or cause to go down, 2 χειµών, -ῶνος τό: storm, winter, 2
κατα-λαµβάνω: to find, seize, lay hold of, 3
16 ὅτι…διδοίη: that in fact he being himself 18 οὐδὲν…ἀσφαλέως ἔχον: nothing being

a man gave to the fire another man being secure; ἔχω + adv. is “to be” + adj.
alive, having come to be no less than 23 ὥρα: he saw; 3rd sg. impf. ὁράω
himself in happiness; acc.ἐλάσσο(ν)α 25 τί ἐδωρήθη: anything…had been given
17 πρός τε τούτοισι: in addition to these 28 συνδραµεῖν: aor. inf. συντρέχω
98 Herodotus 1.87.2 – 89.2
σβεσθῆναί τε τὴν πυρήν. οὕτω δὴ μαθόντα τὸν Κῦρον ὡς εἴη 1
ὁ Κροῖσος καὶ θεοφιλὴς καὶ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός, καταβιβάσαντα

3 αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς πυρῆς εἰρέσθαι τάδε. ‘Κροῖσε, τίς σε ἀνθρώπων
ἀνέγνωσε ἐπὶ γῆν τὴν ἐμὴν στρατευσάμενον πολέμιον ἀντὶ
φίλου ἐμοὶ καταστῆναι;’ ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, ἐγὼ ταῦτα 5
ἔπρηξα τῇ σῇ μὲν εὐδαιμονίῃ, τῇ ἐμεωυτοῦ δὲ κακοδαιμονίῃ,

αἴτιος δὲ τούτων ἐγένετο ὁ Ἑλλήνων θεὸς ἐπαείρας ἐμὲ στρα-
4 τεύεσθαι. οὐδεὶς γὰρ οὕτω ἀνόητος ἐστὶ ὅστις πόλεμον πρὸ
εἰρήνης αἱρέεται· ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῇ οἱ παῖδες τοὺς πατέρας
θάπτουσι, ἐν δὲ τῷ οἱ πατέρες τοὺς παῖδας. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα 10
88 δαίμοσί κου φίλον ἦν οὕτω γενέσθαι.’ ὅ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγε,

Κῦρος δὲ αὐτὸν λύσας κατεῖσέ τε ἐγγὺς ἑωυτοῦ καὶ κάρτα ἐν
πολλῇ προμηθίῃ εἶχε, ἀπεθώμαζέ τε ὁρέων καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ
περὶ ἐκεῖνον ἐόντες πάντες. ὁ δὲ συννοίῃ ἐχόμενος ἥσυχος 14
ἀνα-γιγνώσκω: to recognize, persuade, 3 θεο-φιλής, -ές: dear to the gods, god-loved, 1

ἀ-νόητος, -ον: foolish, unintelligent, 2 κακο-δαιµονίη, ἡ: unhappiness, misfortune, 1
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 κατα-βιβάζω: make or cause to go down, 2
ἀπο-θωµάζω: marvel at, wonder at, 4 κατ-ίζω: to sit down, station, 4
δαίµων, -ονος, ὁ: a divine spirit, god, 4 κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13
ἐγγύς: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 1 λύω: to loosen, abolish, break, dissolve, 4
ἐµαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: myself, 3 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
εἰρήνη, ἡ: peace, treaty of peace, 2 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἐπ-αίρω: to incite, encourage, raise up, 5 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
εὐ-δαιµονίη, ἡ: happiness, prosperity, 5 προµήθιη, ἡ: foresight, prudence, respect, 1
ἥσυχος, -ον: silent, at rest, at peace, 1 πυρη, ἡ: fire, pyre, funeral pyre, 8
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 σύν-νοιη, ἡ: reflection, deep thought, 1
1 µαθόντα…Κῦρον: Cyrus, having learned… ἐν…τῇ: in which…; εἰρήνης antecedent

ὡς εἴη: that Croesus was; opt., second. seq. ἐν…τῷ: in which…; πόλεµον antecedent
3 τίς…ἀνθρώπων: who of men..?; partitive 11 κου φίλον ἦν: it was, I suppose, dear; the
4 ἀνέγνωσε: persuaded him; causative aor. subject is the acc. + inf. ταῦτα γενέσθαι
πολέµιον…καταστῆναι: to make (yourself) 12 αὐτὸν λύσας: releasing him; nom. sg. aor.
an enemy-instead of a friend-to me; aor. pple λύω
κατίστηµι κατεῖσε: sat him down; 3rd sg. aor. κατίζω
6 ἔπρηξα 1st sg. aor. πρήσσω κάρτα… εἴχε: was holding him in great
εὐδαιµονίῃ…κακοδαιµονιῃ: for your respect
happiness and for my unhappiness 13 ὁρέων: pres. pple. ὁράω
7 ἐπάρας: having incited; nom. sg. aor. pple. 14 ὁ…συννοίῃ ἐχόµενος: he, held in deep
ἐπ-αίρω thought
9 αἱρέεται: chooses; pres. middle, αἱρέω
2 ἦν· μετὰ δὲ ἐπιστραφείς τε καὶ ἰδόμενος τοὺς Πέρσας τὸ 15
τῶν Λυδῶν ἄστυ κεραΐζοντας εἶπε ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, κότερον

λέγειν πρὸς σὲ τὰ νοέων τυγχάνω ἢ σιγᾶν ἐν τῷ παρεόντι
χρή;’ Κῦρος δέ μιν θαρσέοντα ἐκέλευε λέγειν ὅ τι βούλοιτο.
3 ὁ δὲ αὐτὸν εἰρώτα λέγων ‘οὗτος ὁ πολλὸς ὅμιλος τί ταῦτα
πολλῇ σπουδῇ ἐργάζεται;’ ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘πόλιν τε τὴν σὴν 20
διαρπάζει καὶ χρήματα τὰ σὰ διαφορέει.’ Κροῖσος δὲ ἀμεί-

βετο ‘οὔτε πόλιν τὴν ἐμὴν οὔτε χρήματα τὰ ἐμὰ διαρπάζει·
οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐμοὶ ἔτι τούτων μέτα· ἀλλὰ φέρουσί τε καὶ ἄγουσι
89 τὰ σά.’ Κύρῳ δὲ ἐπιμελὲς ἐγένετο τὰ Κροῖσος εἶπε· μετα-
στησάμενος δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους, εἴρετο Κροῖσον ὅ τι οἱ ἐνορῴη ἐν 25
τοῖσι ποιευμένοισι. ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘ἐπείτε με θεοὶ ἔδωκαν δοῦλον

2 σοί, δικαιῶ, εἴ τι ἐνορέω πλέον, σημαίνειν σοί. Πέρσαι φύσιν
ἐόντες ὑβρισταὶ εἰσὶ ἀχρήματοι. ἢν ὦν σὺ τούτους περιίδῃς
διαρπάσαντας καὶ κατασχόντας χρήματα μεγάλα, τάδε τοὶ ἐξ
ἀ-χρήµατος, ον: without money or means, 1 κεραίζω: to ravage, despoil, plunder, 2

δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 3 κότερος, -α, -ον: which of two? whether?, 3
δια-φορέω: to carry away, plunder, 1 µετ-ίστηµι: to change, alter, change place, 3
δικαιόω: to deem right, think right (+ inf.), 4 νοέω: to think, have in mind, suppose, 4
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 7 ὅµιλος, ὁ: crowd, 3
εἰρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 περι-οράω: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
ἐν-οράω: to perceive in, foresee, 5 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐπι-µελής, -ές: careful, anxious, worrisome, 1 σιγή, ἡ: silence, 3
ἐπι-στρέφω: to turn, turn round, 1 σπουδή ἡ: earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm 3
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 ὑβριστής, -οῦ, ὁ: an outrageous person, 1
θαρσέω: take courage or heart, be confident 5 φύσις, -εως, ἡ: nature, character, 1
κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7 χρή: it is necessary, fated; must, ought, 13
15 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards 20 πολλῇ σπουδῇ: with great earnestness

ἐπιστραφείς: nom. aor. dep., ἐπι-στρέφω 23 οὐδὲν…µέτα: not at all do these things
ἰδόµενος: seeing; aor. mid. ὁράω belong to me;” µέτα is short for µέτ-εστι
16 λέγειν…σιγᾶν…χρή: ought I to speak or 24 τὰ...εἶπε: (the things) which Croesus said
17 ἐν τῷ παρεόντι: in the present (moment) µεταστησάµενος: making the others
τὰ νοέων τυγχάνω: which I happen to (present) move; aor. pple.
see; τυγχάνω + complementary pple 25 οἱ ἐνορῴη: what he saw for him…; ἐν-
18 ὃ τι βούλοιτο: whatever he wished οραοίη, 3rd sg. opt. ἐνοράω; dat. interest
19 εἰρώτα: he asked; impf. εἰρωτάω 26 ἔδωκαν: gave; 3rd pl. aor. δίδωµι
τί…ἐργάζεται: what (is) this this great 27 τι…πλεόν: anything more (than you)
mob is doing?; ‘what (are) these things…’ 28 ἤν…περιίδης: if you allow…; Att. ἐάν
100 Herodotus 1.89.2 – 90.4
αὐτῶν ἐπίδοξα γενέσθαι. ὃς ἂν αὐτῶν πλεῖστα κατάσχῃ, 1
τοῦτον προσδέκεσθαί τοι ἐπαναστησόμενον. νῦν ὦν ποίησον

3 ὧδε, εἲ τοι ἀρέσκει τὰ ἐγὼ λέγω· κάτισον τῶν δορυφόρων
ἐπὶ πάσῃσι τῇσι πύλῃσι φυλάκους, οἳ λεγόντων πρὸς τοὺς
ἐκφέροντας τὰ χρήματα ἀπαιρεόμενοι ὡς σφέα ἀναγκαίως 5
ἔχει δεκατευθῆναι τῷ Διί. καὶ σύ τέ σφι οὐκ ἀπεχθήσεαι βίῃ

ἀπαιρεόμενος τὰ χρήματα, καὶ ἐκεῖνοι συγγνόντες ποιέειν σε
90 δίκαια ἑκόντες προήσουσι.’ ταῦτα ἀκούων ὁ Κῦρος ὑπερήδετο,
ὥς οἱ ἐδόκεε εὖ ὑποτίθεσθαι· αἰνέσας δὲ πολλά, καὶ ἐντειλά-
μενος τοῖσι δορυφόροισι τὰ Κροῖσος ὑπεθήκατο ἐπιτελέειν, 10
εἶπε πρὸς Κροῖσον τάδε. ‘Κροῖσε, ἀναρτημένου σεῦ ἀνδρὸς

βασιλέος χρηστὰ ἔργα καὶ ἔπεα ποιέειν, αἰτέο δόσιν ἥντινα
2 βούλεαί τοι γενέσθαι παραυτίκα.’ ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘ὦ δέσποτα,
ἐάσας με χαριεῖ μάλιστα τὸν θεὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, τὸν ἐγὼ 14
αἰνέω: to tell or speak of, 5 ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9

αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 6 ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11
ἀναγκαῖος, -η, -ον: necessary, inevitable, 5 Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11
ἀν-αρτέοµαι: to be ready, be willing, 1 κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7
ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 κάτ-ιζω: to sit down, station, 4
ἀπ-εχθάνοµαι: to become hated by, 1 παρ-αυτίκα: immediately, straightaway, 2
ἀρέσκω: to please, be pleasing, 2 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
βίη, βιης, ἡ: strength, force, power, might, 1 προ-ίηµι: to send before; surrender, betray, 3
δεκατεύω: to exact the tenth part from, 1 προσ-δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, 2
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 πύλη, ἡ: gates, double gates, 7
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 συγ-γινώσκω: agree, have sympathy with, 3
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 ὑπερ-ήδοµαι: to be very pleased at, 2
δόσις, -εως, ἡ: a giving, a gift, 2 ὑπο-τίθηµι: to place under, advise, propose, 6
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8 φύλακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, 3
ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν: willing, intentionally, 1 χαρίζοµαι: do a favor, gratify, indulge (dat) 7
ἐπ-αν-ίστηµι: to rebel, stand up against, 2 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, 7
ἐπί-δοξος, -ον: likely or, expected to, 1
1 τάδε…ἐπιδοξα: these things (are) likely to ποίησον: aor. imperative ποιέω

happen; pred. adj. explanatory/epexegetical κάτισον: station; aor. imperative κατ-ίζω
inf. γίνοµαι τῶν δορυφόρων: among the spearmen
ὅς ἄν…κατασχῃ: whoever takes; ἄν + οἵ λεγόντων…ἐπαιρεόµενοι: who, (while)
pres. subj., general rel. clause, antecedent taking away the loot, are to say to those
τοῦτον carrying it out that…; “let them say…that”
2 προσδέκεσθαι: expect…; inf. as imperative 3rd pl. imperative; Croesus recommends
3 τοῦτον…ἐπαναστησόµενον: that he will that guards take the loot as soldiers leave
rebel; fut. pple ἐπ-αν-ίστηµι 5-14 Notes on facing page
ἐτίμησα θεῶν μάλιστα, ἐπειρέσθαι πέμψαντα τάσδε τὰς 15
πέδας, εἰ ἐξαπατᾶν τοὺς εὖ ποιεῦντας νόμος ἐστί οἱ.’ Κῦρος

3 δὲ εἴρετο ὅ τι οἱ τοῦτο ἐπηγορέων παραιτέοιτο. Κροῖσος δέ
οἱ ἐπαλιλλόγησε πᾶσαν τὴν ἑωυτοῦ διάνοιαν καὶ τῶν χρη-
στηρίων τὰς ὑποκρίσιας καὶ μάλιστα τὰ ἀναθήματα, καὶ ὡς
ἐπαερθεὶς τῷ μαντηίῳ ἐστρατεύσατο ἐπὶ Πέρσας· λέγων δὲ 20
ταῦτα κατέβαινε αὖτις παραιτεόμενος ἐπεῖναί οἱ τῷ θεῷ τοῦτο

ὀνειδίσαι. Κῦρος δὲ γελάσας εἶπε ‘καὶ τούτου τεύξεαι παρ᾽
4 ἐμεῦ, Κροῖσε, καὶ ἄλλου παντὸς τοῦ ἂν ἑκάστοτε δέῃ.’ ὡς δὲ
ταῦτα ἤκουσε ὁ Κροῖσος, πέμπων τῶν Λυδῶν ἐς Δελφοὺς
ἐνετέλλετο τιθέντας τὰς πέδας ἐπὶ τοῦ νηοῦ τὸν οὐδὸν εἰρωτᾶν 25
εἰ οὔ τι ἐπαισχύνεται τοῖσι μαντηίοισι ἐπαείρας Κροῖσον στρα-
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 ἐπ-ίηµι: to send to, permit, allow, 1

γελάω: to laugh, 2 κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 7
διά-νοια, ἡ: thought, intention, purpose, 2 µαντήιον, τό: (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
εἰρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 ὀνειδίζω: to object, reproach, rebuke, 2
ἑκάστοτε: each time, on each occasion, 2 οὐδος, ὁ: threshold, 2
ἐξ-απατάω: to deceive, beguile, 3 παλιλλογέω: to say again, recapitulate, 2
ἐπ-αίρω: to incite, encourage, raise up, 5 παρ-αιτέοµαι: to beg, beg from, 4
ἐπ-αισχύνοµαι: to be ashamed of, 2 πέδη, ἡ: shackles, fetters, 7
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
ἐπ-ηγορέω: to charge, accuse, 1 ὑπό-κρισις, ἡ: a reply, answer, 3
5 ἀναγκαίως ἔχει: it is necessary; ἔχω + χαριῇ: you will do me favor; 2nd sg. fut.
adv. equivalent to ‘to be’ + adj. χαρι(σ)ιε(σ)αι
6 τῷ Διί: for Zeus; dat. of interest 16 ἐξαπατᾶν…νόµος ἐστί οἱ: it is a custom
σφι: by them; dat. of agent for him to deceive; inf. ἀ-contract
ἀπεχθήσεαι: ἀπεχθήσε(σ)αι, 2nd sg. fut. 17 ὅ τι…ἐπηγορέων: making what complaint
8 προήσουσι: will surrender; fut. προ-ίηµι against him; i.e. against Apollo
9 ὑποτίθεσθαι: to be advised; pres. pass. inf. τοῦτο…παραιτέοιτο: that he would ask
ἐντειλάµενος: aor. pple. ἐν-τέλλοµαι this
10 τὰ ὑπεθήκατο: (things) which…advised. 19 καὶ ὡς ἐπαρθεὶς: and how, being
relative, aor. middle incited…; nom. sg. aor. pass. ἐπ-αίρω
11 ἐναρτηµένου…Βασιλέος: (since) you, a 21 ἐπεῖναί οἱ: to allow him. inf. ἐπ-ίηµι
man of royal blood, are ready…; gen. abs. 22 τεύξεαι: you will gain; τεύξε(σ)αι, 2nd sg.
12 ἔργα, ἔπεα: in word and deed;. acc. fut., τυγχάνω + gen.
respect 23 τοῦ ἄν…δέῃ: whatever you ask; subj.
αἰτέ(σ)ο: ask; pres. mid. imperative δεόµαι
ἥντινα βούλεαι: whatever you want; 25 τιθέντας: pres. pple. τίθηµι
βούλε(σ)αι, 2nd sg. pres. mid. 26 τὶ ἐπαισχύνεται: (Apollo) is at all
τοι: to you; dat. of posssession ashamed
14 ἐάσας: allowing; aor. pple. ἐάω
102 Herodotus 1.90.4 – 91.6
τεύεσθαι ἐπὶ Πέρσας ὡς καταπαύσοντα τὴν Κύρου δύναμιν, 1
ἀπ᾽ ἧς οἱ ἀκροθίνια τοιαῦτα γενέσθαι, δεικνύντας τὰς πέδας·

ταῦτά τε ἐπειρωτᾶν, καὶ εἰ ἀχαρίστοισι νόμος εἶναι τοῖσι
Ἑλληνικοῖσι θεοῖσι.
91 ἀπικομένοισι δὲ τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι καὶ λέγουσι τὰ ἐντε- 5
ταλμένα τὴν Πυθίην λέγεται εἰπεῖν τάδε. ‘τὴν πεπρωμένην

μοῖραν ἀδύνατα ἐστὶ ἀποφυγεῖν καὶ θεῷ· Κροῖσος δὲ πέμπτου
γονέος ἁμαρτάδα ἐξέπλησε, ὃς ἐὼν δορυφόρος Ἡρακλειδέων,
δόλῳ γυναικηίῳ ἐπισπόμενος ἐφόνευσε τὸν δεσπότεα καὶ
2 ἔσχε τὴν ἐκείνου τιμὴν οὐδέν οἱ προσήκουσαν. προθυμεο- 10
μένου δὲ Λοξίεω ὅκως ἂν κατὰ τοὺς παῖδας τοῦ Κροίσου

γένοιτο τὸ Σαρδίων πάθος καὶ μὴ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν Κροῖσον, οὐκ
3 οἷόν τε ἐγίνετο παραγαγεῖν μοίρας. ὅσον δὲ ἐνέδωκαν αὗται,
ἤνυσέ τε καὶ ἐχαρίσατό οἱ· τρία γὰρ ἔτεα ἐπανεβάλετο τὴν 14
ἀ-δύνατος, -ον: unable, impossible, 2 ἐπ-έποµαι: to attend to, follow after, obey, 2
ἀκροθίνια, τά: the choice part, first-fruits, 2 Ἡρακλεῖδαι, αἱ: Heraclids, 7
ἁµαρτάς, -άδος, ἡ: mistake; offense, 4 κατα-παύω: to stop, prevent put an end to, 4
ἀνύω, ἡ: to achieve, bring about, 2 Λοξίης, ὁ: Loxias Apollo, 3
ἀπο-φεύγω: to flee from, escape, 2 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
ἀ-χάριστος, -ον: ungrateful, unpleasant, 1 πάθος τό: suffering, experience, misfortune 6
γονεύς, -έως, ὁ: an ancestor, parent, 2 παρ-άγω: to lead by or past, 1
γυναικήιος, -η, -ον: of a woman, feminine, 2 πέδη, ἡ: shackles, fetters, 7
δείκνυµι: to point out, display, show, 6 πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 πεπρωµένος, -η, -ον: fated, 2
δόλος, ὁ: treachery, trickery, 4 προ-θυµέοµαι: to be eager, zealous, ready, 3
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 προσ-ήκω: to come to, belong to, be fitting, 2
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
ἐκ-πίµπληµι: to fill up, expiate, 3 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
ἐν-δίδωµι: to give in, surrender; give, lend, 2 χαρίζοµαι: do a favor, gratify, indulge (dat) 7
ἐπ-ανα-βάλλω: to throw back (over), 1
1 ὡς καταπαύσοντα: to end…; ‘so as going 5 λέγουσι: dat. pl. pple modifying λυδοῖσι
to end…’ ὡς + fut. pple. expresses purpose ἐντεταλµένα: the things commanded; pf.
2 ἀπ ᾿ ἧς: from which (expedition) pass. pple ἐν-τέλλοµαι
ἀκροθίνια…γενέσθαι: (they should say) 6 εἰπεῖν: aor. inf. λέγω
that such first-fruits belong to him; dat. 7 ἄδυνατα ἐστι: it is impossible; neuter pl.
possession in indirect discourse καὶ θεῷ: even for a god; καὶ is adverbial
3 ἐπειρωτᾶν: to ask; inf. ἐπειρωτάω 8 ἐξέπλησε: paid for; aor. ἐκ-πίπληµι
ἐι…νόµος: whether (it is) the custom for…; 9-14 Notes on facing page
Σαρδίων ἅλωσιν, καὶ τοῦτο ἐπιστάσθω Κροῖσος ὡς ὕστερον 15
τοῖσι ἔτεσι τούτοισι ἁλοὺς τῆς πεπρωμένης. δευτέρα δὲ

4 τούτων καιομένῳ αὐτῷ ἐπήρκεσε. κατὰ δὲ τὸ μαντήιον τὸ
γενόμενον οὐκ ὀρθῶς Κροῖσος μέμφεται. προηγόρευε γὰρ
οἱ Λοξίης, ἢν στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας, μεγάλην ἀρχὴν [αὐ-
τὸν] καταλύσειν. τὸν δὲ πρὸς ταῦτα χρῆν εὖ μέλλοντα 20
βουλεύεσθαι ἐπειρέσθαι πέμψαντα κότερα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ ἢ τὴν

Κύρου λέγοι ἀρχήν. οὐ συλλαβὼν δὲ τὸ ῥηθὲν οὐδ᾽ ἐπανειρό-
5 μενος ἑωυτὸν αἴτιον ἀποφαινέτω· [τῷ] καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον
χρηστηριαζομένῳ εἶπε [τὰ εἶπε] Λοξίης περὶ ἡμιόνου, οὐδὲ
τοῦτο συνέλαβε. ἦν γὰρ δὴ ὁ Κῦρος οὗτος ἡμίονος· ἐκ γὰρ 25
δυῶν οὐκ ὁμοεθνέων ἐγεγόνεε, μητρὸς ἀμείνονος, πατρὸς δὲ

6 ὑποδεεστέρου· ἣ μὲν γὰρ ἦν Μηδὶς καὶ Ἀστυάγεος θυγάτηρ
αἴτιος, -α, -ον: responsible, blameworthy, 15 µέµφοµαι: to blame, censure, find fault with, 5
ἅλωσις, -ιος, ἡ: capture, destruction, 2 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12
ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 5 Μηδίς, ἡ: a Median woman, 1
ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 5 ὁµο-εθνής, -ές: of the same race, 1
ἐπ-αρκέω: to ward off, rescued 1 ὀρθός, -ή, -όν: straight, upright, right, 4
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
ἐπαν-έροµαι: to question again and again, 1 συλ-λαµβάνω: gather together; understand, 5
ἡµί-ονος, ὁ: mule, half-breed, 5 τελευταῖος, -η, -ον: last, 4
καίω: to light, kindle, burn, 4 ὑπο-δεέστερος, -ον: inferior (in rank), 1
κατα-λύω: to destroy, break up, upset, 4 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
κότερος, -α, -ον: which of two? whether?, 3 χρηστηριάζω: to consult an oracle, 5
µαντήιον, τό: (1) seat of oracle, (2) oracle, 13
9 ἐπισπόµενος: aor. pple. ἐπι-έποµαι aor. pple ἁλίσκοµαι, apposition to τοῦτο

10 οὐδέν…προσήκουσαν: not at all befitting ὕστερον…τούτοισι: these years later than
προθυµεοµένου Λοξίεω: although…; fated; degree of difference, gen. compar.
concessive gen. abs. 17 κατὰ...µαντήιον: according to the oracle
11 ὅκως…γένοιτο: that…happen; clause of 19 ἤν στατυέηται: if he campaigned; = ἐάν
effort, aor. opt. in secondary sequence 20 τὸν…χρῆν: it was necessary that this
κατὰ...κατὰ: in (the time of)… in… man…; impf. χρή
13 οἷός τε ἐγένετο: he was unable; “he was 22 τὸ ῥηθέν: what was said; neut. sg. aor.
the sort to” + inf. pass. pple. εἴρω
ὅσον…ἐνέδωκαν: as much as they 23 ἀπφαινέτω: let him show (that) the blame
yielded; i.e. µοίραι; 3rd pl. aor. ἐν-δίδωµι (is) his own; 3rd pl. mid. imperative
14 τρία ἔτεα: for three years; acc. duration 24 τὸ τελευταῖον: as for…; acc of respect
15 ἐπιστάσθω: Let Croesus know…; 3rd sg. 25 συνέλαβε: Croesus understood; aor.
mid. imperative 26 ἐγεγόνεε: had been born; plpf. γίγνοµαι
ὡς…ἁλοὺς: that he was caught…; nom.
104 Herodotus 1.91.6 – 93.1
τοῦ Μήδων βασιλέος, ὁ δὲ Πέρσης τε ἦν καὶ ἀρχόμενος ὑπ᾽ 1
ἐκείνοισι καὶ ἔνερθε ἐὼν τοῖσι ἅπασι δεσποίνῃ τῇ ἑωυτοῦ

συνοίκεε.’ ταῦτα μὲν ἡ Πυθίη ὑπεκρίνατο τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι, οἱ
δὲ ἀνήνεικαν ἐς Σάρδις καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν Κροίσῳ. ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας
συνέγνω ἑωυτοῦ εἶναι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα καὶ οὐ τοῦ θεοῦ. 5
92 κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὴν Κροίσου τε ἀρχὴν καὶ Ἰωνίης τὴν πρώτην

καταστροφὴν ἔσχε οὕτω. Κροίσῳ δὲ ἐστὶ ἄλλα ἀναθή-
ματα ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι πολλὰ καὶ οὐ τὰ εἰρημένα μοῦνα. ἐν μὲν
γὰρ Θήβῃσι τῇσι Βοιωτῶν τρίπους χρύσεος, τὸν ἀνέθηκέ τῷ
Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ Ἰσμηνίῳ, ἐν δὲ Ἐφέσῳ αἵ τε βόες αἱ χρύσεαι 10
καὶ τῶν κιόνων αἱ πολλαί, ἐν δὲ Προνηίης τῆς ἐν Δελφοῖσι

ἀσπὶς χρυσέη μεγάλη. ταῦτα μὲν καὶ ἔτι ἐς ἐμὲ ἦν περιεόντα,
2 τὰ δ᾽ ἐξαπόλωλε τῶν ἀναθημάτων· τὰ δ᾽ ἐν Βραγχίδῃσι
τῇσι Μιλησίων ἀναθήματα Κροίσῳ, ὡς ἐγὼ πυνθάνομαι, ἴσα 14
ἁµαρτάς, -άδος, ἡ: mistake; offense, 4 Ἐφέσιος, -η, -ον: Ephesian, 3

ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 Θῆβαι, αἱ: Thebes, 4
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 Ἰσµηνίος, -ου, ὁ: Ismenian, 2
ἀπ-αγγέλλω : to report (from), announce, 4 ἴσος, -η, -ον: equal to, the same as, like, 5
Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 5 Ἰωνίη, ἡ: Ionia, 15
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 6 κατα-στροφή, ἡ: overturning, subduing, 2
Βοιώτιος, -η, -ον: Boeotian, 1 κίων, κιόνος, ὁ: column, pillar, 1
βοῦς, ὁ: cow, 4 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
Βράγχιδαι, αἱ: Branchidai, 5 Προνηίης, ὁ: Pronaia, 1
δέσποινη, ἡ: the queen, mistress, lady, 2 συγ-γινώσκω: agree, have sympathy with, 3
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 8 συν-οἰκέω: to dwell together, live togther, 10
ἔνερθε: below, from beneath, lower, 2 τρί-πους, -ποδος, ὁ: tripod, 3
ἐξ-απ-όλλυµι: to destroy utterly, 1 ὑπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, respond, 4
1 ὁ δὲ Πέρσης…ἦν: he was a Persian 9 τὸν ἀνέθηκε: which he dedicated; 3rd sg.

ὑπ ᾿ ἐκείνοισι: under those (Medes) aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι
2 ἔνερθε ἐὼν: being inferior; “being beneath” 12 ταῦτα µὲν…τὰ δ ᾿: These… and other
4 οἱ ἀνήνεικαν: who brought (it) back; 3rd (dedications)
aor. ἀνα-φέρω ἐς ἐµὲ: up to my time; ‘up to me’
ἀπήγγειλαν: 3rd pl. aor. ἀπ-αγγέλλω ἦν περιεόντα: was existing; pple περί-ειµι
5 συνέγνω: he acknowledged; aor. συγ- 13 τὰ δ ᾿ ἐξαπόλωλε: others of the
γινώσκω dedications have been destroyed; 3rd sg.
6 κατὰ...ἀρχὴν…καταστροφὴν: in the pf. + neut. pl. subj.
rule…and subduing of…; i.e. during… 14 Κροίσῷ: (are) Croesus’; dat. poss., add
7 ἔσχε οὕτω: ἔχω + adv. = ‘to be’ + adj. form of εἰµί
οὐ…µοῦνα: not only those mentioned ἴσα τε σταθµὸν: equal in weight; acc. of
8 ἐν…Βιοωτῶν: in Thebes of the Boeotians respect
Lydian geography and customs 105
τε σταθμὸν καὶ ὅμοια τοῖσι ἐν Δελφοῖσι. τὰ μέν νυν ἔς τε 15
Δελφοὺς καὶ ἐς τοῦ Ἀμφιάρεω ἀνέθηκε οἰκήιά τε ἐόντα καὶ

τῶν πατρωίων χρημάτων ἀπαρχήν· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα
ἐξ ἀνδρὸς ἐγένετο οὐσίης ἐχθροῦ, ὅς οἱ πρὶν ἢ βασιλεῦσαι
ἀντιστασιώτης κατεστήκεε, συσπεύδων Πανταλέοντι γενέσθαι
3 τὴν Λυδῶν ἀρχήν. ὁ δὲ Πανταλέων ἦν Ἀλυάττεω μὲν παῖς, 20
Κροίσου δὲ ἀδελφεὸς οὐκ ὁμομήτριος· Κροῖσος μὲν γὰρ ἐκ

Καείρης ἦν γυναικὸς Ἀλυάττῃ, Πανταλέων δὲ ἐξ Ἰάδος.
4 ἐπείτε δὲ δόντος τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκράτησε τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁ Κροῖσος,
τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν ἀντιπρήσσοντα ἐπὶ κνάφου ἕλκων διέ-

φθειρε, τὴν δὲ οὐσίην αὐτοῦ ἔτι πρότερον κατιρώσας τότε 25
τρόπῳ τῷ εἰρημένῳ ἀνέθηκε ἐς τὰ εἴρηται. καὶ περὶ μὲν

ἀναθημάτων τοσαῦτα εἰρήσθω.
93 θώματα δὲ γῆ ἡ Λυδίη ἐς συγγραφὴν οὐ μάλα ἔχει,
οἷά τε καὶ ἄλλη χώρη, πάρεξ τοῦ ἐκ τοῦ Τμώλου κατα-
ἀδελφεός, ὁ: a brother, 5 κρατέω: to gain control, overpower, (gen.) 3

Ἀµφιάρεως, ὁ: Amphiareus, 4 Λυδίη, ἡ: Lydia, 4
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 µάλα: very, very much, exceedingly, 3
ἀντι-πρήσσω: to oppose, act against, 1 οἰκήιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; of the family, 5
ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: political enemy, 1 ὁµο-µήτριος, -ον: born of the same mother, 1
ἀπαρχή, ἡ: to first offerings, first-fruits, 1 οὐσίη, ἡ: substance, property; being, 2
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 Πανταλέων, ὁ: Pantaleon, 3
ἐχθρός, -ή, -όν: hated, hostile; subst. enemy, 2 πάρ-εξ: besides, except, 5
θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6 πατρῷος, -η, -ον: of one's father, ancestral, 3
Ἰάς, Ἰάδος: Ionian, Ionic, 3 σταθµός, ὁ: weight; jamb, post, 6
Καείρα, -ης, ἡ: Caria, 1 συγ-γραφή, ἡ: recording, writing down, 1
κατα-φέροµαι: to be carried down, 1 συ-σπεύδω: to assist eagerly (+ dat.), 1
κατιρῶ: to dedicate, 2 Τµῶλος, ὁ: Mt. Tmolus, 2
κνάφος, -ου, ὁ: carding-comb, 1 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
15 τοῖσι ἐ Δελφοῖσι: to those (dedications) in have; dat. of possession in ind. discourse

Delphi; dat. governed by ὅµοια 23 δόντος τοῦ πατρὸς: abs., aor. δίδωµι
τὰ µέν…τὰ δὲ: some dedications… others 24 ἐπὶ κνάφου: over the carding-comb
16 Ἀµφιάρεω: to the (temple) of Amphiaraus 25 κατιρώας: dedicating; aor. pple. κατιρῶ
17 ἀνέθηκε: dedicated; 3rd sg. aor. ἀνα-τίθηµι 26 τρόπῳ…: in the mentioned manner
18 πρὶν ἤ βασιλεῦσαι: before he ruled; inf. ἐς…εἴρηται: to (temples) which have been
ὅς οἱ…ἀντιστασιώτης κατεστήκεε: who mentioned; 3rd sg. pf. with neut. pl. subject
had become a political enemy to him; i.e. 27 εἰρήσθω: let such things be said; 3rd mid.
to Croesus, plpf. κατ-ίστηµι + pred. noun imperative
19 Πανταλέοντι γενέσθαι: that Pantaleon 28 ἐς συγγραφὴν: (worthy) for writing down
106 Herodotus 1.93.1 – 94.3
2 φερομένου ψήγματος. ἓν δὲ ἔργον πολλὸν μέγιστον 1
παρέχεται χωρὶς τῶν τε Αἰγυπτίων ἔργων καὶ τῶν Βαβυ-

λωνίων· ἔστι αὐτόθι Ἀλυάττεω τοῦ Κροίσου πατρὸς σῆμα,
τοῦ ἡ κρηπὶς μὲν ἐστὶ λίθων μεγάλων, τὸ δὲ ἄλλο σῆμα
χῶμα γῆς. ἐξεργάσαντο δέ μιν οἱ ἀγοραῖοι ἄνθρωποι καὶ οἱ 5
3 χειρώνακτες καὶ αἱ ἐνεργαζόμεναι παιδίσκαι. οὖροι δὲ πέντε

ἐόντες ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἦσαν ἐπὶ τοῦ σήματος ἄνω, καί σφι
γράμματα ἐνεκεκόλαπτο τὰ ἕκαστοι ἐξεργάσαντο, καὶ ἐφαί-
νετο μετρεόμενον τὸ τῶν παιδισκέων ἔργον ἐὸν μέγιστον.
4 τοῦ γὰρ δὴ Λυδῶν δήμου αἱ θυγατέρες πορνεύονται πᾶσαι, 10
συλλέγουσαι σφίσι φερνάς, ἐς ὃ ἂν συνοικήσωσι τοῦτο

5 ποιέουσαι· ἐκδιδοῦσι δὲ αὐταὶ ἑωυτάς. ἡ μὲν δὴ περίοδος
τοῦ σήματός εἰσὶ στάδιοι ἓξ καὶ δύο πλέθρα, τὸ δὲ εὖρος
ἐστὶ πλέθρα τρία καὶ δέκα. λίμνη δὲ ἔχεται τοῦ σήματος 14
ἀγοραῖος, -ον: of the ἀγορά , mercantile, 1 παιδίσκη, ἡ: a young girl, maiden, 2

Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
αὐτό-θι: on the very spot or moment, 5 περί-οδος ὁ: circumference, journey around 4
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 2
δέκα: ten, 5 πορνεύοµαι: to be a prostitute, 1
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 σῆµα, -ατος, τό: tomb, 6
ἐγ-κολάπτω: to cut or carve upon, 2 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
ἐν-εργάζοµαι: produce in, work for hire in, 1 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἐξ-εργάζοµαι: to perform, accomplish, 4 συν-οἰκέω: to dwell together , live together 10
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 5 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
κρηπίς, ἡ: foundation, rim, 2 φερνή, ἡ: dowry, 1
λίθος, ὁ: a stone, 8 χειρ-ῶναξ ὁ: artisan, one skilled with hands 1
λίµνη, ἡ: pool, marshy lake, basin, 10 χῶµα, τό: mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
µετρέω: to measure, 2 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6 ψῆγµα, ατος, τό: gold-dust, gold-shavings, 1
1 καταφεροµένου ψήγµατος: gen. abs. µετρεόµενον. .ἔργον: the measured work

ἕν δὲ ἔργον: one man-made deed; ἔργον is 11 συλλέγουσαι: gathering; nom. pl. pple
in contrast with θώµατα ‘natural wonders’ σφίσι: for themselves; dat. of interest
4 τοῦ ἡ κρηπὶς: whose foundation…; relative ἐς ὅ: until; ‘up to which (time)’
λίθων µεγάλων: of large…; gen. of quality ἄν…συνοικήσωσι: they marry; pres. subj.
6 ἐνεργαζόµεναι: working girls; prostitutes in a general temporal clause
7 ἐόντας: being; acc. pl. . εἱµί 12 ποιέουσαι: doing this; nom. pl. pres. pple
ἐς ἐµὲ: up to my time; “up to me” ἐκδιδοῦσι…ἑ: and they give themselves (in
8 ἐνεκεκόλαπτο: had been carved on them; marriage); i.e. they control the dowries
plpf. ἐγ-κολάπτω; dat. of compound verb 13 εἰσι: are; 3rd pl. pres. εἰµί
ἐφαίνετο: appeared; impf. φαίνοµαι 14 ἔχεται: touches; “clings” + partitive gen.
Lydian geography and customs 107
μεγάλη, τὴν λέγουσι Λυδοὶ ἀείναον εἶναι· καλέεται δὲ αὕτη 15
94 Γυγαίη. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτο ἐστί. Λυδοὶ δὲ νόμοισι μὲν

παραπλησίοισι χρέωνται καὶ Ἕλληνές, χωρὶς ἢ ὅτι τὰ
θήλεα τέκνα καταπορνεύουσι, πρῶτοι δὲ ἀνθρώπων τῶν
ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν νόμισμα χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου κοψάμενοι ἐχρή-
2 σαντο, πρῶτοι δὲ καὶ κάπηλοι ἐγένοντο. φασὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ 20
Λυδοὶ καὶ τὰς παιγνίας τὰς νῦν σφίσι τε καὶ Ἕλλησι

κατεστεώσας ἑωυτῶν ἐξεύρημα γενέσθαι· ἅμα δὲ ταύτας τε
ἐξευρεθῆναι παρὰ σφίσι λέγουσι καὶ Τυρσηνίην ἀποικίσαι,
3 ὧδε περὶ αὐτῶν λέγοντες. ἐπὶ Ἄτυος τοῦ Μάνεω βασιλέος
σιτοδείην ἰσχυρὴν ἀνὰ τὴν Λυδίην πᾶσαν γενέσθαι, καὶ 25
τοὺς Λυδοὺς τέως μὲν διάγειν λιπαρέοντας, μετὰ δὲ ὡς οὐ

παύεσθαι, ἄκεα δίζησθαι, ἄλλον δὲ ἄλλο ἐπιμηχανᾶσθαι
ἀεί-ναος, -ον: always full, 2 κατα-πορνεύω: to prostitute, 2

ἄκος, τό: a remedy, cure, 1 κόπτω: to strike, knock down, 1
ἀπ-οικίζω: colonize, live away from home, 1 λιπαρέω: persist, be persistent, persevere, 2
ἄργυρος, ὁ: silver, 4 Λυδίη, ἡ: Lydia, 4
Ἄτυς, -υος, ὁ: Atys, 4 Μάνης, ὁ: Manes, 1
Γυγαίη, ἡ: Gygaea lake, 1 νόµισµα, τό: coin, a custom, institution, 1
δι-άγω: to live, exist, 2 παιγνίη, ἡ: game, sport, 3
δίζηµαι: to look for, search, 4 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; nearly, 10
ἐξ-εύρηµα, τό: a thing discovered, invention 3 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, invent, 11 σιτο-δείη, ἡ : famine, want of food, 2
ἐπι-µηχανάοµαι: to devise (against), 1 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 τέως: till then; as long as, 5
θῆλυς, -εα, -υ: female, feminine, 4 Τυρσηνίη, ἡ: Tyrrhenia, Etruria, 2
κάπηλος, ὁ: a shop-keeper, 1
15 τὴν…εἶναι: which…is; relative, acc. subj. σφίσι…Ἑλλησι: for themselves and the
16 τοῦτο… ἐστι: That’s it; ‘this indeed is Greeks; dat. of interest
such’ 23 ἐξευρεθήναι: were invented; aor. pass. inf.
17 χρέωναι: use; 3rd sg. pres. χράοµαι + dat. ἀποικίσαι: (they) settled; aor. inf.
χωρὶς ἤ ὅτι: apart from that; ‘other than’ 24 ἐπὶ...Βασιλέος: during (the rule) of King
18 τῶν…ἴδµεν: whom we know; 1st pl. οἶδα, Atys..
τῶν is drawn into the gen. by ἀνθρώπων 26 ἕως…µετὰ δὲ: for a while…but
19 κοψάµενοι: having struck; i.e. minted afterwards
ἐχρήσαντο: employed; aor. χράοµαι ὡς…παύεσθαι: when the famine does not
20 φασὶ: they say; 3rd pl. pres. φηµί stop
22 τὰς…κατεστεώσας: (being) established; 27 ἄκεα δίζησθαι: the Lydians seek for
acc. pl. pf. pple κατ-ίστηµι with παιγνίας remedies
108 Herodotus 1.94.3 – 95.2
αὐτῶν. ἐξευρεθῆναι δὴ ὦν τότε καὶ τῶν κύβων καὶ τῶν 1
ἀστραγάλων καὶ τῆς σφαίρης καὶ τῶν ἀλλέων πασέων παι-

γνιέων τὰ εἴδεα, πλὴν πεσσῶν τούτων γὰρ ὦν τὴν ἐξεύρεσιν
4 οὐκ οἰκηιοῦνται Λυδοί. ποιέειν δὲ ὧδε πρὸς τὸν λιμὸν
ἐξευρόντας, τὴν μὲν ἑτέρην τῶν ἡμερέων παίζειν πᾶσαν, 5
ἵνα δὴ μὴ ζητέοιεν σιτία, τὴν δὲ ἑτέρην σιτέεσθαι παυ-

ομένους τῶν παιγνιέων. τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ διάγειν ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα δυῶν
5 δέοντα εἴκοσι. ἐπείτε δὲ οὐκ ἀνιέναι τὸ κακὸν ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι
ἐπὶ μᾶλλον βιάζεσθαι οὕτω δὴ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῶν δύο
μοίρας διελόντα Λυδῶν πάντων κληρῶσαι τὴν μὲν ἐπὶ μόνῃ 10
τὴν δὲ ἐπὶ ἐξόδῳ ἐκ τῆς χώρης, καὶ ἐπὶ μὲν τῇ μένειν αὐτοῦ
λαγχανούσῃ τῶν μοιρέων ἑωυτὸν τὸν βασιλέα προστάσσειν,
ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ ἀπαλλασσομένῃ τὸν ἑωυτοῦ παῖδα, τῷ οὔνομα
6 εἶναι Τυρσηνόν. λαχόντας δὲ αὐτῶν τοὺς ἑτέρους ἐξιέναι
ἐκ τῆς χώρης καταβῆναι ἐς Σμύρνην καὶ μηχανήσασθαι 15
ἀν-ίηµι: to let go, release, give off, 3 λαγχάνω: to obtain by lot, 3

ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 λιµός. ὁ, ἡ: hunger, famine, 1
ἀστράγαλος, ὁ: knuckle-bone (i.e. a die), 1 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
βιάζοµαι: to be violent, use force, constrain, 1 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
δι-άγω: to live, exist, 2 οἰκηιόω: make or mid. claim as one’s own, 2
δι-αιρέω: to divide, distinguish, 6 παιγνίη, ἡ: game, sport, 3
εἶδος, -εος, τό: beauty; form, shape, figure, 5 παίζω: to play, engage in sport, 5
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 πεσσός, ὁ: draughts; oval-shaped stone, 1
ἐξ-εύρεσις, ἡ: discovery, invention, 2 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, invent, 11 προσ-τάσσω: to order, assign, appoint, 5
ἔξ-οδος, ἡ: exit, way out, outlet, 1 σφαῖρη, ἡ: a ball, playing-ball, 1
ζητέω: to seek, look for, investigate, 3 σιτέοµαι: to eat, 9
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 7 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
κληρόω: to appoint, assign by lot, 2 Σµύρνη, ἡ: Smyrna, 5
κύβος, ὁ: dice, 2 Τυρσηνός, -ή, -όν: Tyrrhenian, Etruscan, 4
1 ἐξευρεθῆναι…τὰ εἴδεα: types were invented years lacking from two,’ gen. separation
4 πρὸς τὸν λιµὸν ἐξευρόντας: having 8 ἀνιέναι τὸ κακὸν: when their evils did not
discovered (these remedies) against famine let up; still ind. discourse, pres. inf. ἀν-ίηµι
5 τὴν µὲν ἑτέρην…τὴν δὲ: on one of the 9 ἐπὶ µᾶλλον: even more; “more on top”
days..on the next day; acc. duration 10 δύο µοίρας διελόντα…πάντων: dividing
6 ἵνα…ζητέοιεν: so that they might not all the Lydians into two parts; aor. pple.
seek…; purpose, pres. opt., secondary seq. κληρῶσαι: assigned by lot; inf. κληρόω
7 τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ: in such a way τὴν µὲν ἐπὶ µονῇ: one half for staying
δυῶν δέοντα εἴκοσι: over 18 years; ‘twenty 11-15 Notes on facing page
Early history of Persia 109
πλοῖα, ἐς τὰ ἐσθεμένους τὰ πάντα ὅσα σφι ἦν χρηστὰ 16
ἐπίπλοα, ἀποπλέειν κατὰ βίου τε καὶ γῆς ζήτησιν, ἐς ὃ ἔθνεα

πολλὰ παραμειψαμένους ἀπικέσθαι ἐς Ὀμβρικούς, ἔνθα
σφέας ἐνιδρύσασθαι πόλιας καὶ οἰκέειν τὸ μέχρι τοῦδε.
7 ἀντὶ δὲ Λυδῶν μετονομασθῆναι αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλέος τοῦ 20
παιδός, ὅς σφεας ἀνήγαγε, ἐπὶ τούτου τὴν ἐπωνυμίην ποιευ-

μένους ὀνομασθῆναι Τυρσηνούς. Λυδοὶ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ Πέρσῃσι
ἐδεδούλωντο.
95 ἐπιδίζηται δὲ δὴ τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος τόν τε
Κῦρον ὅστις ἐὼν τὴν Κροίσου ἀρχὴν κατεῖλε, καὶ τοὺς Πέρσας 25
ὅτεῳ τρόπῳ ἡγήσαντο τῆς Ἀσίης. ὡς ὦν Περσέων μετε-

ξέτεροι λέγουσι, οἱ μὴ βουλόμενοι σεμνοῦν τὰ περὶ Κῦρον
ἀλλὰ τὸν ἐόντα λέγειν λόγον, κατὰ ταῦτα γράψω, ἐπι-
στάμενος περὶ Κύρου καὶ τριφασίας ἄλλας λόγων ὁδοὺς
2 φῆναι. Ἀσσυρίων ἀρχόντων τῆς ἄνω Ἀσίης ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα 30
εἴκοσι καὶ πεντακόσια, πρῶτοι ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν Μῆδοι ἤρξαντο
ἀν-άγω : to lead up, 1 ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, think, believe, 5

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 κατ-αιρέω: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 4 µετ-ονοµάζω: to rename, change the name, 1
γράφω: to write, 5 µετεξέτεροι, -αι, -α: some among many, 3
δουλόω: to make a slave of, enslave, 5 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 Ὀµβρικοί, οἱ: Ombrikoi, Umbrians 1
ἐν-ιδρύω: to set up in, 3 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
ἐπι-δίζηµαι: look for or search in addition, 1 παρ-αµείβοµαι: pass by; leave on one side, 4
ἐπίπλα, τά: movable property; furniture, 3 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 2
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 σεµνόω: to make solemn, exalt, magnify 1
ἐπωνυµίη, ἡ: name, a nickname, surname, 3 τριφάσιοι, -αι, -α: three, threefold, 1
ἐσ-τίθηµι: to put into, place in, 5 Τυρσηνός, -ή, -όν: Tyrrhenian, Etruscan, 4
ζήτησις, ἡ: a seeking, search (for), 1 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, useful, 7
11 τὴν δ ᾿ ἐπι ἐξόδῳ: one half for exiting 17 κατὰ...ζήτησιν: in search of life and land
12 ἐωυτοῦ…προστάσσειν: he appointed ἑς ὅ…απικέσθαι: until….they arrived…;
himself king over… 19 τὸ µέχρι τοῦδε: up to this (time)
13 τὸν…παῖδα: he (appointed) his own son; 20 µετονοµασθῆναι, ὀνοµασθῆναι: aor. inf.
add προστάσσειν ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλέος…: after the king’s son
τῷ…Τυρσηµόν: to whom was; dat. poss. 23 ἐδεδούλωντο: had been enslaved; plpf.
14 ἐξιέναι: to go out; pres. inf. ἐξ-έρχοµαι 25 τὸν Κῦρον. . . Πέρσας: as for...; acc. respect
15 καταβῆναι: came down; aor. κατα-βαίνω κατεῖλε: destroyed; 3rd sg. aor. κατ-αιρέω
16 ες τὰ ἐσθεµένους: having placed on which 27 τὰ περὶ Κῦρον: events concerning Cyrus
(ships); aor. pple. ἐσ-τίθηµι 28 τὸν ἐόντα..λογον: the account being true
110 Herodotus 1.95.2 – 97.2
ἀπίστασθαι, καὶ κως οὗτοι περὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίης μαχεσά- 1
μενοι τοῖσι Ἀσσυρίοισι ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες ἀγαθοί, καὶ ἀπω-

σάμενοι τὴν δουλοσύνην ἐλευθερώθησαν. μετὰ δὲ τούτους
96 καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἔθνεα ἐποίεε τὠυτὸ τοῖσι Μήδοισι. ἐόντων δὲ
αὐτονόμων πάντων ἀνὰ τὴν ἤπειρον, ὧδε αὖτις ἐς τυραννίδα 5
περιῆλθον. ἀνὴρ ἐν τοῖσι Μήδοισι ἐγένετο σοφὸς τῷ οὔνομα

2 ἦν Δηιόκης, παῖς δ᾽ ἦν Φραόρτεω. οὗτος ὁ Δηιόκης ἐρασθεὶς
τυραννίδος ἐποίεε τοιάδε. κατοικημένων τῶν Μήδων κατὰ

κώμας, ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ ἐὼν καὶ πρότερον δόκιμος καὶ μᾶλλόν τι
καὶ προθυμότερον δικαιοσύνην ἐπιθέμενος ἤσκεε· καὶ ταῦτα 10
μέντοι ἐούσης ἀνομίης πολλῆς ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν Μηδικὴν

ἐποίεε, ἐπιστάμενος ὅτι τῷ δικαίῳ τὸ ἄδικον πολέμιον ἐστί.
οἱ δ᾽ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς κώμης Μῆδοι ὁρῶντες αὐτοῦ τοὺς τρόπους
δικαστήν μιν ἑωυτῶν αἱρέοντο. ὁ δὲ δή, οἷα μνώμενος ἀρχήν, 14
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 6 ἐράω: to love, to be in love with, 4

ἀπ-ωθέω: to push away, repel, reject, 4 ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14
ἀσκέω: to exercise, practice; fashion, adorn, 1 κατ-οικέω: to inhabit, dwell in, 3
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 κως: Somehow, in any way, 9
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
δικαιοσύνη, ἡ: justice, righteousness, 1 µνάοµαι: to woo, mention, remember, 3
δικαστής, οῦ, ὁ: a juror, judge, 1 περι-έρχοµαι: to come around, go around, 3
δόκιµος, -ον: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
δουλοσύνη, ἡ: slavery, captivity, subjection, 5 πρό-θυµος, -ον: eager, zealous, ready, 4
ἐλευθερίη, ἡ: freedom, liberty, 3 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 5
ἐλευθερόω: to free, set free, 3 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 Φραόρτης, ὁ: Phraortes, 6
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9
1 ἀπίστασθαι: were first to revolt; ἀπ-ίστηµι 9 ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ…δόκιµος: being well-reputed

2 τοῖσι Ἀσσυρίοισι: against the Assyrians even previously in his own (town)
3 ἐλευθερώθησαν: freed themselves; aor mid. καὶ…ἤσκεε: applying himself he began to
µετὰ δὲ τούτους: after these practice justice both somewhat more and
4 τὠυτὸ τοῖσι Μήδοισι: the same as the more eagerly; inchoative impf. ἀσκέω;
Medes; τὸ αὐτὸ; object of ἐποίεε 11 ἑούσης…πολλῆς: genitive absolute
5 ἐς τυραννίδας περῆλθον: they came round 12 τῷ δικαίῳ: to justice; with πολέµιον
to (rule by) tyrants; aor. περι-έρχοµαι 13 ὀρῶντες: seeing; pres. pple. ὁράω
6 τῷ…ἤν: to whom was; dat. poss. impf. ἐιµί τοὺς τρόπους: his character; “his ways”
7 ἐρασθεὶς: having fallen in love; nom. sg. 14 αἱρέοντο: chose (him as); impf. αἱρέω
aor. dep. pple ἐράω + gen. object οἶα µνώµενος ἀρχὴν: since (he was)
8 κατὰ κώµας: in towns, in villages seeking the rule; οἶα + pple = purpose
3 ἰθύς τε καὶ δίκαιος ἦν, ποιέων τε ταῦτα ἔπαινον εἶχε οὐκ 15
ὀλίγον πρὸς τῶν πολιητέων, οὕτω ὥστε πυνθανόμενοι οἱ ἐν

τῇσι ἄλλῃσι κώμῃσι ὡς Δηιόκης εἴη ἀνὴρ μοῦνος κατὰ τὸ
ὀρθὸν δικάζων, πρότερον περιπίπτοντες ἀδίκοισι γνώμῃσι,
τότε ἐπείτε ἤκουσαν ἄσμενοι, ἐφοίτων παρὰ τὸν Δηιόκεα
καὶ αὐτοὶ δικασόμενοι, τέλος δὲ οὐδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἐπετράποντο. 20
97 πλεῦνος δὲ αἰεὶ γινομένου τοῦ ἐπιφοιτέοντος, οἷα πυνθανο-

μένων τὰς δίκας ἀποβαίνειν κατὰ τὸ ἐόν, γνοὺς ὁ Δηιόκης
ἐς ἑωυτὸν πᾶν ἀνακείμενον οὔτε κατίζειν ἔτι ἤθελε ἔνθα περ
πρότερον προκατίζων ἐδίκαζε, οὔτ᾽ ἔφη δίκαν ἔτι· οὐ γὰρ οἱ
λυσιτελέειν τῶν ἑωυτοῦ ἐξημεληκότα τοῖσι πέλας δι᾽ ἡμέρης 25
2 δικάζειν. ἐούσης ὦν ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀνομίης ἔτι πολλῷ μᾶλλον

ἀνὰ τὰς κώμας ἢ πρότερον ἦν, συνελέχθησαν οἱ Μῆδοι ἐς
τὠυτὸ καὶ ἐδίδοσαν σφίσι λόγον, λέγοντες περὶ τῶν κατη-
κόντων. ὡς δ᾽ ἐγὼ δοκέω, μάλιστα ἔλεγον οἱ τοῦ Δηιόκεω
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 6 ἰθύς, -έα, -ύ: straight, honest; immediately, 5
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 κάτ-ιζω: to sit down, station, 4
ἀ-νοµίη, ἡ: lawlessness, order, 3 κατ-ήκω: extend, project; current situation, 2
ἀνά-κειµαι: to be set up, to be devoted, 2 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
ἀπο-βαίνω: to turn out, result; disembark, 4 λυσιτελέω: to profit, 1
ἁρπαγή, ἡ: seizure, robbery, kidnapping, 9 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἄσµενος, -η, -ον: well-pleased, glad, 2 ὀρθός, -ή, -όν: straight, upright, right, 4
γιγνώσκω: learn to know, to learn, realize, 7 πέλας: near, close; neighbor, other, 1
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 περι-πίπτω: to fall on, be wrecked, 2
δικάζω: give judgment, pass judgment, 6 πολίητης, ὁ: citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
ἐξ-αµελέω: to be utterly careless of, neglect, 1 προ-κατ-ίζω: sit down before, sit in public, 2
ἔπαινος, ὁ: praise, approval, commendation 1 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἐπι-τρέπω: to entrust, turn over to, 5 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
ἐπι-φοιτάω: to come to or visit repeatedly, 2 φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
16 πρὸς τῶν πολιητέων: from the citizens 22 τὰς δίκας…ἐόν: that the trials turn out
17 ὡς Δηιόκης εἴη: that Deiokes; pres. opt. according to truth; ‘what is,’ pple. εἰµί
εἰµί in indirect discourse, secondary seq. 22 γνοὺς… πᾶν ἀνακείµενον: realizing
κατὰ τὸ ὀρθὸν: according to what is right everyone leaning upon him; i.e. dependent
18 πρότερον περιπίπτοντες…γνώµῃσι: on him; nom. sg. aor. pple. γινώσκω
previously falling on unjust verdicts 25 τοῖσι πέλας: his own affairs; ‘those near’
20 ἐπετράποντο: they trusted; aor. mid. 26 πολλῷ µᾶλλον ἤ: much more than; dat
21 πλεῦνος…γινοµένου: more people…; abs. degree of difference
οἷα πυνθανοµένων: since (they are) 28 τῶν κατηκόντων: about the current
learning; οἷα + pple (gen. abs.) is causal situation
112 Herodotus 1.97.3 – 98.6
φίλοι) ‘οὐ γὰρ δὴ τρόπῳ τῷ παρεόντι χρεώμενοι δυνατοὶ 1
εἰμὲν οἰκέειν τὴν χώρην, φέρε στήσωμεν ἡμέων αὐτῶν

βασιλέα· καὶ οὕτω ἥ τε χωρῇ εὐνομήσεται καὶ αὐτοὶ πρὸς
ἔργα τρεψόμεθα, οὐδὲ ὑπ᾽ ἀνομίης ἀνάστατοι ἐσόμεθα.’
98 ταῦτά κῃ λέγοντες πείθουσι ἑωυτοὺς βασιλεύεσθαι. αὐτίκα 5
δὲ προβαλλομένων ὅντινα στήσονται βασιλέα, ὁ Δηιόκης

ἦν πολλὸς ὑπὸ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς καὶ προβαλλόμενος καὶ
2 αἰνεόμενος, ἐς ὃ τοῦτον καταινέουσι βασιλέα σφίσι εἶναι. ὁ
δ᾽ ἐκέλευε αὐτοὺς οἰκία τε ἑωυτῷ ἄξια τῆς βασιληίης οἰκοδο-

μῆσαι καὶ κρατῦναι αὐτὸν δορυφόροισι· ποιεῦσι δὴ ταῦτα 10
οἱ Μῆδοι. οἰκοδομέουσί τε γὰρ αὐτῷ οἰκία μεγάλα τε καὶ

ἰσχυρά, ἵνα αὐτὸς ἔφρασε τῆς χώρης, καὶ δορυφόρους αὐτῷ
3 ἐπιτρέπουσι ἐκ πάντων Μήδων καταλέξασθαι. ὁ δὲ ὡς
ἔσχε τὴν ἀρχήν, τοὺς Μήδους ἠνάγκασε ἓν πόλισμα ποιή- 14
αἰνέω: to tell or speak of, 5 κατ-αινέω: to agree to, consent, 1

ἀναγκάζω: to force, compel, require, 5 κατα-λέγω: to pick, recount, 3
ἀνά-στατος, -ον: driven from home, 6 κῇ: in what way; in some way, somehow, 5
ἀ-νοµίη, ἡ: lawlessness, order, 3 κρατύνω: to strengthen, confirm, 3
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 πόλισµα, -µατος, τό: a city, 5
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 προ-βάλλω: to put forward, propose 2
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 6 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
ἐπι-τρέπω: to entrust, turn over to, 5 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
εὐ-νοµέοµαι: have good laws, to be orderly, 2
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13
1 τρόπῳ…χρεώµενοι: acting in the present 6 προβαλλοµένων: with (them) proposing;

way; pres. pple. πάρ-ειµι gen. abs. with missing gen. noun
2 εἰµεν: we are; 1st pl. εἰµί, Att. ἐσµεν ὅντινα στήσωνται: whomever they are to
φέρε: come (now); common imp. φέρω set up; aor. subj. ἵστηµι
draws attention to following command 7 πολλὸς: many times; “much”
στήσωµεν: let us set up; aor. subj. ἵστηµι προβαλλόµενος: proposed; pass. pple
ἡµέων αὐτῶν: our own 8 ἐς ὅ: until
3 ἐυνοµήσεται, τρεψόµεθα: future tense 9 ἑωυτῷ: for him; dat. of interest
4 ὑπ ᾿ ἀνοµίης: because of lawlessness οἰκοδοµῆσαι, κρατῦναι: aorist infinitives
ἐσόµεθα: we will be; fut. deponent εἰµί 12 ἵνα: where
5 πείθουσι ἑωυτοὺς: they persuade 13 καταλέξασθαι: to select; aor. inf.
themselves ὡς ἔσχε: when he held; aor. ἔχω
βασιλεύεσθαι: to be ruled by a king
σασθαι καὶ τοῦτο περιστέλλοντας τῶν ἄλλων ἧσσον ἐπι- 15

μέλεσθαι. πειθομένων δὲ καὶ ταῦτα τῶν Μήδων οἰκοδομέει
τείχεα μεγάλα τε καὶ καρτερὰ ταῦτα τὰ νῦν Ἀγβάτανα
4 κέκληται, ἕτερον ἑτέρῳ κύκλῳ ἐνεστεῶτα. μεμηχάνηται δὲ
οὕτω τοῦτο τὸ τεῖχος ὥστε ὁ ἕτερος τοῦ ἑτέρου κύκλος τοῖσι
προμαχεῶσι μούνοισι ἐστι ὑψηλότερος. τὸ μέν κού τι καὶ 20
τὸ χωρίον συμμαχέει κολωνὸς ἐὼν ὥστε τοιοῦτο εἶναι, τὸ
5 δὲ καὶ μᾶλλόν τι ἐπετηδεύθη. κύκλων <δ᾽> ἐόντων τῶν
συναπάντων ἑπτά, ἐν δὴ τῷ τελευταίῳ τὰ βασιλήια ἔνεστι καὶ
οἱ θησαυροί. τὸ δ᾽ αὐτῶν μέγιστον ἐστὶ τεῖχος κατὰ τὸν
Ἀθηνέων κύκλον μάλιστά κῃ τὸ μέγαθος. τοῦ μὲν δὴ 25
πρώτου κύκλου οἱ προμαχεῶνες εἰσὶ λευκοί, τοῦ δὲ δευτέρου
μέλανες, τρίτου δὲ κύκλου φοινίκεοι, τετάρτου δὲ κυάνεοι,
6 πέμπτου δὲ σανδαράκινοι. οὕτω τῶν πέντε κύκλων οἱ
προμαχεῶνες ἠνθισμένοι εἰσὶ φαρμάκοισι· δύο δὲ οἱ τελευ-
Ἀγβάτανα, τά: Agbatana, 2 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, size, height, 13

Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 7 µέλας, µέλαινα, µέλαν: black, 1
ἀνθίζω: to cover with flowers, to flower, 1 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
βασίληιον, τό: palace. 13 πέµπτος, -η, -ον: fifth, 6
ἐν-ειµι: be in, on, among, 2 περι-στέλλω: to maintain, protect; wrap up, 1
ἐν-ίστηµι: to stand in, be appointed, 4 προ-µαχεών, ὁ: parapet, bulwark, rampart, 5
ἐπι-µελέοµαι: to take care, care for (+ gen.), 1 σανδαράκινος, -η, -ον: orange-colored, 1
ἐπι-τηδεύω: to pursue, contrive, practice, 2 συµ-µαχέω: to help fortify, fight together, 4
ἑπτά: seven, 4 συν-άπας, -απασα, -άπαν: all together, 3
ἥσσων, -ον: less, weaker, inferior, 3 τελευταῖος, -η, -ον: ast, 4
θησαυρός, ὁ: treasure (house), treasury, 7 τέταρτος, -α, -ον: fourth, 3
καρτερός, -ά, -όν: stronger, stauncher, 3 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
κολωνός, ὁ: a hill, 1 ὑψηλός, -ή, -όν: high, lofty, high-raised, 4
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 φάρµακον, τό: a drug, medicine; pigment, 2
κυάνεος, -η, -ον: blue, dark-blue, 1 φοινίκεος, -η, -ον: crimson, purple-red, 1
λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 5 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
15 τῶν ἄλλων…ἐπιµέλεσθαι: to care for so that it was such; result clause

the other (towns) less; comparative adv. 22 µᾶλλον τι: even more; ‘somewhat more’
18 κέκληται: is called; pf. pass. καλέω ἐπετηδεύθη: it was contrived; aor. pass.
ἕτερον…ἐνεστεῶτα: one (wall) standing 23 ἑν δὴ τῷ τελευταίῳ: in the last (wall)
within another wall; pf. act. ἐν-ίστηµι 24 τὸ...µέγιστόν: the largest of these (walls)
µεµηχάνεται: are devised; pf. pass. κατὰ...κυκλου: about the circuit (wall) of
20 προµαχεῶσι…ὑψηλότερος: higher by the Athens…; κατὰ notes approximate size
parapets alone; comparative, dat. degree 25 τὸ µέγαθος: in length; acc. of respect
κού τι ὸ χωρίον…εἶναι: I suppose, the 29 ἠνθισµένοι: colored with pigments
region, being a hill, helps fortify somewhat
114 Herodotus 1.98.6 – 102.1
ταῖοί εἰσὶ ὃ μὲν καταργυρωμένους ὁ δὲ κατακεχρυσωμένους 1
99 ἔχων τοὺς προμαχεῶνας. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὁ Δηιόκης ἑωυτῷ

τε ἐτείχεε καὶ περὶ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ οἰκία, τὸν δὲ ἄλλον δῆμον
πέριξ ἐκέλευε τὸ τεῖχος οἰκέειν. οἰκοδομηθέντων δὲ πάντων
κόσμον τόνδε Δηιόκης πρῶτος ἐστὶ ὁ καταστησάμενος, μήτε 5
ἐσιέναι παρὰ βασιλέα μηδένα, δι᾽ ἀγγέλων δὲ πάντα χρᾶ-

σθαι, ὁρᾶσθαι τε βασιλέα ὑπὸ μηδενός, πρός τε τούτοισι
ἔτι γελᾶν τε καὶ ἀντίον πτύειν καὶ ἅπασι εἶναι τοῦτό γε
2 αἰσχρόν. ταῦτα δὲ περὶ ἑωυτὸν ἐσέμνυνε τῶνδε εἵνεκεν, ὅκως
ἂν μὴ ὁρῶντες οἱ ὁμήλικες, ἐόντες σύντροφοί τε ἐκείνῳ καὶ 10
οἰκίης οὐ φλαυροτέρης οὐδὲ ἐς ἀνδραγαθίην λειπόμενοι,

λυπεοίατο καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοιεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἑτεροῖός σφι δοκέοι εἶναι
100 μὴ ὁρῶσι. ἐπείτε δὲ ταῦτα διεκόσμησε καὶ ἐκράτυνε ἑωυτὸν
τῇ τυραννίδι, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χαλεπός· καὶ τάς τε 14
ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 17 κρατύνω: to strengthen, confirm, 3

αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 6 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 λυπέω: to cause pain, distress, grief, 1
ἀνδρ-αγαθίη, ἡ: bravery, manly virtue, 2 µή-τε: and not, neither…nor, 14
γελάω: to laugh, 2 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 ὁµ-ῆλιξ, ικος, ὁ: of the same age, comrade, 2
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 πέριξ: round the outside, all round, 3
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 προ-µαχεών, ὁ: parapet, bulwark, rampart, 5
δια-κοσµέω: to order, arrange, 10 πτύω: to spit, spit up, 1
ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot against, contrive against, 7 σεµνύνω: to exalt, magnify, 1
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 σύν-τροφος, -η, -ον: brought up with (dat.), 1
ἑτεροῖος, -η, -ον: of a different kind, 1 τειχέω: to build, build walls, 2
κατ-αργυρόω: to cover with silver, 1 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
κατα-χρυσόω: cover with gold-leaf, gilded, 1 φλαῦρος, -η, -ον: inferior, cowardly, petty, 2
κόσµος, ὁ: good order, world, 3 χαλεπός, -ά, -όν: difficult, hard, harmful, 1
4 οἰκοδοµηθέντων: having been built; aor. (him); purpose; ingressive aor. pres. opt.
pass. gen. abs 10 ἐοντες σύντροφοί…λειπόµενοι: being
5 µήτε…ἐσιέναι: both that no one enter…; in brought up together with that one and a
apposition to κόσµον; inf. ἐσ-έρχοµαι household not being inferior and not
6 πάντα χρᾶσθαι: to engage (with the king) being left behind in bravery; i.e. peers
in all matters; acc. respect, µηδένα is subj. equal in birth, house hold, and bravery
7 πρός…τούτοισι: in addition to these things 12 δοκέοι: he might seem; opt. with ὅκως ἄν
8 ἀντίον: in his presence; adverbial σφι…µὴ ὁρῶσι: to whose (if) not seeing
9 τῶνδε εἵνεκεν: for the sake of the following him; dat. pl. pple with µὴ is conditional
ὅκως ἄν µὴ...ἐπβουλεύοιεν: so that…might 14 φυλάσσων (while) guarded; pres. pple
not begin to feel grief and plot against τάς…γράφοντες: those writing up cases;
δίκας γράφοντες ἔσω παρ᾽ ἐκεῖνον ἐσπέμπεσκον, καὶ ἐκεῖνος 15
2 διακρίνων τὰς ἐσφερομένας ἐκπέμπεσκε. ταῦτα μὲν κατὰ

τὰς δίκας ἐποίεε, τάδε δὲ ἄλλα ἐκεκοσμέατὸ οἱ· εἴ τινα πυν-
θάνοιτο ὑβρίζοντα, τοῦτον ὅκως μεταπέμψαιτο κατ᾽ ἀξίην
ἑκάστου ἀδικήματος ἐδικαίευ, καὶ οἱ κατάσκοποί τε καὶ κατ-
101 ήκοοι ἦσαν ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν χώρην τῆς ἦρχε. Δηιόκης μέν 20
νυν τὸ Μηδικὸν ἔθνος συνέστρεψε μοῦνον καὶ τοῦτον ἦρξε·

ἔστι δὲ Μήδων τοσάδε γένεα, Βοῦσαι, Παρητακηνοὶ, Στρού-
χατες, Ἀριζαντοὶ, Βούδιοι, Μάγοι. γένεα μὲν δὴ Μήδων
102 ἐστὶ τοσάδε. Δηιόκεω δὲ παῖς γίνεται Φραόρτης, ὃς τε-
λευτήσαντος Δηιόκεω, βασιλεύσαντος τρία καὶ πεντήκοντα 25
ἔτεα, παρεδέξατο τὴν ἀρχήν, παραδεξάμενος δὲ οὐκ ἀπε-
ἀ-δίκηµα, -ατος, τό: injustice, wrongdoing, 3 κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10

ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 κατά-σκοπος, ὁ: scout, spy, 3
Ἀριζαντοί, οἱ: Arizantoi, 1 κατήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding; listener, 5
ἀπο-χράοµαι: be content, suffice, use up, 2 Μάγοι, οἱ: Magi, Magian, 13
Βούδιοι, -αι, -α: the Budioi, 2 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
Βούσαι, οἱ: the Bousai, 1 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
γένος, -εος, ὁ: race, family, lineage, stock, 13 παρα-δέκοµαι: to take in charge, inherit, 6
γράφω: to write, 5 Παρητακηνοί, οἱ: Paratakanoi, 1
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 6
δια-κρίνω: decide, settle; distinguish, 2 Στρούχατες, οἱ: Strouchates, 1
δικαιόω: to judge, deem right, think right, 4 συσ-τρέφω: to unite, twist up together, 1
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 τοσόσδε, ήδε, όνδε: so great, much or many 4
ἐσ-πέµπω: to send in, bring in, let in, 1 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
ἐσ-φέρω: to bring in, introduce; contribute, 1 ὑβρίζω: to commit outrage, assault, insult, 2
ἔσω: inwards, inside, 5 Φραόρτης, ὁ: Phraortes, 6
15 ἐσπέπεσκον: they were accustomed to learned…he would judge; pres. opt. and
send in; iterative (-σκ) imperfect impf. in a past general condition,
16 τὰς ἐσφεροµένας: (the cases) brought in; 18 ὅκως µεταπέµψαιτο: whenever he sent
pres. pass., fem. pl. modifies δίκας above for this on; past general temporal clause
16 ἐκπέµπεσκε: he was accustomed to send κατ ᾿ ἀξίην: according to the worthy of
out; iterative (-σκ) imperfect (gen.)
κατὰ τὰς δίκας: in (regard to) court 20 τῆς ἦρχε: which he ruled; relative, impf.
cases 24 τελευτήσαντος…Βασιλεύσαντος: gen.
17 ἐκεκεοµέατο: had been arranged; plpf. abs.
pass. 25 τρία καὶ...ἔτεα: for 53 years; acc duration
εἰ…πυνθάνοιτο…ἐδικαίευ: if ever they
116 Herodotus 1.102.1 – 104.1
χρᾶτο μούνων Μήδων ἄρχειν, ἀλλὰ στρατευσάμενος ἐπὶ τοὺς 1
Πέρσας πρώτοισί τε τούτοισι ἐπεθήκατο καὶ πρώτους Μήδων

2 ὑπηκόους ἐποίησε. μετὰ δὲ ἔχων δύο ταῦτα ἔθνεα καὶ
ἀμφότερα ἰσχυρά, κατεστρέφετο τὴν Ἀσίην ἀπ᾽ ἄλλου ἐπ᾽
ἄλλο ἰὼν ἔθνος, ἐς ὃ στρατευσάμενος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀσσυρίους 5
καὶ Ἀσσυρίων, τούτους οἳ Νίνον εἶχον καὶ ἦρχον πρότερον

πάντων, τότε δὲ ἦσαν μεμουνωμένοι μὲν συμμάχων ἅτε
ἀπεστεώτων, ἄλλως μέντοι ἑωυτῶν εὖ ἥκοντες, ἐπὶ τούτους
δὴ στρατευσάμενος ὁ Φραόρτης αὐτός τε διεφθάρη, ἄρξας
δύο καὶ εἴκοσι ἔτεα, καὶ ὁ στρατὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ πολλός. 10
103 Φραόρτεω δὲ τελευτήσαντος ἐξεδέξατο Κυαξάρης ὁ Φραόρ-

τεω τοῦ Δηιόκεω παῖς. οὗτος λέγεται πολλὸν ἔτι γενέσθαι
ἀλκιμώτερος τῶν προγόνων, καὶ πρῶτός τε ἐλόχισε κατὰ
τέλεα τοὺς ἐν τῇ, Ἀσίῃ καὶ πρῶτος διέταξε χωρὶς ἑκάστους 14
ἄλκιµος, -α, -ον: warlike, strong, stout, 3 Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14

ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 λοχίζω: to divide into companies, 1
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ part.) 7 µουνόω: to make solitary, leave alone, 2
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Nineveh, 8
δια-τάσσω: to arrange, appoint, 5 πρό-γονος, ὁ: a ancestor, forefather, 1
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 ὑπήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding (+ gen), 1
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 Φραόρτης, ὁ: Phraortes, 6
2 ἐπεθήκατο: had attacked; plpf. mid. ἐπ- 8 ἑωυτῶν εὖ ἥκοντες: being well-off
τίθηµι 9 διεφθάρη: was killed; pf. pass. δια-φθείρω
κατεστρέφετο: began to subdue; inceptive ἄρξας: having ruled; nom. sg. or. pple.
imperfect ἄρχω
5 ἰὼν: going; nom. sg. pple. ἔρχοµαι 10 δυό…ἔτεα: for 22 years; acc. duration
ἐς ὃ: until; “up to which (time)” 11 ἐξεδέξατο: inherited; aor. mid. ἐκ-δέκοµαι
6 εἶχον: were holding; 3rd pl. impf. ἔχω 12 πολλὸν…ἀλκιµώτερος: far more warlike;
7 ἦσαν µεµουνωµένοι: had been left alone ; adverbial acc., gen. of comparison follows
impf. εἰµί + pf. pple. is plpf. periphrastic 13 κατὰ τέλεα: according to functions;
συµµάχων: by allies; likely gen. agent “according to pursuits”
ἅτε ἀπεστεώτων: since they had revolted; 14 διέταξε χωρὶς…εἶναι: arranged that each
ἄτε + pf. pple. ἀπ-ιστηµι expressing cause (company) be separated; ind. discourse
εἶναι, τούς τε αἰχμοφόρους καὶ τοὺς τοξοφόρους καὶ τοὺς 15
ἱππέας· πρὸ τοῦ δὲ ἀναμὶξ ἦν πάντα ὁμοίως ἀναπεφυρμένα.

2 οὗτος ὁ τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι ἐστὶ μαχεσάμενος ὅτε νὺξ ἡ ἡμέρη
ἐγένετό σφι μαχομένοισι, καὶ ὁ τὴν Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ ἄνω
Ἀσίην πᾶσαν συστήσας ἑωυτῷ. συλλέξας δὲ τοὺς ὑπ᾽
ἑωυτῷ ἀρχομένους πάντας ἐστρατεύετο ἐπὶ τὴν Νίνον, τι- 20
μωρέων τε τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ταύτην θέλων ἐξελεῖν.

3 καί οἱ, ὡς συμβαλὼν ἐνίκησε τοὺς Ἀσσυρίους, περικατη-
μένῳ τὴν Νίνον ἐπῆλθε Σκυθέων στρατὸς μέγας, ἦγε δὲ
αὐτοὺς βασιλεὺς ὁ Σκυθέων Μαδύης Προτοθύεω παῖς· οἳ
ἐσέβαλον μὲν ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην Κιμμερίους ἐκβαλόντες ἐκ τῆς 25
Εὐρώπης, τούτοισι δὲ ἐπισπόμενοι φεύγουσι οὕτω ἐς τὴν

104 Μηδικὴν χώρην ἀπίκοντο. ἔστι δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς λίμνης τῆς
Μαιήτιδος ἐπὶ Φᾶσιν ποταμὸν καὶ ἐς Κόλχους τριήκοντα
ἡμερέων εὐζώνῳ ὁδός, ἐκ δὲ τῆς Κολχίδος οὐ πολλὸν ὑπερ-
αἰχµοφόρος, ὁ: spearman, bodyguard, 3 λίµνη, ἡ: pool, marshy lake, basin, 10

Ἅλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 Μαδύης, ὁ: Maduan, 1
ἀνά-φύρω: to jumble up, mix up, confound, 1 Μαιῆτις, -τιδος, ἡ: Maietis river, 1
ἀναµίξ: mixed up, promiscuously, 1 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 3 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Nineveh, 8
ἐξ-αιρέω: to take out, remove, leave out, 5 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
ἐπ-έποµαι: to attend to, follow after, obey, 2 ὅτε: when, at some time, 4
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 περί-κάτ-ιζω: to sit around, besiege, 1
ἐσ-βάλλω: put on ship, put on land, throw, 13 Προτοθύης, ὁ: Protothues, 1
Εὐρώµη, ἡ: Europa, Europe 7 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
εὔ-ζωνος, -ον: well-girded, baggageless, 2 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
Φᾶσις, -ιος (-ιδος), ἡ: Phasis river, 2 συν-ίστηµι: set together, combine, organize, 4
ἱππεύς, ὁ: a knight, horseman, calvaryman, 4 τιµωρέω: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
Κιµµέριοι, οἱ: the Cimmerians, 4 τοξο-φόρος, -η, -ον: bow-bearing, 1
Κολχίς, -ιδος, ἡ:, : Colchis, 2 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
Κόλχος, -η, -ον: Colchian, 4 ὑπερ-βαίνω: to cross over, step over, 1
16 πρὸ τοῦ: before this (time) 20 τιµωρέων…πατρὶ: avenging his father

ἀναπεφυρµένα: jumbled up; pf. pass. pple 21 θέλων: pres. pple ἐθέλω
17 οὗτος ὁ…µαχεσάµενος: this on was the ἐξελεῖν: to seize; aor. subj. ἐξ-αιρέω
one having fought…; aor. pple. µάχοµαι 22 περικατηµένῳ: beseiging; modifies οἱ
ὅτε…ἐγένετο: when night became day… 23 ἦγε: led; 3rd sg. impf. ἄγω
18 ὁ…συστήσας: the one having united; aor. 26 ἐπισπόµενοι: following after + dat.; aor.
Ἅλυος ποταµοῦ ἄνω: East of the Halys R 28 τριήκοντα…ὁδός: a journey of 30 days
19 ὑπ ᾿ ἑωυτῳ: under him; i.e. under his rule for one without baggage; ‘well-girded’
118 Herodotus 1.104.1 – 106.2
βῆναι ἐς τὴν Μηδικήν, ἀλλ᾽ ἓν τὸ διὰ μέσου ἔθνος αὐτῶν 1
ἐστι, Σάσπειρες, τοῦτο δὲ παραμειβομένοισι εἶναι ἐν τῇ

2 Μηδικῇ. οὐ μέντοι οἵ γε Σκύθαι ταύτῃ ἐσέβαλον, ἀλλὰ τὴν
κατύπερθε ὁδὸν πολλῷ μακροτέρην ἐκτραπόμενοι, ἐν δεξιῇ
ἔχοντες τὸ Καυκάσιον ὄρος. ἐνθαῦτα οἱ μὲν Μῆδοι συμ- 5
βαλόντες τοῖσι Σκύθῃσι καὶ ἑσσωθέντες τῇ μάχῃ τῆς ἀρχῆς

κατελύθησαν. οἱ δὲ Σκύθαι τὴν Ἀσίην πᾶσαν ἐπέσχον.
105 ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἤισαν ἐπ᾽ Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἐπείτε ἐγένοντο ἐν τῇ
Παλαιστίνῃ Συρίῃ, Ψαμμήτιχος σφέας Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς
ἀντιάσας δώροισί τε καὶ λιτῇσι ἀποτράπει τὸ προσωτέρω 10
2 μὴ πορεύεσθαι. οἳ δὲ ἐπείτε ἀναχωρέοντες ὀπίσω ἐγίνοντο

τῆς Συρίης ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι πόλι, τῶν πλεόνων Σκυθέων
παρεξελθόντων ἀσινέων, ὀλίγοι τινὲς αὐτῶν ὑπολειφθέντες
3 ἐσύλησαν τῆς οὐρανίης Ἀφροδίτης τὸ ἱρόν. ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο 14
Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 λιτή, ἡ: a prayer, entreaty, 2

ἀ-σινής, -ές: unharmed, 1 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
Ἀσκάλων, ὁ: Ascalon, 2 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἀνα-χωρέω: to go back, withdraw, retreat, 3 οὐράνιος, -η, -ον: Ourania, heavenly, 2
ἀντιάζω: to meet face to face, go to meet, 2 Παλαιστίνη, ἡ: Palatine, 1
ἀπο-τρέπω: turn back or away, avert, deter, 1 παρ-αµείβοµαι: pass by; leave on one side, 4
Ἀφροδίτη, ἡ: Aphrodite, 5 παρ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to pass by, go out beside, 2
δεξιός, -ή, -όν: clever, on the right side, 5 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 προσωτέρω: farther on, farther, 1
ἐκ-τρέπω: to turn aside, divert, 3 Σασπείρες, οἱ: Saspeires, 2
ἐπ-έχω: to have, hold, restrain, 8 συλάω: to plunder, strip, 2
ἐσ-βάλλω: put or throw into; put on board 13 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 Συρίη, ἡ: Syria, 3
κατα-λύω: to destroy, break up, upset, 4 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
κατ-ύπερθε: above, (down) from above, 4 Ψαµµήτιχος, ὁ: Psammeticus, 1
Καύκασος, ὁ: Mt. Caucasus, 4
1 ὑπερβῆναι: aor. inf. ὑπερ-βαίνω τῆς ἀρχῆς: from rule; gen. of separation 7
διὰ µέσου…αὐτῶν: through the middle of κατελύθησαν: were cut off; 3rd pl. aor. pass.
these ἐπέσχον: began to take; inceptive impf.
2 τοῦτο δὲ παραµειβοµένοισι: it is for those 8 ἤισαν: they went; 3rd pl. impf. ἔρχοµαι
passing this to be in Median land 10 ἀντιάσας: meeting; aor. pple. ἀντιάζω
3 ταύτῃ ἐσέβαλον: entered in this way 11 µὴ πορεύεσθαι: not to proceed farther
4 πολλῷ µακροτέρην: much longer; dat. of 13 ὑπολειφθέντες: being left behind; aor.
degree of difference: ‘by much’ pass. pple ὑπο-λείπω
ἐν δεξιῇ ἔχοντες: keeping…on the right 14 τῆς οὐρανίης Ἀργροδίτης: of Aphrodite
6 ἑσσωθέντες: being defeated; aor. dep. pple Ouriania
τὸ ἱρόν, ὡς ἐγὼ πυνθανόμενος εὑρίσκω, πάντων ἀρχαιότατον 15
ἱρῶν ὅσα ταύτης τῆς θεοῦ· καὶ γὰρ τὸ ἐν Κύπρῳ ἱρὸν

ἐνθεῦτεν ἐγένετο, ὡς αὐτοὶ Κύπριοι λέγουσι, καὶ τὸ ἐν
Κυθήροισι Φοίνικές εἰσὶ οἱ ἱδρυσάμενοι ἐκ ταύτης τῆς Συ-
4 ρίης ἐόντες. τοῖσι δὲ τῶν Σκυθέων συλήσασι τὸ ἱρὸν τὸ
ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι καὶ τοῖσι τούτων αἰεὶ ἐκγόνοισι ἐνέσκηψε ὁ 20
θεὸς θήλεαν νοῦσον· ὥστε ἅμα λέγουσί τε οἱ Σκύθαι

διὰ τοῦτο σφέας νοσέειν, καὶ ὁρᾶν παρ᾽ ἑωυτοῖσι τοὺς
ἀπικνεομένους ἐς τὴν Σκυθικὴν χώρην ὡς διακέαται τοὺς
106 καλέουσι Ἐνάρεας οἱ Σκύθαι. ἐπὶ μέν νυν ὀκτὼ καὶ εἴκοσι
ἔτεα ἦρχον τῆς Ἀσίης οἱ Σκύθαι, καὶ τὰ πάντα σφι ὑπό τε 25
ὕβριος καὶ ὀλιγωρίης ἀνάστατα ἦν· χωρὶς μὲν γὰρ φόρον

ἔπρησσον παρ᾽ ἑκάστων τὸν ἑκάστοισι ἐπέβαλλον, χωρὶς δὲ
τοῦ φόρου ἥρπαζον περιελαύνοντες τοῦτο ὅ τι ἔχοιεν ἕκαστοι.
3 καὶ τούτων μὲν τοὺς πλεῦνας Κυαξάρης τε καὶ Μῆδοι ξει-
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 Κύπρος, ὁ: Cyprus, 3

ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14
ἁρπάζω: seize, carry off, kidnap, 11 Κυθήρα, τά: Cytherea, 1
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 νοσέω: to be sick, ill, 2
Ἀσκάλων, ὁ: Ascalon, 2 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
διά-κειµαι: be disposed, be treated; suffer, 1 ξεινίζω: to receive or entertain a guest, 2
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 ὀκτώ: eight, 5
ἔκ-γονος, -ον: offspring, a child, 2 ὀλιγωρίη, ἡ: insolence, contempt, 1
ἐνάρεες, οἱ: hermaphrodites (Scythian word)1 περι-ελαύνω: to drive round; harass, 2
ἐν-σκήπτω: to cast, hurl, dart in or upon, 1 Σκυθικός, -ή, -όν: Scythian, 3
ἐπι-βάλλω: to throw or strike upon, 4 συλάω: to plunder, strip, 2
θῆλυς, -εα, -υ: female, feminine, 4 Συρίη, ἡ: Syria, 3
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 ὕβρις, ἡ: outrage, insolence, insult, violence 2
Κύπριος, -η, -ον: Cyprian, 1 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
15 ὡς…εὑρίσκω: as I have discovered by ὁρᾶν: see; inf. ὁράω; the pple. is subject
inquiring; present with present pf. sense παρ ᾿ ἑωυτοῖσι: with them; i.e. Scythians
16 ὅσα…θεοῦ: as many as (there are) for this 23 ὡς διακέαται: how..are disposed
goddess; antecedent is ἱρῶν, “temples” τοὺς…Σκύθαι: (those) whom…; relative
17 το ἐν Κυήροισι: the (temple) in Cytherea; 25 ὑπό…ὀλιγωρίης: because of…; gen cause
18 Φοίνικές…ἱδρυσάµενοι: the ones having 26 χωρὶς µὲν…δὲ: separately… apart from
established… are Phoenicians φόρον ἔπρησσον: were exacting tribute
19 τοῖσι…συλήσασι: to those… plundering 27 τὸ...ἐπέβαλλον: which.. they imposed on
ἐνέσκηψε: hurled upon ; dative object 28 ὅ τι ἔχοιεν: whatever they had; opt.
22 σφεας νοσέειν: they are ill; ind. discourse 29 τοὺς πλεῦνας: most of these (Scythians)
120 Herodotus 1.106.2 – 108.3
νίσαντες καὶ καταμεθύσαντες κατεφόνευσαν, καὶ οὕτω 1
ἀνεσώσαντο τὴν ἀρχὴν Μῆδοι καὶ ἐπεκράτεον τῶν περ καὶ

πρότερον, καὶ τήν τε Νίνον εἷλον (ὡς δὲ εἷλον ἐν ἑτέροισι
λόγοισι δηλώσω) καὶ τοὺς Ἀσσυρίους ὑποχειρίους ἐποιή-
3 σαντο πλὴν τῆς Βαβυλωνίης μοίρης. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα 5
Κυαξάρης μέν, βασιλεύσας τεσσεράκοντα ἔτεα σὺν τοῖσι

107 Σκύθαι ἦρξαν, τελευτᾷ, ἐκδέκεται δὲ Ἀστυάγης Κυαξάρεω
παῖς τὴν βασιληίην. Καὶ οἱ ἐγένετο θυγάτηρ τῇ οὔνομα
ἔθετο Μανδάνην· τὴν ἐδόκεε Ἀστυάγης ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ οὐρῆσαι
τοσοῦτον ὥστε πλῆσαι μὲν τὴν ἑωυτοῦ πόλιν, ἐπικατα- 10
κλύσαι δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἀσίην πᾶσαν. ὑπερθέμενος δὲ τῶν

Μάγων τοῖσι ὀνειροπόλοισι τὸ ἐνύπνιον, ἐφοβήθη παρ᾽
2 αὐτῶν αὐτὰ ἕκαστα μαθών. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Μανδάνην ταύτην
ἐοῦσαν ἤδη ἀνδρὸς ὡραίην Μήδων μὲν τῶν ἑωυτοῦ ἀξίων 14
ἀνα-σῴζω: to win back, preserve, 2 Μανδάνη, ἡ: Mandane, 5

ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
δηλόω: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit, Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Ninevah, 8
7 ὀνειροπόλος, ὁ: interpreter of dreams, 4
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 οὐρέω: to urinate, 2
ἐν-ύπνιον, τό: dream, vision seen in sleep, 4 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἐπι-κατα-κλύζω: to inundate in addtion, 1 τεσσαράκοντα: forty, 5
ἐπι-κρατέω: rule over, overpower (+ gen.), 4 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
κατα-µεθύσκω: to make drunk, 1 ὑπερ-τίθηµι: to communicate with, set over, 3
κατα-φονεύω: to slaughter, 2 ὑπο-χείριος -η -ον: subject, in one’s power, 1
Κυαξάρης, ὁ: Cyaxares, 14 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 4
Μάγοι, οἱ: Magi, Magian, 13 ὡραῖος, -η, -ον: seasonable, timely, 3
2 ἀνεσώσαντο: won back; aor. mid. ἀνα- ἐδόκεε…ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ: imagined in a dream
σῴζω οὐρῆσαι: aor. inf. οὐρέω
τῶν περ…πρότερον: (those) whom (they 10 πλῆσαι: she filled; aor. inf., result clause
ruled) before also; supply verb from above 11 ὑπερθέµενος: aor. mid. pple. ὑπο-τίθηµι
3 ὡς…εἷλον: how they seized it; 3rd pl. aor. 12 ἐφοβήθη: he became frightened; 3rd sg.
αἱρέω; the clause is object of δηλώσω aor. dep. φοβέω is an ingressive aorist
4 τεσσερ́κοντα ἔτεα: for 40 years; duration 13 αὐτὰ ἕκαστα: each things themselves
7 τελευτᾷ: perishes; 3rd sg. pres. α-contract 13 µαθών: nom. sg. aor. pple µανθάνω
Κυαξάρεω: of Cyaxares; gen. sg. µετὰ δὲ: afterwards
8 οἱ ἐγένετο: was born to him; dat. interest 14 ἀνδρὸς ὡραίην: marriagable age; “at the
τῇ: to whom…; dat. ind. object; relative right time for a husband” pred. of ἐοῦσαν
9 ἔθετο: gave; “placed,” aor. mid. τίθηµι
Birth and rise of Cyrus 121
οὐδενὶ διδοῖ γυναῖκα, δεδοικὼς τὴν ὄψιν· ὁ δὲ Πέρσῃ διδοῖ 15
τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Καμβύσης, τὸν εὕρισκε οἰκίης μὲν ἐόντα

ἀγαθῆς τρόπου δὲ ἡσυχίου, πολλῷ ἔνερθε ἄγων αὐτὸν
μέσου ἀνδρὸς Μήδου.
108 συνοικεούσης δὲ τῷ Καμβύσῃ τῆς Μανδάνης, ὁ Ἀστυάγης
τῷ πρώτῳ ἔτεϊ εἶδε ἄλλην ὄψιν, ἐδόκεε δέ οἱ ἐκ τῶν αἰδοίων 20
τῆς θυγατρὸς ταύτης φῦναι ἄμπελον, τὴν δὲ ἄμπελον

2 ἐπισχεῖν τὴν Ἀσίην πᾶσαν. ἰδὼν δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ὑπερθέμενος
τοῖσι ὀνειροπόλοισι, μετεπέμψατο ἐκ τῶν Περσέων τὴν
θυγατέρα ἐπίτεκα ἐοῦσαν, ἀπικομένην δὲ ἐφύλασσε βουλό-
μενος τὸ γενόμενον ἐξ αὐτῆς διαφθεῖραι· ἐκ γάρ οἱ τῆς 25
ὄψιος οἱ τῶν Μάγων ὀνειροπόλοι ἐσήμαινον ὅτι μέλλοι ὁ

3 τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτοῦ γόνος βασιλεύσειν ἀντὶ ἐκείνου. ταῦτα
δὴ ὦν φυλασσόμενος ὁ Ἀστυάγης, ὡς ἐγένετο ὁ Κῦρος,
καλέσας Ἅρπαγον ἄνδρα οἰκήιον καὶ πιστότατόν τε Μήδων
αἰδοῖον, τό: genitals, 1 Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9

ἄµπελος, ὁ: vine, 3 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 οἰκήιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; of the family, 5
γόνος, ὁ: offspring, a child, 2 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
δείδω: to fear, 5 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
ἐπ-έχω: to have, hold, restrain, 8 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐπίτεξ, -τεκος, ἡ: at the birth, upon birth, 2 συν-οἰκέω: to live together, marry, 10
ἔνερθε: below, from beneath, lower, 2 ὑπερ-τίθηµι: to communicate with, set over, 3
ἡσύχιος, -η, -ον: peaceful, at rest, at ease, 1 φύω: bring forth, beget, grow; be by nature, 5
15 διδοῖ γυναῖκα: he gives as a wife to no 20 εἶδε: he saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω
one…; 3rd sg. present, δίδωµι ἐδόκεε: it seemed to him
δεδοικὼς: nom. sg. pf. pple δείδω 21 φῦναι: were growing; inf., acc. subj.
Πέρσῃ: to a Persian man; dat. ind. object ἄµπελον
16 τῷ…ἦν: to whom was; relative, dat. poss., 22 ἐπισχεῖν: aor. inf. ἐπ-έχω
impf. εἰµί ἰδὼν: seeing; 3rd sg. aor. pple ὁράω
οἰκίης…ἀγαθῆς: of a good household; 24 ἐπίτοκα: ἐπίτεκα, acc. sg.
gen. of quality, pred. of ἐόντα 25 τὸ γεννώµενον: the (new)-born
17 τρόπου…ἡσυχίου: but of an idle διαφθεῖραι: to kill; aor. inf. διὰ-φθείρω
character; gen. of quality, pred. of ἐόντα 26 ἐσήµαινον were interpreting
17 πολλῷ ἔνερθε: much lower; dat. of degree µέλλοι: would be going; pres. opt.
of difference 29 καλέσας: summoning; nom. aor. pple .
ἄγων: considering πιστότατον: most trustworthy;
18 µέσου ἀνδρὸς Μήδου: than an ordinary… superlative
gen. of comparison with ἔνερθε
122 Herodotus 1.108.4 – 110.1
4 καὶ πάντων ἐπίτροπον τῶν ἑωυτοῦ, ἔλεγὲ οἱ τοιάδε. ‘Ἅρπαγε, 1
πρῆγμα τὸ ἄν τοι προσθέω, μηδαμῶς παραχρήσῃ, μηδὲ ἐμέ

τε παραβάλῃ καὶ ἄλλους ἑλόμενος ἐξ ὑστέρης σοὶ αὐτῷ
περιπέσῃς· λάβε τὸν Μανδάνη ἔτεκε παῖδα, φέρων δὲ
ἐς σεωυτοῦ ἀπόκτεινον, μετὰ δὲ θάψον τρόπῳ ὅτεῳ αὐτὸς 5
5 βούλεαι.’ ὁ δὲ ἀμείβεται ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, οὔτε ἄλλοτε κω

παρεῖδες ἀνδρὶ τῷδε ἄχαρι οὐδέν, φυλασσόμεθα δὲ ἐς σὲ
καὶ ἐς τὸν μετέπειτα χρόνον μηδὲν ἐξαμαρτεῖν. ἀλλ᾽ εἲ τοι
φίλον τοῦτο οὕτω γίνεσθαι, χρὴ δὴ τό γε ἐμὸν ὑπηρετέεσθαι
109 ἐπιτηδέως.’ τούτοισι ἀμειψάμενος ὁ Ἅρπαγος, ὥς οἱ παρε- 10
δόθη τὸ παιδίον κεκοσμημένον τὴν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἤιε κλαίων

ἐς τὰ οἰκία· παρελθὼν δὲ ἔφραζε τῇ ἑωυτοῦ γυναικὶ τὸν
2 πάντα Ἀστυάγεος ῥηθέντα λόγον. ἣ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγει
‘νῦν ὦν τί σοὶ ἐν νόῳ ἐστὶ ποιέειν;’ ὁ δὲ ἀμείβεται ‘οὐ 14
ἄλλ-οτε: at another time, at other times, 1 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9

ἄ-παις, -παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: childless, 1 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἄ-χαρις, -χαρι -ιτος: unpleasant, graceless, 4 παρα-βάλλω: to cast (aside), compare, 1
ἐπιτήδειος, -η, -ον: suitable, apt, fit, 5 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἐπί-τροπος, ὁ: guardian, 1 παρα-χράοµαι: to despise, treat wrongly, 1
ἐξ-αµαρτάνω: to commit an offense, 1 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 3
θάνατος, ὁ: death, 4 παρ-οράω: to notice, remark, 3
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 περι-πίπτω: to fall on, be wrecked, 2
κλαίω: to weep, lament, wail, 1 προσ-τίθηµι: to add, attribute, impose, give, 7
κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10 τίκτω: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
κω: yet, up to this time, 10 ὑπ-ηρετέω: to serve, minister, 2
Μανδάνη, ἡ: Mandane, Harpagus’ wife, 5 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
µετ-έπειτα: thereafter, 3 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
µηδαµῶς: in no way, not at all, 1 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
1 τῶν ἑωυτοῦ: of his own (affairs) 4 λάβε: take; sg. imperative λαµβάνω
2 ἄν…προσθέω: whatever I impose on you; ἔτεκε: 3rd sg. aor. τίκτω
1st sg. aor. subj. προσ-τίθηµι, general rel. 5 ἐς σεωυτοῦ: to your own (house)
παραχρήσῃ: you did not carry out poorly ; ἀπόκτεινον: kill; aor. imperative
2nd sg. aor. mid. subj. παραχράοµαι ἀποκτείνω
3 παταβάλῃ: you cast aside; aor. mid. subj. µετὰ δὲ: afterwards
ἑλόµενος: having caught; aor. mid. pple θάψον: bury; aor. imperative θάπτω
αἱρέω τρόπῳ ὅτεῳ: in what way
σοὶ αὐτῷ περιπέσῃς: fall over yourself; 6 βούλε(σ)αι: 2nd sg. pres. mid.
2nd sg. aor. aor. subj. περιπίπτω 7-14 Notes on facing page
τῇ ἐνετέλλετο Ἀστυάγης, οὐδ᾽ εἰ παραφρονήσει τε καὶ 15
μανέεται κάκιον ἢ νῦν μαίνεται, οὔ οἱ ἔγωγε προσθήσομαι

3 τῇ γνώμῃ οὐδὲ ἐς φόνον τοιοῦτον ὑπηρετήσω. πολλῶν δὲ
εἵνεκα οὐ φονεύσω μιν, καὶ ὅτι αὐτῷ μοι συγγενής ἐστὶ ὁ
παῖς, καὶ ὅτι Ἀστυάγης μὲν ἐστὶ γέρων καὶ ἅπαις ἔρσενος
4 γόνου· εἰ δ᾽ ἐθελήσει τούτου τελευτήσαντος ἐς τὴν θυγα- 20
τέρα ταύτην ἀναβῆναι ἡ τυραννίς, τῆς νῦν τὸν υἱὸν κτείνει

δι᾽ ἐμεῦ, ἄλλο τι ἢ λείπεται τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν ἐμοὶ κινδύνων ὁ
μέγιστος; ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν ἀσφαλέος εἵνεκα ἐμοὶ δεῖ τοῦτον
τελευτᾶν τὸν παῖδα, δεῖ μέντοι τῶν τινα Ἀστυάγεος αὐτοῦ
110 φονέα γενέσθαι καὶ μὴ τῶν ἐμῶν.’ ταῦτα εἶπε καὶ αὐτίκα 25
ἄγγελον ἔπεμπε ἐπὶ τῶν βουκόλων τῶν Ἀστυάγεος τὸν

ἠπίστατο νομάς τε ἐπιτηδεοτάτας νέμοντα καὶ ὄρεα θηριω-
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9

ἄ-παις, -παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: childless, 1 µαίνοµαι: to be crazy, mad, rage, be furious, 6
ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: not liable to fall, safe, secure 3 νέµω: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
βου-κόλος, ὁ: cowherd, herdsman, 24 νοµάς, νοµάδος, ὁ: nomad; adj. nomadic, 6
γέρων, -οντος, ὁ: old man; elder, 3 παρα-φρονέω: to be or go mad, 1
γόνος, ὁ: offspring, a child, 2 προσ-τίθηµι: to add, attribute, impose, give, 7
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 συγ-γενής, -ές: kinsman, relative, in-born, 1
ἐπιτήδειος, -η, -ον: suitable, apt, fit, 5 τυραννίς, -ίδος, ἡ: sovereignty, 12
ἔρσην, -ενος, ὁ: male, masculine, 4 υἱός, -οῦ, ὁ: a son, 4
θηριώδης, -ες: full of wild beasts, 2 φονεύς, ὁ: murderer, slayer, homicide, 6
κίνδυνος, ὁ: risk, danger, venture, 2 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
κτείνω: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
7 παρεῖδες: you noticed; aor. παρ-οράω 14 τί σοι ἐν νόῳ ἐστὶ: what do you have in
ἀνδρὶ...ἄχαρι: in this man unpleasant; dat. mind; dat. of possession
sg. with a compound verb + neut. acc. obj Οὐ τῇ ἐνετέλλετο: (I have in mind to do)
ἐς…µετέπειτα χρόνον: also in the future not (that) which Astyages ordered
µηδὲν ἐξαµαρτεῖν: to commit no offense; 15 παραφρονήσει, µανέεται: goes mad and
µηδὲν is an inner acc.; aor. ἐξ-αµαρτάνω is crazy; translate future as present
8 τοι φίλον: (it is) dear to you; supply ἐστίν κάκιον ἤ: worse than; comparative adv.
τό γε ἐµὸν ὑπηρετέεσθαι: to offer my own προσθήσοµαι: will I impose; fut.
aid at any rate 17 ὡς φόνον τοιοῦτον: for such a murder
10 παρεδόθη: was handed over; aor. pass. 20 ἐθελήσει…ἀναβῆναι: is willing to pass;
11 κεκοσµηµένον: dressed, adorned; pf. pple. aor. inf.
ἐπὶ θανάτῳ: for death; purpose 22 ἄλλο τι ἤ: is anything other than…?
ἤιε: went; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι 23 τοῦ…εἵνεκα: for the sake of safety
12 τὸν πάντα…λόγον: the entire account 24 τῶν. . αὐτοῦ: one of the men of Astyages…
spoken by Astyages; aor. pass. εἴρω
124 Herodotus 1.110.1 – 111.2
δέστατα· τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Μιτραδάτης, συνοίκεε δὲ ἑωυτοῦ 1
συνδούλῃ, οὔνομα δὲ τῇ γυναικὶ ἦν τῇ συνοίκεε Κυνὼ κατὰ

τὴν Ἑλλήνων γλῶσσαν, κατὰ δὲ τὴν Μηδικὴν Σπακώ· τὴν
2 γὰρ κύνα καλέουσι σπάκα Μῆδοι. αἱ δὲ ὑπώρεαί εἰσὶ τῶν
ὀρέων, ἔνθα τὰς νομὰς τῶν βοῶν εἶχε οὗτος δὴ ὁ βουκόλος, 5
πρὸς βορέω τε ἀνέμου τῶν Ἀγβατάνων καὶ πρὸς τοῦ πόν-

του τοῦ Εὐξείνου· ταύτῃ μὲν γὰρ ἡ Μηδικὴ χωρῇ πρὸς
Σασπείρων ὀρεινή ἐστι κάρτα καὶ ὑψηλή τε καὶ ἴδῃσι συνη-
3 ρεφής, ἡ δὲ ἄλλη Μηδικὴ χωρῇ ἐστὶ πᾶσα ἄπεδος. ἐπεὶ
ὦν ὁ βουκόλος σπουδῇ πολλῇ καλεόμενος ἀπίκετο, ἔλεγε ὁ 10
Ἅρπαγος τάδε. ‘κελεύει σε Ἀστυάγης τὸ παιδίον τοῦτο

λαβόντα θεῖναι ἐς τὸ ἐρημότατον τῶν ὀρέων, ὅκως ἂν τά-
χιστα διαφθαρείη· καὶ τάδε τοὶ ἐκέλευσε εἰπεῖν, ἢν μὴ
ἀποκτείνῃς αὐτὸ ἀλλὰ τεῷ τρόπῳ περιποιήσῃς, ὀλέθρῳ τῷ 14
Ἀγβάτανα, τά: Acbatana, 2 νοµή, ἡ: a pasture, pasturage, 1

ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 ὄλεθρος, ὁ: death, ruin, destruction, 1
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 ὀρεινός, -ή, -όν: mountainous, hilly, 1
ἄπεδος, -ον: flat, plane, 1 περι-ποιέω: to preserve, keep safe, 1
βοάω: to shout, cry outloud, 2 πόντος, ὁ: sea, 5
Βορέης, ὁ: the North; North wind, 5 Σασπείρες, οἱ: Saspeires, 2
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 σπάκα: spaka (Median for “dog”), 1
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 Σπακώ, ἡ: Spaco, 1
ἔρηµος, -η, -ον:, deserted, desolate, 3 σπουδή, ἡ: earnestness, serious-, enthusiasm
Εὔξεινος, ὁ: the Black Sea, the Euxine 4 3
ἴδη, ἡ: woods, forest, tree, 1 συν-δούλη, ἡ: a fellow-slave, 1
Κυνώ, ἡ: Cyno, 2 συν-ηρεφής, -ές: covered over, 1
κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8 συν-οἰκέω: to live together, marry, 10
Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12 ὑπ-ώρεα, ἡ: foothills, foot of the mountain, 1
Μιτραδάτης, ὁ: Mitradates, 2 ὑψηλός, -ή, -όν: high, lofty, high-raised, 4
1 τῷ οὔνοµα ἦν: whose name was; dat. poss. 8 ἴδῃσι συνηρεφής: covered with woods
2 τῇ γυναικὶ: of the wife; dat. possession 10 ἀπίκετο: arrived; aor. mid. ἀπικνέοµαι
τῇ συνοίκεε: with whom he lived; rel. clause 12 λαβόντα: taking; aor. pple modifying σε
Κυνώ: Kyno; Greek word for a female dog θεῖναι: to place; aor. inf. τίθηµι
κατὰ...γλῶσσαν: in the Greek language ἐρηµότατον: most desolate (spot)
3 κατὰ...Μηδικὴν: in the Median (language) ὅκως…διαφθαρείη: so that he might die
4 ἔνθα: where…; relative adverb as quickly as possible; aor. dep. opt.
εἶχε: had; 3rd sg. impf. ἔχω 13 ἤν…ἀποκτείνῃς: if you do not kill…you
6 πρὸς βορέω: toward the north of Acbatana preserve; ἐάν, aor. subj.: fut. less vivid
7 πρὸς Σασπείρων: near Saspeires 14 κακίστῳ: very painful; superlative
κακίστῳ σε διαχρήσεσθαι. ἐπορᾶν δὲ ἐκκείμενον τέταγμαι 15
ἐγώ.’
111 ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ βουκόλος καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὸ παιδίον ἤιε
τὴν αὐτὴν ὀπίσω ὁδὸν καὶ ἀπικνέεται ἐς τὴν ἔπαυλιν. τῷ
δ᾽ ἄρα καὶ αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή, ἐπίτεξ ἐοῦσα πᾶσαν ἡμέρην, τότε κως
κατὰ δαίμονα τίκτει οἰχομένου τοῦ βουκόλου ἐς πόλιν. ἦσαν 20
δὲ ἐν φροντίδι ἀμφότεροι ἀλλήλων πέρι, ὃ μὲν τοῦ τόκου τῆς

γυναικὸς ἀρρωδέων, ἡ δὲ γυνὴ ὅ τι οὐκ ἐωθὼς ὁ Ἅρπαγος
2 μεταπέμψαιτο αὐτῆς τὸν ἄνδρα. ἐπείτε δὲ ἀπονοστήσας
ἐπέστη, οἷα ἐξ ἀέλπτου ἰδοῦσα ἡ γυνὴ εἴρετο προτέρη ὅ τι
μιν οὕτω προθύμως Ἅρπαγος μετεπέμψατο. ὁ δὲ εἶπε ‘ὤ 25
γύναι, εἶδόν τε ἐς πόλιν ἐλθὼν καὶ ἤκουσα τὸ μήτε ἰδεῖν

ὄφελον μήτε κοτὲ γενέσθαι ἐς δεσπότας τοὺς ἡμετέρους.
οἶκος μὲν πᾶς Ἁρπάγου κλαυθμῷ κατείχετο, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκ-
ἀνα-λαµβάνω: to take up, find, resume, 5 ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7

ἀπο-νοστέω: to return, come home, 3 κατ-έχω: to hold fast, hold back; possess, 7
ἀρρωδέω: to fear, dread, shrink from, 3 κλαυθµός, ὁ: a weeping, 2
ἄ-ελπτος, -ον: unexpectedly, 1 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 κως: Somehow, in any way, 9
δαίµων, -ονος, ὁ: a divine spirit, god, 4 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 µή-τε: and not, neither…nor, 14
δια-χράοµαι: use continually; destroy (dat), 5 ὀφείλω: to owe, be under obligation (+inf.), 3
ἐκ-πλήσσοµαι: strike or drive out of; amaze, 4 οἶκος, ὁ: a house, abode, dwelling, 4
ἐπ-οράω: to see, observe, take notice of, 7 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
ἐπίτεξ, -τεκος, ἡ: upon birth, near birth, 2 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἔκ-κειµαι: to be set out, be exposed, 4 πρό-θυµος, -ον: eager, zealous, ready, 4
ἔπαυλις, ἡ: hut, fold, lair, habitation, 1 τάσσω: to arrange, put in order, 10
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11 τίκτω: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
φροντίς, -ιδός, ἡ: deliberation, thought, 2 τόκος, ὁ: childbirth; offspring, child, 1
15 ἐπορᾶν…τέταγµαι: I have been ordered 22 ὅ τι µεταπέµψαιτο: because…summoned;

to inspect (the child after) exposed; pres. aor. opt.
inf.; pf. pass. τάσσω οὐκ ἐωθὼς: not customarily; nom. pf pple
17 ἤιε: went; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι 24 ἐπέστη: he stood near; 3rd sg. aor.
18 τὴν αὐτὴν…ὁδὸν: back along the same ἐπ-ίστηµι
road; i.e. the road that he came upon ἐξ ἀέλπτου: without expectation
τῷ…αὐτῷ ἡ γυνὴ: the wife of this man; ἰδοῦσα: seeing; fem. nom. aor. pple ὁράω
dat. poss. ὅ τι…µετεπέµψατο: why…; ind. question
19 πασ̂αν ἡµέρην: any day (now) 26 τὸ µήτε ἰδεῖν ὤφελον: which I ought
20 κατὰ δαίµονα: in accordance with god neither to see nor ever come to be; aor.
21 ἀλλήλων πέρι: about one another inf. ὁράω
126 Herodotus 1.111.3 – 112.3
3 πλαγεὶς ἤια ἔσω. ὡς δὲ τάχιστα ἐσῆλθον, ὁρέω παιδίον 1
προκείμενον ἀσπαῖρόν τε καὶ κραυγανόμενον, κεκοσμημένον

χρυσῷ τε καὶ ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ. Ἅρπαγος δὲ ὡς εἶδέ με,
ἐκέλευε τὴν ταχίστην ἀναλαβόντα τὸ παιδίον οἴχεσθαι φέ-
ροντα καὶ θεῖναι ἔνθα θηριωδέστατον εἴη τῶν ὀρέων, φὰς 5
Ἀστυάγεα εἶναι τὸν ταῦτα ἐπιθέμενόν μοι, πόλλ᾽ ἀπειλήσας

4 εἰ μή σφεα ποιήσαιμι. καὶ ἐγὼ ἀναλαβὼν ἔφερον, δοκέων
τῶν τινος οἰκετέων εἶναι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν κοτὲ κατέδοξα ἔνθεν
γε ἦν. ἐθάμβεον δὲ ὁρέων χρυσῷ τε καὶ εἵμασι κεκοσμη-
μένον, πρὸς δὲ καὶ κλαυθμὸν κατεστεῶτα ἐμφανέα ἐν 10
5 Ἁρπάγου. καὶ πρόκατε δὴ κατ᾽ ὁδὸν πυνθάνομαι τὸν

πάντα λόγον θεράποντος, ὃς ἐμὲ προπέμπων ἔξω πόλιος
ἐνεχείρισε τὸ βρέφος, ὡς ἄρα Μανδάνης τε εἴη παῖς τῆς
Ἀστυάγεος θυγατρὸς καὶ Καμβύσεω τοῦ Κύρου, καί μιν 14
ἀνα-λαµβάνω: to take up, find, resume, 5 θηριώδης, -ες: full of wild beasts, 2
ἀπ-ειλέω: to threaten, force back, 4 Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 κατα-δοκέω: suppose, believe firmly; guess,
ἀσπαίρω: to gasp, writhe, make a struggle, 1 3
βρέφος, ὁ: newly-born child, infant, 1 κλαυθµός, ὁ: a weeping, 2
ἐγ-χειρίζω: to put in one's hands, entrust, 1 κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10
εἶµα, -ατος, τό: clothing, clothes, garment, 5 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἐµ-φανής, -ες: open, public, visible, 4 κραυγάνοµαι: to cry, scream, 1
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 Μανδάνη, ἡ: Mandane, 5
ἐσ-έρχοµαι: to go in, enter, 8 οἰκέτης, -ου, ὁ: a servent, house-slave, 5
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
ἔνθεν: from where, on the one side , 4 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 ποικίλος, -η, -ον: various, diverse, complex, 1
ἔσω: inwards, inside, 5 πρόκατε: straightway, suddenly, 1
θαµβέω: to be astounded, amazed, 1 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
θεράπων, -οντος, ὁ: an attendant, servant, 3 προ-πέµπω: to send before or forward, 3
1 ἐκπλαγεὶς: amazed; nom. sg. aor. dep pple 5 θεῖναι: to place; aor. inf. τίθηµι
ἐκπλήσσοµαι ἔνθα...εἴη: where it is…; pres. opt. εἰµί
ἤια: I went; 1st sg impf. ἔρχοµαι θηριωδέστατον: very full of beasts
ὡς δὲ τάχιστα: as soon as; ὡς + superl. φὰς: saying; nom. sg. aor. pple. φηµί
ὁρέω: I see; ὀράω 6 τὸν…ἐπιθέµενον: the one imposing; acc.
2 ἀσπαῖρόν: gasping; neut. pple ἀσπαίρω predicate
κεκοσµηµένον: dressed; pf. pass. κοσµέω πόλλ ᾿ ἀπειλήσας: having made many
4 τὴν ταχίστην: very quickly threats; aor. pple ἀπειλέω , parallel to φὰς
ἀναλαβόντα: bade (me) taking…; acc. 7 ἀναλαβὼν: picking up (the child); aor pple
subj. of the infinitive οἴχεσθαι 8-14 Notes on facing page
112 Ἀστυάγης ἐντέλλεται ἀποκτεῖναι. νῦν τε ὅδε ἐστί.’ ἅμα τὲ 15
ταῦτα ἔλεγε ὁ βουκόλος καὶ ἐκκαλύψας ἀπεδείκνυε. ἣ δὲ

ὡς εἶδε τὸ παιδίον μέγα τε καὶ εὐειδὲς ἐόν, δακρύσασα καὶ
λαβομένη τῶν γουνάτων τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐχρήιζε μηδεμιῇ τέχνῃ
ἐκθεῖναί μιν. ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη οἷός τ᾽ εἶναι ἄλλως αὐτὰ ποιέειν·
ἐπιφοιτήσειν γὰρ κατασκόπους ἐξ Ἁρπάγου ἐποψομένους, 20
2 ἀπολέεσθαί τε κάκιστα ἢν μὴ σφεα ποιήσῃ. ὡς δὲ οὐκ

ἔπειθε ἄρα τὸν ἄνδρα, δευτέρα λέγει ἡ γυνὴ τάδε. ‘ἐπεὶ
τοίνυν οὐ δύναμαί σε πείθειν μὴ ἐκθεῖναι, σὺ δὲ ὧδε ποίη-
σον, εἰ δὴ πᾶσα ἀνάγκη ὀφθῆναι ἐκκείμενον. τέτοκα γὰρ
3 καὶ ἐγώ, τέτοκα δὲ τεθνεός. τοῦτο μὲν φέρων πρόθες, τὸν 25
δὲ τῆς Ἀστυάγεος θυγατρὸς παῖδα ὡς ἐξ ἡμέων ἐόντα

τρέφωμεν. καὶ οὕτω οὔτε σὺ ἁλώσεαι ἀδικέων τοὺς δεσπότας
ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 4 ἐπ-οράω: to see, observe, take notice of, 7
ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, constraint, 9 εὐ-ειδής, -ές: good-looking, attractive, 7
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 θνήσκω: to die, 5
γόνυ, γούνατος, τό: the knee, 3 κατά-σκοπος, ὁ: scout, spy, 3
δακρύω: to weep, shed tears, 2 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 τέχνη, ἡ: art, skill, craft, 2
ἐκ-καλύπτω: to uncover, 1 τίκτω: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
ἔκ-κειµαι: to be set out, be exposed, 4 τοί-νυν: well then; therefore, accordingly, 2
ἐκ-τίθηµι: to set out, expose, 2 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
ἐπι-φοιτάω: to come to or visit repeatedly, 2 χρηίζω: to request, want, need, (gen., inf.), 3
8 τῶν..οἰκετέων: that he is from the servants 18 λαβοµένη: grabbing; + partitive gen.

ἄν κατέδοξα: I would not have believed… µηδεµιῇ τέχνῃ: in no way
but ; 1st sg. aor. ind. + ἄν for past potential 19 ἐκθεῖναι: to expose…; aor. inf. ἐκτίθηµι
ἔνθεν. . . ην: whose he was; ‘from where he’ οὐκ ἔφη οἷος τε εἶναι: said he was not
9 κεκοσµηµένον: (the child) dressed; pf. pple able; ‘to be the sort to…’
10 πρὸς δὲ: and in addition 20 ἐποψοµένους: fut pple. ἐποράω, purpose
κατεστεῶτα ἐµφανέα: being evident; 21 ἀπολέεσθαι: that I will die… if; fut. inf
‘having come to be’ pf. pple. κατίστηµι 23 µὴ ἐκθεῖναι: not to expose the child; l. 19
ἐν Ἁρπάγου: in Harpagus’ (house) ποίησον: do; aor. imperative. ποιέω
11 κατ ᾿ ὁδὸν: along the road, on the way 24 ὀφθῆναι: it be seen; aor. pass. inf. ὁράω
τὸν…λόγον θεράποντος: the entire story 25 τέτοκα…τεθνεός: I have given birth to (a
from a servant; gen. source + πυνθάνοµαι child) being stillborn; 1st sg. pf. τίκτω;
13 ὡς ἄρα…εἴη: that, as it turns out, it was.. neut. pf. pple θνήσκω
14 µιν…ἀποκτεῖναι: him to kill (the child) πρόθες: place it (outside); aor. imperative
16 ἡ δὲ: and she; i.e. the herdsman’s wife προτίθηµι
17 εἶδε: she saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω 27 ἁλώσε(σ)αι: 2nd sg. fut. ἁλίσκοµαι
128 Herodotus 1.112.3 – 114.3
οὔτε ἡμῖν κακῶς βεβουλευμένα ἔσται· ὅ τε γὰρ τεθνεὼς 1
βασιληίης ταφῆς κυρήσει καὶ ὁ περιεὼν οὐκ ἀπολέει τὴν

113 ψυχήν.’ κάρτα τε ἔδοξε τῷ, βουκόλῳ πρὸς τὰ παρεόντα
εὖ λέγειν ἡ γυνή, καὶ αὐτίκα ἐποίεε ταῦτα· τὸν μὲν ἔφερε
θανατώσων παῖδα, τοῦτον μὲν παραδιδοῖ τῇ ἑωυτοῦ γυναικί, 5
τὸν δὲ ἑωυτοῦ ἐόντα νεκρὸν λαβὼν ἔθηκε ἐς τὸ ἄγγος ἐν

2 τῷ ἔφερε τὸν ἕτερον· κοσμήσας δὲ τῷ κόσμῳ παντὶ τοῦ
ἑτέρου παιδός, φέρων ἐς τὸ ἐρημότατον τῶν ὀρέων τίθει.
ὡς δὲ τρίτη ἡμέρη τῷ παιδίῳ ἐκκειμένῳ ἐγένετο, ἤιε ἐς
πόλιν ὁ βουκόλος, τῶν τινα προβοσκῶν φύλακον αὐτοῦ κατα- 10
λιπών, ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐς τοῦ Ἁρπάγου ἀποδεικνύναι ἔφη ἕτοιμος

3 εἶναι τοῦ παιδίου τὸν νέκυν. πέμψας δὲ ὅ Ἅρπαγος τῶν
ἑωυτοῦ δορυφόρων τοὺς πιστοτάτους εἶδέ τε διὰ τούτων καὶ
ἔθαψε τοῦ βουκόλου τὸ παιδίον, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐτέθαπτο, τὸν 14
ἄγγος, τό: a vessel, 2 νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12

δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 νέκυς, ὁ: corpse, a dead body, 4
ἔκ-κειµαι: to be set out, be exposed, 4 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἔρηµος, -η, -ον:, deserted, desolate, 3 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
θανατόω: to put to death, 1 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 προ-βοσκός, ὁ: an assistant herdsman, 1
θνήσκω: to die, 5 ταφή, ἡ: burial; pl. funeral 3
κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2 τρίτος, -α, -ον: the third, 7
κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10 φύλακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, 3
κόσµος, ὁ: good order, world, 3 ψυχή, ἡ: breath, life, spirit, soul, 2
κυρέω: get, light upon; attain, obtain (gen.) 4
1 βεβουλευµένα ἔσται: it will not have been ἐν τῷ: in which…; relative clause
deliberated; neut. pl. pf. pass. pple 7 τῷ κόσµῳ…: in the dress of the other child
βουλεύω 8 τιθεῖ: set it (down); 3rd sg. impf. τίθηµι
and fut. 3rd sg. εἰµί with dat. of agent 9 ὡς…ἐγένετο when… came to be
ὅ…τεθνεὼς: the one dead; pf. pple θνήσκω τῷ παιδίῳ ἐκκειµένῳ: for exposed infant
2 ὁ περιεὼν: the one surviving; pres. περίειµι ἤιε: he went; 3rd sg impf. ἔρχοµαι
ἀπολέει: will lose; 3rd sg. fut. ἀπολλυµι 10 τὼν… φύλακον αὐτοῦ: one of the
3 πρὸς τὰ παρεόντα: for the present (time) assistants as a guard for it; i.e. the child
5 τὸν…θανατώσων παῖδα: the child which 11 ἐς τοῦ Ἁρπάγου: to Harpagus’ house
was carrying, intended to kill; relative ἔφη he said; 3rd sg. φηµί
6 ἑωυτοῦ ἐόντα: being his own (child) 13 εἶδε: he saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω
λαβὼν: taking; nom. sg. aor. pple 14 ἔθαψε: 3rd sg. aor. θάπτω
λαµβάνω ἐτέθαπτο: 3rd sg. plpf. pass. θάπτω
ἔθηκε: he placed; 3rd sg. aor. τίθηµι τὸ µὲν…ὕστερον: the one…the latter
δὲ ὕστερον τούτων Κῦρον ὀνομασθέντα παραλαβοῦσα ἔτρεφε 15
ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ βουκόλου, οὔνομα ἄλλο κού τι καὶ οὐ Κῦρον

θεμένη.
114 καὶ ὅτε ἦν δεκαέτης ὁ παῖς, πρῆγμα ἐς αὑτὸν τοιόνδε
γενόμενον ἐξέφηνέ μιν. ἔπαιζε ἐν τῇ κώμῃ ταύτῃ ἐν τῇ
ἦσαν καὶ αἱ βουκολίαι αὗται, ἔπαιζε δὲ μετ᾽ ἄλλων ἡλίκων 20
ἐν ὁδῷ. καὶ οἱ παῖδες παίζοντες εἵλοντο ἑωυτῶν βασιλέα

2 εἶναι τοῦτον δὴ τὸν τοῦ βουκόλου ἐπίκλησιν παῖδα. ὁ δὲ
αὐτῶν διέταξε τοὺς μὲν οἰκίας οἰκοδομέειν, τοὺς δὲ δορυφό-
ρους εἶναι, τὸν δέ κου τινὰ αὐτῶν ὀφθαλμὸν βασιλέος εἶναι,
τῷ δὲ τινὶ τὰς ἀγγελίας φέρειν ἐδίδου γέρας, ὡς ἑκάστῳ 25
3 ἔργον προστάσσων. εἷς δὴ τούτων τῶν παίδων συμπαίζων,

ἐὼν Ἀρτεμβάρεος παῖς ἀνδρὸς δοκίμου ἐν Μήδοισι, οὐ γὰρ
δὴ ἐποίησε τὸ προσταχθὲν ἐκ τοῦ Κύρου, ἐκέλευε αὐτὸν
τοὺς ἄλλους παῖδας διαλαβεῖν, πειθομένων δὲ τῶν παίδων
ἀγγελίη, ἡ: message, news, 3 κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13

Ἀρτεµβάρης, ὁ: Artembares, 6 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
γέρας, ὁ: a gift of honor, 1 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
δεκαετής, -ές: ten years old, 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 4
δια-λαµβάνω: to seize or receive, 3 ὀφθαλµός, ὁ: the eye, 3
δια-τάσσω: to arrange, appoint, 5 παίζω: to play, engage in sport, 5
δόκιµος, -ον: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 προσ-τάσσω: to order, assign, appoint, 5
ἐκ-φαίνω: to disclose, reveal, show, 2 συµ-παίζω: to play with, 1
ἐπίκλησιν: by name (adverbial acc.), 2 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
ἧλιξ, -ικος, ὁ: of the same age, peer, 3
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
15 ὀνοµασθέντα being called; aor. pass. pple these… others… a certain one…to one
παραλαβοῦσα: fem. aor. pple with γυνὴ 24 ὀφθαλµὸν Βασιλέος: the Eye of the King;
17 θεµένη: giving; aor. mid. pple τίθηµι an official position in the king’s court
18 ὃτε δὴ ἦν…παῖς: When the boy was; impf 25 ἐδίδου γέρας: he gave the privilege; impf.
πρῆγµα…γενόµενον ἐξέφηνε µιν: the ὡς προστάσσον: assigning a task to each
following sort of event having happened 26 εἷς: one; ac
to him showed his identify; 'himself’ 28 τὸ προσταχθὲν…Κύρου: something
19 ἐν τῇ ἦσαν: in which they were; impf. εἰµί ordered by Cyrus; aor. pass. προστάσσω
21 εἵλοντο: chose him to be their king; aor. 29 τοὺς ἄλλους παῖδας διαλαβεῖν: the other
mid. αἱρέω children to seize him; παῖδας is acc. subj.
23 διέταξε: 3rd sg. aor. διατάσσω πειθοµένων…παίδων: the children
αὐτῶν..τοὺς…τοὺς…τὸν…τῷ: some of obeying; gen. absolute
130 Herodotus 1.114.4 – 116.1
4 ὁ Κῦρος τὸν παῖδα τρηχέως κάρτα περιέσπε μαστιγέων. ὁ 1
δὲ ἐπείτε μετείθη τάχιστα, ὡς γε δὴ ἀνάξια ἑωυτοῦ παθών,

μᾶλλόν τι περιημέκτεε, κατελθὼν δὲ ἐς πόλιν πρὸς τὸν
πατέρα ἀποικτίζετο τῶν ὑπὸ Κύρου ἤντησε, λέγων δὲ οὐ
Κύρου (οὐ γάρ κω ἦν τοῦτο τοὔνομα), ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοῦ βουκό- 5
5 λου τοῦ Ἀστυάγεος παιδός. ὁ δὲ Ἀρτεμβάρης ὀργῇ ὡς

εἶχε ἐλθὼν παρὰ τὸν Ἀστυάγεα καὶ ἅμα ἀγόμενος τὸν παῖδα
ἀνάρσια πρήγματα ἔφη πεπονθέναι, λέγων ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ,
ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ δούλου, βουκόλου δὲ παιδὸς ὧδε περιυβρίσμεθα,’
115 δεικνὺς τοῦ παιδὸς τοὺς ὤμους. ἀκούσας δὲ καὶ ἰδὼν Ἀ- 10
στυάγης, θέλων τιμωρῆσαι τῷ παιδὶ τιμῆς τῆς Ἀρτεμβάρεος

εἵνεκα, μετεπέμπετο τόν τε βουκόλον καὶ τὸν παῖδα. ἐπείτε
δὲ παρῆσαν ἀμφότεροι, βλέψας πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον ὁ Ἀστυάγης
2 ἔφη ‘σὺ δὴ ἐὼν τοῦδε τοιούτου ἐόντος παῖς ἐτόλμησας τὸν 14
ἀν-άξιος, -ον: unworthy, not worthy (gen.) 2 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
ἀν-άρσιος, -η, -ον: terrible, monstrous, 1 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 5
ἀντάω: meet with, meet face to face (gen) 6 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἀπ-οικτίζοµαι: to complain of, 1 περι-έπω: to treat, handle, 3
Ἀρτεµβάρης, ὁ: Artembares, 6 περι-ηµεκτέω: to be greatly aggrieved, 3
βλέπω: to see, look at, 1 περι-υβρίζω: to treat or insult excessively, 1
δείκνυµι: to point out, display, show, 6 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 7 τιµωρέω: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
κατ-έρχοµαι: to return; descend, 2 τολµάω: to dare, undertake, endure, 4
κω: yet, up to this time, 10 τρηχύς, -έα, -ύ: rough, hilly, rugged, 3
µαστιγέω: to whip, flog, 1 ὦµος, ὁ: shoulder, 4
µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
1 περιέσπε: treated; 3rd sg. aor. περιέπω 7 ἔφη: he said; 3rd sg. impf. φηµί
2 µετείθη: was released; 3rd s aor pass µετίηµι πεπονθέναι: had suffered; pf. inf. πάσχω
ὥς…παθών: since he suffered; ὡς + aor. 9 ὑπὸ...παιδὸς: by…the child; gen. agent
pple πάσχω expressing alleged cause περιυβρίσµεθα: perf. passive, περιυβρίζω
3 µᾶλλον τι: greatly; “somewhat more” 10 δεικνὺς: showing; nom. pres. pple δείκνυµι
κατελθὼν: returning; aor. κατέρχοµαι ἀκούσας, ἰδὼν: aor. pple ἀκούω, ὁρ́αω
4 τῶν…ἤντησε: which he met with; relative 11 θέλων: wishing; nom. pres. pple ἐθέλω
ὑπὸ Κύρου: because of or by Cyrus’ hand τιµωρῆσαι: aor. inf. τιµωρέω + dat.
λέγων… Κύρου: saying not “Cyrus” 13 παρῆσαν: were present; impf. πάρειµι
5 ἦν τοῦτο τοὔνοµα: … was this his name βλέψας πρὸς: looking at; aor. pple βλέπω
6 ὀργῇ…ὡς εἶχε: when he became angry; ‘as 14 Σὺ δὴ ἐὼν…ἐτόλµησας: Did you, being a
he was disposed in anger;” impf ἔχω boy, dare; introducing a question
ἐλθὼν: aor. pple ἔρχοµαι τοῦδε τοιούτου ἐόντος: with this here
ἀγόµενος: leading; pres. pple. ἄγω (boy) being such (a status); gen. abs.
τοῦδε παῖδα ἐόντος πρώτου παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ἀεικείῃ τοιῇδε περι- 15
σπεῖν;’ ὁ δὲ ἀμείβετο ὧδε. ‘ὦ δέσποτα, ἐγὼ ταῦτα

τοῦτον ἐποίησα σὺν δίκῃ. οἱ γάρ με ἐκ τῆς κώμης παῖδες,
τῶν καὶ ὅδε ἦν, παίζοντες σφέων αὐτῶν ἐστήσαντο βασιλέα·
3 ἐδόκεον γὰρ σφι εἶναι ἐς τοῦτο ἐπιτηδεότατος. οἱ μέν νυν
ἄλλοι παῖδες τὰ ἐπιτασσόμενα ἐπετέλεον, οὗτος δὲ ἀνη- 20
κούστεέ τε καὶ λόγον εἶχε οὐδένα, ἐς ὃ ἔλαβὲ τὴν δίκην.

εἰ ὦν δὴ τοῦδε εἵνεκα ἄξιός τευ κακοῦ εἰμί, ὅδε τοὶ πάρειμι.’
116 ταῦτα λέγοντος τοῦ παιδὸς τὸν Ἀστυάγεα ἐσήιε ἀνάγνωσις
αὐτοῦ, καὶ οἱ ὅ τε χαρακτὴρ τοῦ προσώπου προσφέρεσθαι
ἐδόκεε ἐς ἑωυτὸν καὶ ἡ ὑπόκρισις ἐλευθερωτέρη εἶναι, ὅ τε 25
χρόνος τῆς ἐκθέσιος τῇ ἡλικίῃ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐδόκεε συμ-
ἀ-εικίη, ἡ: injury, unseemly treatment, 2 ἡλικίη, ἡ: age, time of life, 6

ἀνα-́γνωσις, ἡ: recognition, 1 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
ἀν-ηκουστέω: to disobey, not heed, 1 παίζω: to play, engage in sport, 5
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 περι-έπω: to treat, handle, 3
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 προσ-φέρω: to bring to, apply to, 1
ἔκ-θεσις, ἡ: the exposing, exposure, 1 πρόσ-ωπον, τό: face, visage, countenance, 1
ἐλεύθερος, -η, -ον: free, 4 συµ-βαίνω: to meet, happen, occur, 4
ἐπι-τάσσω: to arrange (behind), command, 4 ὑπό-κρισις, ἡ: a reply, answer, 3
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 χαρακτήρ, ὁ: type, feature, dialect, 3
ἐπιτήδειος, -η, -ον: suitable, apt, fit, 5
15 τοῦδε…ἐόντος πρώτου παρ ᾿ ἐµοὶ: of this ἐπιτελέω

here man, being foremost in my (court) 21 λόγον εἶχε οὐδένα: held no account (of
περισπεῖν: aor. inf. περιέπω the commands); 3rd sg. impf. ἔχω
16 ἀµείβετο: replied ἐς ὅ ἔλαβε τὴν δίκην: for which he
18 τῶν καὶ ὅδε ἦν: among whom is this here received punishment
boy also; partitive gen. introducing a 23 ἐσήιε: came upon; impf. ἐσέρχοµαι
relative clause οἱ…ἐδόκεε: seemed to him; i.e. to
ἐστήσαντο βασιλέα: set me up as king; Astyages
3rd pl. aor. mid., ἵστηµι 24 προσφέρεσθαι: resemble/compare to
19 ἐδόκεον: I seemed himself
ἑς τοῦτο: for this; i.e. for the role of king ἐλευθεριωτέρη: more of a free man (than
20 τὰ ἐπιτασσόµενα: commands slave); pred. adj. of εἶναι, supply ἐδόκεε
ἐπετέλεον: were carrying out; impf.
132 Herodotus 1.116.2 – 117.4
2 βαίνειν. ἐκπλαγεὶς δὲ τούτοισι ἐπὶ χρόνον ἄφθογγος ἦν· 1
μόγις δὲ δή κοτε ἀνενειχθεὶς εἶπε, θέλων ἐκπέμψαι τὸν

Ἀρτεμβάρεα, ἵνα τὸν βουκόλον μοῦνον λαβὼν βασανίσῃ,
‘Ἀρτέμβαρες, ἐγὼ ταῦτα ποιήσω ὥστε σὲ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τὸν
3 σὸν μηδὲν ἐπιμέμφεσθαι.’ τὸν μὲν δὴ Ἀρτεμβάρεα πέμπει, 5
τὸν δὲ Κῦρον ἦγον ἔσω οἱ θεράποντες κελεύσαντος τοῦ

Ἀστυάγεος, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑπελέλειπτο ὁ βουκόλος μοῦνος μου-
νόθεν, τάδε αὐτὸν εἴρετο ὁ Ἀστυάγεος, κόθεν λάβοι τὸν
4 παῖδα καὶ τίς εἴη ὁ παραδούς. ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἑωυτοῦ τε ἔφη γεγο-
νέναι καὶ τὴν τεκοῦσαν αὐτὸν εἶναι ἔτι παρ᾽ ἑωυτῷ. 10
Ἀστυάγης δὲ μιν οὐκ εὖ βουλεύεσθαι ἔφη ἐπιθυμέοντα ἐς

ἀνάγκας μεγάλας ἀπικνέεσθαι, ἅμα τε λέγων ταῦτα ἐσή-
5 μαινε τοῖσι δορυφόροισι λαμβάνειν αὐτόν. ὁ δὲ ἀγόμενος
ἐς τὰς ἀνάγκας οὕτω δὴ ἔφαινε τὸν ἐόντα λόγον· ἀρχό- 14
ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, constraint, 9 ἔσω: inwards, inside, 5

ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 θεράπων, -οντος, ὁ: an attendant, servant, 3
Ἀρτεµβάρης, ὁ: Artembares, 6 κόθεν: whence? from where?, 2
ἄ-φθογγος, -ον: speechless, voiceless, 1 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
βασανίζω: put to the test; examine closely, 1 µόγις: with difficulty, reluctantly, scarcely, 1
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 µουνόθεν: alone, singly, 1
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἐκ-πλήσσοµαι: strike or drive out of; amaze, 4 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 5 τίκτω: to beget, bring forth, bear, produce, 6
ἐπι-µέµφοµαι: find fault with, complain of, 5 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
1 ἐκπλαγεὶς: amazed; aor dep. ἐκπλήσσοµαι 8 κόθεν λάβοι…τίς εἴη: from where…who;
τούτοισι: by these things; dat. of agent opt. λαµβάνω,ind. question secondary seq.
ἐπὶ χρόνον: for (some) time; acc. duration παραδούς: the one having handed over
2 ἀνενειχθεὶς: having recovered; nom. sg. (the child); aor. pple παραδίδωµι
aor. pass. pple ἀναφέρω 10 ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἑωυτοῦ…ἑωυτῳ: he (Mithridates)
θέλων: wishing; pres. pple. ἐθέλω said that (the boy) had been born from
ἐκπέµψαι: aor. inf., ἐκπέµπω him and the one having giving birth to
3 ἵνα…βασανίσῃ: so that he may test; 3rd sg. him [i.e. the boy] was still with him; pf.
aor. subjunctive in a purpose clause inf. γίνοµαι aor. pple τίκτω
ποιήσω: 1st sg. fut. ποιέω 11 ἑς ἀνάγκας µεγάλας: to great torture;
4 ὥστε…ἐπιµέµφεσθαι: so that…have no ‘to great constraints’
complaint; result, µηδὲν is an inner acc. ἐσήµαινε: instructed; aor. σηµαίνω
6 ἦγον: led; 3rd pl. impf. ἄγω 13 ἀγόµενος…: (while) being led to torture
7 ὑπελέλειπτο: 3rd sg. plpf. pass. ὑπολείπω 14 τὸν ἐόντα λόγον: the actual story; “the
εἴρετο: asked; impf. ἔροµαι story being (the case)”
μενος δὲ ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς διεξήιε τῇ ἀληθείῃ χρεώμενος, καὶ 15
κατέβαινε ἐς λιτάς τε καὶ συγγνώμην ἑωυτῷ κελεύων ἔχειν

117 αὐτόν. Ἀστυάγης δὲ τοῦ μὲν βουκόλου τὴν ἀληθείην ἐκφή-
ναντος λόγον ἤδη καὶ ἐλάσσω ἐποιέετο, Ἁρπάγῳ δὲ καὶ
μεγάλως μεμφόμενος καλέειν αὐτὸν τοὺς δορυφόρους ἐκέλευε.
2 ὡς δέ οἱ παρῆν ὁ Ἅρπαγος, εἴρετό μιν ὁ Ἀστυάγης 20
‘Ἅρπαγε, τέῳ δὴ μόρῳ τὸν παῖδα κατεχρήσαο τόν τοι παρέ-

δωκα ἐκ θυγατρὸς γεγονότα τῆς ἐμῆς;’ ὁ δὲ Ἅρπαγος ὡς
εἶδε τὸν βουκόλον ἔνδον ἐόντα, οὐ τρέπεται ἐπὶ ψευδέα
3 ὁδόν, ἵνα μὴ ἐλεγχόμενος ἁλίσκηται, ἀλλὰ λέγει τάδε. ‘ὦ
βασιλεῦ, ἐπείτε παρέλαβον τὸ παιδίον, ἐβούλευον σκοπέων 25
ὅκως σοί τε ποιήσω κατὰ νόον, καὶ ἐγὼ πρὸς σὲ γινόμενος

ἀναμάρτητος μήτε θυγατρὶ τῇ σῇ μήτε αὐτῷ σοὶ εἴην αὐθέν-
4 της. ποιέω δὴ ὧδε· καλέσας τὸν βουκόλον τόνδε παρα-
ἀλήθειη, ἡ: truth, 5 λιτή, ἡ: a prayer, entreaty, 2

ἀν-αµάρτητος, -ον: unfailing; blameless, 1 µέµφοµαι: to blame, censure, find fault with, 5
αὐθέντης, ὁ: murderer, assassin, 1 µή-τε: and not, neither…nor, 14
δι-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go through; recount, 4 µόρος, ὁ: death, doom, fate, destiny, 4
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 9
ἐκ-φαίνω: to disclose, reveal, show, 2 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἐλέγχω: to cross-examine, test, refute, 3 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
ἔνδον: within, at home, 1 σκοπέω: to look at, examine, consider, 3
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 συγ-γνώµη, ἡ: forgiveness; confession, 3
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come, or climb, down, 7 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
κατα-χράοµαι: suffice; kill, make off with, 2 ψευδής, -ές: false, lying, 1
15 διεξήιε: recounted thoroughly; 3rd sg. impf 22 γεγονότα: having been born; pf. pple
χρεώµενος: employing; χράοµαι + dat. γίνοµαι
16 κατέβαινε ἐς…: concluded with prayers… ὡς εἶδε: when he saw; aor. ὁράω
17 ἐκφήναντος: revealing; aor. in a gen. abs. 23 ἐπὶ ψευδέα ὁδόν: to the path of falsehood
18 λόγον…ἐλάσσω ἐποιέετο: considered the 24 ἵνα µὴ...ἀλίσκηται: lest he be caught;
story less (important); ἐλάσσο(ν)α, pres. subj. ἁλίσκοµαι
comparative as a pred. acc. 25 σκοπέων: considering; pres. pple
20 ὡς…παρῆν: when..was present; impf. 26 ὅκως…ποιήσω: in what way I may act;
εἴρετο: asked; impf. ἔροµαι aor. deliberative subjunctive
21 τέῳ… µόρῳ… κατεχρήσα(σ)ο: with what κατὰ νόον: according to (your) intentions
death did you kill off; τινί; 2nd sg. aor mid. πρὸς σὲ: in your eyes; “in regard to you”
τόν…παρέδωκα: whom I gave to you; 27 µήτε…εἴην: so that I might not be a
aor. παραδίδωµι, relative clause murderer; purpose, 1st sg. pres. opt. εἰµί
134 Herodotus 1.117.4 – 119.3
δίδωμι τὸ παιδίον, φὰς σέ τε εἶναι τὸν κελεύοντα ἀποκτεῖναι 1
αὐτό. καὶ λέγων τοῦτό γε οὐκ ἐψευδόμην· σὺ γὰρ ἐνετέλ-

λεο οὕτω. παραδίδωμι μέντοι τῷδε κατὰ τάδε ἐντειλάμενος,
θεῖναὶ μιν ἐς ἔρημον ὄρος καὶ παραμένοντα φυλάσσειν ἄχρι
οὗ τελευτήσῃ, ἀπειλήσας παντοῖα τῷδε ἢν μὴ τάδε ἐπιτελέα 5
5 ποιήσῃ. ἐπείτε δὲ ποιήσαντος τούτου τὰ κελευόμενα ἐτε-

λεύτησε τὸ παιδίον, πέμψας τῶν εὐνούχων τοὺς πιστοτάτους
καὶ εἶδον δι᾽ ἐκείνων καὶ ἔθαψά μιν. οὕτω ἔσχε ὦ βασιλεῦ
περὶ τοῦ πρήγματος τούτου, καὶ τοιούτῳ μόρῳ ἐχρήσατο ὁ
118 παῖς.’ ἅρπαγος μὲν δὴ τὸν ἰθὺν ἔφαινε λόγον· Ἀστυάγης 10
δὲ κρύπτων τὸν οἱ ἐνεῖχε χόλον διὰ τὸ γεγονός, πρῶτα μέν,

κατά περ ἤκουσε αὐτὸς πρὸς τοῦ βουκόλου τὸ πρῆγμα,
πάλιν ἀπηγέετο τῷ Ἁρπάγῳ, μετὰ δὲ ὣς οἱ ἐπαλιλλόγητο,
κατέβαινε λέγων ὡς περίεστί τε ὁ παῖς καὶ τὸ γεγονὸς ἔχει 14
ἀπ-ειλέω: to threaten, force back, 4 µόρος, ὁ: death, doom, fate, destiny, 4

ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: to relate, tell; lead away from, 6 παιδίον, τό: a little or young child, child, 12
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 παλιλλογέω: to say again, recapitulate, 2
ἄχρι: as far as, even to (+ gen.) 1 πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 2
ἐπιτελής,-ές: completed, accomplished, 2 παντοῖος, -α, -ον: of all sorts/kinds, various 4
ἔρηµος, -η, -ον:, deserted, desolate, 3 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
εὐνοῦχος, ὁ: a eunuch, 1 παρα-µένω: to remain, live and grow up, 5
θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
ἰθύς, -έα, -ύ: straight, honest; immediately, 5 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 7 χόλος, ὁ: wrath, 1
κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 5 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile, 3
1 φὰς: saying; nom. sg. pple. φηµί 9 τοιούτῳ . . . ἐχρήσατο: experienced such a
τὸν κελεύοντα: the one ordering; acc. pred. death
ἀποκτεῖναι: aor. inf. ἀποκτείνω 10 τὸν ἰθὺν λόγον: true account
2 ἐντέλλε(σ)ο: you ordered; 2nd sg mid. impf. ἔφαινε: offered
3 τῷδε κατὰ τάδε: to this here (man) 11 τόν…χόλον: the anger which he had in
according to these (commands) him; 3rd sg. impf. ἐνέχω
ἐντειλάµενος: aor. pple., ἐντέλλοµαι γεγονός: what had happened; pf. pple
4 θεῖναι: to place; aor. inf. τίθηµι πρῶτα µέν…µετὰ δὲ: first… next
ἄχρι οὗ: up to which (time); relative 12 κατὰ περ…τὸ πρῆγµα: according to the
5 τελευτήσῃ: he died; 3rd sg. aor. subj. very account…
τῷδε: to this here man; i.e. the herdsman 13 ὡς…ἐπαλιλλόγητο: when he was
6 ἤν µὴ...ποιήσῃ: if he does not do; ἐάν, 3rd recounting (it) to him ; 3rd sg. impf.
sg. aor. in a general conditional clause 14 κατέβαινε…ὡς: concluded… that
7 εἶδον: they saw; 3rd pl. aor. ὁράω τὸ γεγονός ἔχει καλῶς: what happened
8 οὕτως ἔσχε: it was thus; ἔγω + adverb is good; pf. pple; ἔγω + adv. see line 8
2 καλῶς· ‘τῷ τε γὰρ πεποιημένῳ’ ἔφη λέγων ‘ἐς τὸν παῖδα 15
τοῦτον ἔκαμνον μεγάλως, καὶ θυγατρὶ τῇ ἐμῇ διαβεβλημένος

οὐκ ἐν ἐλαφρῷ ἐποιεύμην. ὡς ὦν τῆς τύχης εὖ μετεστεώσης,
τοῦτο μὲν τὸν σεωυτοῦ παῖδα ἀπόπεμψον παρὰ τὸν παῖδα
τὸν νεήλυδα, τοῦτο δὲ (σῶστρα γὰρ τοῦ παιδὸς μέλλω θύειν
τοῖσι θεῶν τιμὴ αὕτη προσκέεται) πάρισθί μοι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον.’ 20
119 ἅρπαγος μὲν ὡς ἤκουσε ταῦτα, προσκυνήσας καὶ μεγάλα

ποιησάμενος ὅτι τε ἡ ἁμαρτὰς οἱ ἐς δέον ἐγεγόνεε καὶ
2 ὅτι ἐπὶ τύχῃσι χρηστῇσι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἐκέκλητο, ἤιε ἐς
τὰ οἰκία. ἐσελθὼν δὲ τὴν ταχίστην, ἦν γὰρ οἱ παῖς εἷς
μοῦνος ἔτεα τρία καὶ δέκα κου μάλιστα γεγονώς, τοῦτον 25
ἐκπέμπεν ἰέναι τε κελεύων ἐς Ἀστυάγεος καὶ ποιέειν ὅ τι

ἂν ἐκεῖνος κελεύῃ, αὐτὸς δὲ περιχαρὴς ἐὼν φράζει τῇ
3 γυναικὶ τὰ συγκυρήσαντα. Ἀστυάγης δέ, ὥς οἱ ἀπίκετο ὁ
Ἁρπάγου παῖς, σφάξας αὐτὸν καὶ κατὰ μέλεα διελὼν τὰ
ἁµαρτάς, -άδος, ἡ: mistake; offense, 4 νέηλυς, -λυδος: newly come, 1

ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 περι-χαρής, -ες: very pleased, 2
δέκα: ten, 5 πρόσ-κειµαι: to lie near, be assigned to, 4
δεῖπνον, τό: the principal meal, dinner, 7 προσ-κυνέω: to fall and show obeisance, 2
δια-βάλλω: to pass over; slander, quarrel, 1 σαυτοῦ, -ῆ, -οῦ: yourself, 6
δι-αιρέω: to divide, distinguish, 6 συγ-κυρέω: to happen to, occur to, meet, 1
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 σφάζω: to slay, slaughter, kill, 1
ἐλαφρός, -ή, -όν: light (in weight), 1 σῶστρα, τά: reward (for saving), 1
ἐσ-έρχοµαι: to go in, enter, 8 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
κάµνω: to be tired, be ill, be grieved, 5 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 τύχη, ἡ: chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
µέλος, -εος, τό: lyric song; (body) limb, 3 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
µετ-ίστηµι: to change, alter, 3 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, useful, 7
15 τῷ…πεποιηµένῳ…ἐποιεύµην: speaking 20 τοῖσι θεῶν: to whomever of the gods

he said, because of the (thing) done to this πάρισθί: be present with…; imp. πάρειµι
child I was greatly grieved and I did not 22 ἐς δέον: all right; “according to need”
take lightly having been attacked by my ἐγεγόνεε: had turned out; plpf. γίνοµαι
daughter ; pf. pple as a dat. of cause. Pf. 23 ἐκέκλητο: had been invited; plpf. καλέω
pass. pple διαβάλλω ἤιε: went; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι
17 τῆς τύχης…µετεστεώσης: with luck 25 γεγονώς: having lived for…; pf. pple
having turned out well; gen. abs. pf. pple 28 συγκυρήσαντα: things having occurred
µετίστηµι 29 διελὼν: dividing up the limbs; aor.
18 ἀπόπεµψον: send for; aor. sg. imperative διαιρέω
136 Herodotus 1.119.3 – 120.2
μὲν ὤπτησε τὰ δὲ ἥψησε τῶν κρεῶν, εὔτυκα δὲ ποιη- 1
4 σάμενος εἶχε ἕτοιμα. ἐπείτε δὲ τῆς ὥρης γινομένης τοῦ

δείπνου παρῆσαν οἵ τε ἄλλοι δαιτυμόνες καὶ ὁ Ἅρπαγος,
τοῖσι μὲν ἄλλοισι καὶ αὐτῷ Ἀστυάγεϊ παρετιθέατο τράπεζαι
ἐπίπλεαι μηλέων κρεῶν, Ἁρπάγῳ δὲ τοῦ παιδὸς τοῦ ἑωυτοῦ, 5
πλὴν κεφαλῆς τε καὶ ἄκρων χειρῶν τε καὶ ποδῶν, τἄλλα
πάντα· ταῦτα δὲ χωρὶς ἔκειτο ἐπὶ κανέῳ κατακεκαλυμμένα,
5 ὡς δὲ τῷ Ἁρπάγῳ ἐδόκεε ἅλις ἔχειν τῆς βορῆς, Ἀστυάγης
εἴρετό μιν εἰ ἡσθείη τι τῇ θοίνῃ. φαμένου δὲ Ἁρπάγου καὶ
κάρτα ἡσθῆναι, παρέφερον τοῖσι προσέκειτο τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ 10
παιδὸς κατακεκαλυμμένην καὶ τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας,

Ἅρπαγον δὲ ἐκέλευον προσστάντες ἀποκαλύπτειν τε καὶ
6 λαβεῖν τὸ βούλεται αὐτῶν. πειθόμενος δὲ ὁ Ἅρπαγος καὶ
ἀποκαλύπτων ὁρᾷ τοῦ παιδὸς τὰ λείμματα, ἰδὼν δὲ οὔτε 14
ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 2 κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9

ἅλις: enough of, 1 κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11
ἀπο-καλύπτω: to uncover, 2 λεῖµµα τό: remains, remnants, 1
βορή, ἡ: meat, 1 µήλειος, -ον: of sheep, 1
δαιτυµών, -ονος, ὁ: an invited guest, 2 ὀπτέω: to bake, roast, broil, 3
δεῖπνον, τό: the principal meal, dinner, 7 παρα-τίθηµι: place beside; offer, provide, 1
ἐπί-πλεος, -η, -ον: covered with, full of, 1 παρα-φέρω: to produce, bring in to, 2
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
εὔτυκτος, -ον: ready, 1 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 2
ἑψέω: to stew, cook; boil, 4 πρόσ-κειµαι: to be set near, be assigned to, 4
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in (+ dat.) 5 προσ-ίστηµι: to set near, stand near, 3
θοίνη, ἡ: a feast, meal, banquet, 1 τράπεζα, ἡ: table; dinner, meal, 4
κάνεον, τό: dish, basket, 1 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
κατα-καλύπτω: to cover up, conceal, 2 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
1 τὰ µεν…τὰ δὲ: some (parts)… others ἥδοµαι

ὤπτησε: roasted; 3rd sg. aor. ὁπτέω φαµένου Ἁρπάγου: with Harpagus saying
ἥψησε: boiled, stewed; 3rd sg. aor ἑψέω that…; gen. abs. governing ind. statement
2 παρῆσαν: were present; impf, πάρειµι 10 ἡσθῆναι: that he enjoyed; aor. dep. inf.
4 παρετιθέατο: were placed before; 3rd pl. ἥδοµαι
impf. pass. τοῖσι προσέκειτο: (those) to whom it was
6 τἆλλα πάντα: and all the rest; τὰ ἄλλα assigned; subj. of παρέφερον
7 ἔκειτο: were lying; impf. κεῖµαι 12 προσστάντες: those standing nearby; aor.
κατακεκαλυµµένα: covered; pf. pass. pple pple. παρίστηµι nom. subject of ἐκέλευον
8 ἐδόκεε: it seemed good; 3rd sg. impf. δοκέω 13 τὸ βούλεται αὐτῶν: which of these he
9 εἴρετο: asked; 3rd sg. ἔροµαι wishes; relative with missing antecedent
ἡσθείη: if at all he enjoyed; aor. dep. opt. 14 ἰδὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple ὁράω
ἐξεπλάγη ἐντός τε ἑωυτοῦ γίνεται. εἴρετο δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ 15
7 Ἀστυάγης εἰ γινώσκοι ὅτευ θηρίου κρέα βεβρώκοι. ὁ δὲ

καὶ γινώσκειν ἔφη καὶ ἀρεστὸν εἶναι πᾶν τὸ ἂν βασιλεὺς
ἔρδῃ. τούτοισι δὲ ἀμειψάμενος καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὰ λοιπὰ
τῶν κρεῶν ἤιε ἐς τὰ οἰκία, ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἔμελλε, ὡς ἐγὼ
δοκέω, ἁλίσας θάψειν τὰ πάντα. 20
120 Ἁρπάγῳ μὲν Ἀστυάγης δίκην ταύτην ἐπέθηκε, Κύπου δὲ

πέρι βουλεύων ἐκάλεε τοὺς αὐτοὺς τῶν Μάγων οἳ τὸ ἐνύπνιὸν
οἱ ταύτῃ ἔκριναν. ἀπικομένους δὲ εἴρετο ὁ Ἁστυάγης τῇ
ἔκρινάν οἱ τὴν ὄψιν. οἳ δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὰ εἶπαν λέγοντες ὡς
βασιλεῦσαι χρῆν τὸν παῖδα, εἰ ἐπέζωσε καὶ μὴ ἀπέθανε 25
2 πρότερον. ὁ δὲ ἀμείβεται αὐτοὺς τοῖσιδε. ‘ἔστι τε ὁ παῖς

καὶ περίεστι, καί μιν ἐπ᾽ ἀγροῦ διαιτώμενον οἱ ἐκ τῆς κώμης
παῖδες ἐστήσαντο βασιλέα. ὁ δὲ πάντα ὅσα περ οἱ ἀληθέι
ἀγχοῦ: near, nearby, 3 ἐπι-ζάω: to survive, live on, 1

ἀληθής, -ές: true, 6 ἔρδω: to do, perform, 3
ἁλίζω: to gather together; understand, 5 θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9
ἀνα-λαµβάνω: to take up, find, resume, 5 θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11
ἀρεστός, -η, -ον: acceptable, pleasing, 1 κρίνω: to choose, decide; interpret, 4
βιβρώσκω: to eat, eat up, 1 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
διαιτάοµαι: to live, dwell, 2 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἐκ-πλήσσοµαι: strike or drive out of; amaze, 4 Μάγοι, οἱ: Magi, Magian, 13
ἐντός: within, inside, 4 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἐν-ύπνιον, τό: dream, vision seen in sleep, 4 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9
15 εἴρετο: asked; 3rd sg. ἔροµαι ἁλίζω

16 γινώσκοι: he knows; 3rd sg. opt. γινώσκω 21 ἐπέθηκε: imposed this punishment; aor.
in ind. question, secondary seq. Κύρου…πέρι: concerning Cyrus
ὅτευ θηρίου: from which animal; “of 22 τοὺς αὐτοὺς τῶν µάγων: the same (of
which animal” τινός, with γινώσκοι the) Magi
βεβρώκοι: he is eating; 3rd sg. opt. 23 οἵ…ἔκριναν: who interpreted; aor. κρινάω
βιβρώσκω ἀπικοµένους: those arriving; acc. pl. aor.
17 τὸ ἂν…ἔρδῃ: whatever the king does; pple
pres. subj. + ἄν in a general relative cl. τῇ ἔκριναν: in what way…; ind. question
19 ἤιε: he went; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι 24 κατὰ ταὐτα: in the same ways; τὰ αὐτά
ἔµελλε…θάψειν: he was intended to bury; 25 χρῆν: it would be necessary; contrafactual
µέλλω governs a fut. inf., θάπτω 27 ἐπ ᾿ ἀγροῦ: in the countryside
ἁλίσας: gathering; nom. sg. aor. pple 28 ἐστήσαντο: set (him) up; aor. mid. ἵστηµι
138 Herodotus 1.120.2 – 121.1
λόγῳ βασιλέες ἐτελέωσε ποιήσας· καὶ γὰρ δορυφόρους καὶ 1
θυρωροὺς καὶ ἀγγελιηφόρους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα διατάξας

3 ἦρχε. καὶ νῦν ἐς τί ὑμῖν ταῦτα φαίνεται φέρειν;’ εἶπαν οἱ
Μάγοι ‘εἰ μὲν περίεστί τε καὶ ἐβασίλευσε ὁ παῖς μὴ ἐκ
προνοίης τινός, θάρσεέ τε τούτου εἵνεκα καὶ θυμὸν ἔχε 5
ἀγαθόν· οὐ γὰρ ἔτι τὸ δεύτερον ἄρχει. παρὰ σμικρὰ γὰρ καὶ

τῶν λογίων ἡμῖν ἔνια κεχώρηκε, καὶ τά γε τῶν ὀνειράτων
4 ἐχόμενα τελέως ἐς ἀσθενὲς ἔρχεται.’ ἀμείβεται ὁ Ἀστυάγης
τοῖσιδε. ‘καὶ αὐτὸς ὦ Μάγοι ταύτῃ πλεῖστος γνώμην εἰμί,
βασιλέος ὀνομασθέντος τοῦ παιδὸς ἐξήκειν τε τὸν ὄνειρον 10
καί μοι τὸν παῖδα τοῦτον εἶναι δεινὸν ἔτι οὐδέν. ὅμως γέ
μέντοι συμβουλεύσατέ μοι εὖ περισκεψάμενοι τὰ μέλλει
5 ἀσφαλέστατα εἶναι οἴκῳ τε τῷ ἐμῷ καὶ ὑμῖν.’ εἶπαν πρὸς
ταῦτα οἱ Μάγοι ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, καὶ αὐτοῖσι ἡμῖν περὶ πολλοῦ ἐστι 14
ἀγγελιη-φόρος, ὁ: a message-bearer, 1 οἶκος, ὁ: a house, abode, dwelling, 4

ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: secure, safe, unfailing, 3 ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 ὀνοµάζω: to name, call by name, 9
δια-τάσσω: to arrange, appoint, 5 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
δορυ-φόρος, ὁ: bodyguard, spear-bearer, 11 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
ἔνιοι, -αι, -α: some, 1a περί-σκέπτοµαι: to reflect (over), consider, 1
ἐξ-ήκω: to have reached, be fulfilled, 1 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
θαρσέω: take courage or heart, be confident 5 προ-νοίη, ἡ: forethought, foreknowledge, 2
θυµός, ὁ: desire, heart; soul, life, 5 σµικρός, -η, -ον: small, little; insignificant, 5
θυρωρός, ὁ: a door-keeper, 1 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
λόγιον, τό: prophecy, oracle, 2 τέλειος, -α, -ον: finished, complete, last, 4
λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13 τελειόω: to perform, perfect, confirm, 3
1 πάντα ὅσα…βασιλέες: all that kings truly clinging to dreams; ἔχοµαι + partitive gen.
(do); supply verb, object of ἐτελέωσε 8 τελέως: finally, in the end; adverb
2 διατάξας: nom. sg. aor. pple διατάσσω ἐς ἀσθενὲς: to a weak (outcome)
3 ἦρχε: he ruled; 3rd sg. ἄρχω 9 ταύτῃ…εἰµί: I am very much in this way in
ἐς τί: for what (reason) my opinion; acc. of respect
εἶπαν: spoke; 3rd pl. 1st aorist λέγω 10 ὀνοµασθέντος: having been called; aor.
4 µὴ ἐκ..τινός: not from any forethought; i.e. pass. with a pred., here in a gen. absolute
not designed to respond to the dream 11 δεινὸν ἔτι οὐδέν: not at all still dangerous;
5 θάρσει, ἔχε: take heart; θάρσεε, imperatives 12 συµβουλεύσατε: advise me; aor. imper.
6 τὸ δεύτερον: for a second time; adv. acc. τὰ µέλλει..εἶναι: (the things) which are
παγὰ σµικρὰ...κεχώρηκε: some of our going to be; relative clause, neuter plural
accounts (interpretations) have come to 13 πρὸς ταῦτα: in reply to these things
little (consequence); 3rd sg. pf. χωρέω 14 αὐτοῖσι ἡµῖν: for us ourselves
7 τὰ...ἐχόµενα: those (interpretations) περὶ πολλοῦ ἐστι: is of great importance
κατορθοῦσθαι ἀρχὴν τὴν σήν. κείνως μὲν γὰρ ἀλλοτριοῦται 15
ἐς τὸν παῖδα τοῦτον περιιοῦσα ἐόντα Πέρσην, καὶ ἡμεῖς

ἐόντες Μῆδοι δουλούμεθά τε καὶ λόγου οὐδενὸς γινόμεθα
πρὸς Περσέων, ἐόντες ξεῖνοι· σέο δ᾽ ἐνεστεῶτος βασιλέος,
ἐόντος πολιήτεω, καὶ ἄρχομεν τὸ μέρος καὶ τιμὰς πρὸς σέο
6 μεγάλας ἔχομεν. οὕτω ὦν πάντως ἡμῖν σέο καὶ τῆς σῆς 20
ἀρχῆς προοπτέον ἐστί. καὶ νῦν εἰ φοβερόν τι ἐνωρῶμεν,

πᾶν ἂν σοὶ προεφράζομεν. νῦν δὲ ἀποσκήψαντος τοῦ ἐνυ-
πνίου ἐς φαῦλον, αὐτοί τε θαρσέομεν καὶ σοὶ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα
παρακελευόμεθα. τὸν δὲ παῖδα τοῦτον ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν ἀπό-
121 πεμψαι ἐς Πέρσας τε καὶ τοὺς γειναμένους.’ ἀκούσας ταῦτα 25
ὁ Ἀστυάγης ἐχάρη τε καὶ καλέσας τὸν Κῦρον ἔλεγέ οἱ τάδε.

‘ὦ παῖ, σὲ γὰρ ἐγὼ δι᾽ ὄψιν ὀνείρου οὐ τελέην ἠδίκεον, τῇ
σεωυτοῦ δὲ μοίρῃ περίεις· νῦν ὦν ἴθι χαίρων ἐς Πέρσας,
ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 4 ὀφθαλµός, ὁ: the eye, 3

ἀλλοτριόω: to alienate, fall to another, 1 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
ἀπο-σκήπτω: to hurl upon, fall on, 1 παρα-κελεύοµαι: to order, urge, encourage, 1
γεινάµενος, -η, -ον: one giving birth; parent 2 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
δουλόω: to make a slave of, enslave, 5 περι-έρχοµαι: to come around, go around, 3
ἐν-ίστηµι: to stand in, be appointed, 4 πολίητης, ὁ: citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
ἐν-οράω: to perceive in, foresee, 5 προοπτέον: to be looked out for (+ gen.), 1
ἐν-ύπνιον, τό: dream, vision seen in sleep, 4 προ-φράζω: to foretell, 1
θαρσέω: take courage or heart, be confident 5 σαυτοῦ, -ῆ, -οῦ: yourself, 6
κατ-ορθόω: to set upright, erect, 1 τέλειος, -α, -ον: finished, complete, last, 4
µέρος, -έος, τό: a part, share, portion, 5 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, φαῦλος, -η, -ον: trivial, insignificant, cheap, 3
destiny, 12 φοβερός, -ά, -όν: fearful, terrifying, 1
ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11 χαίρω: to rejoice, be glad; fare well, 3
15 κείνως: otherwise; adv. from adj. ἐκεῖνος πρὸς σέο: from you
ἀλλοτριοῦται: (the rule) falls into 21 προοπτέον ἐστί: we must look out for (+
another’s hands. 3rd sg. pass., add ἡ ἀρχή gen); ‘it is to be looked out for by us,’ dat.
16 περιιοῦσα: nom. sg. fem. pple of agent
περιέρχοµαι 22 ἄν προεφράζοµεν: we would tell;
ἐόντα Πέρσην: being Persian; modifies contrafactual
παῖδα 26 ἐχάρη: rejoiced; 3rd sg. aor. deponent
λόγου οὐδενὸς: of no value; ‘of no χαίρω
account’ 28 περίεις: you survive; 2nd sg. pres. περίειµι
18 ἐόντες ξεῖνοι: (since) being foreigners ἴθι: go; sg. imperative ἔρχοµαι
19 τὸ µέρος: partially; “in part” acc. respect
140 Herodotus 1.121.1 – 123.3
πομποὺς δὲ ἐγὼ ἅμα πέμψω. ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐκεῖ πατέρα τε καὶ 1
μητέρα εὑρήσεις οὐ κατὰ Μιτραδάτην τε τὸν βουκόλον καὶ τὴν

γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ.’
122 ταῦτα εἶπας ὁ Ἀστυάγης ἀποπέμπει τὸν Κῦρον. νοστή-
σαντα δέ μιν ἐς τοῦ Καμβύσεω τὰ οἰκία ἐδέξαντο οἱ γεινά- 5
μενοι, καὶ δεξάμενοι ὡς ἐπύθοντο, μεγάλως ἀσπάζοντο οἷα

δὴ ἐπιστάμενοι αὐτίκα τότε τελευτῆσαι, ἱστόρεόν τε ὅτεῳ
2 τρόπῳ περιγένοιτο. ὁ δέ σφι ἔλεγε, φὰς πρὸ τοῦ μὲν οὐκ
εἰδέναι ἀλλ᾽ ἡμαρτηκέναι πλεῖστον, κατ᾽ ὁδὸν δὲ πυθέσθαι
πᾶσαν τὴν ἑωυτοῦ πάθην· ἐπίστασθαι μὲν γὰρ ὡς βουκόλου 10
τοῦ Ἀστυάγεος εἴη παῖς, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κεῖθεν ὁδοῦ τὸν πάντα
3 λόγον τῶν πομπῶν πυθέσθαι. τραφῆναι δὲ ἔλεγε ὑπὸ τῆς
τοῦ βουκόλου γυναικός, ἤιέ τε ταύτην αἰνέων διὰ παντός, ἦν
τέ οἱ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τὰ πάντα ἡ Κυνώ. οἱ δὲ τοκέες παραλα- 14
αἰνέω: to praise, tell or speak of, 5 Κυνώ, ἡ: Cyno, 2

ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 13 Μιτραδάτης, ὁ: Mithradates, 2
ἀσπάζοµαι: to welcome, embrace, 1 νοστέω: return, come back, 3
γεινάµενοι, οἱ: parents, begetters, 2 πάθη, ἡ: misfortune, 3
δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, take, 7 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
ἐκεῖ: there, in that place, 2 περι-γίγνοµαι: be superior to, prevail over, 6
ἐκεῖ-θεν: thence, from there, 1 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 ποµποί, οἱ: escort, guide, 2
ἱστορέω: to question, inquire into, 5 τόκευς, ὁ: parent, 3
Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
2 εὑρήσεις: 2nd sg. fut. εὑρίσκω κατ ᾿ ὁδὸν δὲ: but along the journey
οὐ κατὰ Μιτραδάτην: not like Mitradates πυνθέσθαι: aor. inf. πυνθάνοµαι
5 ἐς τοῦ Καµβύσεω: to Cambyses’ house 10 ὡς…εἴη: that he was; 3rd sg. opt. εἰµί
6 ὡς ἐπύθοντο: when they learned (what 11 ἁπὸ… ὁδοῦ: on the journey from there;
happened); who Cyrus is, aor. πυνθάνοµαι τὸν πάντα λόγον: the entire story
οἷα δὴ ἐπιστάµενοι…τελευτῆσαι: since 12 τῶν ποµπῶν: from the escorts; source
they believed he had died immediately at τραφῆναι: he was reared; aor. pass inf.
that time; οἷα + pple is causal; aor. inf. τρέφω
7 ἱστόρεον: they began to ask; inceptive impf 13 ἤιε…παντός: he wnted through the entire
ὅτεῳ τρόπῳ: in what way; ind. question (story), praising this one; impf. ἔρχοµαι
8 φάς: saying; nom. sg. pple. φηµί ἦν…Κυνώ: and Cyno was everything to
πρὸ τοῦ: before this (time) him in the story; i.e. important, οἱ is dat.
9 εἰδέναι: to know; inf. οἶδα 14 παραλαβόντες: taking up; nom. pl. pple
ἡµαρτηκέναι: aor. inf. ἁµαρτάνω ἵνα…δοκέῃ: so that he may seem; 3rd sg.
πλεῖστον: very much; adverbial accusative pres. subjunctive in a purpose clause
βόντες τὸ οὔνομα τοῦτο, ἵνα θειοτέρως δοκέῃ τοῖσι Πέρσῃσι 15
περιεῖναί σφι ὁ παῖς, κατέβαλον φάτιν ὡς ἐκκείμενον Κῦρον

123 κύων ἐξέθρεψε. ἐνθεῦτεν μὲν ἡ φάτις αὕτη κεχώρηκε. Κύρῳ
δὲ ἀνδρευμένῳ καὶ ἐόντι τῶν ἡλίκων ἀνδρηιοτάτῳ καὶ προσ-
φιλεστάτῳ προσέκειτο ὁ Ἅρπαγος δῶρα πέμπων, τείσασθαι
Ἀστυάγεα ἐπιθυμέων· ἀπ᾽ ἑωυτοῦ γὰρ ἐόντος ἰδιώτεω οὐκ 20
ἐνώρα τιμωρίην ἐσομένην ἐς Ἀστυάγεα, Κῦρον δὲ ὁρέων

ἐπιτρεφόμενον ἐποιέετο σύμμαχον, τὰς πάθας τὰς Κύρου τῇσι
2 ἑωυτοῦ ὁμοιούμενος. πρὸ δ᾽ ἔτι τούτου τάδε οἱ κατέργαστο·
ἐόντος τοῦ Ἀστυάγεος πικροῦ ἐς τοὺς Μήδους, συμμίσγων ἑνὶ
ἑκάστῳ ὁ Ἅρπαγος τῶν πρώτων Μήδων ἀνέπειθε ὡς χρὴ 25
Κῦρον προστησαμένους Ἀστυάγεα παῦσαι τῆς βασιληίης.

3 κατεργασμένου δέ οἱ τούτου καὶ ἐόντος ἑτοίμου, οὕτω δὴ
τῷ Κύρῳ διαιτωμένῳ ἐν Πέρσῃσι βουλόμενος Ἅρπαγος
δηλῶσαι τὴν ἑωυτοῦ γνώμην ἄλλως μὲν οὐδαμῶς εἶχε ἅτε
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 6 ἰδιώτης, -ου, ὁ: a private citizen, 4

ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 κατα-βάλλω: to strike down, overthrow, 3
ἀνδρήιος, -α, -ον: manly, brave, courageous 3 κατ-εργάζοµαι: make, achieve; overcome, 5
ἀνδρόοµαι: to mature, grow to manhood, 1 κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ pple) 7 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
δηλόω: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit 7 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
διαιτάοµαι: to live, dwell, 2 πικρός, -ά, -όν: sharp, keen, bitter, 1
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
θεῖος, -η, -ον: miraculous, from god, divine, 5 προ-ίστηµι: be in charge, set in charge +gen 4
ἐκ-θρέφω: to bring up from childhood, rear, 2 πρόσ-κειµαι: to be assigned to, be set near, 4
ἔκ-κειµαι: to be set out, be exposed, 4 προσ-φιλής, -ες: dear, beloved, 3
ἐν-οράω: to perceive in, foresee, 5 σύµ-µαχος, -ον: allied; an ally, 5
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 5 συµ-µίσγω: mix, meet with; commune with, 3
ἐπι-τρέπω: turn toward or over to, entrust, 5 τιµωρίη, ἡ: revenge, vengeance, 1
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
ἧλιξ, -ικος, ὁ: of the same age, peer, 3 φάτις, ἡ: report, rumor, 3
16 ἐκκείµενον: being exposed, pass. pple. ἐποιέετο: tried to make; conative impf.
ἔκκειµαι 23 τάδε οἱ κατέργαστο: these things had
17 κεχώρηκε: has spread been accomplished for him; i.e. Harpagus
18 ἀνδρηιοτάτῳ: most courageous; pred. 26 προστησαµένους: leaders to keep; aor.
adjective pple
19 τείσασθαι: to avenge; aor. inf. τίνω 29 οὐδαµῶς εἶχε: was in no way able; impf.
21 ἐσοµένην: about to come; fut. pple εἰµί ἔχω
22 ἐπιτρεφόµενον: being entrusted as an heir
142 Herodotus 1.123.4 – 125.1
4 τῶν ὁδῶν φυλασσομενέων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιτεχνᾶται τοιόνδε· λαγὸν 1
μηχανησάμενος, καὶ ἀνασχίσας τούτου τὴν γαστέρα καὶ οὐδὲν

ἀποτίλας, ὡς δὲ εἶχε οὕτω ἐσέθηκε βυβλίον, γράψας τά οἱ
ἐδόκεε· ἀπορράψας δὲ τοῦ λαγοῦ τὴν γαστέρα, καὶ δίκτυα
δοὺς ἅτε θηρευτῇ τῶν οἰκετέων τῷ πιστοτάτῳ, ἀπέστελλε ἐς 5
τοὺς Πέρσας, ἐντειλάμενὸς οἱ ἀπὸ γλώσσης διδόντα τὸν λαγὸν

Κύρῳ ἐπειπεῖν αὐτοχειρίῃ μιν διελεῖν καὶ μηδένα οἱ ταῦτα
124 ποιεῦντι παρεῖναι. ταῦτά τε δὴ ὦν ἐπιτελέα ἐγίνετο καὶ ὁ
Κῦρος παραλαβὼν τὸν λαγὸν ἀνέσχισε· εὑρὼν δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ
τὸ βυβλίον ἐνεὸν λαβὼν ἐπελέγετο, τὰ δὲ γράμματα ἔλεγε 10
τάδε. ‘ὦ παῖ Καμβύσεω, σὲ γὰρ θεοὶ ἐπορῶσι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν

κοτὲ ἐς τοσοῦτο τύχης ἀπίκευ· σύ νυν Ἀστυάγεα τὸν σεωυτοῦ
2 φονέα τῖσαι. κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν τούτου προθυμίην τέθνηκας,
τὸ δὲ κατὰ θεούς τε καὶ ἐμὲ περίεις· τά σε καὶ πάλαι δοκέω 14
ἀνα-σχίζω: to tear up, rip up, 2 ἐπ-οράω: to see, observe, take notice of, 7
ἀπο-ρράπτω: to sew up again, 1 θηρευτής, ὁ: a hunter, huntsman, 1
ἀπο-στέλλω: to send out or away, dispatch, 4 θνήσκω: to die, 5
ἀπο-τίλλω: to skin, pull out, pluck, 1 Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+pple.) 7 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
αὐτο-χειρίῃ: by one's own hand, 2 λαγός, ὁ: a hare, 4
βυβλίον, τό: papyrus; letter, 4 µηχανάοµαι: make ready, contrive, devise, 10
γαστήρ, -έρος, ὁ: belly, stomach, 2 οἰκέτης, -ου, ὁ: a servent, house-slave, 5
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
γράφω: to write, 5 περί-ειµι: to survive; surpass, be superior, 10
δι-αιρέω: to divide, distinguish, 6 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
δίκτυον, τό: snare, net, 2 προ-θυµίη, ἡ: eagerness, zeal, readiness, , 3
ἐν-ειµι: be in, on, among, 2 σαυτοῦ, -ῆ, -οῦ: yourself, 6
ἐπ-εῖπον: to say besides, 1 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
ἐπι-λέγω: to choose; read, think over; say, 5 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
ἐπιτελής,-ές: completed, accomplished, 2 τύχη, ἡ: chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
ἐπι-τεχνάοµαι: to devise, contrive, 2 φονεύς, ὁ: murderer, slayer, homicide, 6
ἐσ-τίθηµι: to put into, place in, 5
1 ἅτε…φυλασσοµένων: since the roads were 3 ὡς…εἶχε: but as it was disposed; ἔχω +
being guarded; ἅτε + pple is causal adv. translates as ‘to be (disposed)’ + pred.
ὁ δὲ: but he; i.e. Harpagus ἐσέθηκε: 3rd sg. aor. ἐστίθηµι
2 µηχανησάµενος: having prepared a hare τά οἱ ἐδόκεε: the things which seemed good
οὐδὲν ἀποτίλας: not at all having skinned to him; missing antecedent obj. of γράψας
(it); nom. sg. aor. pple 5-14 Notes on facing page
πάντα ἐκμεμαθηκέναι, σέο τε αὐτοῦ περὶ ὡς ἐπρήχθη, καὶ οἷα 15
ἐγὼ ὑπὸ Ἀστυάγεος πέπονθα, ὅτι σε οὐκ ἀπέκτεινα ἀλλὰ

ἔδωκα τῷ βουκόλῳ. σύ νυν, ἢν βούλῃ ἐμοὶ πείθεσθαι, τῆς
περ Ἀστυάγης ἄρχει χώρης, ταύτης ἁπάσης ἄρξεις. Πέρσας
3 γὰρ ἀναπείσας ἀπίστασθαι στρατηλάτεε ἐπὶ Μήδους· καὶ
ἤν τε ἐγὼ ὑπὸ Ἀστυάγεος ἀποδεχθέω στρατηγὸς ἀντία σεῦ, 20
ἔστι τοι τὰ σὺ βούλεαι, ἤν τε τῶν τις δοκίμων ἄλλος Μήδων·

πρῶτοι γὰρ οὗτοι ἀποστάντες ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου καὶ γενόμενοι πρὸς
σέο Ἀστυάγεα καταιρέειν πειρήσονται. ὡς ὦν ἑτοίμου τοῦ γε
ἐνθάδε ἐόντος, ποίεε ταῦτα καὶ ποίεε κατὰ τάχος.’
125 ἀκούσας ταῦτα ὁ Κῦρος ἐφρόντιζε ὅτεῳ τρόπῳ σοφωτάτῳ 25
Πέρσας ἀναπείσει ἀπίστασθαι, φροντίζων δὲ εὕρισκέ τε
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 6 κατ-αιρέω: to take down, reduce, destroy, 5

ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 21 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 5
δόκιµος, -ον: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 5
ἐκ-µανθάνω: to learn well or thoroughly, 3 στρατηλατέω: to lead an army, 2
ἐνθάδε: here, hither, there, thither, 1 τάχος, τό: speed, swiftness, 5
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 φροντίζω: to think, worry, give heed to, 4
5 δοὺς: giving nets; nom. aor. pple. δίδωµι σέο…πέρι: about you yourself
ἅτε θηρευτῇ: as if to a hunter ὡς ἐπρήχθη: how it was done; aor. pass
πιστοτάτῳ: to the trustworthy; with δοὺς πρήσσω
6 ἐντειλάµενος οἱ: ordering him; aor. pple οἶα…πέπονθα: what I suffered; pf.
ἀπο γλώσσης: by word of mouth πάσχω
διδόντα…ἐπειπεῖν: that he tell Cyrus; both 16 ἔδωκε: gave; 1st sg. aor. δίδωµι
dat. οἱ and acc. διδόντα are the messenger 17 ἤν βούλῃ: if you are willing; ἐάν + 2nd sg.
7 διελεῖν: split, divide; aor. inf.διαιρέω pres. subjunctive in a future-more-vivid
µηδένα…παρεῖναι: no one be present + dat τῆς περ…χώρης: which very land...;
9 εὐρὼν: discovering; nom. aor. pple. relative clause, gen. object of ἄρχει,
εὑρίσκω antecedent ταύτης
10 ἐνεὸν: being inside; acc. pres. pple. ἐνειµί 18 ἄρξεις: you will rule; fut. ἄρχω + gen.
ἐπελέγετο: he read; ‘picked over’ 19 στρατηλάτεε: lead an army; sg. imper.
12 οὐ γὰρ ἄν…ἀπίκευ: for (otherwise) you 20 ἀποδεχθέω: if I am appointed; 1st sg. aor.
would not have arrived; 2nd sg. aor. mid. pass. subjunctive
contrafactual 21 βούλε(σ)αι: you wish; 2nd sg. pres. mid.
13 τεῖσαι: avenge; aor. mid. imperative. τίνω ἤν τε…ἤν τε: if I…or someone else; ἐάν
κατὰ...προθυµίην: according to… τε + subj.
τέθνηκας: you are dead; pf. θνήσκω 23 ὡς…ἐόντος: since the matter here is at
15 ἐκµεµαθηκέναι: have learned; acc. subj. σε hand
and obj. τὰ πάντα; governed by δοκέω 25 ὅτεῳ τρόπῳ: in what way
144 Herodotus 1.125.2 – 126.4
2 ταῦτα καιριώτατα εἶναι· ἐποίεε δὴ ταῦτα. γράψας ἐς 1
βυβλίον τὰ ἐβούλετο, ἁλίην τῶν Περσέων ἐποιήσατο, μετὰ

δὲ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βυβλίον καὶ ἐπιλεγόμενος ἔφη Ἀστυάγεά
μιν στρατηγὸν Περσέων ἀποδεικνύναι. ‘νῦν τε,’ ἔφη λέγων, ‘ὦ
Πέρσαι, προαγορεύω ὑμῖν παρεῖναι ἕκαστον ἔχοντα δρέπανον. 5
3 Κῦρος μὲν ταῦτα προηγόρευσε. ἔστι δὲ Πέρσεων συχνὰ

γένεα, καὶ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν ὁ Κῦρος συνάλισε καὶ ἀνέπεισε
ἀπίστασθαι ἀπὸ Μήδων. ἔστι δὲ τάδε, ἐξ ὧν ὧλλοι πάντες
ἀρτέαται Πέρσαι, Πασαργάδαι Μαράφιοι Μάσπιοι. τούτων
Πασαργάδαι εἰσὶ ἄριστοι, ἐν τοῖσι καὶ Ἀχαιμενίδαι εἰσὶ 10
4 φρήτρη, ἔνθεν οἱ βασιλέες οἱ Περσεῖδαι γεγόνασι. ἄλλοι δὲ

Πέρσαι εἰσὶ οἵδε, Πανθιαλαῖοι Δηρουσιαῖοι Γερμάνιοι.
οὗτοι μὲν πάντες ἀροτῆρες εἰσί, οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι νομάδες, Δάοι
126 Μάρδοι Δροπικοὶ Σαγάρτιοι.’ ὡς δὲ παρῆσαν ἅπαντες 14
ἁλίη, ἡ: assembly of the people, 1 ἐπι-λέγω: to choose; read, think over; say, 5
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 6 ἔνθεν: from where, on the one side , 4
ἀνα-πτύσσω: to unroll, unfold, 2 καίριος, -η, -ον: apt, timely, 1
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 Μαράφιοι, οἱ: Maraphioi, 1
ἀροτήρ, -ρος, ὁ: a plougher, 1 Μάρδος, -η, -ον: Mardian, 2
ἀρτέοµαι: to be prepared; depend on, 1 Μάσπιοι, οἱ: Maspian, 1
Ἀχαιµενίδης, ὁ: Achaemenides, 2 νοµάς, νοµάδος, ὁ: nomad; adj. nomadic, 6
βυβλίον, τό: papyrus; letter, 4 Πανθιαλαῖοι, οἱ: Panthialaioi, 1
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 Πασαργάδαι, οἱ: Pasargadai, 2
Γερµάνιοι, οἱ: Germanioi, 1 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
γράφω: to write, 5 Σαγάρτιοι, οἱ: Sagartioi, 1
Δάοι, οἱ: Daoi, 1 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 5
Δηρουσιαῖοι, οἱ: Derousiaioi, 1 συν-αλίζω: to bring together, collect, 4
δρέπανον, τό: a scythe, 1 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 5
Δροπικοί, οἱ: Dropikoi, 1 φρήτρη, ἡ: clan, brotherhood, phratre, 1
1 καιριώτατα: superlative, pred. adjective τὰ µὲν αὐτῶν: some of them; partitive gen.
2 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards ἔστι δὲ τάδε: these (tribes) were…; add
ἀναπτύξας: unrolling; nom. sg. aor. pple γένεα
3 ἐπιλεγόµενος: reading (it) ἑξ ὧν: (those) from which
4 ἔφη: 3rd sg. impf. φηµί ὧλλοι: crasis for οἱ ἄλλοι
ἀποδεικνύναι: appointed him general; inf. 9 ἀρτ́εαται: depend upon; pf. pass.
with a double accusative ἀρτέοµαι
ὑµῖν: to you; ind. object of προαγορεύω 10 ἐν τοῖσι: among these
παρεῖναι: be present; ἔκαστον is subj. acc. 11 ἔνθεν…γεγόνασι: from where…have
8 ἀπιστασθαι: to rise up against; inf. come to be; relative clause, pf. γίνοµαι
ἀπίστηµι 14 παρῆσαν: 3rd pl. impf. πάρειµι
ἔχοντες τὸ προειρημένον, ἐνθαῦτα ὁ Κῦρος, ἦν γάρ τις χῶρος 15
τῆς Περσικῆς ἀκανθώδης ὅσον τε ἐπὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα σταδίους

2 ἢ εἴκοσι πάντῃ, τοῦτον σφι τὸν χῶρον προεῖπε ἐξημερῶσαι
ἐν ἡμέρῃ. ἐπιτελεσάντων δὲ τῶν Περσέων τὸν προκείμενον
ἄεθλον, δεύτερα σφι προεῖπε ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίην παρεῖναι λελου-
μένους. ἐν δὲ τούτῳ τά τε αἰπόλια καὶ τὰς ποίμνας καὶ τὰ 20
βουκόλια ὁ Κῦρος πάντα τοῦ πατρὸς συναλίσας ἐς τὠυτὸ

3 ἔθυσε καὶ παρεσκεύαζε ὡς δεξόμενος τὸν Περσέων στρατόν,
πρὸς δὲ οἴνῳ τε καὶ σιτίοισι ὡς ἐπιτηδεοτάτοισι. ἀπικο-
μένους δὲ τῇ ὑστεραίῃ τοὺς Πέρσας κατακλίνας ἐς λειμῶνα
εὐώχεε. ἐπείτε δὲ ἀπὸ δείπνου ἦσαν, εἴρετο σφέας ὁ Κῦρος 25
κότερα τὰ τῇ προτεραίῃ εἶχον ἢ τὰ παρεόντα σφι εἴη αἱρετώ-

4 τερα. οἳ δὲ ἔφασαν πολλὸν εἶναι αὐτῶν τὸ μέσον· τὴν μὲν
ἄεθλος, ὁ: feat, task, duty, 2 λούω: to wash, bathe, 3

ἀκανθώδης, -ες: thorny, full of thorns, 1 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
αἰπόλιον, τό: a herd of goats, 1 ὀκτω-καί-δεκα: eighteen, 1
αἱρετός, -ή, -όν: selected, choiceworthy, 2 πάντῃ: every way, by all means, altogether, 2
βου-κόλιον, τό: a herd of cattle, 1 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 5
δεῖπνον, τό: the principal meal, dinner, 7 Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 4
δέκοµαι: to receive, accept, take, 7 ποίµνη, ἡ: a flock, 1
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
ἐξ-ηµερόω: cultivate, reclaim, tame, soften, 1 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 προτεραῖος, -η, -ον: on the day before, 2
ἐπιτήδειος, -η, -ον: suitable, apt, fit, 5 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
εὐωχέω: eat a feast, feast, entertain well, 2 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
κατα-κλίνω: to lay down, make recline, 1 συν-αλίζω: to bring together, collect, 4
κότερος, -α, -ον: which of two? whether?, 3 ὑστεραῖος, -η, -ον: (on) the next day, 4
λειµών, -ῶνος, ὁ: meadow, mead, field, 1
15 τὸ προειρηµένον: what was previously 21 ἐς τὠυτὸ: to the same (place); crasis τὸ

asked for; i.e. scythe αὐτὸ
ἦν: was; 3rd sg. impf. εἰµί ἔθυε: sacrificed; 3rd sg. impf. θύω
16 ὅσον…ἐπὶ: about up to; ‘as much as up 22 ὡς δεξόµενος: to receive; ‘so as going to
to’ receive’ ὡς + fut. pple. expresses purpose
17 πάντῃ: in every direction; “in every way” 23 πρὸς δὲ: in addition
ἐξηµερῶσαι: to cultivate; aor. inf. 24 κατακλίνας: reclining; acc. pl. aor. pple
ἐξηµερόω 25 εὐώχεε: Cyrus entertained with a feast…
18 ἐπιτελεσάντων…ἄεθλον: gen. absolute 26 κότερα…ἤ: whether…or; nom. sg. pple.
19 ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίην: for the next day 27 τὸ µέσον: the difference is great; ‘the
λελουµένους: washed; pf. pple λούω divide/the midst’ acc. subject
20 ἐν δὲ τούτῳ: meanwhile; “in this (time)”
146 Herodotus 1.126.4 – 128.3
w γὰρ προτέρην ἡμέρην πάντα σφι κακὰ ἔχειν, τὴν δὲ τότε 1
παρεοῦσαν πάντα ἀγαθά. παραλαβὼν δὲ τοῦτο τὸ ἔπος ὁ

5 Κῦρος παρεγύμνου τὸν πάντα λόγον, λέγων ‘ἄνδρες Πέρσαι,
οὕτω ὑμῖν ἔχει. βουλομένοισι μὲν ἐμέο πείθεσθαί ἔστι τάδε
τε καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ἀγαθά, οὐδένα πόνον δουλοπρεπέα ἔχουσι, 5
μὴ βουλομένοισι δὲ ἐμέο πείθεσθαι εἰσὶ ὑμῖν πόνοι τῷ χθιζῷ

6 παραπλήσιοι ἀναρίθμητοι. νῦν ὦν ἐμέο πειθόμενοι γίνεσθε
ἐλεύθεροι. αὐτός τε γὰρ δοκέω θείῃ τύχῃ γεγονὼς τάδε ἐς
χεῖρας ἄγεσθαι, καὶ ὑμέας ἥγημαι ἄνδρας Μήδων εἶναι οὐ
φαυλοτέρους οὔτε τἄλλα οὔτε τὰ πολέμια. ὡς ὦν ἐχόντων 10
ὧδε, ἀπίστασθε ἀπ᾽ Ἀστυάγεος τὴν ταχίστην.’

127 Πέρσαι μέν νυν προστάτεω ἐπιλαβόμενοι ἄσμενοὶ ἐλευ-
θεροῦντο, καὶ πάλαι δεινὸν ποιεύμενοι ὑπὸ Μήδων ἄρχεσθαι.
Ἀστυάγης δὲ ὡς ἐπύθετο Κῦρον ταῦτα πρήσσοντα, πέμψας 14
ἀν-αρίθµητοι, -α: countless, 1 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6

ἄσµενος, -η, -ον: well-pleased, glad, 2 παρα-γυµνόω: to disclose, lay bare, 1
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 παρα-λαµβάνω: to receive, undertake, 8
δουλο-πρεπής, -ές: fit for a slave, 1 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; similar 10
ἐλεύθερος, -η, -ον: free, 4 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
ἐλευθερόω: to free, set free, 3 πόνος, ὁ: work, toil, labor, 4
ἐπι-λαµβάνω: lay hold of, take over, attack, 1 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 προ-στάτης, ὁ: leader, 1
ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, think, believe, 5 τύχη, ἡ: chance, luck, fortune, success, 6
θεῖος, -η, -ον: from god, divine, 5 φαῦλος, -η, -ον: trivial, insignificant, cheap, 3
µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 3 χθιζός, -ή, -όν: of yesterday, yesterday’s, 1
1 προτέρην ἡµέρην: the previous day; acc. 8 θείῃ τύχῃ: by divine providence; dat. cause
subj. of ἔχειν following ἔφασαν, aor. φηµί γεγονὼς: having been born; nom. sg. pf.
2 τὴν δὲ...παρεοῦσαν: the present day at that 9 τάδε…ἄγεσθαι: these matters are brought
time had; acc. subj., add ἡµέρην ἔχειν into my hands; ind. disc following δοκέω
3 παρεγύµνου: began to lay bare: Μήδων…φαυλοτέρους: inferior to the
παρεγύµνοε; 3rd sg. inceptive impf. Medes; ‘than the Medes,’ gen. comparison
4 οὕτως…ἔχει: it is thus for you; ἔχω + adv. 10 ὡς…ἐχόντων: (these things) being so
βουλοµένοισι…ἔστι: (those) willing 11 ἀπίστασθε: rise up against; mid. imper.
to…will have; dat. possession; fut. sense τὴν ταχίστην: very quickly; adverbial
ἐµέο πείθεσθαι: to obey me; usually a dat. 12 ἐπιλαβόµενοι: accepting (him) as leader;
obj.is here a gen. of source: ‘from me’ governs a genitive προστάτεω
ἔχουσι: having; dat. pl. pres. pple ἅσµενοι: gladly; adj. translated as an adv.
6 µὴ Βουλοµένοισι… εἰσὶ: (those) not willing 13 πάλαι…ἄρχεσθαι: considering that to be
to…will have; see line 4 ruled by Medes for a long time is terrible
7 γίνεσθε: become; pres. pl. mid. imperative 14 ἐπύθετο: learned; aor. πυνθάνοµαι
2 ἄγγελον ἐκάλεε αὐτόν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ἐκέλευε τὸν ἄγγελον 15
ἀπαγγέλλειν ὅτι πρότερον ἥξοι παρ᾽ ἐκεῖνον ἢ Ἀστυάγης αὐ-

τὸς βουλήσεται. ἀκούσας δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Ἀστυάγης Μήδους τε
ὥπλισε πάντας, καὶ στρατηγὸν αὐτῶν ὥστε θεοβλαβὴς ἐὼν
3 Ἅρπαγον ἀπέδεξε, λήθην ποιεύμενος τά μιν ἐόργεε. ὡς δὲ
οἱ Μῆδοι στρατευσάμενοι τοῖσι Πέρσῃσι συνέμισγον, οἳ μέν 20
τινὲς αὐτῶν ἐμάχοντο, ὅσοι μὴ τοῦ λόγου μετέσχον, οἳ δὲ

αὐτομόλεον πρὸς τοὺς Πέρσας, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι ἐθελοκάκεόν
128 τε καὶ ἔφευγον. διαλυθέντος δὲ τοῦ Μηδικοῦ. στρατεύματος
αἰσχρῶς, ὡς ἐπύθετο τάχιστα ὁ Ἀστυάγης, ἔφη ἀπειλέων τῷ
2 Κύρῳ ‘ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὣς Κῦρός γε χαιρήσει.’ τοσαῦτα εἶπας 25
πρῶτον μὲν τῶν Μάγων τοὺς ὀνειροπόλους, οἵ μιν ἀνέγνωσαν

μετεῖναι τὸν Κῦρον, τούτους ἀνεσκολόπισε, μετὰ δὲ ὥπλισε
τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας ἐν τῷ ἄστεϊ τῶν Μήδων, νέους τε καὶ
3 πρεσβύτας ἄνδρας. ἐξαγαγὼν δὲ τούτους καὶ συμβαλὼν τοῖσι
αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 6 µέτ-ειµι: to be among, have a part in, 3
ἀνα-γιγνώσκω: to recognize, persuade, 3 µετ-έχω: partake of, have share in, 3
ἀνα-σκολοπίζω: to impale, fix on a pole, 1 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
ἀπ-αγγέλλω : to report (from), announce, 4 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 10
ἀπ-ειλέω: to threaten, force back, 4 ὀνειροπόλος, ὁ: interpreter of dreams, 4
αὐτοµολέω: to desert (to the enemy), 1 ὁπλίζω: to make ready, arm, 2
δια-λύω: to unloose, route, 1 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἐθελο-κακέω: play the coward on purpose, 1 πρεσβύτης, ὁ: old man, 1
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 5 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 5
ἔρδω: to do, perform, 3 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
ἥκω: to have come, be present, 10 συµ-µίσγω: mix, meet with; commune with, 3
θεο-βλαβής, -ές: stricken by god, struck- τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
dumb, 1 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
λήθη, ἡ: forgetfulness, a forgetting, 1 χαίρω: to rejoice, be glad; fare well, 3
16 πρότερον…ἤ: earlier than; comparative 21 τοῦ λόγου µετέσχον: took part in the
adverb plan
ἥξοι: he will come; unusual fut. optative in 23 διαλυθένος: having been routed; gen. abs.,
ind. discourse, secondary sequence, ἥκω aor. pple.
17 βουλήσεται: fut. βούλοµαι 25 οὐδ ᾿ ὢς: not even in this way, not even so
18 ὥστε…ἐὼν: inasmuch as being 25 ἀνέγνωσαν: persuaded, 3rd pl. aor.
19 τά µιν ἐόργεε: what he had done to; plpf. 27 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards
ἔρδω 28 τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας: those left; aor. pass.
20 συνέµισγον: began to fight; inceptive pple
impf.
148 Herodotus 1.128.3 – 130.3
Πέρῃσι ἑσσώθη, καὶ αὐτός τε Ἀστυάγης ἐζωγρήθη καὶ τοὺς 1
129 ἐξήγαγε τῶν Μήδων ἀπέβαλε. ἐόντι δὲ αἰχμαλώτῳ τῷ

Ἀστυάγεϊ προσστὰς ὁ Ἅρπαγος κατέχαιρέ τε καὶ κατε-
κερτόμεε, καὶ ἄλλα λέγων ἐς αὐτὸν θυμαλγέα ἔπεα, καὶ δὴ καὶ
εἴρετό μιν πρὸς τὸ ἑωυτοῦ δεῖπνον, τὸ μιν ἐκεῖνος σαρξὶ τοῦ 5
παιδὸς ἐθοίνησε, ὅ τι εἴη ἡ ἐκείνου δουλοσύνη ἀντὶ τῆς βασι-

2 ληίης. ὁ δέ μιν προσιδὼν ἀντείρετο εἰ ἑωυτοῦ ποιέεται τὸ
Κύρου ἔργον. Ἅρπαγος δὲ ἔφη, αὐτὸς γὰρ γράψαι, τὸ πρῆγμα
3 ἑωυτοῦ δὴ δικαίως εἶναι. Ἀστυάγης δέ μιν ἀπέφαινε τῷ
λόγῳ σκαιότατόν τε καὶ ἀδικώτατον ἐόντα πάντων ἀνθρώπων, 10
σκαιότατον μέν γε, εἰ παρεὸν αὐτῷ βασιλέα γενέσθαι, εἰ δὴ δι᾽

ἑωυτοῦ γε ἐπρήχθη τὰ παρεόντα, ἄλλῳ περιέθηκε τὸ κράτος,
ἀδικώτατον δέ, ὅτι τοῦ δείπνου εἵνεκεν Μήδους κατεδούλωσε.
4 εἰ γὰρ δὴ δεῖν πάντως περιθεῖναι ἄλλῳ τεῷ τὴν βασιληίην 14
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 6 θοινάω: to feast on, eat; entertain, 1

αἰχµ-άλωτος, ὁ: prisoner (by the spear), 1 θυµ-αλγής, -ές: heart-grieving, 1
ἀντ-έροµαι: to ask in reply, 1 κατα-δουλόω: to reduce to slavery, enslave 1
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 κατα-κερτοµέω: to mock, rail violently, 1
ἀπο-βάλλω: to lose, throw off or away, 4 κατα-χαίρω: to gloat over, rejoice over, 1
ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 5 κράτος, -εος, τό: strength, power, 1
γράφω: to write, 5 πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
δεῖπνον, τό: the principal meal, dinner, 7 περι-τίθηµι: to place round, give over, 2
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 8 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
δουλοσύνη, ἡ: slavery, captivity, subjection, 5 προσ-ίστηµι: to set near, stand near, 3
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 5 προσ-οράω: to look at or upon, 1
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ: flesh, 1
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 σκαιός, -ή, -ον: left side; clumsy unlucky, 2
ζωγρέω: to take alive, capture alive, 5
1 ἑσσώθη: were inferior to; 3rd sg. aor. dep. ἑωυτοῦ ποιέεται: is considered his own
2 τοὺς… Μήδων: (those) of the Medes whom 8 αὐτὸς γὰρ γράψαι: that indeed he himself
ἀπέβαλε: lost; 3rd pl. aor. ἀποβάλλω had written (it); aor. inf. in ind. discourse
3 προσστάς: standing over; aor. προσίστηµι τὸ πρῆγµα..εἶναι: that the revolt was
4 καὶ δὴ καὶ: and especially; and indeed also rightly his own; ‘the matter’
5 εἴρετο: asked 9 ἀπέφαινε: indicated
πρὸς… δεῖπνον: in response to his dinner 10 τῷ λόγῳ: by (his) speech; dat. means
τό µὶν… ἐθοίνησε: at which… entertained µιν…ἐόντα: that he was; ind. discourse
him…; relative, antecedent δεῖπνον…ἔχειν, 11 σκαιότατον µέν…ἀδικώτατον δέ: most
σαρξὶ: with flesh; σαρκσὶ, dat. pl. left-handed on the one hand…most unjust
6 ὅ τι εἴη: what was…; opt., secondary seq. on the other hand; in apposition to line 10
7 προσιδὼν: looking at; aor. pple προσοράω 11-14 Notes on facing page
καὶ μὴ αὐτὸν ἔχειν, δικαιότερον εἶναι Μήδων τεῷ περιβαλεῖν 15
τοῦτο τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἢ Περσέων. νῦν δὲ Μήδους μὲν ἀναιτίους

τούτου ἐόντας δούλους ἀντὶ δεσποτέων γεγονέναι, Πέρσας
δὲ δούλους ἐόντας τὸ πρὶν Μήδων νῦν γεγονέναι δεσπότας.
130 Ἀστυάγης μέν νυν βασιλεύσας ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα πέντε καὶ τριήκοντα
οὕτω τῆς βασιληίης κατεπαύσθη, Μῆδοι δὲ ὑπέκυψαν Πέρσῃσι 20
διὰ τὴν τούτου πικρότητα, ἄρξαντες τῆς ἄνω Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ

Ἀσίης ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα τριήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν δυῶν δέοντα, πάρεξ ἢ
2 ὅσον οἱ Σκύθαι ἦρχον. ὑστέρῳ μέντοι χρόνῳ μετεμέλησέ τέ
σφι ταῦτα ποιήσασι καὶ ἀπέστησαν ἀπὸ Δαρείου, ἀπο-
στάντες δὲ ὀπίσω κατεστράφθησαν μάχῃ νικηθέντες. τότε 25
δὲ ἐπὶ Ἀστυάγεος οἱ Πέρσαι τε καὶ ὁ Κῦρος ἐπαναστάντες

3 τοῖσι Μήδοισι ἦρχον τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου τῆς Ἀσίης. Ἀστυάγεα
δὲ Κῦρος κακὸν οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιήσας εἶχε παρ᾽ ἑωυτῷ, ἐς ὃ
ἐτελεύτησε. οὕτω δὴ Κῦρος γενόμενός τε καὶ τραφεὶς [καὶ]
Ἁλυς, ὁ: Halys river, 7 µεταµέλει: there is resentment, is regret, 1

ἀν-αιτιος, -η, -ον: not culpable/responsible, 1 πάρ-εξ: besides, except, 5
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 πικρότης, ἡ: bitterness; cruelity, 1
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 7 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
ἐπ-αν-ίστηµι: to rebel, stand up against, 2 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
κατα-παύω: to stop, prevent, put an end to, 4 ὑπο-κύπτω: stoop under a yoke, bow down 1
11 ἀπέφαινε: indicated still governed by ἀπέφαινε

εἰ …ἄλλῳ περιέθηκε: if he gave over to 19 ἐπ ᾿…τρίκοντα: over 35 years
another…; εἰ is far from aor. περιτίθηµι 20 κατεπαύσθη: was cut off from; aor. pass.
παρεὸν…γενέσθαι: to become king being + gen. separation
possible for him; acc. abs., pple πάρειµι ὑπέκυψαν: bowed under the Persian yoke;
12 ἐπρήχθη: was done; aor. pass. πρήσσω 21 τῆς ἄνω..Ἀσίης: Asia east of the Halys
παρεόντα: present affairs; pple πάρειµι River; ‘above…’
13 ὅτι: because… 22 τριήκοντα κατὸν δυῶν δέοντα: for 128
14 εἰ…δεῖν…περιθεῖναι ἄλλῳ τέῳ: if it was years; ‘130 lacking from two,’ separation
necessary for him to give… to someone 23 πάρεξ…ὅσον: except for as long as;
else; aor. περιτίθηµι acc. of duration
15 δικαιότερον…ἤ: more just than; compar. 24 ἀπέστησαν: rose up against; aor ἀπίστηµι
Μήδων τέῳ: to one of the Medes; τινί 25 κατεστράφησαν: were overturned; aor.
περιβαλεῖν: to confer…upon; aor. inf. pass.
16 Περσέων: (one) of the Persians; add τέῳ 26 ἐπαναστάντες: rising up against + dat.
17 γεγονέναι: have become; pf. inf. γίνοµαι,
150 Herodotus 1.130.3 – 132.3
ἐβασίλευσε καὶ Κροῖσον ὕστερον τούτων ἄρξαντα ἀδικίης 1
κατεστρέψατο, ὡς εἴρηταί μοι πρότερον, τοῦτον δὲ καταστρε-

ψάμενος οὕτω πάσης τῆς Ἀσίης ἦρξε.
131 Πέρσας δὲ οἶδα νόμοισι τοιοῖσιδε χρεωμένους, ἀγάλματα
μὲν καὶ νηοὺς καὶ βωμοὺς οὐκ ἐν νόμῳ ποιευμένους ἱδρύεσθαι, 5
ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖσι ποιεῦσι μωρίην ἐπιφέρουσι, ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ

δοκέειν, ὅτι οὐκ ἀνθρωποφυέας ἐνόμισαν τοὺς θεοὺς κατά περ
2 οἱ Ἕλληνες εἶναι· οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα
τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν, τὸν κύκλον πάντα τοῦ
οὐρανοῦ Δία καλέοντες· θύουσι δὲ ἡλίῳ τε καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ 10
3 γῇ καὶ πυρὶ καὶ ὕδατι καὶ ἀνέμοισι. τούτοισι μὲν δὴ θύουσι

μούνοισι ἀρχῆθεν, ἐπιμεμαθήκασι δὲ καὶ τῇ Οὐρανίῃ θύειν,
παρά τε Ἀσσυρίων μαθόντες καὶ Ἀραβίων. καλέουσι δὲ
Ἀσσύριοι τὴν Ἀφροδίτην Μύλιττα, Ἀράβιοι δὲ Ἀλιλάτ, 14
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8

ἀ-δικίη, ἡ: injustice, wrong-doing, 2 θυσίη, ἡ: an offering, sacrifice, 6
Ἀλιλάτ, ἡ: Alitta, 1 ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Μύλιττα, ἡ: Mylitta, 3
ἀνθρωπο-φυής, -ές: anthropomorphic, 1 µωρίη, ἡ: folly, silliness, 2
Ἀράβιος, -η, -ον: Arabian, 3 οὐράνιος, -η, -ον: Uranian, heavenly, 2
ἀρχῆ-θεν: from the beginning, 1 οὐρανός, ὁ: sky, heaven, 2
Ἀφροδίτη, ἡ: Aphrodite, 5 πῦρ, -ος, τό: fire, 9
βωµός, ὁ: a platform; altar, 6 σελήνη, ἡ: the moon, 1
ἐπι-µανθάνω: to learn in addition or after, 1 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ἐπι-φέρω: to bring against, put on, 6 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
ἔρδω: to do, perform, 3 ὑψηλός, -ή, -όν: high, lofty, high-raised, 4
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11
1 ὕστερον: later; comparative adverb ὡς…δοκέειν: as it seems to be; abs. inf.

ἄρξαντα…: having begun his injustice 7 ὅτι…ἐνόµισαν: because they believed…
2 κατεστρέψατο: subdued...; aor. mid. κατὰ περ: just as…
εἴρηται: it has been said by me; dat. agent 8 νοµίζουσι: the Persians are accustomed
4 νόµοισι…χρεωµένους: employing the Διὶ: to Zeus; dative sg. governed by ἔρδειν
following customs; χράοµαι + dat. object 9 τῶν ὀρέων: of mountains
5 οὐκ ἐν νόµῳ ποιευµένους: not considering τὸν κύκλον…καλέοντες: calling the entire
(it) within the law; i.e. ‘according to law’ circle of the heavens Zeus; double acc.
ἱδρύσεθαι: (the Persians)… build; mid. inf. 12 ἐπιµεµαθήκασι: they learned later; pf.
5 τοῖσι ποιεῦσι: to those making (temples…) τῇ Οὐρανίῃ: Heavenly Aphrodite
6 ἐπιφέρουσι: impute (acc.) to (dat.) 13 µαθόντες: having learned; aor. µανθάνω
Persian customs 151
132 Πέρσαι δὲ Μίτραν. θυσίη δὲ τοῖσι Πέρσῃσι περὶ τοὺς 15
εἰρημένους θεοὺς ἥδε κατέστηκε· οὔτε βωμοὺς ποιεῦνται

οὔτε πῦρ ἀνακαίουσι μέλλοντες θύειν, οὐ σπονδῇ χρέωνται,
οὐκὶ αὐλῷ, οὐ στέμμασι, οὐκὶ οὐλῇσι· τῶν δὲ ὡς ἑκάστῳ
θύειν θέλῃ, ἐς χῶρον καθαρὸν ἀγαγὼν τὸ κτῆνος καλέει τὸν
2 θεόν, ἐστεφανωμένος τὸν τιάραν μυρσίνῃ μάλιστα. ἑωυτῷ μὲν 20
δὴ τῷ θύοντι ἰδίῃ μούνῳ οὔ οἱ ἐγγίνεται ἀρᾶσθαι ἀγαθά, ὁ δὲ

τοῖσι πᾶσι Πέρσῃσι κατεύχεται εὖ γίνεσθαι καὶ τῷ βασιλέι·
ἐν γὰρ δὴ τοῖσι ἅπασι Πέρσῃσι καὶ αὐτὸς γίνεται. ἐπεὰν δὲ
διαμιστύλας κατὰ μέλεα τὸ ἱρήιον ἑψήσῃ τὰ κρέα ὑποπάσας
ποίην ὡς ἁπαλωτάτην, μάλιστα δὲ τὸ τρίφυλλον, ἐπὶ ταύτης 25
3 ἔθηκε ὦν πάντα τὰ κρέα. διαθέντος δὲ αὐτοῦ Μάγος ἀνὴρ

παρεστεὼς ἐπαείδει θεογονίην, οἵην δὴ ἐκεῖνοι λέγουσι εἶναι
τὴν ἐπαοιδήν· ἄνευ γὰρ δὴ Μάγου οὔ σφι νόμος ἐστὶ θυσίας
ἀνα-καίω: to light up, 2 καθαρός, -ά, -όν: clean, pure, spotless, 5

ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 κατ-εύχοµαι: to pray earnestly, 1
ἁπαλός, -ή, -όν: soft, tender, delicate, 1 κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11
ἀράοµαι: pray to, invoke; vow that (+ inf.) 2 κτῆνος, -εος, τό: animal; flocks, herds, 3
αὐλός, ὁ: a flute, 2 µέλος, -εος, τό: lyric song; (body) limb, 3
βωµός, ὁ: a platform; altar, 6 Μίτρα, ἡ: Mitra, 1
δια-µιστύλλω: to cut up piecemeal, 1 µυρσίνη, ἡ: a myrtle branch,1
δια-τίθηµι: to deposit, arrange, treat, handle, 3 οὐλαί, αἱ: barley-grain (for sacrifices), 2
ἐγ-γίγνοµαι: be inborn, innate; be possible, 2 παρ-ίστηµι: stand near, set before the mind, 5
ἐπ-αείδω: to chant, sing to, 1 ποίη, ἡ: grass, 1
ἐπ-αοιδή, ἡ: an incantation, chant, 1 σπονδή, ἡ: treaty for peace, libation, 2
ἑψέω: to stew, cook; boil, 4 στέµµα, -µατος, τό: wreath, garland, 1
θεο-γονίη, ἡ: song on the birth of the gods 1 στεφανόω: to crowne, wreath, honor, 1
θυσίη, ἡ: an offering, sacrifice, 6 τιάρας, ὁ: tiara, (Persian) hat, 1
ἴδιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; private, lone, 4 τρίφυλλος, -η, -ον: clover, three-leafed, 1
ἱρήιον, τό: sacrificial victim, 1 ὑπο-πάσσω: to spread underneath, 1
16 περὶ...εἰρηµένους θεοὺς: regarding the 20 ἐστεφανωµένος: crowned; pf. pple

gods mentioned (above) 21 οὔ οἱ ἐγγίνεται: it is not allowed for one
ἥδε κατέστηκε: has come to be this; 22 εὖ γίνεσθαι: prosper; “come to be well”
κατίστηµι 23 ἐπεὰν…ἑψήσῃ: whenever…he boils; subj.
σπονδῇ χρέωνται: employ librations 24 κατὰ µέρεα: in pieces
18 τῶν δὲ ὡς…θέλῃ: whenever (one) wishes 26 διαθέντος…αὐτοῦ: this having been set
to sacrifice to one of these (gods); 3rd sg. out
pres. subj. ἐθέλω, general temporal clause 27 παρεστεὼς: standing beside; pf. pple
19 καλέει: he calls on, invokes
152 Herodotus 1.132.3 – 134.2
ποιέεσθαι. ἐπισχὼν δὲ ὀλίγον χρόνον ἀποφέρεται ὁ θύσας τὰ 1
133 κρέα καὶ χρᾶται ὅ τι μιν λόγος αἱρέει. ἡμέρην δὲ ἁπασέων

μάλιστα ἐκείνην τιμᾶν νομίζουσι τῇ ἕκαστος ἐγένετο. ἐν
ταύτῃ δὲ πλέω δαῖτα τῶν ἀλλέων δικαιεῦσι προτίθεσθαι·
ἐν τῇ οἱ εὐδαίμονες αὐτῶν βοῦν καὶ ἵππον καὶ κάμηλον καὶ 5
ὄνον προτιθέαται ὅλους ὀπτοὺς ἐν καμίνοισι, οἱ δὲ πένητες

2 αὐτῶν τὰ λεπτὰ τῶν προβάτων προτιθέαται. σίτοισι δὲ
ὀλίγοισι χρέωνται, ἐπιφορήμασι δὲ πολλοῖσι καὶ οὐκ ἁλέσι·
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φασὶ Πέρσαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας σιτεομένους
πεινῶντας παύεσθαι, ὅτι σφι ἀπὸ δείπνου παραφορέεται 10
οὐδὲν λόγου ἄξιον· εἰ δέ τι παραφέροιτο, ἐσθίοντας ἂν οὐ

3 παύεσθαι. οἴνῳ δὲ κάρτα προσκέαται, καί σφι οὐκ ἐμέσαι
ἔξεστι, οὐκὶ οὐρῆσαι ἀντίον ἄλλου. ταῦτα μέν νυν οὕτω 13
ἀντίος, α, ον: facing, against (+ gen.) 9 λεπτός, -η, -ον: fine, small, 1
ἀπο-φέρω: to carry off or away, report, 5 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 ὀπτός, -ή, -όν: baked, roasted, 3
ἁλής, -ές: all together, all at once, 2 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a mule, 4
βοῦς, ὁ: cow, 4 ὅλος, -η, -ον: whole, entire, complete, 1
δαίς, δαιτός, ἡ: meal, feast, banquet, 3 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
δεῖπνον, τό: the principal meal, dinner, 7 οὐρέω: to make water, urinate, 2
δικαιόω: to judge, deem right, think right, 4 παρα-φέρω: to produce, bring in to, 2
ἐµέω: to vomit, throw up, 1 παρα-φορέω: to set before, 1
ἐπ-έχω: to hold on, wait, restrain, 8 παύω: to stop, make cease (+ pple) 14
ἐπι-φόρηµα, τό: dishes served after, 1 πένης, -ητος, ὁ: a poor man, a day-laborer, 1
ἐσθίω: to eat, 1a πεινάω: to be hungry, hunger, 1
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
εὐ-δαίµων, -ον: happy, fortunate, blessed, 2 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
κάµηλος, ὁ: a camel, 6 πρόσ-κειµαι: be set near, attached to (dat) 4
κάµινος, ὁ: oven, kiln, 2 σῖτος, ὁ: grain, food, meal, 5
κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11 σιτέοµαι: to eat, 9
1 ἐπισχὼν: waiting; nom. aor. pple. ἐπέχω τὰ λεπτὰ: meat of small animals
ὁ θύσας: the one having sacrificed; aor. 7 χρέωνται: they enjoy few main meals; pres.
2 ὅ τι. . . αἱρέει: in what way reason takes him 10 πεινῶντας: (while still) being hungry
τιµᾶν: to honor; pres. inf. α-contract verb ἀπὸ δείπνου: after the main meal
3 τῇ…ἐγένετο: on which…was born; time 11 οὐδὲν… ἄξιον: nothing worthy of account
ἐν ταύτῃ: on this (day) ἐι δέ τι παραφέροιτο…παύεσθαι: but if
4 πλέω. . ἀλλέων: more than others πλέο(ν)α something should be offered in addition,
δικαιεῦσι: they consider worthy; 3rd pl. they would not stop eating; fut more vivid
ἐν τῇ: on which (day) 12 προσκέαται: are attached to; 3rd pl. mid.
6 προτιθέαται: set out; 3rd pl. mid. pres. ἐµέσαι, οὐρῆσαι: aor. inf. ἐµέω, οὐρέω
Persian customs 153
φυλάσσεται, μεθυσκόμενοι δὲ ἐώθασι βουλεύεσθαι τὰ σπου-

4 δαιέστατα τῶν πρηγμάτων· τὸ δ᾽ ἂν ἅδῃ σφι βουλευομένοισι, 15
τοῦτο τῇ ὑστεραίῃ νήφουσι προτιθεῖ ὁ στέγαρχος, ἐν τοῦ

ἂν ἐόντες βουλεύωνται, καὶ ἢν μὲν ἅδῃ καὶ νήφουσι,
χρέωνται αὐτῷ, ἢν δὲ μὴ ἅδῃ, μετιεῖσι. τὰ δ᾽ ἂν νήφοντες
προβουλεύσωνται, μεθυσκόμενοι ἐπιδιαγινώσκουσι.
134 ἐντυγχάνοντες δ᾽ ἀλλήλοισι ἐν τῇσι ὁδοῖσι, τῷδε ἄν τις 20
διαγνοίη εἰ ὅμοιοί εἰσὶ οἱ συντυγχάνοντες· ἀντὶ γὰρ τοῦ

προσαγορεύειν ἀλλήλους φιλέουσι τοῖσι στόμασι· ἢν δὲ ᾖ
οὕτερος ὑποδεέστερος ὀλίγῳ, τὰς παρειὰς φιλέονται· ἢν δὲ
πολλῷ ᾖ οὕτερος ἀγεννέστερος, προσπίπτων προσκυνέει τὸν
2 ἕτερον. τιμῶσι δὲ ἐκ πάντων τοὺς ἄγχιστα ἑωυτῶν οἰκέοντας 25
μετά γε ἑωυτούς, δευτέρα δὲ τοὺς δευτέρους· μετὰ δὲ κατὰ

λόγον προβαίνοντες τιμῶσι· ἥκιστα δὲ τοὺς ἑωυτῶν ἑκαστάτω
οἰκημένους ἐν τιμῇ ἄγονται, νομίζοντες ἑωυτοὺς εἶναι ἀνθρώ-
πων μακρῷ τὰ πάντα ἀρίστους, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους κατὰ λόγον [τᾦ
ἀ-γεννής, -ές: low-born, 1 προ-βαίνω: to advance, step forward, 6

ἄγχιστα: nearest, most recently, 2 προ-βουλεύω: to consider before, 1
ἁνδάνω: to please, delight, gratify, 4 προσ-κυνέω: to fall and show obeisance, 2
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 προσ-αγορεύω: to address, call by name, 1
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 προσ-πίπτω: to fall upon, befall, 2
δια-γιγνώσκω: to distinguish, resolve, 1 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
ἑκάστατω: very far, afar, very far off, 2 σπουδαῖος, η, ον: earnest, serious; important1
ἐν-τυγχάνω: to chance upon, encounter, 1 στέγαρχος, ὁ: host, master of the house, 1
ἐπι-δια-γιγνώσκω: to reconsider, 1 στόµα, -ατος, τό: the mouth, 3
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense 11 συν-τυγχάνω: to meet with, fall in with, 2
ἥκιστος, -η, -ον: least; not at all, 1 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
µεθύσκω: make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate, 4 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12 ὑπο-δεέστερος, -ον: inferior (in rank), 1
νήφω: to be sober, 3 ὑστεραῖος, -η, -ον: (on) the next day, 4
ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14 φιλέω: to love, befriend; kiss, 2
παρειή, ἡ: a cheek, 1
15 τὸ...ἅδῃ: whatever was pleasing…; 18 µετιεῖσι: they give up the proposal; 3rd pl.
general relative, 3rd sg. aor. subj. ἁνδάνω 20 ἄν…διαγνοίη: one might distinguish; opt.
16 νήφουσι: to those being sober; dat. pple 22 ἤν…ᾖ: If one is…; ὁ ἓτερος, pres. subj εἰµί
ἐν τοῦ: in whose (house) ὀλίγῳ…πολλῷ: by little… much; degree
17 ἤν…ἅδῃ: if it is pleasing…; ἐάν, see l. 15 26 κατὰ λόγον: according to this principle
154 Herodotus 1.134.2 – 137.2
λεγομένῳ] τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀντέχεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ ἑκαστάτω οἰκέοντας 1
3 ἀπὸ ἑωυτῶν κακίστους εἶναι. ἐπὶ δὲ Μήδων ἀρχὸντῶν καὶ

ἦρχε τὰ ἔθνεα ἀλλήλων, συναπάντων μὲν Μῆδοι καὶ τῶν
ἄγχιστα οἰκεόντων σφίσι, οὗτοι δὲ καὶ τῶν ὁμούρων, οἳ δὲ
μάλα τῶν ἐχομένων, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ λόγον καὶ οἱ Πέρσαι 5
τιμῶσι· προέβαινε γὰρ δὴ τὸ ἔθνος ἄρχον τε καὶ ἐπιτροπεῦον.

135 ξεινικὰ δὲ νόμαια Πέρσαι προσίενται ἀνδρῶν μάλιστα. καὶ
γὰρ δὴ τὴν Μηδικὴν ἐσθῆτα νομίσαντες τῆς ἑωυτῶν εἶναι
καλλίω φορέουσι, καὶ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους
θώρηκας· καὶ εὐπαθείας τε παντοδαπὰς πυνθανόμενοι ἐπιτη- 10
δεύουσι, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἀπ᾽ Ἑλλήνων μαθόντες παισὶ μίσγονται.

γαμέουσι δὲ ἕκαστος αὐτῶν πολλὰς μὲν κουριδίας γυναῖκας,
136 πολλῷ δ᾽ ἔτι πλεῦνας παλλακὰς κτῶνται. ἀνδραγαθίη δὲ αὕτη
ἀποδέδεκται, μετὰ τὸ μάχεσθαι εἶναι ἀγαθόν, ὃς ἂν πολλοὺς 14
ἄγχιστα: nearest, most recently, 2 Μηδικός, -ή, -όν: Median, of the Mede, 12
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
ἀνδρ-αγαθίη, ἡ: bravery, manly virtue, 2 νόµαιον, τό: custom, 1
ἀντ-έχω: to hold out, lay hold of, 2 ξεινικός, -ή, -όν: foreign, of a foreigner, 4
ἀρετή, ἡ: excellence, goodness, virtue, 3 ὅµ-ουρος, -ον: having the same borders, 2
γαµέω: to marry, 3 παλλακή, ἡ : mistress, concubine, 3
ἐπι-τηδεύω: to pursue. follow, practice, 2 παντο-δαπός, -ή, -όν: of every kind or sort,1
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 προ-βαίνω: to advance, step forward, 6
εὐπάθειη, ἡ: enjoyment, 3 προσ-ίηµι: to admit, allow; mid. attract, 3
θώρηξ, -ηκος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 συν-άπας, -απασα, -άπαν: all together, 3
κουρίδιος, -η, -ον: wedded, 1 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
κτάοµαι: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 5
µάλα: very, very much, exceedingly, 3
1 ἀντέχεσθαι: lay claim to; + partitive gen. Persians especially…; partitive gen.
ἑκαστάτω: very far away; superlative adv. 8 τῆς…καλλίω: more beautiful than their
2 κακίστους: least noble; superlative own (clothing); καλλίονα, gen. comparison
ἐπὶ δὲ: in addition, moreover 9 ἐς τοὺς πολέµους: for wars
Μήδων ἀρχόντων: gen. absolute 11 καὶ δὴ καὶ: and in particular; indeed also
3 τὰ ἔθνεα: people ruled one another µαθόντες: learning; aor. pple µανθάνω
συναπάντων…ἐχοµένων: among all, παίσὶ µίσγονται: mingle with boys; i.e.
Medes rule those dwelling nearest to them, engage in pederasty; dat. pl.
and these rule neighbors, and these rule 13 πολλῷ πλεῦνας: much more; difference
those holding very far off; supply ἄρχω 14 ἀποδέδεκται: is shown; pf. ἀποδείκνυµι
5 κατὰ...λόγον: according to same principle µετὰ...ἀγαθόν: after being courageous in
6 ἄρχον, ἐπιτροπεῦον: neuter sg. pres. pple fighting; µάχεσθαι is an exegetical inf.
7 ἀνδρῶν µάλιστα: among (all) men the ὅς ἄν…ἀποδέξῃ: whoever presents; subj,
Persian customs 155
ἀποδέξῃ παῖδας· τῷ δὲ τοὺς πλείστους ἀποδεικνύντι δῶρα 15
ἐκπέμπει βασιλεὺς ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος. τὸ πολλὸν δ᾽ ἡγέαται

2 ἰσχυρὸν εἶναι. παιδεύουσι δὲ τοὺς παῖδας ἀπὸ πενταέτεος
ἀρξάμενοι μέχρι εἰκοσαέτεος τρία μοῦνα, ἰχνεύειν καὶ τοξεύειν
καὶ ἀληθίζεσθαι. πρὶν δὲ ἢ πενταέτης γένηται, οὐκ ἀπικνέεται
ἐς ὄψιν τῷ πατρί, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῇσι γυναιξὶ δίαιταν ἔχει. τοῦδε 20
δὲ εἵνεκα τοῦτο οὕτω ποιέεται, ἵνα ἢν ἀποθάνῃ τρεφόμενος,

137 μηδεμίαν ἄσην τῷ πατρὶ προσβάλῃ. αἰνέω μέν νυν τόνδε
τὸν νόμον, αἰνέω δὲ καὶ τόνδε, τὸ μὴ μιῆς αἰτίης εἵνεκα μήτε
αὐτὸν τὸν βασιλέα μηδένα φονεύειν, μήτε τῶν ἄλλων
Περσέων μηδένα τῶν ἑωυτοῦ οἰκετέων ἐπὶ μιῇ αἰτίῃ ἀνή- 25
κεστον πάθος ἔρδειν· ἀλλὰ λογισάμενος ἢν εὑρίσκῃ πλέω τε

καὶ μέζω τὰ ἀδικήματα ἐόντα τῶν ὑπουργημάτων, οὕτω τῷ
2 θυμῷ χρᾶται. ἀποκτεῖναι δὲ οὐδένα κω λέγουσι τὸν ἑωυτοῦ
ἀ-δίκηµα, -ατος, τό: injustice, wrongdoing, 3 κω: yet, up to this time, 10

αἰνέω: to tell or speak of, 5 λογίζοµαι: to consider, reckon, calculate, 2
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8
ἀληθίζοµαι: to tell the truth, 1 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
ἀν-ήκεστος, -ον: incurable, irreparable, 1 οἰκέτης, -ου, ὁ: a servent, house-slave, 5
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 πάθος τό: suffering, experience, misfortune 6
ἄση, ἡ: grief, distress, vexation, 1 παιδεύω: to educate, to teach, 2
δίαιτα, ἡ: a way of living, living, 5 πεντα-ετής, -ές: five years of age, 2
δῶρον́, τό: a gift, present, 9 προσ-βαίνω: to come to, step to, approach, 2
εἰκοσα-ετής, -ές: twenty years of age, 1 τοξεύω: to shoot with the bow, 1
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
ἔρδω: to do, perform, 3 τρέφω: to grow, nuture, rear, foster, 8
θυµός, ὁ: desire, heart; soul, life, 5 ὑπούργηµα, τό: a service, 1
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
ἰχνεύω: to track out, hunt after, seek out, 1
16 ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος: over the whole year dies; ἐάν, aor. subjunctive ἀποθνήσκω
τὸ πολλόν: multitude; acc. subj. 22 προσβάλῃ: may strike (acc.) upon (dat.);
ἡγέαται: they believe; ἡγέονται, 3rd pl. 23 τὸ...φονεύειν: that the king…kill; articular
pres. infinitive
18 τρία µοῦνα: just three things; inner µιῆς…εἵνεκα: for the sake of a one offense
accusative 26 ἢν εὑρίσκῃ: if one finds; ἐάν, pres. subj.
19 πρὶν δὲ ἤ: before; “earlier than” πλέω, µέζω: more, better; comparatives
20 παρὰ τῇσι γυναιξὶ: beside the women πλέο(ν)α and µέζο(ν)α
21 τοῦδε εἵνεκα: for the sake of the following 28 θυµῷ χρᾶται: employ anger
ἵνα ἤν ἀποθάνῃ: (namely) so that if he
156 Herodotus 1.137.2 – 140.2
πατέρα οὐδὲ μητέρα, ἀλλὰ ὁκόσα ἤδη τοιαῦτα ἐγένετο, πᾶσαν 1
ἀνάγκην φασὶ ἀναζητεόμενα ταῦτα ἀνευρεθῆναι ἤτοι ὑπο-

βολιμαῖα ἐόντα ἢ μοιχίδια· οὐ γὰρ δή φασι οἰκὸς εἶναι τόν
γε ἀληθέως τοκέα ὑπὸ τοῦ, ἑωυτοῦ παιδὸς ἀποθνήσκειν.
138 ἅσσα δέ σφι ποιέειν οὐκ ἔξεστι, ταῦτα οὐδὲ λέγειν ἔξεστι. 5
αἴσχιστον δὲ αὐτοῖσι τὸ ψεύδεσθαι νενόμισται, δεύτερα δὲ

τὸ ὀφείλειν χρέος, πολλῶν μὲν καὶ ἄλλων εἵνεκα, μάλιστα
δὲ ἀναγκαίην φασὶ εἶναι τὸν ὀφείλοντα καί τι ψεῦδος λέγειν.
ὃς ἂν δὲ τῶν ἀστῶν λέπρην ἢ λεύκην ἔχῃ, ἐς πόλιν οὗτος οὐ
κατέρχεται οὐδὲ συμμίσγεται τοῖσι ἄλλοισι Πέρσῃσι· φασὶ 10
2 δέ μιν ἐς τὸν ἥλιον ἁμαρτόντα τι ταῦτα ἔχειν. ξεῖνον δὲ

πάντα τὸν λαμβανόμενον ὑπὸ τουτέων πολλοὶ ἐξελαύνουσι
ἐκ τῆς χώρης, καὶ τὰς λευκὰς περιστεράς, τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίην
ἐπιφέροντες. ἐς ποταμὸν δὲ οὔτε ἐνουρέουσι οὔτε ἐμπτύουσι, 14
ἀληθής, -ές: true, 6 ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8

ἀν-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, 5 κατ-έρχοµαι: to return; descend, 2
ἀνα-ζητέω: to investigate, examine into, 1 λέπρη, ἡ: leprosy, 1
ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, constraint, 9 λεύκη, ἡ: (white) leprosy, 2
ἀναγκαίη, ἡ: necessity, force, (Att ἀναγκή) 5 λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 5
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12
ἀστός, -ή, -όν: townsman, country-man, 6 µοιχίδιος, -η, -ον: born from adultery, 1
ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5 ὀφείλω: to owe, ought to (+ inf.), 3
αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 6 ὁκόσος, -η, -ον: as much as, many as, great, 2
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 περιστερή, ἡ: pigeon or dove, 1
ἐµ-πτύω: to spit into, 1 συµ-µίσγω: to mix, meet commune with, 3
ἐν-ουρέω: to urinate in, 1 τοκεύς, ὁ: father, 3
ἐπι-φέρω: to bring against, put on, 6 ὑποβολιµαῖος, -η, -ον: substituted secretly, 1
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 χρέος, τό: debt, 1
ἤ-τοι: either (ἤ) in truth…or (ἤ), 2 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile, 3
ψεῦδος, τό: lie, a falsehood, 1
1 ὁκόσα…ἐγένετο: as often as such things birth), born from adultery

have happened up to now; killing parents 3 οἰκὸς εἶναι: it is not reasonable; pple οἶκα
2 φασὶ: they say; 3rd pl. pres. φηµί 5 ἅσσα: which, what; τίνα antecedent ταῦτα
πᾶσαν ἀνάγκην: quite inevitably 6 αἴσχιστον: (is) most shameful; supply εἶναι
ἀναζητεόµενα ταῦτα: these (children) νενόµισται: it is believed; pf. pass. νοµίζω
being examined; supply τέκνα δεύτερα: next; “second”
ἄν εὑρεθῆναι: would be found (to be); aor. 7 µάλιστα δὲ: but especially (because)…
pass. inf. + ἄν expresses potential ἀναγκαίην εἶναι: that it is necessary
ὑποβολιµαῖα, µοιχίδια: substituted (at 9-13 Notes on facing page
Persian customs 157
οὐ χεῖρας ἐναπονίζονται, οὐδὲ ἄλλον οὐδένα περιορῶσι, ἀλλὰ 15
139 σέβονται ποταμοὺς μάλιστα. καὶ τόδε ἄλλο σφι ὧδε συμ-
πέπτωκε γίνεσθαι, τὸ Πέρσας μὲν αὐτοὺς λέληθε, ἡμέας
μέντοι οὔ· τὰ οὐνόματά σφι ἐόντα ὅμοια τοῖσι σώμασι καὶ
τῇ μεγαλοπρεπείῃ τελευτῶσι πάντα ἐς τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ
Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι, Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα· ἐς τοῦτο διζή- 20
μενος εὑρήσεις τελευτῶντα τῶν Περσέων τὰ οὐνόματα, οὐ τὰ

μὲν τὰ δ᾽ οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάντα ὁμοίως.
140 ταῦτα μὲν ἀτρεκέως ἔχω περὶ αὐτῶν εἰδὼς εἰπεῖν·
τάδε μέντοι ὡς κρυπτόμενα λέγεται καὶ οὐ σαφηνέως περὶ
τοῦ ἀποθανόντος, ὡς οὐ πρότερον θάπτεται ἀνδρὸς Πέρσεω 25
2 ὁ νέκυς πρὶν ἂν ὑπ᾽ ὄρνιθος ἢ κυνὸς ἑλκυσθῇ. Μάγους μὲν

γὰρ ἀτρεκέως οἶδα ταῦτα ποιέοντας· ἐμφανέως γὰρ δὴ
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 µεγαλο-πρέπειη, ἡ: magnificence, 1

ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 νέκυς, ὁ: corpse, a dead body, 4
δίζηµαι: to look for, search, 4 ὄρνις, ὄρνιδος, ὁ, ἡ: a bird, 2
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 περι-οράω: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
ἐµ-φανής, -ες: open, public, visible, 4 θάπτω: to bury, honor with funeral rites, 9
ἐν-απο-νίζοµαι: to wash clean (in), 1 σάν, τό: san, (Doric for sigma), 1
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 σαφηνέως, -ές: reliably, distinctly, clearly, 1
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 σέβοµαι: to worship, revere, 3
κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 5 σίγµα, τό: sigma, 1
κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8 συµ-πίπτω: fall together in blows, happen, 4
λανθάνω: escape notice of, be unnoticed 4 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
Μάγοι, οἱ: Magi, Magian, 13
9 ὅς ἄν…ἔχῃ: whoever has; 3rd sg. pres. subj. 18 σφι ἐόντα: which they have; dat. poss.
in a general relative clause ὅµοια…σώµασι…µεγαλοπρεπείῃ:
λεύκην: the white (disease); type of leprosy correspond to bodies and their
τὸν ἥλιον ἁµαρτόντα: someone wronging magnificence
the sun; offending the sun causes leprosy 19 τελευτῶσι: end; 3rd pl. pres. τελευτάω
12 τὸν λαµβανόµενον…τούτων: every ἐς τὠυτὸ γράµµα: to the same letter;
stranger taken by these (diseases); gen. crasis
agent 21 εὑρήσεις: you will find; fut. εὑρίσκω
13 τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίην ἐπιφέροντες: imputing τὰ µὲν…τὰ δὲ: some…others; i.e. names
the same charge 23 ἔχω…εἰπεῖν: I am able to say; ἔχω + inf.
15 περιορῶσι: allow; 3rd pl. pres περιοράω εἰδὼς: knowing; nom. sg. aor. pple οἵδα
16 συµπέπτωκε: has happened; pf. 25 ἀποθανόντος: the dying; aor. pple
συµπίπτω ἀνδρὸς Πέρσεω: gen. sg. modifies ὁ νέκυς
17 τὸ...λέληθε: which have escaped the 26 πρὶν ἄν…ἑλκυσθῇ: before it is torn; aor.
notice of; 3rd sg. pf. λανθάνω pass.
158 Herodotus 1.140.2 – 141.4
ποιεῦσι. κατακηρώσαντες δὲ ὦν τὸν νέκυν Πέρσαι γῆ κρύ- 1
πτουσι. Μάγοι δὲ κεχωρίδαται πολλὸν τῶν τε ἄλλων ἀνθρώ-

3 πων καὶ τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἱρέων. οἳ μὲν γὰρ ἁγνεύουσι
ἔμψυχον μηδὲν κτείνειν, εἰ μὴ ὅσα θύουσι· οἱ δὲ δὴ μάγοι
αὐτοχειρίῃ πάντα πλὴν κυνὸς καὶ ἀνθρώπου κτείνουσι, καὶ 5
ἀγώνισμα μέγα τοῦτο ποιεῦνται, κτείνοντες ὁμοίως μύρ-

μηκάς τε καὶ ὄφις καὶ τἆλλα ἑρπετὰ καὶ πετεινά. καὶ
ἀμφὶ μὲν τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ ἐχέτω ὡς καὶ ἀρχὴν ἐνομίσθη,
ἄνειμι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον.
141 Ἴωνες δὲ καὶ Αἰολέες, ὡς οἱ Λυδοὶ τάχιστα κατεστράφατο 10
ὑπὸ Περσέων, ἔπεμπον ἀγγέλους ἐς Σάρδις παρὰ Κῦρον,

ἐθέλοντες ἐπὶ τοῖσι αὐτοῖσι εἶναι τοῖσι καὶ Κροίσῳ ἦσαν
κατήκοοι. ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας αὐτῶν τὰ προΐσχοντο ἔλεξέ σφι
λόγον, ἄνδρα φὰς αὐλητὴν ἰδόντα ἰχθῦς ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 14
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 5

ἁγνεύω: to consider pure, 1 κτείνω: to kill, slay, kill, slay, 10
ἀγώνισµα, τό: a striving for, contest, 1 κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8
ἀν-έρχοµαι: to go up, go back, 2 Μάγοι, οἱ: Magi, Magian, 13 look up
αὐλητής, -οῦ, ὁ: a flute-player, 1 µύρµηξ, -µηκος, ὁ: ant, 1
αὐτο-χειρίῃ: by one's own hand, 2 νέκυς, ὁ: corpse, a dead body, 4
ἔµ-ψυχος, -ον: ensouled, alive, living, 1 ὄφις, ὁ: a snake, serpent, 3
ἑρπετά, τά: reptile, creeping thing, 1 πετεινά, τά: bird, winged fowl, 1
ἰχθύς, ὁ: a fish, 6 προ-ίσχω: to put forward, propose, 3
κατα-κηρόω: to cover with wax, 1 χωρίζω: to separate, sever, divide, 4
κατήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding; listener, 5
2 κεχωρίδαται: are distinguished from; pf. accusative

pass. χωρίζω governs a gen. of separation ἐνοµίσθη: it was observed; aor. pass.
4 ἔµψυχον µηδὲν: no animal; acc. direct obj. 9 ἄνειµι: I will return; 1st sg. fut. ἀνέρχοµαι
εἰ µὴ ὅσα: except as many (animals) as 10 ὡς…τάχιστα: as soon as; superlative
6 ἀγώνισµα…ποιεῦνται: make this a great κατεστράφατο: were overturned
competition 12 ἐπὶ τοῖσι αὐτοῖσι…κατήκοοι: to be
7 τἆλλα: and other; crasis τὰ ἄλλα obedient on the same terms which
8 ἀµφὶ...τούτῳ: about this custom Croesus in fact had; ἦσαν is impf. εἰµί ,
ἐχέτω ὡς: let it be as; 3rd sg. imperative, Κροίσῳ is dat. possession
ἔχω + adv. is simply to “to be” + adj. 14 φὰς: saying; nom. sg. pple φηµί
ἀρχὴν: first; ‘in the beginning,’ adverbial ἰδόντα: seeing; acc. sg. pple ὁράω
Persian conquest of the Ionian Greeks 159
2 αὐλέειν, δοκέοντα σφέας ἐξελεύσεσθαι ἐς γῆν· ὡς δὲ ψευ- 15
σθῆναι τῆς ἐλπίδος, λαβεῖν ἀμφίβληστρον καὶ περιβαλεῖν τε

πλῆθος πολλὸν τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ ἐξειρύσαι, ἰδόντα δὲ παλλο-
μένους εἰπεῖν ἄρα αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἰχθῦς ‘παύεσθέ μοι ὀρχεό-
μενοι, ἐπεῖ οὐδ᾽ ἐμέο αὐλέοντος ἠθέλετε ἐκβαίνειν ὀρχεόμενοι.’
3 Κῦρος μὲν τοῦτον τὸν λόγον τοῖσι Ἴωσι καὶ τοῖσι Αἰολεῦσι 20
τῶνδε εἵνεκα ἔλεξε, ὅτι δὴ οἱ Ἴωνες πρότερον αὐτοῦ Κύρου

δεηθέντος δι᾽ ἀγγέλων ἀπίστασθαι σφέας ἀπὸ Κροίσου οὐκ
ἐπείθοντο, τότε δὲ κατεργασμένων τῶν πρηγμάτων ἦσαν
4 ἕτοιμοι πείθεσθαι Κύρῳ. ὃ μὲν δὴ ὀργῇ ἐχόμενος ἔλεγέ σφι
τάδε· Ἴωνες δὲ ὡς ἤκουσαν τούτων ἀνενειχθέντων ἐς τὰς 25
πόλιας, τείχεά τε περιεβάλοντο ἕκαστοι καὶ συνελέγοντο ἐς

Πανιώνιον οἱ ἄλλοι, πλὴν Μιλησίων· πρὸς μούνους γὰρ τού-
τους ὅρκιον Κῦρος ἐποιήσατο ἐπ᾽ οἷσί περ ὁ Λυδός. τοῖσι δὲ
λοιποῖσι Ἴωσι ἔδοξε κοινῷ λόγῳ πέμπειν ἀγγέλους ἐς
ἀµφί-βληστρον, τό: net, a throw-around, 1 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 5
ἄρα: then, after all, as it turned out, 8 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
αὐλέω: to play on the flute, 4 ὀρχέω: dance, 3
ἐκ-βαίνω: to step out; come to pass, turn out 1 Πανιώνιον, τό: Panionion, 5
ἐξ-ερύω: to pull out, draw out, 1 πάλλω: to sway, leap, quiver, 1
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἰχθύς, ὁ: a fish, 6 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
κατ-εργάζοµαι: make, achieve; overcome, 5 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary; public, 7 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile, 3
15 δοκέοντα…ἐξελεύσεσθαι: thinking that Κύρου δεηθέντος…Κροίσου: Cyrus

they will come out; fut. inf. ἐξέρχοµαι asking…; gen. abs., aor. dep. pple δέοµαι
16 ὡς…ψευσθῆναι…ἐλπίδος: but when he 22 ἀπίστασθαι: to revolt; pres. mid. inf.
was cheated from his expectation; aor. 23 ἦσαν: they were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί
pass. inf. governed by ἔλεξε above 24 ὀργῃ ἐχόµενος: gripped with anger
17 ἐξειρύσαι: drew them out…; aor. inf. 25 τούτων…ἀνενειχθέντων: these things
ἰδόντα: seeing; acc. sg. aor. pple ὁράω being reported; aor. pass pple ἀναφέρω
18 παύσεσθε: stop dancing; pl. imperative + 26 τείχεα: walls; neuter acc. pl.
complementary pple 28 ἐπ ᾿ οἷσί περ: on which very (terms) the
19 ἐµέο αὐλέοντος: while I was playing; abs. Lydian (made an oath) dancing
ἠθέλετε: you were not willing; impf. 29 ἔδοξε: it seemed good; 3rd sg. aor. δοκεῖ
21 τῶνδε εἵνεκα: for the following reasons κοινῷ λόγῳ: by common consent
160 Herodotus 1.142.1 – 143.3
142 Σπάρτην δεησομένους Ἴωσι τιμωρέειν. οἱ δὲ Ἴωνες οὗτοι, 1
τῶν καὶ τὸ Πανιώνιον ἐστί, τοῦ μὲν οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν ὡρέων
ἐν τῷ καλλίστῳ ἐτύγχανον ἱδρυσάμενοι πόλιας πάντων ἀν-
2 θρώπων τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν· οὔτε γὰρ τὰ ἄνω αὐτῆς χωρία
τὠυτὸ ποιέει τῇ Ἰωνίῃ οὔτε τὰ κάτω οὔτε τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἠῶ 5
οὔτε τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέρην, τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ ψυχροῦ τε καὶ

ὑγροῦ πιεζόμενα, τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ τε καὶ αὐχμώδεος.
3 γλῶσσαν δὲ οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν οὗτοι νενομίκασι, ἀλλὰ τρόπους
τέσσερας παραγωγέων. Μίλητος μὲν αὐτέων πρώτη κέεται
πόλις πρὸς μεσαμβρίην, μετὰ δὲ Μυοῦς τε καὶ Πριήνη. αὗται 10
μὲν ἐν τῇ Καρίῃ κατοίκηνται κατὰ ταὐτὰ διαλεγόμεναι σφίσι,

αἵδε δὲ ἐν τῇ Λυδίῃ, Ἔφεσος Κολοφὼν Λέβεδος Τέως
4 Κλαζομεναὶ Φώκαια· αὗται δὲ αἱ πόλιες τῇσι πρότερον
λεχθείσῃσι ὁμολογέουσι κατὰ γλῶσσαν οὐδέν, σφισι δὲ 14
αὐχµώδης, -ες: drought, looking dry, 1 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10

ἑσπέρη, ἡ: evening, eve; west, 4 Μυοῦς, ὁ: Myous, 1
Ἐφεσος : Ephesian, 2 Πανιώνιον, τό: Panionion, 5
ἠώς, ἡ: daybreak, dawn, 5 παρα-γωγή, ἡ: dialect, variation, 1
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 πιέζω: to oppress, squeeze, bother, 1
Ἰωνίη, ἡ: Ionia, 15 Πριήνη, ἡ: Priene, 1
θερµός, ὁ: heat, hot, warm, 2 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
Κάριη, ἡ: Caria, 2 Τέως, ὁ: Teos, 3
κάτω: down, below, 4 τιµωρέω: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
κατ-οικέω: to inhabit, dwell in, 3 ὑγρός, -ά, -όν: moist, wet, 1
Κλαζοµεναί, οἱ: Clazomenae, 2 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
Κολοφών, -ονος, ὁ: Colophon, 3 Φωκαία, ἡ: Phocaea, 9
Λέβεδος, ἡ: Lebedos, 1 ψυχρός, -ά, -όν: cold, chill, frigid, 1
Λυδίη, ἡ: Lydia, 4 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
µεσ-αµβρίη, ἡ: mid-day, noon; the south, 3
1 δεησοµένους: asking; fut. pple. δέοµαι τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἠῶ: regions to the east (of it);
2 τῶν…ἐστι: among whom there is also 6 τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέρην: regions west (of it);
Panionion; rel. clause, partitive gen. 8 γλῶσσαν: dialect; i.e. a dialect of Greek
τοῦ οὐρανοῦ…καλλίστῳ: in the fairest νενοµίκασι are not accustomed; pf. νοµίζω
(region) of sky and of seasons; partitive τρόπους…παραγωγέων: types of dialect
3 ἐτύγχανον ἱδρυσάµενοι: happened to set 10 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards
4 τῶν…ἴδµεν: whom we know; 1st pl. οἶδα , 11 κατὰ ταὐτα: in the same way; i.e. dialect,
relative attracted into gen. by antecedent 13 τῇσι πρότερον…ὁµολογέουσι…οὐδέν: do
ἄνω αὐτῆς: north; ‘above it’ not speak the same as those (cities)
5 τὠυτὸ ποιέει: brings about the same mentioned earlier; λεχθείσῃ is aor. pass.
τὰ κάτω: the (regions) south (of it); χωρία 14 κατὰ γλῶσσαν: in speech
ὁμοφωνέουσι. ἔτι δὲ τρεῖς ὑπόλοιποι Ἰάδες πόλιες, τῶν αἱ 15
δύο μὲν νήσους οἰκέαται, Σάμον τε καὶ Χίον, ἡ δὲ μία ἐν

τῇ ἠπείρῳ ἵδρυται, Ἐρυθραί. Χῖοι μέν νυν καὶ Ἐρυθραῖοι
κατὰ τὠυτὸ διαλέγονται, Σάμιοι δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἑωυτῶν μοῦνοι.
143 οὗτοι χαρακτῆρες γλώσσης τέσσερες γίνονται. τούτων δὴ
ὦν τῶν Ἰώνων οἱ Μιλήσιοι μὲν ἦσαν ἐν σκέπῃ τοῦ φόβου, 20
ὅρκιον ποιησάμενοι, τοῖσι δὲ αὐτῶν νησιώτῃσι ἦν δεινὸν

οὐδέν· οὔτε γὰρ Φοίνικες ἦσαν κω Περσέων κατήκοοι οὔτε
2 αὐτοὶ οἱ Πέρσαι ναυβάται. ἀπεσχίσθησαν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων
Ἰώνων οὗτοι κατ᾽ ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, ἀσθενέος δὲ ἐόντος τοῦ
παντὸς τότε Ἑλληνικοῦ γένεος, πολλῷ δὴ ἦν ἀσθενέστατον τῶν 25
ἐθνέων τὸ Ἰωνικὸν καὶ λόγου ἐλαχίστου· ὅτι γὰρ μὴ Ἀθῆναι,

3 ἦν οὐδὲν ἄλλο πόλισμα λόγιμον. οἱ μέν νυν ἄλλοι Ἴωνες καὶ
οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔφυγον τὸ οὔνομα, οὐ βουλόμενοι Ἴωνες κεκλῆ-
σθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ νῦν φαίνονταί μοι οἱ πολλοὶ αὐτῶν ἐπαι-
σχύνεσθαι τῷ οὐνόματι· αἱ δὲ δυώδεκα πόλιες αὗται τῷ τε 30
Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 7 κω: yet, up to this time, 10

ἀπο-σχίζω: to separate, to split off, 2 λόγιµος, -ον: worth mention, notable, 2
ἀ-σθενής, -ές: without strength, weak, 6 ναυ-βάτης, ὁ: a ship-goer, seaman, 1
γένος, -εος, τό: race, family, lineage, stock 13 νησιῶται, οἱ: islanders, Aegean islanders, 6
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 ὁµο-φωνέω: to speak the same language, 1
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
δια-λέγοµαι: to converse with, discuss, 2 πόλισµα, -µατος, τό: a city, 5
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 Σάµιος, -η, -ον: Samian, from Samos, 6
ἐλάχιστος, -η, -ον: the smallest, least, 5 Σάµος, ὁ: Samos, 9
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν: Greek, Hellenic; Greece 8 σκέπη, ἡ: shelter, protection, 1
ἐπ-αισχύνοµαι: to be ashamed of, 2 τέσσαρες, -α: four, 8
Ἐρυθραί, αἱ: Erythae, 1 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
Ἐρυθραῖοι, οἱ: Erythaeans, 2 ὑπόλοιπος, -η, -ον: left behind, remaining, 1
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
Ἰάς, Ἰάδος: Ionian, Ionic, 3 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 1
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 χαρακτήρ, ὁ: type, feature, dialect, 3
Ἰωνικός, -ή, -όν: Ionic, Ionian, 2 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
κατήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding; listener, 5 Χίος, ἡ: Chios, 7
15 τῶν αἱ δύο µὲν…ἡ δὲ µία: of these two… 23 ἀπεσχίσθησαν: were separated; aor. pass.
18 κατὰ τὠυτὸ: in the same way; τὸ αὐτὸ 24 κατ ᾿ οὐδέν: on account of nothing than
ἑπ ᾿ ἑωυτῶν: unique among themselves 26 ὅτι µὴ Ἀθῆναι: except Athens
21 ἤν δεινὸν οὐδέν: was no danger; impf. εἰµί 28 κεκλῆσθαι: to be called; pf. pass. καλέω
162 Herodotus 1.143.3 – 146.1
οὐνόματι ἠγάλλοντο καὶ ἱρὸν ἱδρύσαντο ἐπὶ σφέων αὐτέων, 1
τῷ οὔνομα ἔθεντο Πανιώνιον, ἐβουλεύσαντο δὲ αὐτοῦ μετα-

δοῦναι μηδαμοῖσι ἄλλοισι Ἰώνων (οὐδ᾽ ἐδεήθησαν δὲ οὐδαμοὶ
144 μετασχεῖν ὅτι μὴ Σμυρναῖοι)· κατά περ οἱ ἐκ τῆς πενταπόλιος
νῦν χώρης Δωριέες, πρότερον δὲ ἑξαπόλιος τῆς αὐτῆς ταύτης 5
καλεομένης, φυλάσσονται ὦν μηδαμοὺς ἐσδέξασθαι τῶν προσ-

οίκων Δωριέων ἐς τὸ Τριοπικὸν ἱρόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφέων αὐτῶν
2 τοὺς περὶ τὸ ἱρόν ἀνομήσαντας ἐξεκλήισαν τῆς μετοχῆς, ἐν
γὰρ τῷ ἀγῶνι τοῦ Τριοπίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἐτίθεσαν τὸ πάλαι
τρίποδας χαλκέους τοῖσι νικῶσι, καὶ τούτους χρῆν τοὺς λαμ- 10
βάνοντας ἐκ τοῦ ἱροῦ μὴ ἐκφέρειν ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἀνατιθέναι

3 τῷ θεῷ. ἀνὴρ ὦν Ἁλικαρνησσεύς, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Ἀγασι-
κλέης, νικήσας τὸν νόμον κατηλόγησε, φέρων δὲ πρὸς τὰ ἑωυ-
τοῦ οἰκία προσεπασσάλευσε τὸν τρίποδα. διὰ ταύτην τὴν 14
ἀγάλλοµαι: to make glorious, glorify, exalt 1 µετ-έχω: partake of, have share in, take part 3
Ἀγασικλέης, ὁ: Agasikles, 1 µετοχή, ἡ: participation, 2
ἀγών, ὁ: competition, 2 µηδαµός, -ή, -όν: no one, none, 2
Ἁλικαρνησσεύς, -εος, ὁ: of Halicarnassus, 2 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 6
ἀνα-τίθηµι: to dedicate, set up; attribute, 14 Πανιώνιον, τό: Panionion, 5
ἀνοµέω: to act lawlessly, 1 πεντά-πολις, ἡ: League of Five Cities, 1
Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 5 πρόσ-οικος, -ον: neighbouring, 1
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 προσ-πασσαλεύω: nail down, hang on pegs 1
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8 Σµυρναῖος, -η, -ον: Smyrnian, of Smyrna, 2
ἐκ-κληίω: to shut out, constrain, exclude, 3 Τριοπικός, -ή, -όν: of Triopion, 1
ἑξά-πολις, ἡ: League of Six Cities, 1 Τριόπιον, τό: Triopion, 2
ἐσ-δέκοµαι: to admit, 5 τρί-πους, -ποδος, ὁ: tripod, 3
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
κατηλογέω: to take no account of, neglect, 2 χρή: it is necessary or fitting; must, ought 13
µετα-δίδωµι: give a part of, give a share of, 1
1 οὐνόµατι ἠγάλλοντο: exalted in the name neighbors of the Dorians; partitive genitive
ἐπὶ σφέων αὐτέων: for themselves 7 σφέων αὐτῶν: among their own; partitive
2 τῷ…ἔθεντο: to which they gave; aor. τίθηµι 8 ἐξεκλήισαν τῆς µετοχῆς: closed off from
µεταδοῦναι: to give a share of it; aor. inf. participation; 3rd pl. aor., gen. of separation
3 οὐδ ᾿…οὐδαµοὶ: but not anyone 9 ἐτίθεσαν: used to give; 3rd sg. impf. τίθηµι
ἐδεήθησαν: asked; 3rd pl. aor. pass. δέοµαι 10 τοῖσι νικῶσι: to the victors; pple νικάω
4 ὅτι µὴ: except χρῆν: it used to be necessary; impf. χρή
κατά περ: just as 11 αὐτοῦ: there
6 φυλάσσονται…ἐσδέξασθαι: take care to 12 τῷ…ἦ: to whom was; dat. poss., impf. εἰµί
accept 13 καταλόγησε: disregarded, ignored
τῶν προσοίκων Δωριέων: of the 14 διὰ...αἰτίην: for this reason
αἰτίην αἱ πέντε πόλιες, Λίνδος καὶ Ἰήλυσός τε καὶ Κάμιρος 15
καὶ Κῶς τε καὶ Κνίδος ἐξεκλήισαν τῆς μετοχῆς τὴν ἕκτην

πόλιν Ἁλικαρνησσόν. τούτοισι μέν νυν οὗτοι ταύτην τὴν
145 ζημίην ἐπέθηκαν. δυώδεκα δὲ μοι δοκέουσι πόλιας ποιή-
σασθαι οἱ Ἴωνες καὶ οὐκ ἐθελῆσαι πλεῦνας ἐσδέξασθαι τοῦδε
εἵνεκα, ὅτι καὶ ὅτε ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ οἴκεον, δυώδεκα ἦν αὐτῶν 20
μέρεα, κατά περ νῦν Ἀχαιῶν τῶν ἐξελασάντων Ἴωνας δυώ-

δεκα ἐστὶ μέρεα, Πελλήνη μέν γε πρώτη πρὸς Σικυῶνος,
μετὰ δὲ Αἴγειρα καὶ Αἰγαί, ἐν τῇ Κρᾶθις ποταμὸς ἀείναος
ἐστί, ἀπ᾽ ὅτευ ὁ ἐν Ἰταλίῃ ποταμὸς τὸ οὔνομα ἔσχε, καὶ
Βοῦρα καὶ Ἑλίκη, ἐς τὴν κατέφυγον Ἴωνες ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν 25
μάχῃ ἑσσωθέντες, καὶ Αἴγίον καὶ Ῥύπες καὶ Πατρέες καὶ

Φαρέες καὶ Ὤλενος, ἐν τῷ Πεῖρος ποταμὸς μέγας ἐστί, καὶ
Δύμη καὶ Τριταιέες, οἳ μοῦνοι τούτων μεσόγαιοι οἰκέουσι.
146 ταῦτα δυώδεκα μέρεα νῦν Ἀχαιῶν ἐστὶ καὶ τότε γε Ἰώνων
ἀεί-ναος, -ον: always full, 2 Κάµιρος, ἡ: Kamiros, 1

Αἰγαί, αἱ: Aegae, 1 κατα-φεύγω: to flee for refuge , 2
Αἰγείρα, ἡ: Aigeira, 1 Κνίδος, ἡ: Cnidos, 1
Αἴγιον, τό: Aegeon, 1 Κρᾶθις, ἡ: Krathis river, 1
αἰτίη, ἡ: cause, responsibility, blame, 9 Κῶς, ὁ: Cos, 1
Ἁλικαρνησσός, ὁ: Halicarnassus, 1 Λίνδος, ὁ: Lindos, 1
Ἀχαιός, ὁ: Achaian, 3 µέρος, -έος, τό: a part, share, portion, 5
Βοῦρα, ἡ: Boura, 1 µεσό-γαια, ἡ: inland country, 1
Δύµη, ἡ: Dyme, 1 µετοχή, ἡ: participation, 2
ζηµίη, ἡ: punishment, penalty, 1 Πατρέες, οἱ: citizens of Patras, 1
Ἑλίκη, ἡ: Helike, 1 Πεῖρος, ὁ: Peiros river, 1
ἐκ-κληίω: to shut out, constrain, exclude, 3 Πελλήνη, ἡ: Pellene, 1
ἕκτος, -α, -ον: sixth, 4 Πελοπόννησος, ἡ: the Peloponnesus, 4
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 Ῥύπες, οἱ: Rhypes, 1
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 Σικυών, ὁ: Sicyon, 1
ἐσ-δέκοµαι: to admit, 5 Τριταιεές, οἰ: Tritaeians, 1
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 Φαρέες, οἱ: Phareens, 1
Ἰήλυσος, ἡ: Ialysos, 1 Ὠλενος, ὁ: Olenos, 1
Ἰταλίη, ἡ: Italy, 3
17 τούτοισι…ἐπέθηκαν: imposed upon these; 20 ὅτε…οἴκεον: when the Ionians lived; impf.
i.e. the Halicarnassians, aor. ἐπιτίθηµι 21 κατὰ περ: just as
19 ἐθελῆσαι…ἐσδέξασθαι: to be willing to Ἀχαιῶν…ἐξελασάντων: gen. absolute
accept; aor. inf. ἐθέλω, ἐσδέκοµαι 22 πρώτη: the first (city) near Sicyon
πλεῦνας: more (cities); supply πόλιας 24 ἀπ ᾿ ὅτευ…ἐς τὴν: from which, to which
τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ὃτι: for this reason, that 26 ἐσσωθέντες: being defeated; aor pass pple
164 Herodotus 1.146.1 – 148.1
ἦν. τούτων δὴ εἵνεκα καὶ οἱ Ἴωνες δυώδεκα πόλιας ἐποιή- 1
σαντο· ἐπεὶ ὥς γέ τι μᾶλλον οὗτοι Ἴωνες εἰσὶ τῶν ἄλλων

Ἰώνων ἢ κάλλιόν τι γεγόνασι, μωρίη πολλὴ λέγειν· τῶν
Ἄβαντες μὲν ἐξ Εὐβοίες εἰσὶ οὐκ ἐλαχίστη μοῖρα, τοῖσι
Ἰωνίης μέτα οὐδὲ τοῦ οὐνόματος οὐδέν, Μινύαι δὲ Ὀρχο- 5
μένιοί σφι ἀναμεμίχαται καὶ Καδμεῖοι καὶ Δρύοπες καὶ Φω-

κέες ἀποδάσμιοι καὶ Μολοσσοὶ καὶ Ἀρκάδες Πελασγοὶ καὶ
Δωριέες Ἐπιδαύριοι, ἄλλα τε ἔθνεα πολλὰ ἀναμεμείχαται·
2 οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρυτανηίου τοῦ Ἀθηναίων ὁρμηθέντες
καὶ νομίζοντες γενναιότατοι εἶναι Ἰώνων, οὗτοι δὲ οὐ γυναῖ- 10
κας ἠγάγοντο ἐς τὴν ἀποικίην ἀλλὰ Καείρας ἔσχον, τῶν

3 ἐφόνευσαν τοὺς γονέας. διὰ τοῦτὸν δὲ τὸν φόνον αἱ γυναῖ-
κες αὗται νόμον θέμεναι σφίσι αὐτῇσι ὅρκους ἐπήλασαν καὶ
παρέδοσαν τῇσι θυγατράσι, μή κοτε ὁμοσιτῆσαι τοῖσι ἀνδράσι 14
Ἄβαντες, οἱ: Abantes, 1 Καδµεῖος, -η, -ον: Cadmean, 3

Ἀθηναῖος, -α, -ον: Athenian, of Athens, 35 Καείρα, ἡ: a Carian woman, 1
ἀνα-µίσχω: to mix up, mix together, 3 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἀποδάσµιος, -η, -ον: a part or parted from, 1 Μινύαι, οἱ: the Minyans, 1
ἀπ-οικίη, ἡ: settlement a colony, 1 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate,
Ἀρκάς, -άδας, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 destiny, 12
Δρυοπίς, ὁ: Druopians, 3 Μολοσσός, -η, -ον: Molossian, 1
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 µωρίη, ἡ: folly, silliness, 2
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 ὁµο-σιτέω: to eat with, 1
ἐλάχιστος, -η, -ον: the smallest, least, 5 ὅρκος, ὁ: an oath, 2
ἐπ-ἐλαύνω: drive on, charge, 3 Ὀρχοµένιοι, οἱ: Orchomenians (Boeotians), 1
Ἐπιδαύριοι, οἱ: Epidaurians, 1 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
Εὔβοιη, ἡ: Euboea, 1 Πελασγός, -ή, -όν: Pelasgian, 6
γενναῖος, -α, -ον: noble, well-bred, 3 πρυτανηῖον, τό: town-hall, 1
γονεύς, -έως, ὁ: an ancestor, parent, 2 Φωκέες, οἱ: the Phocians, 2
2 ὥς…εἰσι…γεγονασι: that these are 6 ἀναµεµείχαται: are mixed up; pf. pass
somewhat more Ionian than other Ionians 9 οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν…ὁρµηθέντες: those of them
or have been born somewhat more noble; having set out from the Prytaneion
object of λέγειν; gen. of comparison; 3rd pl. 10 γενναιότατοι: most noble; superlative
pf. γίνοµαι; comparative adverb 11 ἠγαγοντο: did bring; aor. mid. ἄγω
3 µορίη πολλὴ: (it is) much foolishness to ἔσχον: kept (as wives); aor. ἔχω
say… 13 νόµον θέµεναι: made a custom; aor. τίθηµι
τῶν Ἄβαντες. . . : of whom the Abantes ὅρκους ἐπήλασαν: forced oaths on one
from Euboeia are not the smallest part another; 'drove...on themselves'
4 τοῖσι…οὐδέν: to whom of Ionia there is not ἐπελαύνω
at all even a share of the name (‘Ionian’); 14 παρέδοσαν: handed down; aor.
µέτα is short for µέτ-εστι, ‘have a share of’ ὁµοσιτῆσαι: aor. inf. ὁµοσιτέω
μηδὲ οὐνόματι βῶσαι τὸν ἑωυτῆς ἄνδρα, τοῦδε εἵνεκα ὅτι ἐφό- 15
νευσαν σφέων τοὺς πατέρας καὶ ἄνδρας καὶ παῖδας καὶ ἔπειτε
ταῦτα ποιήσαντες αὐτῇσι συνοίκεον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν γινόμενα ἐν
147 Μιλήτῳ. βασιλέας δὲ ἐστήσαντο οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν Λυκίους ἀπὸ
Γλαύκου τοῦ Ἱππολόχου γεγονότας, οἱ δὲ Καύκωνας Πυλίους
ἀπὸ Κόδρου τοῦ Μελάνθου, οἳ δὲ καὶ συναμφοτέρους. ἀλλὰ 20
γὰρ περιέχονται τοῦ οὐνόματος μᾶλλόν τι τῶν ἄλλων Ἰώνων,

2 ἔστωσαν δὴ καὶ οἱ καθαρῶς γεγονότες Ἴωνες. εἰσὶ δὲ πάντες
Ἴωνες ὅσοι ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηνέων γεγόνασι καὶ Ἀπατούρια ἄγουσι
ὁρτήν. ἄγουσι δὲ πάντες πλὴν Ἐφεσίων καὶ Κολοφωνίων·
οὗτοι γὰρ μοῦνοι Ἰώνων οὐκ ἄγουσι Ἀπατούρια, καὶ οὗτοι 25
148 κατὰ φόνου τινὰ σκῆψιν. τὸ δὲ Πανιώνιον ἐστὶ τῆς Μυκάλης

χῶρος ἱρὸς πρὸς ἄρκτον τετραμμένος, κοινῇ ἐξαραιρημένος
ὑπὸ Ἰώνων Ποσειδέωνι Ἑλικωνίῳ. ἡ δὲ Μυκάλη ἐστὶ τῆς
ἠπείρου ἄκρη πρὸς ζέφυρον ἄνεμον κατήκουσα Σάμῳ ἐς τὴν
Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 7 κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary; public, 7

ἄκρη, ἡ: a promontory, 1 Κολοφώνιος, -η, -ον: Colophonian, 3
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11
Ἀπατούρια, τά: the Apatouria festival, 2 Μέλανθος, ὁ: Melanthos, 1
ἄρκτος, ὁ: a bear; north, 1 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 10
βοάω: to shout, cry outloud, 2 Μυκάλη, ἡ: Mycale, 2
Γλαῦκος, ὁ: Glaukos, 2 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
ἐξ-αιρέω: to take out, remove, leave out, 5 Πανιώνιον, τό: Panionion, 5
Ἑλικώνιος, -η, -ον: Heliconian, 1 περι-έχοµαι: to cling to, hold around, 2
Ἑφέσιος, -η, -ον: Ephesian, 3 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
Ζέφυρος, ὁ: Zephyrus, the west wind, 1 Ποσειδῶν, ὁ: Poseidon, 1
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 Πύλιοι, οἱ: Pylioi, 1
Ἱππόλοχος, ὁ: Hippolochos, 1 Σάµος, ὁ: Samos, 9
καθαρός, -ά, -όν: clean, pure, spotless, 5 σκῆψις, ἡ: a pretence, pretext, plea, 1
κατ-ήκω: extend, project; present situation, 2 συν-αµφότεροι: both together, 1
Καύκωνες, οἱ: Cauconians, 1 συν-οἰκέω: to live together, marry, 10
Κόδρος, ὁ: Codros, 1 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
15 βῶσαι: call out; aor. inf. βοάω more than all the Ionians; gen comparison
τοῦδε εἵνεκα ὅτι: for this reason, that 22 ἔστωσαν: let them be; 3rd pl. imper. εἰµί
17 ἦν γινόµενα: were what happened; impf. 23 ἄγουσι: they celebrate the festival
19 βασιλέας: as kings; double accusative “Apaturia”
ἐστήσαντο οἱ µὲν αὐτῶν: some of these 27 τετραµµένος: turned; 'facing,' pf. τρέπω
(Ionians) set up; 3rd pl. aor. ἴστηµι ἐξαραιρηµένος: removed; pf. pass.
21 µᾶλλον τι τῶν ἄλλων Ἰώνων: somewhat ἐξαιρέω
166 Herodotus 148.1 – 151.3
συλλεγόμενοι ἀπὸ τῶν πολίων Ἴωνες ἄγεσκον ὁρτὴν τῇ 1
ἔθεντο οὔνομα Πανιώνια. πεπόνθασι δὲ οὔτι μοῦναι αἱ Ἰώνων

ὁρταὶ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἑλλήνων πάντων ὁμοίως πᾶσαι ἐς
τὠυτὸ γράμμα τελευτῶσι, κατά περ τῶν Περσέων τὰ οὐνόματα.
149 αὗται μὲν αἱ Ἰάδες πόλιες εἰσί, αἵδε δὲ αἱ Αἰολίδες, 5
Κύμη ἡ Φρικωνὶς καλεομένη, Λήρισαι, Νέον τεῖχος, Τῆμνος,

Κίλλα, Νότιον, Αἰγιρόεσσα, Πιτάνη, Αἰγαῖαι, Μύρινα, Γρύ-
νεια. αὗται ἕνδεκα Αἰολέων πόλιες αἱ ἀρχαῖαι· μία γὰρ
σφέων παρελύθη Σμύρνη ὑπὸ Ἰώνων· ἦσαν γὰρ καὶ αὗται
2 δυώδεκα αἱ ἐν τῆ ἠπείρῳ. οὗτοι δὲ οἱ Αἰολέες χώρην μὲν 10
ἔτυχον κτίσαντες ἀμείνω Ἰώνων, ὡρέων δὲ ἥκουσαν οὐκ ὁμοίως.

150 σμύρνην δὲ ὧδε ἀπέβαλον Αἰολέες. Κολοφωνίους ἄνδρας
στάσι ἑσσωθέντας καὶ ἐκπεσόντας ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος ὑπεδέ-
ξαντο. μετὰ δὲ οἱ φυγάδες τῶν Κολοφωνίων φυλάξαντες 14
Αἰγαῖος, -η, -ον: Aegaean, 1 Μύρινα, ἡ: Myrina, 1

Αἰγιρόεσσα, ἡ: Aegiroessa, 1 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 10
Αἰολίς, ἡ: Aeolis, 2 Νότιον, τό: Notion, 1
ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 5 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
ἀπο-βάλλω: to lose, throw off or away, 4 οὔ-τις, οὔ-τι: no one, nothing, 3
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 Πανιώνια, τά: Panionia, 1
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 παρα-λύω: to loose from, take off, detach, 1
ἐκ-πίπτω: to fall out, be driven out, 1 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἕνδεκα: eleven, 4 πατρίς, -ίδος: fatherland, native land, 2
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 Πιτάνη, ἡ: Pitane, 1
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 Σµύρνη, ἡ: Smyrna, 5
Γρύνεια, ἡ: Gryneia, 1 στάσις, ἡ: party, faction; quarrel, 4
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
Ἰάς, Ἰάδος: Ionian, Ionic, 3 Τῆµνος, ὁ: Temnos, 1
Κίλλα, ἡ: Killa, 1 ὑπο-δέκοµαι: to receive, undertake, promise 4
Κολοφώνιος, -η, -ον: Colophonian, 3 Φρικωνίς, ἡ: Phryonian, 1
κτίζω: to found, establish, colonize, 7 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, exile, 1
Κύµη, ἡ: Cume, 3 ὥρη, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 10
Λήρισαι, αἱ: Larissians, 1
1 ἄγεσκον: used to celebrate; interative impf. 6 Νέον τεῖχος: Neonteichos; a town name
ἔθεντο: they gave aor. mid. τίθηµι 9 παρελύθη: was detached; 3rd sg. aor. pass.
2 πεπόνθασι: have experienced; pf. πάσχω ἦσαν…αὖται: for these in fact used to be
οὔ-τι µοῦναι: not only; “not at all only” 11 ἔτυχον κτίσαντες: happened to colonize;
3 ἐς τὠυτὸ γράµµα: to the same letter ἀµείνω: acc. ἀµείνο(ν)α modifies χώρην
4 τελευτῶσι: end; 3rd pl. pres. τελευτάω Ἰώνων: than Ionians’ (land); comparison
κατά περ: just as; i.e. all end in neuter pl. ὡρέων δὲ ἣκουσαν οὐκ ὁµοίως: but not
τοὺς Σμυρναίους ὁρτὴν ἔξω τείχεος ποιευμένους Διονύσῳ, 15
2 τὰς πύλας ἀποκληίσαντες ἔσχον τὴν πόλιν. βοηθησάντων

δὲ πάντων Αἰολέων, ὁμολογίῃ ἐχρήσαντο τὰ ἔπιπλα ἀπο-
δόντων τῶν Ἰώνων ἐκλιπεῖν Σμύρνην Αἰολέας. ποιησάντων
δὲ ταῦτα Σμυρναίων ἐπιδιείλοντο σφέας αἱ ἕνδεκα πόλιες
151 καὶ ἐποιήσαντο σφέων αὐτέων πολιήτας. αὗται μέν νυν αἱ 20
ἠπειρώτιδες Αἰολίδες πόλιες, ἔξω τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἴδῃ οἰκημενέων·

2 κεχωρίδαται γὰρ αὗται. αἱ δὲ τὰς νήσους ἔχουσαι πέντε μὲν
πόλιες τὴν Λέσβον νέμονται (τὴν γὰρ ἕκτην ἐν τῇ Λέσβῳ
οἰκημένην Ἀρίσβαν ἠνδραπόδισαν Μηθυμναῖοι ἐόντας ὁμαί-
μους), ἐν Τενέδῳ δὲ μία οἴκηται πόλις, καὶ ἐν τῇσι Ἑκατὸν 25
3 νήσοισι καλεομένῃσι ἄλλη μία. Λεσβίοισι μέν νῦν καὶ

Τενεδίοισι, κατά περ Ἰώνων τοῖσι τὰς νήσους ἔχουσι, ἦν
δεινὸν οὐδέν· τῇσι δὲ λοιπῇσι πόλισι ἕαδε κοινῇ Ἴωσι ἕπε-
σθαι τῇ ἂν οὗτοι ἐξηγέωνται.
ἁνδάνω: to please, delight, gratify, 4 Ἴδη, ἡ: Mount Ida, 1

ἀνδρα-ποδίζω: reduce to slavery, enslave, 3 κοινῇ: in common, by common consent, 3
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, 6 Λέσβιος, -α, -ον: inhabitants of Lesbos, 3
ἀπο-κληίω: to shut off or away from, 3 Λέσβος, ὁ: Lesbos, 5
Ἀρίσβα, ἡ: Arisba, 1 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 Μηθυµναῖος, -η, -ον: Methumn , 1
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 νέµω: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
Διόνυσος, ὁ: Dionysus, 1 ὁµ-αίµος, -ον: of the same blood, kin, 1
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 ὁµο-λογίη, ἡ: agreement, 2
ἐκ-λείπω: to leave out, omit, pass over, 4 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
ἕκτος, -α, -ον: sixth, 4 πολίητης, ὁ: citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
ἕνδεκα: eleven, 4 πύλη, ἡ: gates, double gates, 7
ἐξ-ηγέοµαι: to lead out, explain, command, 1 Σµυρναῖος, -η, -ον: Smyrnian, of Smyrna, 2
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 Σµύρνη, ἡ: Smyrna, 5
ἐπι-δι-αιρέω: to divide among, take asunder 1 Τενέδιος, -η, -ον: inhabitants of Tenedos, 1
ἐπίπλα, τά: movable property; furniture, 3 Τένεδος, ὁ: Tenedos, 1
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 χωρίζω: to separate, sever, divide, 4
ἠπειρῶτις, -ιδος: of the mainland, 1
being similar in seasons; ἥκω pple + adv. 17 ἐχρήσαντο: employed an agreement

12 ἀπέβαλον: lost; 3rd pl. aor. ἀποβάλλω 18 ἐκλιπεῖν…Αἰολέας: that A. leave Smyrna;
13 ἑσσωθέντας: defeated by political strife; 19 ἐπιδιείλοντο: distributed; aor. mid.
ἐκπεσόντας: being driven out; aor. pple 27 ἤν δεινὸν οὐδέν: there was no danger; dat.
14 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards ἕαδε: it was pleasing; 3rd sg. aor. ἀνδάνω
15 ὁρτὴν ποιευµένους: celebrating a festival 29 τῇ ἄν…ἐξηγέωνται: wherever they lead
168 Herodotus 1.152.1 – 153.4
152 ὡς δὲ ἀπίκοντο ἐς τὴν Σπάρτην τῶν Ἰώνων καὶ Αἰολέων 1
οἱ ἄγγελοι (κατὰ γὰρ δὴ τάχος ἦν ταῦτα πρησσόμενα), εἵλοντο

πρὸ πάντων λέγειν τὸν Φωκαέα, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Πύθερμος.
ὁ δὲ πορφύρεόν τε εἷμα περιβαλόμενος, ὡς ἂν πυνθανόμενοι
πλεῖστοι συνέλθοιεν Σπαρτιητέων, καὶ καταστὰς ἔλεγε πολλὰ 5
2 τιμωρέειν ἑωυτοῖσι χρηίζων. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ οὔ κως ἐσή-

κουον, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπέδοξέ σφι μὴ τιμωρέειν Ἴωσι. οἳ μὲν δὴ
ἀπαλλάσσοντο, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἀπωσάμενοι τῶν Ἰώνων
τοὺς ἀγγέλους ὅμως ἀπέστειλαν πεντηκοντέρῳ ἄνδρας, ὡς
μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέει, κατασκόπους τῶν τε Κύρου πρηγμάτων καὶ 10
3 Ἰωνίης. ἀπικόμενοι δὲ οὗτοι ἐς Φώκαιαν ἔπεμπον ἐς Σάρδις

σφέων αὐτῶν τὸν δοκιμώτατον, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Λακρίνης,
ἀπερέοντα Κύρῳ Λακεδαιμονίων ῥῆσιν, γῆς τῆς Ἑλλάδος
μηδεμίαν πόλιν σιναμωρέειν, ὡς αὐτῶν οὐ περιοψομένων.
153 ταῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ κήρυκος, λέγεται Κῦρον ἐπειρέσθαι τοὺς 15
Αἰολεύς, -έος, ὁ: Aeolian, 15 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8

ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 περι-οράω: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
ἀπ-εῖπον: speak against, refuse, renounce, 4 πορφύρεος, -η, -ον: purple-dyed, dark, 2
ἀπό-δοκέω: seem not good, not seem good, 2 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἀπο-στέλλω: to send out or away, dispatch, 4 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
ἀπ-ωθέω: to push away, repel, reject, 4 Πύθερµος, ὁ: Pythermos, 1
δόκιµος, -ον: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6 ῥῆσις, ἡ: speech, speaking, 1
εἶµα, -ατος, τό: clothing, clothes, garment, 5 σιναµωρέω: to destroy, ravage, 1
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 8 Σπάρτη, ἡ: Sparta, 8
ἐπ-είροµαι: ask, ask in addition, 11 Σπαρτιήτης, -ου, ὁ: a Spartan, 9
ἐσ-ακούω: to listen to, heed, 2 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
κατά-σκοπος, ὁ: scout, spy, 3 τάχος, τό: speed, swiftness, 5
κως: somehow, in any way, 9 τιµωρέω: to help; avenge, exact vengeance, 7
Λακρίνης, ὁ: Lacrines, 1 Φωκαία, ἡ: Phocaea, 9
Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
χρηίζω: to request, want, need, (gen., inf.), 3
πεντηκόντερος, ὁ: a ship with fifty oars. 3
2 κατὰ..τάχος: quickly; ‘in speed’ 7 ἀπέδοξε σφι µὴ: it seem good to them not…
εἵλοντο: they chose; aor. mid. αἱρέω 8 ἀπωσάµενοι: rejecting; aor. pple. ἀπωθέω
3 πρὸ πάντων: on behalf of everyone 12 τῷ…ἦν: to whom was; see line 3
τῷ…ἦν: to whom…was; dat. poss. impf. 13 ἀπερέοντα: proclaiming; fut. ἀπεῖπον
4 ὡς ἄν…συνέλθοιεν: so that…might come γῆς…περιοψοµένον: that (Cyrus) ravage
together; ἄν + opt., purpose, secondary seq. no city on Greek territory…; in apposition
5 καταστὰς: standing; aor. pple κατίστηµι 14 ὡς…περιοψοµένων: since the Spartans
τιµωρέειν ἑωυτοῖσι: to avenge them will not overlook it ; ὡς + fut. pple is causal
παρεόντας οἱ Ἑλλήνων τινες ἐόντες ἄνθρωποι Λακεδαιμόνιοι 16
καὶ κόσοι πλῆθος ταῦτα ἑωυτῷ προαγορεύουσι· πυνθανό-

μενον δέ μιν εἰπεῖν ἄνθρωποι Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ κόσοι ‘οὐκ
ἔδεισά κω ἄνδρας τοιούτους, τοῖσι ἐστι χῶρος ἐν μέση τῇ πόλι
ἀποδεδεγμένος ἐς τὸν συλλεγόμενοι ἀλλήλους ὀμνύντες ἐξα- 20
πατῶσι· τοῖσι, ἢν ἐγὼ ὑγιαίνω, οὐ τὰ Ἰώνων πάθεα ἔσται

2 ἔλλεσχα ἀλλὰ τὰ οἰκήια.’ ταῦτα ἐς τοὺς πάντας Ἕλληνας
ἀπέρριψε ὁ Κῦρος τὰ ἔπεα, ὅτι ἀγορὰς στησάμενοι ὠνῇ τε
καὶ πρήσι χρέωνται· αὐτοὶ γὰρ οἱ Πέρσαι ἀγορῇσι οὐδὲν
3 ἐώθασι χρᾶσθαι, οὐδέ σφι ἐστὶ τὸ παράπαν ἀγορή. μετὰ 25
ταῦτα ἐπιτρέψας τὰς μὲν Σάρδις Ταβάλῳ ἀνδρὶ Πέρσῃ, τὸν

δὲ χρυσὸν τόν τε Κροίσου καὶ τὸν τῶν ἄλλων Λυδῶν Πακτύῃ
ἀνδρὶ Λυδῷ κομίζειν, ἀπήλαυνε αὐτὸς ἐς Ἀγβάτανα, Κροῖσόν
τε ἅμα ἀγόμενος καὶ τοὺς Ἴωνας ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ ποιησά-
3 μενος τὴν πρώτην εἶναι. ἡ τε γὰρ Βαβυλών οἱ ἦν ἐμπόδιος 30
Ἀγβάτανα, τά: Agbatana, 2 κω: yet, up to this time, 10

ἀγορή, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 8 οἰκήιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; of the family, 5
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 ὄµνυµι: to swear, take an oath, 2
ἀπο-ρρίπτω: throw away or aside; disown, 2 πάθος τό: suffering, experience, misfortune 6
δείδω: to fear, 5 παρά-παν: entirely, altogether, 5
ἔλλεσχος, -ον: talked about, 1 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἐµπόδιος, -ον: in one’s way, impeding, 1 πρῆσις, ἡ: sale, 1
ἐξ-απατάω: to deceive, beguile, 3 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
ἐπι-τρέπω: to entrust, turn over to, 5 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11 Τάβαλος, ὁ: Tabalos, 4
κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8 ὑγιαίνω: to be sound, healthy, 1
κόσος, -η, -ον: how much? how great?, 2 ὠνή, ἡ: buying, purchasing, 1
15 εἰπόντος…: gen. absolute; aor. pple λέγω 20 ἑς τὸν…: to which; relative clause
λέγεται: it is said that… 21 ἤν ἐγω ὑγιαίνω: if I am (still) sound; ἐάν
τοὺς παρεόντας οἱ: those present with ἔσται: will be; 3rd sg. εἰµί
him; 3rd person dat. sg. pronoun 23 ἀπέρριψε…ἔπεα: cast words against; aor.
Ἑλλήνων τίνες …Λακεδαιµόνιο: who ὅτι…χρέωνται: because they engage in
among the Greeks are these Spartan στησάµενοι: setting up; aor. pple. ἵστηµι
people; ‘being who among the Greeks…?’ 25 ἐώθασι: are accustomed; pf., pres. sense
17 πλῆθος: in number; acc. respect χρᾶσθαι: employ ; inf. χράοµαι + dat.
18 εἰπεῖν: aor. inf. λέγω 27 Πακτύῃ: (having entrusted)…to Pactyes;
19 τοῖσι ἐστι: to whom there is…; possession κοµίζειν: to bring (back);
χῶρος…ἀποδεδεγµένος: appointed 29 ἐν…ποιησάµενος…εἶναι: considering the
place; pf. pass. pple. αποδείκνυµι Ionians to be of no account at first
170 Herodotus 1.153.4 – 155.4
καὶ τὸ Βάκτριον ἔθνος καὶ Σάκαι τε καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι, ἐπ᾽ οὓς 1
ἐπεῖχέ τε στρατηλατέειν αὐτός, ἐπὶ δὲ Ἴωνας ἄλλον πέμπειν

154 στρατηγόν. ὡς δὲ ἀπήλασε ὁ Κῦρος ἐκ τῶν Σαρδίων, τοὺς
Λυδοὺς ἀπέστησε ὁ Πακτύης ἀπό τε Ταβάλου καὶ Κύρου,
καταβὰς δὲ ἐπὶ θάλασσαν, ἅτε τὸν χρυσὸν ἔχων πάντα τὸν 5
ἐκ τῶν Σαρδίων, ἐπικούρους τε ἐμισθοῦτο καὶ τοὺς ἐπιθαλασ-

σίους ἀνθρώπους ἔπειθε σὺν ἑωυτῷ στρατεύεσθαι. ἐλάσας
δὲ ἐπὶ τὰς Σάρδις ἐπολιόρκεε Τάβαλον ἀπεργμένον ἐν τῇ
155 ἀκροπόλι. πυθόμενος δὲ κατ᾽ ὁδὸν ταῦτα ὁ Κῦρος εἶπε πρὸς
Κροῖσον τάδε. ‘Κροῖσε, τί ἔσται τέλος τῶν γινομένων τούτων 10
ἐμοί; οὐ παύσονται Λυδοί, ὡς οἴκασι, πρήγμάτα παρέχοντες

καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔχοντες. φροντίζω μὴ ἄριστον ᾖ ἐξανδραποδίσα-
σθαι σφέας. ὁμοίως γὰρ μοι νῦν γε φαίνομαι πεποιηκέναι
ὡς εἴ τις πατέρα ἀποκτείνας τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ φείσατο·
2 ὡς δὲ καὶ ἐγὼ Λυδῶν τὸν μὲν πλέον τι ἢ πατέρα ἐόντα σὲ 15
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 µισθόω: to rent, hire, 3

ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἀπ-έργω: keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 Σάκαι, οἱ: Sacae, 1
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ part.) 7 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 5
Βάκτριος, -η, -ον: Bactrian, 1 στρατηλατέω: to lead an army, 2
ἐξ-ανδρα-ποδίζω: to reduce to utter slavery 4 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
ἐπ-έχω: to hold on, wait, restrain, 8 Τάβαλος, ὁ: Tabalos, 4
ἐπι-θαλάσσιος, -η, -ον: living on the coast, 1 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
φείδοµαι: to spare, 2
ἐπί-κουρος, ὁ: a helper, assistant, ally, 2
φροντίζω: to think, worry, give heed to, 4
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 7
1 ἐπ ᾿ οὓς ἐπεῖχε: against whom he was τῶν γινόµενων: events; things occurring
intending; ‘was holding toward,’ impf. 11 ὡς οἴκασι: so they seem,. 3rd pl. pf. οἶκα
3 ἀπήλασε: marched; aor. ἀπ-ελαύνω πρήγµατα παρέχοντες… ἔχοντες:
ἀπέστησε: revolted from; aor. ἀπίστηµι making trouble for others and themselves
5 καταβὰς: going down; nom. sg. aor. pple. 12 φροντίζω µὴ...ἤ: I am worried that it may
ἅτε… ἔχων: since…; ἅτε + pple is causal be; µὴ in a fearing cause, 3rd sg. subj. εἰµί
7 ἔπειθε: tried to persuade; conative impf. 13 πεποιηκέναι: to behave; pf. inf. ποιέω
ἑλάσας: marching; aor. pple ἐλαύνω 14 ὠς εἴ: as if
9 πυθόµενος: learning; aor. πυνθάνοµαι φείσαιτο: aor. opt. φείδοµαι
κατ ᾿ ὅδον: along the way, on his journey 15 τὸν…ἐοντα: being something more than a
10 τί ἔσται: what will be…; 3rd sg. fut. εἰµί father of the Lydians; comparative degree
λαβὼν ἄγω, αὐτοῖσι δὲ Λυδοῖσι τὴν πόλιν παρέδωκα, καὶ 16
ἔπειτα θωμάζω εἰ μοι ἀπεστᾶσι.’ ὃ μὲν δὴ τά περ ἐνόεε ἔλεγε,

ὃ δ᾽ ἀμείβετο τοῖσιδε, δείσας μὴ ἀναστάτους ποιήσῃ τὰς
3 Σάρδις. ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὰ μὲν οἰκότα εἴρηκας, σὺ μέντοι μὴ
πάντα θυμῷ χρέο, μηδὲ πόλιν ἀρχαίην ἐξαναστήσῃς ἀναμάρ- 20
τητον ἐοῦσαν καὶ τῶν πρότερον καὶ τῶν νῦν ἑστεώτων. τὰ
μὲν γὰρ πρότερον ἐγώ τε ἔπρηξα καὶ ἐγὼ κεφαλῇ ἀναμάξας
φέρω· τὰ δὲ νῦν παρεόντα Πακτύης γὰρ ἐστὶ ὁ ἀδικέων, τῷ
4 σὺ ἐπέτρεψας Σάρδις, οὗτος δότω τοι δίκην. Λυδοῖσι δὲ συγ-
γνώμην ἔχων τάδε αὐτοῖσι ἐπίταξον, ὡς μήτε ἀποστέωσι 25
μήτε δεινοί τοι ἔωσι· ἄπειπε μέν σφι πέμψας ὅπλα ἀρήια
μὴ ἐκτῆσθαι, κέλευε δὲ σφέας κιθῶνάς τε ὑποδύνειν τοῖσι
εἵμασι καὶ κοθόρνους ὑποδέεσθαι, πρόειπε δ᾽ αὐτοῖσι κιθαρί-
ζειν τε καὶ ψάλλειν καὶ καπηλεύειν παιδεύειν τοὺς παῖδας.
καὶ ταχέως σφέας ὦ βασιλεῦ γυναῖκας ἀντ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ὄψεαι 30
γεγονότας, ὥστε οὐδὲν δεινοί τοι ἔσονται μὴ ἀποστέωσι.’
ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 4 κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9

ἀν-αµάρτητος, -ον: unfailing; blameless, 1 κιθαρίζω: to play the cithara, 1
ἀνα-µάσσω: to wipe off, wipe up, 1 κιθών, -ῶνος ὁ: clothes, chiton; Lat. tunica 5
ἀνά-στατος, -ον: driven from home, 6 κόθορνος, ὁ: high boot, 1
ἀπ-εῖπον: to speak against, refuse, renounce 4 κτάοµαι: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6
ἄρηιος, -η, -ον: of Ares, of war, 1 µη-δέ: and not, but not, nor, 12
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 νοέω: to think, have in mind, suppose, 4
δείδω: to fear, 5 οἶκα: to be like, seem; pf. tense (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 5
εἶµα, -ατος, τό: clothing, clothes, garment, 5 παιδεύω: to educate, to teach, 2
ἐξ-ανίστηµι: rise and depart from, emigrate, 4 παρα-δίδωµι: give, hand over (aor -δωκα) 12
ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 8 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἐπι-τάσσω: to arrange (behind), command, 4 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
ἐπι-τρέπω: to entrust, turn over to, 5 συγ-γνώµη, ἡ: forgiveness; confession, 3
θυµός, ὁ: desire, anger, heart; soul, 5 ὑπο-δέω: to bind or fasten under, 1
θωµάζω: to be amazed, be surprised, 2 ὑπο-δύνω: to wear underneath; place under, 2
καπηλεύω: to be a shopkeeper, 1 ψάλλω: to pluck, play a song, 1
17 ἀπεστᾶσι: they have revolted against; pf. 21 ἐστεώτων: existing, standing; pf. ἵστηµι
τά περ ἐνόεε: the (things) which..; relative 22 ἀναµάξας: wiping off the crime; aor. pple
18 µὴ ποιήσῃ: lest he make; fearing, aor subj. 24 δότω: let him pay a penalty; 3rd sg imper.
19 τὰ οἰκότα: reasonable things; pple οἶκα 25 ἐπίταξον: command; aor. imp. ἐπιτάσσω
εἴρηκας: you have spoken; pf. λέγω ἀποστέωσι, ἔωσι: revolt, are; 3rd pl. subj.
20 θυµῷ χρέο: give way to...; imper. χράοµαι 27 ἐκτῆσθαι: to possess; pf. inf. κτάοµαι
ἐξαναστήσῃς: Don’t dislodge; prohibitive 30 ὄψε(σ)αι: you will see; 2nd sg. fut. ὁράω
172 Herodotus 1.156.1 – 158.2
156 Κροῖσος μὲν δὴ ταῦτά οἱ ὑπετίθετο, αἱρετώτερα ταῦτα εὑρίσ- 1
κων Λυδοῖσι ἢ ἀνδραποδισθέντας πρηθῆναι σφέας, ἐπιστά-

μενος ὅτι ἢν μὴ ἀξιόχρεον πρόφασιν προτείνῃ, οὐκ ἀναπείσει
μιν μεταβουλεύσασθαι, ἀρρωδέων δὲ μὴ καὶ ὕστερον κοτὲ
οἱ Λυδοί, ἢν τὸ παρεὸν ὑπεκδράμωσι, ἀποστάντες ἀπὸ τῶν 5
2 Περσέων ἀπόλωνται. Κῦρος δὲ ἡσθεὶς τῇ ὑποθήκῃ καὶ ὑπεὶς

τῆς ὀργῆς ἔφη οἱ πείθεσθαι. καλέσας δὲ Μαζάρεα ἄνδρα
Μῆδον, ταῦτά τέ οἱ ἐνετείλατο προειπεῖν Λυδοῖσι τὰ ὁ Κροῖ-
σος ὑπετίθετο, καὶ πρὸς ἐξανδραποδίσασθαι τοὺς ἄλλους πάν-
τας οἳ μετὰ Λυδῶν ἐπὶ Σάρδις ἐστρατεύσαντο, αὐτὸν δὲ 10
157 Πακτύην πάντως ζῶντα ἀγαγεῖν παρ᾽ ἑωυτόν. ὃ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα

ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἐντειλάμενος ἀπήλαυνε ἐς ἤθεα τὰ Περσέων,
Πακτύης δὲ πυθόμενος ἀγχοῦ εἶναι στρατὸν ἐπ᾽ ἑωυτὸν ἰόντα
2 δείσας οἴχετο φεύγων ἐς Κύμην. Μαζάρης δὲ ὁ Μῆδος ἐλά- 14
ἀγχοῦ: near, nearby, 3 Μαζάρης, -εος, ὁ: Mazares, 5

αἱρετός, -ή, -όν: selected, choiceworthy, 2 µετα-βουλεύοµαι: to change one's mind, 1
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 6 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
ἀνδρα-ποδίζω: reduce to slavery, enslave, 3 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 5
ἀξιό-χρεος, -ον: adequate, worthy, 1 πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 πιπράσκω: to sell, 2
ἀρρωδέω: to fear, dread, shrink from, 3 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
δείδω: to fear, 5 προ-τείνω: to hold out before, propose, 2
ἐξ-ανδρα-ποδίζω: to reduce to utter slavery 4 πρό-φασις, ἡ : excuse, pretext, 2
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
ζάω: to live, 8 ὑπ-εκ-τρέχω: run out from under, emerge 1
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in (+ dat.) 5 ὑπ-ίηµι: to relent, let down, 1
ἦθος, -έος ὁ: custom; accustomed place, 3 ὑπο-θήκη, ἡ: a suggestion, proposal, advice, 3
Κύµη, ἡ: Cyme, 3 ὑπο-τίθηµι: to propose, place under, advise, 6
2 ἀνδραποδισθέντας: having been enslaved 8 ἐνετείλατο: ordered; aor. mid. ἐντέλλοµαι

πρηθῆναι: be sold; aor. pass. πιπράσκω τὰ...ὑπετίθετο: the (things) which…; rel.
3 ἤν…προτείνῃ: if he does not propose; ἐάν 9 πρὸς ἐξανδραποδίσασθαι: and, in
ἀναπείσει: will persuade, fut. ἀναπείθω addition, to enslave; aor. inf.
4 µὴ...ἀπόλωνται: lest…be killed; aor. subj. 11 ζῶντα: alive; “living,” pres. pple. ζάω
ἀπόλλυµι, fearing clause with ἀρρωδέων ἀγαγεῖν: bring; aor. inf. ἄγω
5 ἤν…ὑπεκδράµωσι: if they emerge from; 12 ἐκ τὴς ὁδοῦ: on his journey
“run out from under,” aor. subj ὑπεκτρέχω ἐντειλάµενος: having order; ἐντέλλοµαι
τὸ παρεὸν: present affairs; pple. παρ́ειµι 13 ἰόντα: coming; acc. sg. pple ἔρχοµαι
ἀποστάντες: revolting; aor. pple ἀπίστηµι 14 δείσας: beginning to fear; ingressive aor.
6 ἡσθεὶς: delighted in; aor. dep. pple ἥδοµαι ἐλάσας: marching; aor. pple ἐλαύνω
ὑπεις: relenting; “letting up,” pple ὑπίηµι
σας ἐπὶ τὰς Σάρδις τοῦ Κύρου στρατοῦ μοῖραν ὅσην δή 15
κοτε ἔχων, ὡς οὐκ εὗρε ἔτι ἐόντας τοὺς ἀμφὶ Πακτύην ἐν

Σάρδισι, πρῶτα μὲν τοὺς Λυδοὺς ἠνάγκασε τὰς Κύρου ἐντο-
λὰς ἐπιτελέειν, ἐκ τούτου δὲ κελευσμοσύνης Λυδοὶ τὴν πᾶ-
3 σαν δίαιταν τῆς ζόης μετέβαλον. Μαζάρης δὲ μετὰ τοῦτο
ἔπεμπε ἐς τὴν Κύμην ἀγγέλους ἐκδιδόναι κελεύων Πακτύην. 20
οἱ δὲ Κυμαῖοι ἔγνωσαν συμβουλῆς περὶ ἐς θεὸν ἀνοῖσαι τὸν

ἐν Βραγχίδῃσι· ἦν γὰρ αὐτόθι μαντήιον ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἱδρυ-
μένον, τῷ Ἴωνές τε πάντες καὶ Αἰολέες ἐώθεσαν χρᾶσθαι.
ὁ δὲ χῶρος οὗτος ἐστὶ τῆς Μιλησίης ὑπὲρ Πανόρμου λιμένος.
158 πέμψαντες ὦν οἱ Κυμαῖοι ἐς τοὺς Βραγχίδας θεοπρόπους 25
εἰρώτευν περὶ Πακτύην ὁκοῖόν τι ποιέοντες θεοῖσι μέλλοιεν

χαριεῖσθαι. ἐπειρωτῶσι δέ σφι ταῦτα χρηστήριον ἐγένετο
ἐκδιδόναι Πακτύην Πέρσῃσι. ταῦτα δὲ ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα
2 ἤκουσαν οἱ Κυμαῖοι, ὁρμέατο ἐκδιδόναι· ὁρμημένου δὲ ταύτῃ
τοῦ πλήθεος, Ἀριστόδικος ὁ Ἡρακλείδεω ἀνὴρ τῶν ἀστῶν 30
ἀµφί: on both sides, 4 ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10

ἀναγκάζω: to force, compel, require, 5 κελευσµοσύνη, ἡ: order, command, 1
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 κοτέ: ever, at some time, once, 14
ἀπο-φέρω: to carry off or away, report, 5 Κυµαῖος, -η, -ον: Cumaean, 8
Ἀριστόδικος, ὁ: Aristodikos, 6 λιµήν, -µένος, ὁ: a harbor, haven, 1
ἀστός, -ή, -όν: townsman, country-man, 6 µαντηῖος, -η, -ον: prophetic, oracular, 7
αὐτό-θι: on the very spot or moment, 5 Μαζάρης, -εος, ὁ: Mazares, 5
Βράγχιδαι, αἱ: Branchidai, 5 µετα-βάλλω: to change, 4
γιγνώσκω: to learn to know, learn, realize, 7 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
δίαιτα, ἡ: a way of living, living, 5 ὁκοῖος, -η, -ον: of what sort or kind, 2
εἰρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
ἐντολαί, αἱ: instructions, orders, commands 2 Πάνορµος, ὁ: Panormos, 1
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11 συµ-βουλή, ἡ: advice, council, 1
ζόη, ἡ: life, lifetime, 5 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of gen; beyond acc, 7
Ἡρακλεῖδαι, αἱ: Heraclids, 7 χαρίζοµαι: favor, gratify, indulge (dat.) 7
θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle 10
15 µοῖραν…ἔχων: having a part (of Cyrus’ ἀνοῖσαι: to refer; aor. inf. ἀναφέρω
army), as much as (he had) at that time 23 ἐώθεσαν: were accustomed; plpf. ἔωθα
16 ὡς…εὖρε: when hd found; aor. εὑρίσκω εἰρώτευν: were asking; 3rd pl. impf.
19 δίαιταν τῆς ζοῆς: way of living 26 ὁκοῖον ποιέοντες: doing what sort of thing
µετέβαλον: changed; aor. µεταβάλλω 27 ἐπειρωτῶσι σφι: to those asking; dat. pl.
21 ἔγνωσαν realized; aor. γινώσκω 28 ἀπενειχθέντα: being reported; aor. pass.
συµβουλῆς πέρι: concerning his advice 29 ὁρµέατο: set out; plpf. ὁρµάω
174 Herodotus 1.158.2 – 160.3
ἐὼν δόκιμος ἔσχε μὴ ποιῆσαι ταῦτα Κυμαίους, ἀπιστέων τε 1
τῷ χρησμῷ καὶ δοκέων τοὺς θεοπρόπους οὐ λέγειν ἀληθέως,

ἐς ὃ τὸ δεύτερον περὶ Πακτύεω ἐπειρησόμενοι ἤισαν ἄλλοι
159 θεοπρόποι, τῶν καὶ Ἀριστόδικος ἦν. ἀπικομένων δὲ ἐς Βραγ-
χίδας ἐχρηστηριάζετο ἐκ πάντων Ἀριστόδικος ἐπειρωτῶν 5
τάδε. ‘ὦναξ, ἦλθε παρ᾽ ἡμέας ἱκέτης Πακτύης ὁ Λυδός, φεύ-

γων θάνατον βίαιον πρὸς Περσέων· οἳ δέ μιν ἐξαιτέονται,
2 προεῖναι Κυμαίους κελεύοντες. ἡμεῖς δὲ δειμαίνοντες τὴν
Περσέων δύναμιν τὸν ἱκέτην ἐς τόδε οὐ τετολμήκαμεν ἐκδιδό-
ναι, πρὶν ἂν τὸ ἀπὸ σεῦ ἡμῖν δηλωθῇ ἀτρεκέως ὁκότερα 10
ποιέωμεν.’ ὃ μὲν ταῦτα ἐπειρώτα, ὃ δ᾽ αὖτις τὸν αὐτόν σφι

3 χρησμὸν ἔφαινε, κελεύων ἐκδιδόναι Πακτύην Πέρσῃσι. πρὸς
ταῦτα ὁ Ἀριστόδικος ἐκ προνοίης ἐποίεε τάδε· περιιὼν τὸν
νηὸν κύκλῳ ἐξαίρεε τοὺς στρουθοὺς καὶ ἄλλα ὅσα ἦν νενοσ- 14
ἀληθής, -ές: true, 6 θάνατος, ὁ: death, 4

ἄναξ, ὁ: a lord, master, 2 θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle 10
ἀ-πιστέω: to disbelieve, not trust, 1 ἱκέτης, -ου, ὁ: suppliant seeking protection, 8
Ἀριστόδικος, ὁ: Aristodikos, 6 κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14
ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 νοσσεύω: to nest, 1
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 ὁκότερος, -η, -ον: which (of two), 4
βίαιος, -α, -ον: forcible, violent, 1 περι-έρχοµαι: to come around, go around, 3
Βράγχιδαι, αἱ: Branchidai, 5 προ-ίηµι: to send before; surrender, betray, 3
δειµαίνω: to be afraid, in a fright, 2 προ-νοίη, ἡ: forethought, foreknowledge, 2
δηλόω: to make clear; reveal; show, exhibit 7 στρουθός, ὁ: a sparrow, 1
δόκιµος, -ον: well-reputed, famous, worthy, 6 τολµάω: to dare, undertake, endure, 4
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 φεύγω: to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
ἐξ-αιρέω: to take out, remove, leave out, 5 χρησµός, ὁ: oracle, an oracle’s reply, 7
ἐξ-αιτέω: to ask from, demand from, 2 χρηστηριάζω: to consult an oracle, 5
2 ἔσχε µὴ ποιῆσαι: kept the C. from doing...; τετολµήκαµεν: have dared, pf. τολµάω
πρηθῆναι: be sold; aor. pass. πιπράσκω 10 πρὶν ἄν…δηλωθῇ: before it was revealed,
ἑς ὅ: to which (oracle)…; relative clause aor. pass. δηλόω, general temporal clause
3 τὸ δεύτερον: a second time; adverbial acc. ποιέωµεν: we are to do, deliberative subj.
ἐπειρησόµενοι: (going) to ask; fut. pple 11 ἐπειρώτα: asked, 3rd sg. impf.
ἤισαν: went; 3rd pl. impf. ἔρχοµαι ἐπειρωτάω
4 τῶν καὶ: among whom also…; partitive τὸν αὐτόν: the same oracle, i.e. response
5 ἐπειρωτῶν: asking, pres. pple. πρὸς ταῦτα: in reply to these things
ἐπειρωτάω 13 ἐκ προνοίης: in anticipation
6 ἦλθε: 3rd sg. aor. ἔρχοµαι ἐποίεε: he began to do, inceptive impf.
8 προεῖναι: send forth, aor. inf. προίηµι περιιὼν: going around, pple. περιέρχοµαι
9 ἐς τόδε: (up) to this here (time) 14 ἦν νενοσσευµένα: had nested, plpf. pass.
σευμένα ὀρνίθων γένεα ἐν τῷ νηῷ. ποιέοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ταῦτα 15
λέγεται φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἀδύτου γενέσθαι φέρουσαν μὲν πρὸς

τὸν Ἀριστόδικον, λέγουσαν δὲ τάδε ‘ἀνοσιώτατε ἀνθρώπων,
τί τάδε τολμᾷς ποιέειν; τοὺς ἱκέτας μου ἐκ τοῦ νηοῦ κεραΐζεις;’
4 Ἀριστόδικον δὲ οὐκ ἀπορήσαντα πρὸς ταῦτα εἰπεῖν ‘ὦναξ,
αὐτὸς μὲν οὕτω τοῖσι ἱκέτῃσι βοηθέεις, Κυμαίους δὲ κελεύεις 20
τὸν ἱκέτην ἐκδιδόναι;’ τὸν δὲ αὖτις ἀμείψασθαι τοῖσιδε ‘ναὶ
κελεύω, ἵνα γε ἀσεβήσαντες θᾶσσον ἀπόλησθε, ὡς μὴ τὸ λοι-
160 πὸν περὶ ἱκετέων ἐκδόσιος ἔλθητε ἐπὶ τὸ χρηστήριον.’ ταῦτα
ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ἤκουσαν οἱ Κυμαῖοι, οὐ βουλόμενοι οὔτε
ἐκδόντες ἀπολέσθαι οὔτε παρ᾽ ἑωυτοῖσι ἔχοντες πολιορκέε- 25
2 σθαι, ἐκπέμπουσι αὐτὸν ἐς Μυτιλήνην. οἱ δὲ Μυτιληναῖοι

ἐπιπέμποντος τοῦ Μαζάρεος ἀγγελίας ἐκδιδόναι τὸν Πακτύην
παρεσκευάζοντο ἐπὶ μισθῷ ὅσῳ δή· οὐ γὰρ ἔχω τοῦτό γε
3 εἰπεῖν ἀτρεκέως· οὐ γὰρ ἐτελεώθη. Κυμαῖοι γὰρ ὡς ἔμαθον
ταῦτα πρησσόμενα ἐκ τῶν Μυτιληναίων, πέμψαντες πλοῖον
ἐς Λέσβον ἐκκομίζουσι Πακτύην ἐς Χίον. ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἐξ 30
ἀγγελίη, ἡ: message, news, 3 κεραίζω: to ravage, despoil, plunder, 2

ἄ-δυτον, τό: inner sanctuary of a temple, 1 Κυµαῖος, -η, -ον: Cumaean, 8
ἄναξ, ὁ: a lord, master, 2 Λέσβος, ὁ: Lesbos, 5
ἀν-όσιος, -ον: unholy, impious, profane, 1 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἀ-πορέω: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3 Μαζάρης, -εος, ὁ: Mazares, 5
ἀπο-φέρω: to carry off or away, report, 5 µισθός, ὁ: fee, wages, pay, hire, 2
ἀ-σεβέω: to be impious, 1 Μυτιληναῖος, -η, -ον: Mytilenians, 3
ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 Μυτιλήνη, ἡ: Mytilene, 1
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 ναί: yes, yea, 1
βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 8 ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος, ὁ, ἡ: a bird, 2
γένος, -εος, ὁ: race, family, lineage, stock, 13 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 5
ἔκ-δοσις, ὁ: surrendering, giving up, 1 πλοῖον τό: ship, vessel, 15
ἐκ-κοµίζω: to carry or bring out, 2 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἐκ-πέµπω: to send out, send forth, 8 πρήσσω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 10
ἐπι-πέµπω: to send to, 1 τελέω: to end, complete, fulfill; pay, 2
θάσσων, -ον: quicker, swifter, 1 φωνή, ἡ: speech, voice, 2
ἱκέτης, -ου, ὁ: suppliant seeking protection, 8 Χίος, ἡ: Chios, 7
15 ἐν τῷ νηῷ: in the temple ὡς µὴ ἔλθητε: so that you may not come

17 Ἀνοσιώτατε: O most impious, address 25 ἐκδόντες: giving him up, aor. ἐκδίδωµι
18 τί…τολµᾷς: why do you dare; 2nd sg pres παρ ᾿… ἔχοντες: being able by themselves
19 εἰπεῖν: said, follows λέγεται 'it is said᾽ 28 µισθῷ ὅσῷ: for a price as much as it was
Ὤναξ: O Lord, crasis Ὠ Ἄναξ ἔχω…εἰπεῖν: I am able to say; ἔχω + pple
22 ἀπόλησθε: you may be killed; aor. subj. 29 ἐτελεώθη: it was completed; aor. pass.
176 Herodotus 1.160.3 – 163.3
ἱροῦ Ἀθηναίης πολιούχου ἀποσπασθεὶς ὑπὸ Χίων ἐξεδόθη· 1
4 ἐξέδοσαν δὲ οἱ Χῖοι ἐπὶ τῷ Ἀταρνέι μισθῷ· τοῦ δὲ Ἀταρ-

νέος τούτου ἐστὶ χῶρος τῆς Μυσίης, Λέσβου ἀντίος. Πα-
κτύην μέν νυν παραδεξάμενοι οἱ Πέρσαι εἶχον ἐν φυλακῇ,
5 θέλοντες Κύρῳ ἀποδέξαι. ἦν δὲ χρόνος οὗτος οὐκ ὀλίγος 5
γινόμενος, ὅτε Χίων οὐδεὶς ἐκ τοῦ Ἀταρνέος τούτου οὔτε

οὐλὰς κριθέων πρόχυσιν ἐποιέετο θεῶν οὐδενὶ οὔτε πέμματα
ἐπέσσετο καρποῦ τοῦ ἐνθεῦτεν, ἀπείχετο τε τῶν πάντων
161 ἱρῶν τὰ πάντα ἐκ τῆς χώρης ταύτης γινόμενα. Χῖοι μέν νυν
Πακτύην ἐξέδοσαν. Μαζάρης δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐστρατεύετο ἐπὶ 10
τοὺς συμπολιορκήσαντας Τάβαλον, καὶ τοῦτο μὲν Πριηνέας

ἐξηνδραποδίσατο, τοῦτο δὲ Μαιάνδρου πεδίον πᾶν ἐπέδραμε
ληίην ποιεύμενος τῷ στρατῷ, Μαγνησίην τε ὡσαύτως. μετὰ
162 δὲ ταῦτα αὐτίκα νούσῳ τελευτᾷ. ἀποθανόντος δὲ τού- 14
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
ἀπ-έχω: to be distant, keep away from, 4 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 ὅτε: when, at some time, 4
ἀπο-σπάω: to tear away, drag away, 2 οὐλαί, αἱ: grains, barley-grain, 2
Ἀταρνεύς, ὁ: Atarneus, 3 παρα-δέκοµαι: to take in charge of, inherit, 6
ἐξ-ανδρα-ποδίζω: reduce to utter slavery, 4 πέµµα, -ατος, τό: cake; pastry, cookie, 1
ἐπι-τρέχω: to overrun, rush upon, 1 πέσσω: to cook; soften, 1
καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14 πολιοῦχος -ον: Protectress, protecter of city 1
κριθή, ἡ: barley-grain, barley, 2 Πριηνεύς, ὁ: Prieneus, citizen of Priene, 5
Λέσβος, ὁ: Lesbos, 5 πρό-χυσις, ἡ: an outpouring, 1
ληίη, ἡ: spoils of war, 1 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 5
Μαγνησίη, ἡ: Magnesia, 1 συµ-πολιορκέω: to join in besieging, 1
Μαζάρης, -εος, ὁ: Mazares, 5 Τάβαλος, ὁ: Tabalos, 4
Μαίανδρος, ὁ: Maeander, 2 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
µισθός, ὁ: fee, wages, pay, hire, 2 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
Μυσίος, -η, -ον, ἡ: Mysian, 1 ὡσ-αύτως: in the same manner, just so, 2
1 ἀποσπασθεὶς: dragged away; aor pass pple 7 πρόχυσιν: outpouring; offering to the gods
ἐξεδόθη: 3rd sg. aor. pass. ἐκδίδωµι 8 ἐπέσσετο: cooked; impf. πέσσω
2 ἐξέδοσαν: 3rd sg. aor. act. ἐκδίδωµι ἀπείχετο: was kept from, + gen., ἀπέχω
ἐπὶ τῷ Ἀταρνέι µισθῷ: for the cost of 11 ἐπὶ...συµπολιορκήσαντας: against those
Atarneus; Pactyes was exchanged for land having joined in besieging Tabalos
3 τῆς Μυσίης: in the land of Mysia; partitive τοῦτο µὲν… δὲ: on the one hand… on the..
4 εἶχον: were keeping (him); impf. ἔχω 12 ἐπέδραµε: overran; 3rd sg. aor. ἐπιτρέχω
5 ἀποδέξαι: to show; aor. inf. ἀποδείκνυµι 13 ληίην…: providing pillaging for the army
ἦν…ὀλιγος γενόµενος: not a short time 14 νούσῳ: because of illness; dat. cause
had passed, when; periphrastic plpf. τελευτᾷ: dies; 3rd sg. pres. τελευτάω
του, Ἅρπαγος κατέβη διάδοχος τῆς στρατηγίης, γένος καὶ 15
αὐτὸς ἐὼν Μῆδος, τὸν ὁ Μήδων βασιλεὺς Ἀστυάγης ἀνόμῳ

τραπέζῃ ἔδαισε, ὁ τῷ Κύρῳ τὴν βασιληίην συγκατεργασά-
2 μενος. οὗτος ὡνὴρ τότε ὑπὸ Κύρου στρατηγὸς ἀποδεχθεὶς
ὡς ἀπίκετο ἐς τὴν Ἰωνίην, αἵρεε τὰς πόλιας χώμασι· ὅκως
γὰρ τειχήρεας ποιήσειε, τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν χώματα χῶν πρὸς τὰ 20
163 τείχεα ἐπόρθεε. πρώτῃ δὲ Φωκαίῃ Ἰωνίης ἐπεχείρησε. οἱ

δὲ Φωκαιέες οὗτοι ναυτιλίῃσι μακρῇσι πρῶτοι Ἑλλήνων
ἐχρήσαντο, καὶ τὸν τε Ἀδρίην καὶ τὴν Τυρσηνίην καὶ τὴν
Ἰβηρίην καὶ τὸν Ταρτησσὸν οὗτοι εἰσὶ οἱ καταδέξαντες·
2 ἐναυτίλλοντο δὲ οὐ στρογγύλῃσι νηυσὶ ἀλλὰ πεντηκον- 25
τέροισι. ἀπικόμενοι δὲ ἐς τὸν Ταρτησσὸν προσφιλέες

ἐγένοντο τῷ βασιλέι τῶν Ταρτησσίων, τῷ οὔνομα μὲν ἦν,
Ἀργανθώνιος, ἐτυράννευσε δὲ Ταρτησσοῦ ὀγδώκοντα ἔτεα,
3 ἐβίωσε δὲ πάντα εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατόν. τούτῳ δὴ τῷ
ἀνδρὶ προσφιλέες οἱ Φωκαιέες οὕτω δή τι ἐγένοντο ὡς τὰ 30
Ἀδρίης, ὁ: the Adriatic sea, 1 πορθέω: to plunder, ravage, destroy, 2

ἄ-νοµος, -ον: lawless, without law, 2 προσ-φιλής, -ες: friendly, dear, beloved, 3
Ἀργανθώνιος, ὁ: Arganthonios, 2 στρατηγίη, ἡ: generalship, leadership, 2
βιόω: to live, 13 στρογγύλος, -η, -ον: rounded, spherical, 1
δαίνυµι: to feast; dine, 2 συγ-κατ-εργάζοµαι: join in getting, assist 1
διάδοχος, ὁ: successor, 1 Ταρτήσσιος, -η, -ον: Tartessian, 1
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 Ταρτησσός, ὁ: Tartessos, 3
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 τειχ-ήρης, -ες: enclosed by walls, besieged, 1
ἐπι-χειρέω: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6 τράπεζα, ἡ: table; dinner, meal, 4
Ἰβηρίη, ἡ: Iberia, Spain, 1 τυραννεύω: to be or become a sovereign, 9
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come, or climb, down, 7 Τυρσηνίη, ἡ: Tyrrhenia, Etruria, 2
κατα-δείκνυµι: to discover, 2 Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
ναυτιλίη, ἡ: voyage, a sailing, 2 χοῦς, ὁ: dug-out soil, soil, 2
ναυτίλλοµαι: to sail, go by sea, 2 χόω: throw up, heap up, 1
ὀγδώκοντα: eighty, 5 χῶµα, τό: mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
πεντηκόντερος, ὁ: a ship with fifty oars. 3
15 κατέβῆ: 3rd sg. aor. καταβαίνω χώµασι: with earthen mounds, means
γένος…Μῆδος, τὸν: being that same ὅκως…ποιήσειε: whenever he made
Mede by birth in fact, whom; acc. respect (cities) enclosed by walls; aor. opt.
17 τραπέζῃ: dish, meal; i.e. his son’s body 20 χῶν: pouring, heaping, pres. pple. χόω
ἔδαισε: dined, aor. inf. δαίνυµι 23 ἐχρήσαντο: made, “experienced,” χράω
18 ἀποδεχθεὶς appointed, aor. pass. pple. 25 στρογγύλῃσι νηυσὶ: by rounded ships
19 αἵρεε: he tried to seize, impf. αἱρέω 30 οὓτω…ὡς: so friendly…that…; result
178 Herodotus 1.163.3 – 165.2
μὲν πρῶτα σφέας ἐκλιπόντας Ἰωνίην ἐκέλευε τῆς ἑωυτοῦ 1
χώρης οἰκῆσαι ὅκου βούλονται· μετὰ δέ, ὡς τοῦτό γε οὐκ

ἔπειθε τοὺς Φωκαιέας, ὁ δὲ πυθόμενος τὸν Μῆδον παρ᾽ αὐτῶν
ὡς αὔξοιτο, ἐδίδου σφι χρήματα τεῖχος περιβαλέσθαι τὴν
4 πόλιν, ἐδίδου δὲ ἀφειδέως· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡ περίοδος τοῦ τεί- 5
χεος οὐκ ὀλίγοι στάδιοι εἰσί, τοῦτο δὲ πᾶν λίθων μεγάλων

164 καὶ εὖ συναρμοσμένων. τὸ μὲν δὴ τεῖχος τοῖσι Φωκαιεῦσι
τρόπῳ τοιῶδε ἐξεποιήθη. ὁ δὲ Ἅρπαγος ὡς ἐπήλασε τὴν
στρατιήν, ἐπολιόρκεε αὐτούς, προισχόμενος ἔπεα ὥς οἱ κατα-
χρᾷ εἰ βούλονται Φωκαιέες προμαχεῶνα ἕνα μοῦνον τοῦ τεί- 10
2 χεος ἐρεῖψαι καὶ οἴκημα ἓν κατιρῶσαι. οἱ δὲ Φωκαιέες

περιημεκτέοντες τῇ δουλοσύνη ἔφασαν θέλειν βουλεύσασθαι
ἡμέρην μίαν καὶ ἔπειτα ὑποκρινέεσθαι· ἐν ᾧ δὲ βουλεύονται
αὐτοί, ἀπαγαγεῖν ἐκεῖνον ἐκέλευον τὴν στρατιὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ 14
ἀπ-άγω: to lead away, carry off, 4 ὅκου: where, 3

αὔξω: to grow, grow up, 1 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἀ-φειδέως: unstintingly, unsparingly, 3 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
δουλοσύνη, ἡ: slavery, captivity, subjection, 5 περι-ηµεκτέω: to be greatly aggrieved, 3
ἐκ-λείπω: to leave out, omit, pass over, 4 περί-οδος ὁ: circumference, journey around 4
ἐκ-ποιέω: to complete, make thoroughly, 1 πολιορκέω: to besiege, hem in a city, 11
ἐπ-ελαύνω: to drive on, charge, 3 προ-ίσχω: to put forward, propose, 3
ἐρείπω: demolish, destroy, 1 προ-µαχεών, ὁ: parapet, bulwark, rampart, 5
κατα-χράοµαι: suffice; kill, make off with, 2 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
κατιρῶ: to dedicate, 2 συν-αρµόζω: to fit together, 1
λίθος, ὁ: a stone, 8 ὑπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, respond, 4
οἴκηµα, -ατος, τό: (store)room, workshop, 6 Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
1 ἐκλιπόντες: leaving behind; aor. ἐκλείπω ἐξεποιήθη: was completed; aor. pass.
2 οἰκῆσαι: to inhabit;aor. inf. οἰκέω ἐκποιέω
µετὰ δέ: afterwards 9 ἐπήλασε: marched; aor. ἐπελαύνω
ὡς τοῦτο…ἔπειθε: when he couldn’t προϊσχόµενος ἔπεα ὡς: proposing words
persuade the Phocians (of) this that
3 πυθόµενος: but having learned; aor. pple οἱ καταχρᾷ: it is sufficient for him; dat. sg.
τὸν Μῆδον…ὡς αὔξοιτο: that (the power 11 ἐρεῖψαι: to tear down; aor. inf. ἐρείπω
of) the Mede was growing; opt. αὐξάνω κατιρῶσαι: to dedicate; aor. inf. κατιρῶ
4 ἐδίδου: he gave; impf. δίδωµι 12 ἔφασαν: said; 3rd pl. aor. φηµί
περιβαλέσθαι: to build around; exegetical 13 ἡµέρην µίαν: for one day; acc. duration
(explanatory) inf. ἑν ᾧ: while; “in which (time)
6 τοῦτο δὲ πᾶν: and this entire (wall); 14 ἀπαγαγεῖν: to lead away; aor. ἀπάγω
8 πρόπῳ τοιῷδε: in such a way 15 εἰδέναι: that he knows; aor. inf. ὁράω
τείχεος. ὁ δ᾽ Ἅρπαγος ἔφη εἰδέναι μὲν εὖ τὰ ἐκεῖνοι μέλ- 15
3 λοιεν ποιέειν, ὅμως δὲ σφι παριέναι βουλεύσασθαι. ἐν ᾧ

ὦν ὁ Ἅρπαγος ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχεος ἀπήγαγε τὴν, στρατιήν, οἱ
Φωκαιέες ἐν τούτῳ κατασπάσαντες τὰς πεντηκοντέρους, ἐσθέ-
μενοι τέκνα καὶ γυναῖκας καὶ ἔπιπλα πάντα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ
τὰ ἀγάλματα τὰ ἐν τῶν ἱρῶν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα, χωρὶς 20
ὅ τι χαλκὸς ἢ λίθος ἢ γραφὴ ἦν, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα πάντα ἐσθέν-
τες καὶ αὐτοὶ εἰσβάντες ἔπλεον ἐπὶ Χίου. τὴν δὲ Φωκαίην
165 ἐρημωθεῖσαν ἀνδρῶν ἔσχον οἱ Πέρσαι. οἱ δὲ Φωκαιέες,
ἐπείτε σφι Χῖοι τὰς νήσους τὰς Οἰνούσσας καλεομένας οὐκ
ἐβούλοντο ὠνευμένοισι πωλέειν, δειμαίνοντες μὴ αἳ μὲν ἐμπό- 25
ριον γένωνται, ἡ δὲ αὐτῶν νῆσος ἀποκληισθῇ τούτου εἵνεκα,
πρὸς ταῦτα οἱ Φωκαίες ἐστέλλοντο ἐς Κύρνον· ἐν γὰρ τῇ
Κύρνῳ εἴκοσι ἔτεσι πρότερον τούτων ἐκ θεοπροπίου ἀνε-
2 στήσαντο πόλιν, τῇ οὔνομα ἦν Ἀλαλίη. Ἀργανθώνιος δὲ
τηνικαῦτα ἤδη τετελευτήκεε. στελλόμενοι δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν 30
Κύρνον, πρῶτα καταπλεύσαντες ἐς τὴν Φωκαίην κατεφόνευ-
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 κατα-σπάω: to launch, draw down, 1
Ἀλαλίη, ἡ: Alalia, 2 κατα-φονεύω: to slaughter, 2
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 Κύρνος, ἡ, ὁ: Cyrnus, Corsica, 7
ἀπ-άγω: to lead away, carry off, 4 Οἰνούσσαι, αἱ: Oenoussae, 2
ἀπο-κληίω: to shut off or away from, 3 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
Ἀργανθώνιος, ὁ: Arganthonios, 2 παρ-ίηµι: to pass over, skip over; neglect, 10
δειµαίνω: to be afraid, in a fright, 2 πεντηκόντερος, ὁ: a ship with fifty oars. 3
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 πωλέω: to sell, exchange, 4
ἐµπόριον, τό: emporium, market; factory, 1 στέλλω: send, set forth, 3
ἐπίπλα, τά: movable property; furniture, 3 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
ἐρηµόµαι: to be deserted, be lay waste, 1 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
ἐσ-βαίνω: to go into, enter, 1 Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
ἐσ-τίθηµι: to place into, put in, 5 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 7
γραφή, ἡ: written text, inscription, 5 Χῖοι, οἱ: Chians, from Chios, 10
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 Χίος, ἡ: Chios, 7
θεο-πρόπιον, τό: oracle, prophesy, 5 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
κατα-πλέω: sail downstream, sail to shore, 4 ὠνέοµαι: to buy, purchase, 6
15 τὰ...µέλλοιεν: that those were intending 22 ἐσβάντες: entering; aor. pple. ἐσβαίνω
16 παριέναι: that he allows; inf. παρίηµι 23 ἐπρηµωθεῖσαν: emptied of men; aor. pass.
17 ἑν ᾧ: while; “in which (time) 25 µὴ γένωνται: lest they create commerce
18 ἐσθέµενοι: putting in; aor. mid. ἐστίθηµι 26 ἀποκληισθῇ: be closed off (from trade)
20 χωρὶς ὅ τι: apart (from that) which… 30 ἐτετελευτήκεε: had died; plpf. τελευτάω
21 ἐσθέντες: aor. pass. pple. ἐστίθηµι 31 καταπλεύσαντες: aor. pple. καταπλέω
180 Herodotus 1.165.2 – 167.2
σαν τῶν Περσέων τὴν φυλακήν, ἣ ἐφρούρεε παραδεξαμένη 1
παρὰ Ἁρπάγου τὴν πόλιν. μετὰ δέ, ὡς τοῦτο σφι ἐξέργαστο,

ἐποιήσαντο ἰσχυρὰς κατάρας τῷ ὑπολειπομένῳ ἑωυτῶν τοῦ
3 στόλου, πρὸς δὲ ταύτῃσι καὶ μύδρον σιδήρεον κατεπόντωσαν
καὶ ὤμοσαν μὴ πρὶν ἐς Φωκαίην ἥξειν πρὶν ἢ τὸν μύδρον 5
τοῦτον ἀναφανῆναι. στελλομένων δὲ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν Κύρ-

νον, ὑπερημίσεας τῶν ἀστῶν ἔλαβε πόθος τε καὶ οἶκτος τῆς
πόλιος καὶ τῶν ἠθέων τῆς χώρης, ψευδόρκιοι δὲ γενόμενοι
ἀπέπλεον ὀπίσω ἐς τὴν Φωκαίην. οἳ δὲ αὐτῶν τὸ ὅρκιον ἐφύ-
166 λασσον, ἀερθέντες ἐκ τῶν Οἰνουσσέων ἔπλεον. ἐπείτε δὲ ἐς 10
τὴν Κύρνον ἀπίκοντο, οἴκεον κοινῇ μετὰ τῶν πρότερον ἀπι-

κομένων ἐπ᾽ ἔτεα πέντε, καὶ ἱρὰ ἐνιδρύσαντο. καὶ ἦγον γὰρ
δὴ καὶ ἔφερον τοὺς περιοίκους ἅπαντας, στρατεύονται ὦν
ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς κοινῷ λόγω χρησάμενοι Τυρσηνοὶ καὶ Καρχηδό- 14
ἀείρω: to set in motion; lift, raise up, 2 Οἰνούσσαι, αἱ: Oenoussae, 2

ἀνα-φαίνω: to reveal, show forth, display, 2 ὄµνυµι: to swear, take an oath, 2
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 4 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
ἀστός, -ή, -όν: townsman, country-man, 6 παρα-δέκοµαι: to take in charge, inherit, 6
ἐν-ιδρύω: to set up in, 3 περί-οικος -ον: neighboring, dwelling round 3
ἐξ-εργάζοµαι: to perform, accomplish, 4 πόθος, ὁ: a longing, yearning, desire, 1
ἦθος, -έος, ὁ: custom; accustomed place, σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
home, 3 στέλλω: send, set forth, 3
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 στόλος ὁ: expedition, armament; equipment 3
κατα-ποντίζω: to drown, throw into the sea 1 ὑπερ-ήµισυς -υ: over half of, more than half 1
κατάρη, ἡ: curse, 2 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
κοινῇ: in common, by common consent, 3 φρουρέω: to guard, keep watch, 1
κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary; public, 7 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 7
µύδρος, ὁ: a mass of red-hot metal, 2 Φωκαία, ἡ: Phocaea, 9
οἶκτος, ὁ: pity, compassion, 1 ψευδ-όρκιος́, -ον: perjured, forsworn, 1
1 παραδεξαµένη: having received the city 6 ἀναφανῆναι: reappeared; aor. inf.

from Harpagus; put in charge by Harpagus ἀναφαίνω
2 µετὰ δὲ: afterwards 7 ἔλαβον: seized; 3rd pl. aor. λαµβάνω
ἐξέργαστο: had been done; plpf. dat. agent 9 οἵ δὲ αὐτῶν: others of them
3 τῷ ὑπολειποµένῳ…στόλου: (against) any ἀερθέντες: having set out; aor. dep. ἀείρω
of them abandoning the expedition; pple 11 ἀπίκοντο: arrived; aor. mid. ἀπικνέοµαι
πρὸς ταύτῃσι: in addition to these things οἴκεον: they lived; 3rd sg. impf. οἰκέω
5 ὤµοσαν: swore not; 3rd pl. aor. ὄµνυµι 12 ἐπ ᾿ ἔτεα πέντε: for five years
µὴ πρὶν…ἥξειν…ἤ: they would not come to ῆγον…ἔφερον: were raiding…plundering
Phocaea before ; ‘sooner than,’ fut. inf. 14 λόγῳ χρησάµενοι: having agreed;
ἥκω ‘having engaged in dialogue’ aor. pple
2 νιοι, νηυσὶ ἑκάτεροι ἑξήκόντα. οἱ δὲ Φωκαιέες πληρώσαντες 15
καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰ πλοῖα, ἐόντα ἀριθμὸν ἑξήκοντα, ἀντίαζον ἐς τὸ

Σαρδόνιον καλεόμενον πέλαγος. συμμισγόντων δὲ τῇ ναυ-
μαχίῃ Καδμείη τις νίκη τοῖσι Φωκαιεῦσι ἐγένετο· αἱ μὲν
γὰρ τεσσεράκοντά σφι νέες διεφθάρησαν, αἱ δὲ εἴκοσι αἱ
περιεοῦσαι ἦσαν ἄχρηστοι· ἀπεστράφατο γὰρ τοὺς ἐμβόλους. 20
2 καταπλώσαντες δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἀλαλίην ἀνέλαβον τὰ τέκνα καὶ

τὰς γυναῖκας καὶ τὴν ἄλλην κτῆσιν ὅσην οἷαι τε ἐγίνοντο
αἱ νέες σφι ἄγειν, καὶ ἔπειτα ἀπέντες τὴν Κύρνον ἔπλεον
167 ἐς Ῥήγιον. τῶν δὲ διαφθαρεισέων νεῶν τοὺς ἄνδρας οἱ τε
Καρχηδόνιοι καὶ οἱ Τυρσηνοὶ * * ἔλαχόν τε αὐτῶν πολλῷ 25
πλέους καὶ τούτους ἐξαγαγόντες κατέλευσαν. μετὰ δὲ Ἀγυλ-

λαίοισι πάντα τὰ παριόντα τὸν χῶρον, ἐν τῶ οἱ Φωκαιέες
καταλευσθέντες ἐκέατο, ἐγίνετο διάστροφα καὶ ἔμπηρα καὶ
2 ἀπόπληκτα, ὁμοίως πρόβατα καὶ ὑποζύγια καὶ ἄνθρωποι. οἱ
Ἀγυλλαῖοι, οἱ: Caerean, from Caere, 3 κατα-πλέω: sail downstream, sail to shore, 4
Ἀλαλίη, ἡ: Alalia, 2 κτῆσις, -εως, ἡ: possession, acquisition, 1
ἀνα-λαµβάνω: to take up, find, resume, 5 Κύρνος, ἡ, ὁ: Cyrnus, Corsica, 7
ἀντιάζω: to meet face to face, go to meet, 2 λαγχάνω: to obtain by lot, 3
ἀπο-στρέφω: to turn away, 1 ναυ-µαχίη, ἡ: a sea-battle, 1
ἀπό-πληκτος, -ον: disabled by a stroke, 1 νίκη, ἡ: victory in battle, 4
ἀριθµός, ὁ: number, amount, quantity, 5 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 3
ἀφ-ίηµι: to send forth, release, give up, 5 πέλαγος, -εος, τό: the sea, 2
ἄ-χρηστός, -ή, -όν: useless, unserviceable, 2 περί-οικος -ον: neighboring, dwelling round 3
διά-στροφος, -ον: twisted, distorted, 1 πληρόω: to fill, 3
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 Ῥήγιον, τό: Regium, 2
ἐµ-βολός, ὁ: beak of a ship, prow, 1 Σαρδόνιος, -ή, -όν: Sardonian, 1
ἔµπηρος, -ον: crippled, maimed, 3 συµ-µίσγω: to mix, meet or commune with, 3
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 5 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
ἑξήκοντα: sixty, 4 τεσσαράκοντα: forty, 5
Καδµεῖος, -η, -ον: Cadmean, 3 Τυρσηνός, -ή, -όν: Tyrrhenian, Etruscan, 4
Καρχηδόνιος, -η, -ον: Carthaginian, 2 ὑπο-ζύγιον, τό: a yoke-animal, ox, 1
κατα-λεύω: to stone to death, 2 Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
15 νηυσὶ...ἑξηκοντα: with 60 ships; means 20 ἀπεστράφατο: bent; 'turned away' aor.

16 ἀριθµὸν ἑξήκοντα: 60 in number; respect 22 οἷαι τε ἐγίνοντο: were able
συµµισγόντων: both meeting in battle 23 ἀπέντες: giving up; aor. pple. ἀνίηµι
18 Καδµείη…: Cadmean victory; i.e. Pyrrhic 25 ἔλαχον: divided by lot; aor. λαγχάνω
19 διεφθάρησαν: were destroyed; aor. pass. 27 ἐν τῷ…ἐκέατο: where…lay; aor. κεῖµαι
182 Herodotus 1.167.2 – 170.1
δὲ Ἀγυλλαῖοι ἐς Δελφοὺς ἔπεμπον βουλόμενοι ἀκέσασθαι 1
τὴν ἁμαρτάδα. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφέας ἐκέλευσε ποιέειν τὰ καὶ

νῦν οἱ Ἀγυλλαῖοι ἔτι ἐπιτελέουσι· καὶ γὰρ ἐναγίζουσί σφι
3 μεγάλως καὶ ἀγῶνα γυμνικὸν καὶ ἱππικὸν ἐπιστᾶσι. καὶ
οὗτοι μὲν τῶν Φωκαιέων τοιούτῳ μόρῳ διεχρήσαντο, οἱ δὲ 5
αὐτῶν ἐς τὸ Ῥήγιον καταφυγόντες ἐνθεῦτεν ὁρμώμενοι

ἐκτήσαντο πόλιν γῆς τῆς Οἰνωτπίης ταύτην ἥτις νῦν Ὑέλη
4 καλέεται· ἔκτισαν δὲ ταύτην πρὸς ἀνδρὸς Ποσειδωνιήτεω
μαθόντες ὡς τὸν Κύρνον σφι ἡ Πυθίη ἔχρησε κτίσαι ἥρων
ἐόντα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὴν νῆσον. Φωκαίης μέν νυν πέρι τῆς ἐν 10
168 Ἰωνίῃ οὕτω ἔσχε παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοισι καὶ Τήιοι ἐποίη-

σαν. ἐπείτε γὰρ σφέων εἷλε χώματι τὸ τεῖχος Ἅρπαγος,
ἐσβάντες πάντες ἐς τὰ πλοῖα οἴχοντο πλέοντες ἐπὶ τῆς
Θρηίκης, καὶ ἐνθαῦτα ἔκτισαν πόλιν Ἄβδηρα, τὴν πρότερος 14
Ἄβδηρα, τά: Abdera, 2 κτάοµαι: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6

Ἀγυλλαῖοι, οἱ: Caerean, from Caere, 3 κτίζω: to found, establish, colonize, 7
ἀγών, ὁ: competition, 2 Κύρνος, ἡ, ὁ: Cyrnus, Corsica, 7
ἀκέοµαι: to heal, cure, 10 µόρος, ὁ: death, doom, fate, destiny, 4
ἁµαρτάς, -άδος, ἡ: mistake; offense, 4 Οἰνωτρίης, ὁ: Oenotria, 1
γυµνικός, -ή, -όν: of gymnastic exercises, 1 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
δια-χράοµαι : to use constantly; destroy, 5 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; nearly, 10
ἐναγίζω: to offer sacrifice to (the dead), 1 Ποσειδωνιήτης, ὁ: Poseidonian, 1
ἐπίσταµαι: know, know how, understand, 12 Ῥήγιον, τό: Regium, 2
ἐπι-τελέω: to complete, fulfill, accomplish, 9 Τήιος, -η, -ον: Teians, of Teos, 2
ἐσ-βαίνω: to go into, enter, 1 Ὑέλη, ἡ: Elea, 1
Θρῆιξ, ικος, ὁ: a Thracian, 2 Φωκαία, ἡ: Phocaea, 9
ἥρως, ὁ: hero, warrior, 2 Φωκαιεύς, ὁ: a Phocaean, 14
ἱππικός, -ή, -όν: of the horse, calvary, 2 χῶµα, τό: mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
κατα-φεύγω: to flee for refuge , 2
1 τὰ...: (the things) which…; no antecedent πρὸς…: from a Poseidonian...

3 σφι µεγάλως…ἐπιστᾶσι: to them (just as) 9 µαθόντες: having learned; aor. µανθάνω
to those especially skilled in; + acc. respect ἔχρησε: proclaimed by oracle; aor. χράω
5 τῶν Φωκαιέων: among the Phocaeans κτίσαι: aor.. inf. κτίζω
διεχρήσαντο: experienced such a death ἤρων ἐόντα… νῆσον: Cyrnus, being a hero
οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν: but those of them; Phocaeans not the island; they settled Cyrnus instead
6 καταφυγόντες: fleeing; aor. καταφεύγω of just honoring the hero of the same name
ὁρµώµενοι: setting out; pres. pple ὁρµάω 10 οὕτως ἔσχε: were thus; held thus'
7 γῆς…Οἰνωτρίης: in the land of Oenotria 12 εἷλε: seized; 3rd sg. aor. αἱρέω
8 καλέεται: is called; pres. pass. with pred. 13 ἐσβάντες: boarding; aor. pple ἐσβαίνω
ἔκτισαν: settled, colonized; aor. κτίζω ἐπὶ τῆς θρηίκης: for Thrace
τούτων Κλαζομένιος Τιμήσιος κτίσας οὐκ ἀπόνητο, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ 15
Θρηίκων ἐξελασθεὶς τιμὰς νῦν ὑπὸ Τηίων τῶν ἐν Ἀβδήροισι

ὡς ἥρως ἔχει.
169 οὗτοὶ μέν νυν Ἰώνων μοῦνοι τὴν δουλοσύνην οὐκ ἀνεχό-
μενοι ἐξέλιπον τὰς πατρίδας· οἱ δ᾽ ἄλλοι Ἴωνες πλὴν
Μιλησίων διὰ μάχης μὲν ἀπίκοντο Ἁρπάγῳ κατά περ οἱ 20
ἐκλιπόντες, καὶ ἄνδρες ἐγένοντο ἀγαθοὶ περὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ

ἕκαστος μαχόμενοι, ἑσσωθέντες δὲ καὶ ἁλόντες ἔμενον κατὰ
2 χώρην ἕκαστοι καὶ τὰ ἐπιτασσόμενα ἐπετέλεον. Μιλήσιοι δέ,
ὡς καὶ πρότερόν μοι ἔρηται, αὐτῷ Κύρῳ ὅρκιον ποιησάμενοι
ἡσυχίην ἦγον. οὕτω δὴ τὸ δεύτερον Ἰωνίη ἐδεδούλωτο. ὡς 25
δὲ τοὺς ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ Ἴωνας ἐχειρώσατο Ἅρπαγος, οἱ τὰς

νήσους ἔχοντες Ἴωνες καταρρωδήσαντες ταῦτα σφέας αὐτοὺς
170 ἔδοσαν Κύρῳ. κεκακωμένων δὲ Ἰώνων καὶ συλλεγομένων
οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐς τὸ Πανιώνιον, πυνθάνομαι γνώμην Βίαντα
Ἄβδηρα, τά: Abdera, 2 κατα-ρρωδέω: to fear, dread, 3

ἀν-έχω: to uphold, endure, 3 Κλαζοµένιος, -η, -ον: Clazomenians, 2
ἀπ-ονίνηµαι: to profit, have use of, 1 κτίζω: to found, establish, colonize, 7
Βίας, βίαντος, ὁ: Bias, 3 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
δουλοσύνη, ἡ: slavery, captivity, subjection, 5 ὅρκιον, το: oath, 9
δουλόω: to make a slave of, enslave, 5 Πανιώνιον, τό: Panionion, 5
ἐκ-λείπω: to leave out, omit, pass over, 4 πατρίς, -ίδος: fatherland, native land, 2
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἐπι-τάσσω: to arrange (behind), command, 4 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 Τήιος, -η, -ον: Teians, of Teos, 2
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 τιµή, ἡ: honor; political office, 9
ἥσσων, -ον: less, weaker, inferior, 3 Τιµήσιος, -η, -ον: Timesian, 1
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 χειρόω: to bring into hand; manage, subdue 4
κακόω: to treat ill, maltreat, afflict, distress, 2
15 κτίσας: settling; nom. sg. aor. pple. κτίζω περὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ ἕκαστος: each for his
ἀπόνητο: had no use for; aor ἀπονίνηµαι own (country); subject becomes sg. here
16 ἐξελασθεὶς: driven out; aor. pass. pple. 22 ἑσσωθέντες: defeated; aor. pple.
17 ὡς ἥρως ἔχει: (has) just as a hero has ἁλόντες: being captured; aor. pass.
20 διὰ µάχης…ἀπίκοντο Ἁρπάγῳ: come to ἁλίσκοµαι
battle with Harpagus; aor. ἀπικνέοµαι 24 εἴρηται: have mentioned; 3rd sg. pf.
κατά περ: just as 25 ἡσυχίην ἦγον: kept at rest; impf. ἄγω
21 ἐκλιπόντες: those leaving; aor. ἐκλείπω ἐδεδούλωτο: had been enslaved; plpf.
ἀγαθοὶ...µαχόµενοι: brave, while 28 ἔδοσαν: gave; 3rd pl. aor. act. δίδωµι
fighting; pred. nom 29 οὐδὲν ἦσσον ἐς: no less than at…
184 Herodotus 1.170.1 – 171.4
ἄνδρα Πριηνέα ἀποδέξασθαι Ἴωσι χρησιμωτάτην, τῇ εἰ 1
ἐπείθοντο, παρεῖχε ἂν σφι εὐδαιμονέειν Ἑλλήνων μάλιστα·

2 ὃς ἐκέλευε κοινῷ στόλῳ Ἴωνας ἀερθέντας πλέειν ἐς Σαρδὼ
καὶ ἔπειτα πόλιν μίαν κτίζειν πάντων Ἰώνων, καὶ οὕτω
ἀπαλλαχθέντας σφέας δουλοσύνης εὐδαιμονήσειν, νήσων τε 5
ἁπασέων μεγίστην νεμομένους καὶ ἄρχοντας ἄλλων· μένουσι

δέ σφι ἐν τῇ Ἰωνίῃ οὐκ ἔφη ἐνορᾶν ἐλευθερίην ἔτι ἐσομένην.
3 αὕτη μὲν Βίαντος τοῦ Πριηνέος γνώμη ἐπὶ διεφθαρμένοισι
Ἴωσι γενομένη, χρηστὴ δὲ καὶ πρὶν ἢ διαφθαρῆναι Ἰωνίην
Θάλεω ἀνδρὸς Μιλησίου ἐγένετο, τὸ ἀνέκαθεν γένος ἐόντος 10
Φοίνικος, ὃς ἐκέλευε ἓν βουλευτήριον Ἴωνας ἐκτῆσθαι, τὸ δὲ

εἶναι ἐν Τέῳ (Τέων γὰρ μέσον εἶναι Ἰωνίης), τὰς δὲ ἄλλας
πόλιας οἰκεομένας μηδὲν ἧσσον νομίζεσθαι κατά περ εἰ
δῆμοι εἶεν· 14
ἀείρω: to set in motion; lift, raise up, 2 κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary; public, 7
ἀνέκαθεν: from above, 1 κτάοµαι: to procure, get, gain, acquire, 6
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 κτίζω: to found, establish, colonize, 7
ἄρχων, -οντος, ὁ: ruler, commander, chief 5 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
Βίας, βίαντος, ὁ: Bias, 3 νέµω: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
βουλευτήριον, τό: council, council-chamber 1 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 Πριηνεύς, ὁ: Prienean, from Priene, 5
δουλοσύνη, ἡ: slavery, captivity, subjection, 5 Σαρδώ, ἡ: Sardinia, 2
ἐλευθερίη, ἡ: freedom, liberty, 3 στόλος ὁ: expedition, armament; equipment 3
ἐν-οράω: to perceive in, foresee, 5 Τέως, ὁ: Teos, 3
εὐ-δαιµονέω: to be happy, fortunate, 2 Φοῖνιξ, Φοινίκος, ὁ: Phoenician, 9
ἥσσων, -ον: less, weaker, inferior, 3 χρήσιµος -η -ον: useful, serviceable, apt, fit, 1
Θαλῆς, ὁ: Thales, 4 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, useful, 7
1 ἀποδέξασθαι: showed; aor. ἀποδείκνυµι 7 οὐκ ἔφη ἐνορᾶν: Bias said that he did not
χρησιµωτάτην: most useful plan; γνώµην foresee οὐκ modifies the inf. ἐνοράω
τῇ…ἐπείθοντο: which if they had obeyed; ἐσοµένην: fut. dep. pple. εἰµί
impf. verb in a contrafactual condition 8 αὕτη: this (is); supply ἐστίν
2 παρεῖχε ἄν: would have made them; ἄν + ἐπὶ διεφθαρµένοισι: to the defeated; pf pass
impf. is the apodosis of the contrafactual καὶ πρὶν ἤ: even before…; governs inf.
3 ἀερθέντας: setting out; aor. dep. ἀείρω 9 Θαλέω: (the plan) of Thales; add γνώµη
5 ἀπαλλαχθέντας: having been set free 10 τὸ...γένος: in lineage from above; respect
from; aor. dep. ἀπαλλάσσω + separation 11 ἐκτῆσθαι: acquire; pf. inf. κτάοµαι
6 νεµοµένους: governing; pf. mid. pple νέµω τὸ δὲ εἶναι: and that it be
ἄρχοντας: governs a gen. object 13 µηδὲν ἦσσον: no less; comparative adv.
µένουσι…σφι: for these (if) they stayed; νοµίζεσθαι κατὰ...: be considered just as
“for those remaining,” dat. pl. pple µένω 14 εἶεν: were; 3rd pl. pres. opt. εἰµί
171 οὗτοι μὲν δή σφι γνώμας τοιάσδε ἀπεδέξαντο. Ἅρπαγος 15
δὲ καταστρεψάμενος Ἰωνίην ἐποιέετο στρατηίην ἐπὶ Κᾶρας

καὶ Καυνίους καὶ Λυκίους, ἅμα ἀγόμενος καὶ Ἴωνας καὶ
2 Αἰολέας. εἰσὶ δὲ τούτων Κᾶρες μὲν ἀπιγμένοι ἐς τὴν ἤπειρον
ἐκ τῶν νήσων. τὸ γὰρ παλαιὸν ἐόντες Μίνω κατήκοοι καὶ
καλεόμενοι Λέλεγες εἶχον τὰς νήσους, φόρον μὲν οὐδένα 20
ὑποτελέοντες, ὅσον καὶ ἐγὼ δυνατός εἰμι <ἐπὶ> μακρότατον

ἐξικέσθαι ἀκοῇ· οἳ δέ, ὅκως Μίνως δέοιτο, ἐπλήρουν οἱ τὰς
3 νέας. ἅτε δὴ Μίνω τε κατεστραμμένου γῆν πολλὴν καὶ
εὐτυχέοντος τῷ πολέμῳ, τὸ Καρικὸν ἦν ἔθνος λογιμώτατον
τῶν ἐθνέων ἁπάντων κατὰ τοῦτον ἅμα τὸν χρόνον μακρῷ 25
4 μάλιστα. καί σφι τριξὰ ἐξευρήματα ἐγένετο, τοῖσι οἱ Ἕλ-

ληνες ἐχρήσαντο· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ κράνεα λόφους ἐπιδέεσθαι
Κᾶρες εἰσὶ οἱ καταδέξαντες καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας τὰ σημήια
ποιέεσθαι, καὶ ὄχανα ἀσπίσι οὗτοι εἰσὶ οἱ ποιησάμενοι πρῶτοι·
ἀκοή, ἡ: sense of hearing, hearing, 2 κράνος, τό: a helmet, 1

ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 6 Λέλεγες, ὁ: Leleges, 1
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ part.) 7 λόγιµος, -ον: worth mention, notable, 2
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 6 λόφος, ὁ: plume (on a helmet), 1
ἐξ-εύρηµα, τό: discovery, invention, 3 Λύκιος, -η, -ον:: Lycian, 11
ἐξ-ικνέοµαι: to reach, arrive at, 1 Μίνως, ὁ: Minos, 5
ἐπι-δέω: need of (+ gen.); fasten or bind on, 2 ὄχανον, τό: the handle of a shield, 2
εὐ-τυχέω: to prosper, be well off, successful παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
3 πληρόω: to fill, 3
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 σηµηῖον, τό: a sign, a mark (on a shield), 1
Καρικός, -ή, -όν: Carian, 3 στρατηίη, ἡ: expedition, military campaign, 3
κατα-δείκνυµι: to discover, 2 τριξοί, -αί, -ά: three, 1
κατήκοος, -ον: subject to, heeding; listener, 5 φόρος, ὁ: tribute, 6
Καύνιος, -η, -ον: Caunians, 4 ὑπο-τελέω: to pay off, pay, 1
15 ἀπεδέξαντο: presented; aor. ἀποδείκνυµι 22 οἱ δὲ: but they; i.e. the Leleges/Carians
16 καταστρεψάµενος: having subdued; aor. ὅκως…δέοιτο: whenever…asked; pres.
ἐπὶ Κᾶρας: against the Carians... opt. in a general temporal clause, δέοµαι
17 ἀγόµενος: bring (as troops)… 23 ἅτε…κατεστραµµένου: since Minos
18 εἰσὶ...ἀπιγµένοι: have come; pf. mid. pple subdued…; ἅτε + gen. abs. is causal
+ εἰµί is a periphrastic perfect form 25 µακρῷ: by far the greatest; degree of diff.
19 Μίνω: of Minos; gen. sg. 26 τοῖσι…ἐχρήσαντο: which…used; aor.
20 καλεόµενοι Λέλεγες: called the Leleges middle χράοµαι
εἶχον: possessed; impf. ἔχω 28 οἱ καταδέξαντες: the ones having
21 ὅσον µακρότατον: as far as; adv. acc discovered
186 Herodotus 1.171.4 – 173.2
τέως δὲ ἄνευ ὀχάνων ἐφόρεον τὰς ἀσπίδας πάντες οἳ περ 1
ἐώθεσαν ἀσπίσι χρᾶσθαι, τελαμῶσι σκυτίνοισι οἰηκίζοντες,

περὶ τοῖσι αὐχέσι τε καὶ τοῖσι ἀριστεροῖσι ὤμοισι περι-
5 κείμενοι. μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Κᾶρας χρόνῳ ὕστερον πολλῷ Δωριέες
τε καὶ Ἴωνες ἐξανέστησαν ἐκ τῶν νήσων, καὶ οὕτω ἐς τὴν 5
ἤπειρον ἀπίκοντο. κατὰ μὲν δὴ Κᾶρας οὕτω Κρῆτες λέγουσι
γενέσθαι· οὐ μέντοι αὐτοί γε ὁμολογέουσι τούτοισι οἱ Κᾶρες,
ἀλλὰ νομίζουσι αὐτοὶ ἑωυτοὺς εἶναι αὐτόχθονας ἠπειρώτας,
καὶ τῷ οὐνόματι τῷ αὐτῷ αἰεὶ διαχρεωμένους τῷ περ νῦν.
6 ἀποδείκνῦσι δὲ ἐν Μυλάσοισι Διὸς Καρίου ἱρὸν ἀρχαῖον, 10
τοῦ Μυσοῖσι μὲν καὶ Λυδοῖσι μέτεστι ὡς κασιγνήτοισι ἐοῦσι
τοῖσι Καρσί· τὸν γὰρ Λυδὸν καὶ τὸν Μυσὸν λέγουσι εἶναι
Καρὸς ἀδελφεούς. τούτοισι μὲν δὴ μέτεστι, ὅσοι δὲ ἐόντες
ἄλλου ἔθνεος ὁμόγλωσσοι τοῖσι Καρσὶ ἐγένοντο, τούτοισι δὲ
172 οὐ μέτα. οἱ δὲ Καύνιοι αὐτόχθονες δοκέειν ἐμοὶ εἰσί, αὐτοὶ 15
ἀδελφεός, ὁ: a brother, 5 Καύνιος, -η, -ον: Caunians, 4

αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 Κρής, -ητός, ὁ: a Cretan, from Crete, 2
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 µέτ-ειµι: to be among, have a part in, 3
ἀριστερός, -ή, -όν: left, left side, 3 Μύλασα, τά: Mulasa, 1
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 Μυσός, -η, -ον: a Mysian, 8
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 6 οἰηκίζω: to handle, steer, 1
αὐτό-χθων -ον: native, sprung from land, 2 ὁµό-γλωσσος, η, ον: speaking same tongue 3
αὐχήν, -ένος, ὁ: the neck, throat, 2 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 4
δια-χράοµαι : to use constantly; destroy, 5 ὄχανον, τό: the handle of a shield, 2
Δωριεύς, -έος, ὁ: Dorian, 8 περί-κειµαι: to lie around, lie about, 1
ἐξ-ανίστηµι: rise and depart from, emigrate, 4 σκύτινος, -η, -ον: leather, made of leather, 4
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11 τελαµών, ῶνος, ὁ: broad strap, belt, 1
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11 τέως: till then; as long as, 5
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
ἠπειρώτης, ὁ: mainlander, land-dweller, 1 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 5
Κάριος, -η, -ον: Carian, 1 ὦµος, ὁ: shoulder, 4
κασίγνητος, ὁ: a kinsman; brother, 1
2 ἐωθέσαν: were accustomed; plpf. is impf. κατὰ...λέγουσι: recount; καταλέγουσι,

in sense 9 τῷ οὐνόµατι…αὐτῷ: same name; object
ἀσπίσι: sheilds; dat. pl. governed by τῷ περ νῦν: which (he employs) now; relat.
χρᾶσθαι 11 τοῦ…µέτεστι: which (dat) share
4 χρόνῳ ὕστερον πολλῷ: much time later; ὡς…ἐοῦσι: since they are…; ὡς + pple
'later by much time,' degree of difference 13 τούτοισι…µέτεστι: these share the temple
5 ἐξανέστησαν: made (them) leave; aor. 14 τούτοισι...µέτα: these do not share;
6 ἀπίκοντο: Carians arrived; aor. equivalent to µέτεστι
ἀπικνέοµαι 15 δοκέειν ἐµοὶ: as it seems to me; abs. inf.
μέντοι ἐκ Κρήτης φασὶ εἶναι. προσκεχωρήκασι δὲ γλῶσσαν 16
μὲν πρὸς τὸ Καρικὸν ἔθνος, ἢ οἱ Κᾶρες πρὸς τὸ Καυνικόν

(τοῦτο γὰρ οὐκ ἔχω ἀτρεκέως διακρῖναι), νόμοισι δὲ χρέωνται
κεχωρισμένοισι πολλὸν τῶν τε ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων καὶ Καρῶν.
τοῖσι γὰρ κάλλιστον ἐστὶ κατ᾽ ἡλικίην τε καὶ φιλότητα ἰλαδὸν 20
συγγίνεσθαι ἐς πόσιν, καὶ ἀνδράσι καὶ γυναιξὶ καὶ παισί.

2 ἱδρυθέντων δέ σφι ἱρῶν ξεινικῶν, μετέπειτα ὥς σφι ἀπέδοξε,
ἔδοξέ δὲ τοῖσι πατρίοισι μοῦνον χέασθαι θεοῖσι, ἐνδύντες
τὰ ὅπλα ἅπαντες Καύνιοι ἡβηδόν, τύπτοντες δόρασι τὸν ἠέρα,
μέχρι οὔρων τῶν Καλυνδικῶν εἵποντο, καὶ ἔφασαν ἐκβάλλειν 25
173 τοὺς ξεινικοὺς θεούς. καὶ οὗτοι μὲν τρόποισι τοιούτοισι

χρέωνται, οἱ δὲ Λύκιοι ἐκ Κρήτης τὠρχαῖον γεγόνασι (τὴν γὰρ
2 Κρήτην εἶχον τὸ παλαιὸν πᾶσαν βάρβαροι)· διενειχθέντων
δὲ ἐν Κρήτῃ περὶ τῆς βασιληίης τῶν Εὐρώπης παίδων
Σαρπηδόνος τε καὶ Μίνω, ὡς ἐπεκράτησε τῇ στάσι Μίνως, 30
ἐξήλασε αὐτόν τε Σαρπηδόνα καὶ τοὺς στασιώτας αὐτοῦ, οἰ
ἀήρ, ἀέρος, ὁ, ἡ: air, 1 Καύνιος, -η, -ον: Caunians, 4
ἀπό-δοκέω: seem not good, not seem good 2 Καυνικός, -ή, -όν: Caunian, 1
ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 Κρήτη, ἡ: Crete, 5 Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
γλῶσσα, ἡ: tongue, 12 µετ-έπειτα: thereafter, 3 Μίνως, ὁ: Minos, 5
δια-φέρω: to carry over; differ, surpass, 4 ξεινικός, -ή, -όν: foreign, of a foreigner, 4
δια-κρίνω: decide, settle; distinguish, 2 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 5
δόρυ, δόρατος, τό: shaft of a spear, spear, 2 οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6
ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 3 παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
ἐνδύνω: put on, clothe, 2 πατρῷος, -η, -ον: of one's father, ancestral, 3
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 πόσις, -εως, ὁ: drinking, 1
ἐπι-κρατέω: to rule over, overpower + gen. 4 προσ-χωρέω: go to, approach; agree with, 2
Εὐρώµη, ἡ: Europa, Europe 7 Σαρπηδών, -όνος, ὁ: Sarpedon, 4
ἡβηδόν : from the youth upwards, 1 στασιώτης, ὁ: partisan, party member, 6
ἡλικίη, ἡ: age, time of life, 6 συγ-γίγνοµαι: be with, converse, associate, 1
ἱδρύω: to (make) stand, build, establish, 10 τύπτω: to beat, strike, smite, 1
ἰλαδόν: in groups, in companies (adverb), 1 φιλότης, ὁ: friendship, love, affection, 1
Καλυνδικός, -ή, -όν: Calyndian, 1 χέω: throw up, heap up; pour (a libation), 2
Καρικός, -ή, -όν: Carian, 3 χωρίζω: to separate, sever, divide, 4
16 προσκεχωρήκασι…γλῶσσαν: they agree κατ ᾿ ἡλικίην…: according to…

in language with (πρὸς); pf. προσχωρέω 22 ἱδρυθέντων: having been establish; abs.
18 ἔχω: I am able; ἔχω + inf. 25 µέχρι…εἵποντο: followed up to; ἕποµαι
19 κεχωρισµένοισι: different; pf. pass. pple 27 τὠρχαῖον: long ago; crasis τὸ ἀρχαῖον
20 τοῖσι γὰρ κάλλιστόν ἐστι: from whom it 28 διενειχθέντων: differed; gen. abs. διαφέρω
is most excellent and fine; infinitive subj. 31 ἐξήλασε: drove out; aor. ἐξελαύνω
188 Herodotus 1.173.2 – 174.3
δὲ ἀπωσθέντες ἀπίκοντο τῆς Ἀσίης ἐς γῆν τὴν Μιλυάδα· 1
τὴν γὰρ νῦν Λύκιοι νέμονται, αὕτη τὸ παλαιὸν ἦν Μιλυάς,

3 οἱ δὲ Μιλύαι τότε Σόλυμοι ἐκαλέοντο. ἕως μὲν δὴ αὐτῶν
Σαρπηδὼν ἦρχε, οἳ δὲ ἐκαλέοντο τό πέρ τε ἠνείκαντο οὔνομα
καὶ νυν ἔτι καλέονται ὑπὸ τῶν περιοίκων οἱ Λύκιοι Τερμίλαι· 5
ὡς δὲ ἐξ Ἀθηνέων Λύκος ὁ Πανδίονος, ἐξελασθεὶς καὶ οὗτος

ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφεοῦ Αἰγέος, ἀπίκετο ἐς τοὺς Τερμίλας παρὰ
Σαρπηδόνα, οὕτω δὴ κατὰ τοῦ Λύκου τὴν ἐπωνυμίην Λύκιοι
4 ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐκλήθησαν. νόμοισι δὲ τὰ μὲν Κρητικοῖσι τὰ
δὲ Καρικοῖσι χρέωνται. ἓν δὲ τόδε ἴδιον νενομίκασι καὶ 10
οὐδαμοῖσι ἄλλοισι συμφέρονται ἀνθρώπων· καλέουσι ἀπὸ τῶν

5 μητέρων ἑωυτοὺς καὶ οὐκὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πατέρων· εἰρομένου δὲ
ἑτέρου τὸν πλησίον τίς εἴη, καταλέξει ἑωυτὸν μητρόθεν καὶ
τῆς μητρὸς ἀνανεμέεται τὰς μητέρας. καὶ ἢν μέν γε γυνὴ 14
ἀδελφεός, ὁ: a brother, 5 µητρό-θεν: from the mother or mother's side 1

Αἰγεύς, ὁ: Aegeus, 1 Μιλύαι, οἱ: Milyans, 1
ἄνεµος, -ου, ὁ: wind, 9 Μιλυάς, -άδος, ἡ: Milyas, 2
ἀπ-ωθέω: to push away, repel, reject, 4 νέµω: to distribute; govern, graze, 7
ἐξ-ελαύνω: to drive out, beat out, 13 παλαιός, -ά, -όν: old, aged, ancient, 6
ἐπωνυµίη, ἡ: name, a nickname, surname, 3 Πανδίων, ίονος, ὁ: Pandion, 1
ἴδιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; private, lone, 4 περί-οικος -ον: neighboring, dwelling round 3
Καρικός, -ή, -όν: Carian, 3 πλησίος, -η, -ον: near, close to; other, 1
Κρητικός, -η, -ον: from Crete, Cretan, 1 Σαρπηδών, -όνος, ὁ: Sarpedon, 4
Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11 Σόλυµοι, οἱ: Solymoi, 1
Λύκος, ὁ: Lycos, 2 συµ-φέρω: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 12 Τερµίλαι, οἱ: Termilae, 1
1 ἀπωσθέντες: pushed out; aor. pple. ἐκλήθησαν: were called; aor. pass. καλέω
ἀπωθέω 12 εἰροµένου ἑτέρου: one asking another;
2 τὸ παλαιὸν: long ago gen abs
4 ἦρχε: ruled;impf. ἄρχω + gen. τίς εἴη: who he is; 3rd sg. pres. opt εἰµί
τό πέρ…ἠνείκαντο: the name which they καταλέξει: fut.
brought; aor. mid. φέρω 14 ἤν…συνοικήσῃ: if…lives together; ἐάν,
6 ἐξελασθεὶς: having been driven out; nom. aor. subj. in a condition
sg. aor. pass. pple ἐξελαύνω 15 νενόµισται: is considered; pf. pass.
8 κατὰ...ἐπωνυµίην: according to… νοµίζω
9 ἀνὰ χρόνον: over time ἤν…ἔχῃ: if…has; ἐάν, pres. subj.
ἀστὴ δούλῳ συνοικήσῃ, γενναῖα τὰ τέκνα νενόμισται· ἢν δὲ 15
ἀνὴρ ἀστὸς καὶ ὁ πρῶτος αὐτῶν γυναῖκα ξείνην ἢ παλλακὴν

ἔχῃ, ἄτιμα τὰ τέκνα γίνεται.
174 οἱ μέν νυν Κᾶρες οὐδὲν λαμπρὸν ἔργον ἀποδεξάμενοι
ἐδουλώθησαν ὑπὸ Ἁρπάγου, οὔτε αὐτοὶ οἱ Κᾶρες ἀποδεξά-
μενοι οὐδέν, οὔτε ὅσοι Ἑλλήνων ταύτην τὴν χώρην οἰκέουσι· 20
2 οἰκέουσι δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ἄποικοι Κνίδιοι.

οἳ τῆς χώρης τῆς σφετέρης τετραμμένης ἐς πόντον, τὸ δὴ
Τριόπιον καλέεται, ἀργμένης δὲ ἐκ τῆς Χερσονήσου τῆς
Βυβασσίης, ἐούσης τε πάσης τῆς Κνιδίης πλὴν ὀλίγης
3 περιρρόου (τὰ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς πρὸς βορέην ἄνεμον ὁ Κερα- 25
μεικὸς κόλπος ἀπέργει, τὰ δὲ πρὸς νότον ἡ κατὰ Σύμην τε

καὶ Ῥόδον θάλασσα), τὸ ὦν δὴ ὀλίγον τοῦτο, ἐὸν ὅσον τε ἐπὶ
πέντε στάδια, ὤρυσσον οἱ Κνίδιοι ἐν ὅσῳ Ἅρπαγος τὴν
Ἰωνίην κατεστρέφετο, βουλόμενοι νῆσον τὴν χώρην ποιῆσαι.
ἐντὸς δὲ πᾶσά σφι ἐγίνετο· τῇ γὰρ ἡ Κνιδίη χώρη ἐς τὴν 30
ἄπ-οικος, ὁ: colonist, 1 πέντε: five, 16

ἀστός, -ή, -όν: townsman, country-man, 6 περί-ρροος, -ον: surrounded by water, 1
Βορέης, ὁ: the North; North wind, 5 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
Βυβασσίη, ἡ: Bubassia, 1 πόντος, ὁ: sea, 5
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 7 Ῥόδος, ὁ: Rhodes, 1
δουλόω: to make a slave of, enslave, 5 σφέτερος, -η, -ον: their own, their, 5
ἐντός: within, inside, 4 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
Κεραµεικὸς, ὁ: Cerameius, 1 Σύµη, ἡ: Syme, 1
Κνίδιος, -η, -ον: Cnidians, 7 συν-οἰκέω: to live together, marry, 10
κόλπος, ὁ: bay, gulf, fold, 1 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
λαµπρός, -ά, -όν: bright, brilliant, radiant, 2 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
νότος, ὁ: south wind, south, 1 Τριόπιον, τό: Triopion, 2
παλλακή, ἡ : mistress, concubine, 3 Χερσό-νησος, ὁ: Chersonese, Peninsula, 1
18 ἀποδεξάµενοι: showing; aor. ἀποδείκνυµι 27 τὸ...ὀλίγον τοῦτο: this little (isthmus)

22 χώρης…τετραµµένης: their land facing ἐὸν ὅσον: being as long as…
the sea; gen. abs., 'turned' pf. pass. τρέπω 28 ὤρυσσον: tried to dig through; conative
23 ἀργµένης: beginning; pf mid. pple ἄρχω ἐν ὃσῳ: in as much (time) as (when)
governs a genitive 29 κατεστρέφετο: was subduing; impf.
24 ἐούσης…: being; modifies χώρης ποῖησαι: to make; aor. inf.
25 πρὸς βορῆν ἄνεµον: on the north; 30 ἐντὸς δὲ πᾶσα σφι ἐγίνετο: and they
26 ἀπέργει: borders; “skirts” possess all within; dat. possession
πρὸς νότον: on the south τῇ: where; ‘in which (place)’
κατὰ Σύµην…: near Syme and Rhodes
190 Herodotus 1.174.4 – 176.3
4 ἤπειρον τελευτᾷ, ταύτῃ ὁ ἰσθμός ἐστι τὸν ὤρυσσον. καὶ δὴ 1
πολλῇ, χειρὶ ἐργαζομένων τῶν Κνιδίων, μᾶλλον γάρ τι καὶ

θειότερον ἐφαίνοντο τιτρώσκεσθαι οἱ ἐργαζόμενοι τοῦ οἰκότος
τά τε ἄλλα τοῦ σώματος καὶ μάλιστα τὰ περὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς
θραυομένης τῆς πέτρης, ἔπεμπον ἐς Δελφοὺς θεοπρόπους 5
5 ἐπειρησομένους τὸ ἀντίξοον. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφι, ὡς αὐτοὶ

Κνίδιοι λέγουσι, χρᾷ ἐν τριμέτρῳ τόνῳ τάδε.
Ἰσθμὸν δὲ μὴ πυργοῦτε μηδ᾽ ὀρύσσετε·
Ζεὺς γάρ κ᾽ ἔθηκε νῆσον, εἴ κ᾽ ἐβούλετο.
6 Κνίδιοι μὲν ταῦτα τῆς Πυθίης χρησάσης τοῦ τε ὀρύγματος 10
ἐπαύσαντο καὶ Ἁρπάγῳ ἐπιόντι σὺν τῷ στρατῷ ἀμαχητὶ

175 σφέας αὐτοὺς παρέδοσαν. ἦσαν δὲ Πηδασέες οἰκέοντες ὑπὲρ
Ἁλικαρνησσοῦ μεσόγαιαν· τοῖσι ὅκως τι μέλλοι ἀνεπιτήδεον
ἔσεσθαι, αὐτοῖσί τε καὶ τοῖσι περιοίκοισι, ἡ ἱρείη τῆς Ἀθη- 14
Ἁλικαρνησσός, ὁ: Halicarnassus, 1 µεσό-γαια, ἡ: inland country, 1

ἀµαχητὶ: without a fight, 1 οἶκα: to be like, seem, (Att. ἔοικἀ) 8
ἀν-επιτήδειος, -ον: unfavorable, hurtful,1 ὄρυγµα, -ατος, τό: trench, ditch, moat, 4
ἀντί-ξοος, -ον: opposing, adverse, 1 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come upon, approach, attack 8 παύω: to stop, make cease, 14
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 πέτρη, ἡ: a rock, a ledge, 1
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 περί-οικος, ον: neighboring, dwelling round 3
θεῖος, -η, -ον: from god, divine, 5 Πηδασεύς, ὁ: Pedasian, 2
θεο-πρόπος, ὁ: messenger to an oracle 10 πυργόω: to wall in, build a wall, 4
θραύω: to shatter, break to pieces, 1 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
ἰσθµός, ὁ: isthmus, a narrow passage, 2 τιτρώσκω: to wound, 1
Κνίδιος, -η, -ον: of or from Cnidos, 7 τρίµετρος, -ον, ὁ: trimeter, of three metres, 1
1 τελευτᾷ: ends; 3rd sg. τελευτάω τὸ ἀντίξοον: in respect to the opposition;

ταύτῃ: in this place; antecedent of τῇ acc. of respect
τὸν ὤρυσσον: which they were digging; 7 χρᾷ: prophesizes; 3rd sg. pres. χράω
3rd pl. impf. τριµέτρῳ τόνῳ: in trimeter verse
2 πολλῇ χειρὶ: with many a work crew; “with 8 κ ᾿ ἔθηκε, εἴ κ ᾿ ἐβούλετο: Zeus would have
many a hand,” governed by gen. abs. made it (an island) if he wished (it);
µᾶλλον θειότερον: rather unnaturally; contrafactual, κε ´(Att. ἄν) is strictly with
“rather supernaturally,” comparative adv. the apodosis ἔθηκε, 3rd sg. aor. of τίθηµι
3 τοῦ οἰκότος: more than reasonable; gen. of 10 χρησάσης: prophesizing; gen. abs., χράω
comparison, pf. pple οἶκα 11 ἐπιόντι: advancing; dat. sg. ἐπέρχοµαι
4 τά τε ἄλλα…καὶ µάλιστα τὰ: both other 12 παρέδοσαν: handed over; παραδίδωµι
(injuries)…and especially those ἦσαν: were; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί
5 θραυοµένης…πέτρης: gen. abs. 13 ὅκως…µέλλοι: whenever something was
6 ἐπειρησοµένους: to ask; expresses purpose going to be unfavorable for these; fut. inf.
ναίης πώγωνα μέγαν ἴσχε. τρὶς σφι τοῦτο ἐγένετο. οὗτοι 15
τῶν περὶ Καρίην ἀνδρῶν μοῦνοί τε ἀντέσχον χρόνον Ἁρπάγῳ

καὶ πρήγματα παρέσχον πλεῖστα, ὄρος τειχίσαντες τῷ οὔνομα
176 ἐστὶ Λίδη. Πηδασέες μέν νυν χρόνῳ ἐξαιρέθησαν. Λύκιοι
δέ, ὡς ἐς τὸ Ξάνθιον πεδίον ἤλασε ὁ Ἅρπαγος τὸν στρατόν,
ἐπεξιόντες καὶ μαχόμενοι ὀλίγοι πρὸς πολλοὺς ἀρετᾶς ἀπε- 20
δείκνυντο, ἑσσωθέντες δὲ καὶ κατειληθέντες ἐς τὸ ἄστυ

συνήλισαν ἐς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν τάς τε γυναῖκας καὶ τὰ τέκνα
καὶ τὰ χρήματα καὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας, καὶ ἔπειτα ὑπῆψαν τὴν
2 ἀκρόπολιν πᾶσαν ταύτην καίεσθαι. ταῦτα δὲ ποιήσαντες καὶ
συνομόσαντες ὅρκους δεινούς, ἐπεξελθόντες ἀπέθανον πάντες 25
3 Ξάνθιοι μαχόμενοι. τῶν δὲ νῦν Λυκίων φαμένων Ξανθίων

εἶναι οἱ πολλοί, πλὴν ὀγδώκοντα ἱστιέων, εἰσὶ ἐπήλυδες· αἱ
δὲ ὀγδώκοντα ἱστίαι αὗται ἔτυχον τηνικαῦτα ἐκδημέουσαι
καὶ οὕτω περιεγένοντο. τὴν μὲν δὴ Ξάνθον οὕτω ἔσχε ὁ
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 10 Ξάνθος ἡ: Xanthos, 1

ἀντ-έχω: to hold out, lay hold of, 2 ὀγδώκοντα: eighty, 5
ἀρετή, ἡ: excellence, goodness, virtue, 3 οἰκέτης, -ου, ὁ: a servent, house-slave, 5
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἐξ-αιρέω: to take out, remove, leave out, 5 ὅρκος, ὁ: an oath, 2
ἐκ-δηµέω: to be or go abroad, 2 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἐπ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go out against; go through 2 περι-γίγνοµαι: to survive, prevail over, 6
ἔπηλυς, -λυδος, ὁ: incomer, immigrant, 2 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
ἱστίη, ἡ: the hearth of a house, fireside, 2 πώγων, ὁ: a beard, 1
καίω: to light, kindle, burn, 4 συν-αλίζω: to bring together, collect, 4
Κάριη, ἡ: Caria, 2 συν-όµνυµι: swear or take an oath together, 1
κατ-ειλέοµαι: to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3 τειχίζω: to make a wall, 3
Λίδη, ἡ: Mt. Lide, 1 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11 τηνικαῦτα: at that time, then, 6
Ξάνθιος, -η, -ον: of Xanthos, 3 ὑπ-άπτω: to set on fire beneath, 1
16 πρήγµατα. . .πλεῖστα: made very much 24 καίεσθαι, : to burn…; inf. expressing

trouble purpose
18 ἐξαιρέθησαν: were removed; 3rd pl. aor. 27 ἱστιέων: households, families; “hearths”
passive 28 ἔτυχον: happened to be abroad; aor.
19 ἤλασε: marched; 3rd sg. aor. ἐλαύνω τυγχάνω
20 ἐπεξιόντες: attacking; nom. pl. pple.
192 Herodotus 1.176.3 – 179.3
Ἅρπαγος, παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ τὴν Καῦνον ἔσχε· καὶ γὰρ 1
οἱ Καύνιοι τοὺς Λυκίους ἐμιμήσαντο τὰ πλέω.

177 τὰ μέν νυν κάτω τῆς Ἀσίης Ἅρπαγος ἀνάστατα ἐποίεε,
τὰ δὲ ἄνω αὐτῆς αὐτὸς Κῦρος, πᾶν ἔθνος καταστρεφόμενος
2 καὶ οὐδὲν παριείς. τὰ μέν νυν αὐτῶν πλέω παρήσομεν· τὰ 5
δὲ οἱ παρέσχε τε πόνον πλεῖστον καὶ ἀξιαπηγητότατα ἐστί,

178 τούτων ἐπιμνήσομαι. Κῦρος ἐπείτε τὰ πάντα τῆς ἠπείρου
ὑποχείρια ἐποιήσατο, Ἀσσυρίοισι ἐπετίθετο. τῆς δὲ Ἀσ-
συρίης ἐστὶ μὲν κου καὶ ἄλλα πολίσματα μεγάλα πολλά,
τὸ δὲ ὀνομαστότατον καὶ ἰσχυρότατον καὶ ἔνθα σφι Νίνου 10
ἀναστάτου γενομένης τὰ βασιλήια κατεστήκεε, ἦν Βαβυλών,

2 ἐοῦσα τοιαύτη δή τις πόλις. κέεται ἐν πεδίῳ μεγάλῳ, μέγαθος
ἐοῦσα μέτωπον ἕκαστον εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίων, ἐούσης
τετραγώνου· οὗτοι στάδιοι τῆς περιόδου τῆς πόλιος γίνονται 14
ἀνά-στατος, -ον: driven from home, 6 µέτ-ωπον, τό: face of a wall; forehead, 1
ἀξια-πήγητος, -ον: worth telling, 2 µιµέοµαι: to mimic, imitate, represent, 1
Ἀσσυρίη, ἡ: Assyria, 2 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Ninevah, 8
ἐπι-µνάοµαι: to remember, recall (+ gen.) 6 ὀνοµαστός, -ή, -όν: notable, well-named, 1
ἐπι-τίθηµι: set upon, attack; apply oneself to 9 παραπλήσιος, -ον: resembling, similar to, 10
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 παρ-ίηµι: to pass over, skip over; neglect, 10
ἤπειρος, ἡ: mainland, land, 14 περί-οδος, ὁ: circumference, journey round, 4
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, greatest, largest, 14
κάτω: down, below, 4 πόλισµα, -µατος, τό: a city, 5
Καύνιος, -η, -ον: Caunians, 4 πόνος, ὁ: work, toil, labor, 4
Καῦνος, ἡ: Caunos, 1 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 τετρά-γωνος, -ον: rectangular or square, 3
Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11 ὑπο-χείριος -η -ον: subject, in one’s power 1
µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
1 ἔσχε: seized; aor. ἔχω παρήσοµεν: we will pass over; παρίηµι

2 τὰ πλέω: in many ways; πλέο(ν)α, acc. pl. 6 παρέσχε: other regions gave; subj. neut. pl.
of respect 7 ἐπιµνήσοµαι: future tense
3 τὰ µεν κάτω τῆς Ἀσίης..τὰ δὲ ἄνω 8 ἐπετίθετο: began to set upon; conative
αὐτῆς: regions in southern Asia 10 ἔνθα…κατεστήκεε: where…had come to
(Minor)…those in northern Asia (Minor); be; plpf. κατίστηµι
“below Asia…above it” σφι Νίνου…γενοµένης: their Ninevah
ἀνάστατα ἐποίεε: laid waste having been overthrown; abs., dat. interest
5 παριείς: passing over; pple. παρίηµι 12 µέγαθος: in length; acc. respect
τὰ...πλέω: most (regions); πλέονα 13 µέτωπον ἕκαστον: on each side; respect
Description of Babylon 193
συνάπαντες ὀγδώκοντα καὶ τετρακόσιοι, τὸ μέν νυν μέγαθος 15
τοσοῦτον ἐστὶ τοῦ ἄστεος τοῦ Βαβυλωνίου, ἐκεκόσμητο δὲ ὡς

3 οὐδὲν ἄλλο πόλισμα τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν. τάφρος μὲν πρῶτά
μιν βαθέα τε καὶ εὐρέα καὶ πλέη ὕδατος περιθέει, μετὰ δὲ
τεῖχος πεντήκοντα μὲν πηχέων βασιληίων ἐὸν τὸ εὖρος, ὕψος
δὲ διηκοσίων πηχέων· ὁ δὲ βασιλήιος πῆχυς τοῦ μετρίου ἐστὶ 20
179 πήχεος μέζων τρισὶ δακτύλοισι. δεῖ δή με πρὸς τούτοισι

ἔτι φράσαι ἵνα τε ἐκ τῆς τάφρου ἡ γῆ ἀναισιμώθη, καὶ τὸ
τεῖχος ὅντινα τρόπον ἔργαστο. ὀρύσσοντες ἅμα τὴν τάφρον
ἐπλίνθευον τὴν γῆν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ὀρύγματος ἐκφερομένην, ἑλκύ-
2 σαντες δὲ πλίνθους ἱκανὰς ὤπτησαν αὐτὰς ἐν καμίνοισι· μετὰ 25
δὲ τέλματι χρεώμενοι ἀσφάλτῳ θερμῇ καὶ διὰ τριήκοντα

δόμων πλίνθου ταρσοὺς καλάμων διαστοιβάζοντες, ἔδειμαν
πρῶτα μὲν τῆς τάφου τὰ χείλεα, δευτέρα δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ τεῖχος
ἀν-αισιµόω: to use up, spend, consume, 3 ὀπτάω: to roast, broil, 5

ἀ-σφαλτος, ἡ: asphalt, bitumen, 3 ὄρυγµα, -ατος, τό: moat, trench, ditch, 4
βαθύς, -έα, -ύ: deep, tall, 3 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 6
δάκτυλος, ὁ: a finger, 3 περι-θέω: to run round, 2
δέµω: to build, 2 πῆχυς, ὁ: cubit, fore-arm length (17.46 in.), 6
δια-στοιβάζω: to stuff in between, 1 πλέος, -η, -ον: full, 10
διηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 4 πλινθεύω: to make into bricks, 1
δόµος, ὁ: layer (of brick); home, 1 πλίνθος, ὁ: a brick, 4
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 8 συν-άπας, -απασα, -άπαν: all together, 3
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 ταρσός, ὁ: mat, wicker-work, 1
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 τάφρος, ἡ: moat, ditch, trench, 3
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 5 τέλµα, -µατος, τό: mortar, 2
εὐρύς, -έα, -ύ: wide, broad, 2 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 2
θερµός, ὁ: heat, hot, warm, 2 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable, 1 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
καλάµη, ἡ: reed, stalk or straw of corn, 1 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
κάµινος, ὁ: oven, kiln, 2 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10 ὕψος, -ου, τό: height, 3
µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
µέτριος, -η, -ον: ordinary, measured, 2 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
ὀγδώκοντα: eighty, 5
16 ἐκεκόσµητο: it had been arranged; plpf. 22 ἵνα…ὅντινα… : where…and in what way

17 ἴδµεν: we know; 1st pl. οἶδα 23 ἔργαστο: had been made; plpf ἐργάζοµαι
18 µετὰ δὲ: next, behind (it) 26 τέλµατι: using hot asphalt (as) mortar
19 εὖρος, ὕψος: in width, in height; respect 27 ἔδειµαν: they built; 3rd pl. aor. δέµω
21 δακτύλοισι: by 3 fingers; degree of diff. 28 αὐτὸ τὸ τεῖχος: (built0 the wall itself
194 Herodotus 1.179.3 – 181.2
3 τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον. ἐπάνω δὲ τοῦ τείχεος παρὰ τὰ ἔσχατα 1
οἰκήματα μουνόκωλα ἔδειμαν, τετραμμένα ἐς ἄλληλα· τὸ

μέσον δὲ τῶν οἰκημάτων ἔλιπον τεθρίππῳ περιέλασιν. πύλαι
δὲ ἐνεστᾶσι πέριξ τοῦ τείχεος ἑκατόν, χάλκεαι πᾶσαι, καὶ
4 σταθμοί τε καὶ ὑπέρθυρα ὡσαύτως. ἔστι δὲ ἄλλη πόλις ἀπέ- 5
χουσα ὀκτὼ ἡμερέων ὁδὸν ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος· Ἲς οὔνομα αὐτῇ.

ἔνθα ἐστὶ ποταμὸς οὐ μέγας· Ἲς καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ τὸ οὔνομα·
ἐσβάλλει δὲ οὗτος ἐς τὸν Εὐφρήτην ποταμὸν τὸ ῥέεθρον.
οὗτος ὦν ὁ Ἲς ποταμὸς ἅμα τῷ, ὕδατι θρόμβους ἀσφάλτου
ἀναδιδοῖ πολλούς, ἔνθεν ἡ ἄσφαλτος ἐς τὸ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι 10
180 τεῖχος ἐκομίσθη. ἐτετείχιστο μέν νυν ἡ Βαβυλὼν τρόπῳ

τοιῷδε, ἔστι δὲ δύο φάρσεα τῆς πόλιος. τὸ γὰρ μέσον
αὐτῆς ποταμὸς διέργει, τῷ οὔνομα ἐστὶ Εὐφρήτης· ῥέει δὲ
ἐξ Ἀρμενίων, ἐὼν μέγας καὶ βαθὺς καὶ ταχύς· ἐξιεῖ δὲ οὗτος 14
ἀνα-δίδωµι: to produce, give forth, 1 κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8

ἀπ-έχω: to be distant, keep away from, 4 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
Ἀρµένιος, -η, -ον: Armenian, 5 µουνό-κωλος, -η, -ον: of one story; one leg, 1
ἀ-σφαλτος, ἡ: asphalt, bitumen, 3 οἴκηµα, -ατος, τό: (store)room, workshop, 6
βαθύς, -έα, -ύ: deep, tall, 3 ὀκτώ: eight, 5
δέµω: to build, 2 περιέλασις, ἡ: a roadway, a drive around, 1
διέργω: to divide, separate, 1 πέριξ: round the outside, all round, 3
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 πύλη, ἡ: gates, double gates, 7
ἔνθα: here, there, 16 ῥέεθρον, τό: river, stream, 9
ἔνθεν: from where, on the one side, 4 σταθµός, ὁ: doorpost, weight; jamb, 6
ἐν-ίστηµι: to stand in, be appointed, 4 τέθριππον, τό: team of four horses abreast, 1
ἐξ-ίηµι: to send out, let out, 6 τειχίζω: to make a wall, 1
ἐπ-άνω: on top, atop (+ gen.), above, 1 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
ἐσ-βάλλω: throw on; put on board; invade 13 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 ὑπέρ-θυρον, τό: lintel, post above the door, 1
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 φάρσος, ὁ: part, portion, quarter of the city, 4
θρόµβος, ὁ: clot, lump, piece, 1 ὡσ-αύτως: in the same manner, just so, 2
Ἰς, ἡ: Is (town name), 3
1 παρὰ τὰ ἔσχατα: along the edges; “ends” Ἰς οὔνοµα αὐτῇ: Is (is) its name; dat. poss.
2 ἔδειµαν: they built; aor. δέµω 7 τῷ ποταµῷ: dat. poss., supply ἐστίν
τετραµµένα: turned; pf. pass. τρέπω 8 ἐσβάλλει…τὸ ῥέεθρον: directs its flow
3 ἔλιπον: left; 3rd pl. aor.λείπω 11 ἐκοµίσθη: was brought; aor. pass. κοµίζω
4 ἐνεστᾶσι: stand therein; pf. ἐνίστηµι ἐτετείχιστο: had been walled off; plpf.
5 ἀπέχουσα: being…away; “keeping away” 14 ἐξίει: discharged, sent out; 3rd sg. impf.
6 ὀκτὼ ἡµερέων ὁδὸν: a journey of 8 days ἐξίηµι
Description of Babylon 195
2 ἐς τὴν Ἐρυθρὴν θάλασσαν. τὸ ὦν δὴ τεῖχος ἑκάτερον τοὺς 15
ἀγκῶνας ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐλήλαται· τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου αἱ ἐπι-

καμπαὶ παρὰ χεῖλος ἑκάτερον τοῦ ποταμοῦ αἱμασιὴ πλίνθων
3 ὀπτέων παρατείνει. τὸ δὲ ἄστυ αὐτό, ἐὸν πλῆρες οἰκιέων
τριωρόφων καὶ τετρωρόφων, κατατέτμηται τὰς ὁδοὺς ἰθέας
τάς τε ἄλλας καὶ τὰς ἐπικαρσίας τὰς ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν 20
4 ἐχούσας. κατὰ δὴ ὦν ἑκάστην ὁδὸν ἐν τῇ αἱμασιῇ τῇ παρὰ

τὸν ποταμὸν πυλίδες ἐπῆσαν, ὅσαι περ αἱ λαῦραι, τοσαῦται
ἀριθμόν· ἦσαν δὲ καὶ αὗται χάλκεαι, φέρουσαι καὶ αὐταὶ
181 ἐς αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμόν. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ τὸ τεῖχος θώρηξ ἐστί,
ἕτερον δὲ ἔσωθεν τεῖχος περιθέει, οὐ πολλῷ τεῳ ἀσθενέστερον 25
2 τοῦ ἑτέρου τείχεος, στερότερον δέ. ἐν δὲ φάρσεϊ ἑκατέρῳ
ἀγκών, ὁ: corner, bend, curve; elbow, 1 ὀπτέω: to bake, roast, broil, 3

αἱµασιή, ἡ: a wall, low wall, 3 παρα-τείνω: to stretch out, to extend, 3
ἀριθµός, ὁ: number, amount, quantity, 5 περι-θέω: to run round, 2
ἀ-σθενής, -ές: without strength, weak, 6 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 2
ἐπι-καµπή, ἡ: the bend (of the wall), 1 πλίνθος, ὁ: a brick, 4
ἐπι-κάρσιος -η -ον: at a right angle, head-on 1 πυλίς, -ίδος, τό: a postern, 3
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 στερεός, -ή, -όν: solid, firm, 3
ἔπ-ειµι: to be upon, be set upon, 10 τετρ-ώροφος, -η, -ον: of four floors, 1
ἐρυθρός, -ή, -όν: red, 5 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much 11
ἔσω-θεν: from within, 1 τρι-ώροφος, -η, -ον: of three floors, 1
θώρηξ, -ηκος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 φάρσος, ὁ: part, portion, quarter of the city, 4
ἰθύς, -έα, -ύ: straight, honest; immediately, 5 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
κατα-τέµνω: to cut up, cut to pieces, 2 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
λαύρη, ἡ: an alley, lane, passage, 1
15 τεῖχος…ἐλήλαται: each of two walls has perpendicular to the river; ‘holding head-
been driven in its corners to the river; i.e. on to the river’
the city is two walled in rectangles with a 21 κατὰ...ὁδὸν: on each road
river flowing inbetween; pf. ἐλαύνω, παρὰ τὸν ποταµὸν: (running) along the
acc. of respect river
16 τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου: from this, the bends of 22 ἐπῆσαν: were on; 3rd pl. impf. ἔπειµι
the wall extend along the edges of the ὅσαι…τοσαῦται: so many (gates) in
river with a low wall of baked brick number as (there are) lanes; i.e.
18 ἐὸν πλῆρες: being full of; πλῆρες is the perpendicular roads that meet the river
predicate of the pple. εἰµί 23 ἀριθµόν: in number; acc. of respect
19 κατατέτµηται: pf. pass. κατατέµνω 25 οὐ πολλῷ τεῳ ἀσθενέστερον: not weaker
τὰς ὁδοὺς ἰθέας: in straight roads; acc. of by much at all; dat. degree of difference
respect 26 τοῦ…τείχεος: than…; gen. of comparison
20 ἐπικαρσίας… ἐχούσας: being
196 Herodotus 1.181.2 – 183.1
τῆς πόλιος ἐτετείχιστο ἐν μέσῳ ἐν τῷ μὲν τὰ βασιλήια 1
περιβόλῳ μεγάλῳ τε καὶ ἰσχυρῷ, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἑτέρῳ Διὸς

Βήλου ἱρὸν χαλκόπυλον, καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι τοῦτο ἐόν, δύο σταδίων
3 πάντῃ, ἐὸν τετράγωνον. ἐν μέσῳ δὲ τοῦ ἱροῦ πύργος στερεὸς
οἰκοδόμηται, σταδίου καὶ τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὸ εὖρος, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ 5
τῷ πύργῳ ἄλλος πύργος ἐπιβέβηκε, καὶ ἕτερος μάλα ἐπὶ
4 τούτῳ, μέχρι οὗ ὀκτὼ πύργων. ἀνάβασις δὲ ἐς αὐτοὺς
ἔξωθεν κύκλῳ περὶ πάντας τοὺς πύργους ἔχουσα πεποίηται.
μεσοῦντι δέ κου τῆς ἀναβάσιος ἐστὶ καταγωγή τε καὶ θῶκοι
ἀμπαυστήριοι, ἐν τοῖσι κατίζοντες ἀμπαύονται οἱ ἀναβαί- 10
5 νοντες. ἐν δὲ τῷ τελευταίῳ πύργῳ νηὸς ἔπεστι μέγας· ἐν

δὲ τῷ νηῷ κλίνη μεγάλη κέεται εὖ ἐστρωμένη, καὶ οἱ τράπεζα
παρακέεται χρυσέη. ἄγαλμα δὲ οὐκ ἔνι οὐδὲν αὐτόθι ἐνιδρυ-
μένον, οὐδὲ νύκτα οὐδεὶς ἐναυλίζεται ἀνθρώπων ὅτι μὴ γυνὴ 14
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 µάλα: very, very much, exceedingly, 3
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
ἀνά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a way up, ascent, 2 µεσόω: to be in the middle, 1
ἀνα-παύοµαι: to rest; make cease, stop, 3 µῆκος, τό: length, 4
ἀνα-παυστήριος, -η, -ον: for resting, 1 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
βασίληιον, τό: palace. 13 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
Βῆλος, ὁ: Belus, 2 ὀκτώ: eight, 5
ἐν-αυλίζοµαι: to spend (the night), bivouac, 1 πάντῃ: in every way, by all means, in all, 2
ἐν-ιδρύω: to set up in, 3 παρά-κειµαι: to lie or stand beside, 2
ἔξω-θεν: from without, 3 περί-βολος, ὁ: an encircling wall, ring wall, 1
ἔπ-ειµι: to be upon, be set upon, 10 πύργος, τό: a tower, 7
ἐπι-βαίνω: to go upon, step upon, 2 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 5 στερεός, -ή, -όν: solid, firm, 3
θῶκος, ὁ: seat, bench, 1 στόρεννυµι: to spread, strew, 1
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 τειχίζω: to make a wall, 3
καταγωγή, ἡ: landing, halting-place; inn, 1 τελευταῖος, -η, -ον: last, 4
κάτ-ιζω: to sit down, station, 5 τετρά-γωνος, -ον: rectangular or square, 3
κλίνη, ἡ: a couch, bed, 3 τράπεζα, ἡ: table; dinner, meal, 4
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 χαλκό-πυλος, -όν: bronze-gated, 1
κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14
1 ἐτετείχιστο: had been walled off; plpf. ἀνάβασις…πεποίηται: an ascent to these

2 ἐν τῷ µὲν…ἐν δὲ τῷ: in the middle of the (towers) has been made extending in a
one district…in the middle of the other circle around all the towers on the outside
3 ἐς ἐµὲ: up to my time; “up to me” 9 µεσοῦντι: to one being in the middle; pple
5 οἰκοδόµηται: has been built; pf. pass. 10 ἐν τοῖσι: on these
µῆκος…εὖρος: in…; acc. of respect 12 ἐστρωµένη: well blanketed; pf στόρεννυµι
6 ἐπιβέβηκε: has gone up; pf. ἐπιβαίνω 13 ἔνι: is inside; ἔνεστι
7 µέχρι οὗ: up to; “up to which,” gen. sg. 14 ὅτι µὴ: except
Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon 197
μούνη τῶν ἐπιχωρίων, τὴν ἂν ὁ θεὸς ἕληται ἐκ πασέων, 15
ὡς λέγουσι οἱ Χαλδαῖοι ἐόντες ἱρέες τούτου τοῦ θεοῦ.

182 φασὶ δὲ οἱ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι, ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐ πιστὰ λέγοντες, τὸν
θεὸν αὐτὸν φοιτᾶν τε ἐς τὸν νηὸν καὶ ἀμπαύεσθαι ἐπὶ
τῆς κλίνης, κατά περ ἐν Θήβῃσι τῇσι Αἰγυπτίῃσι κατὰ
2 τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, ὡς λέγουσι οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι· (καὶ γὰρ δὴ 20
ἐκεῖθι κοιμᾶται ἐν τῷ τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Θηβαιέος γυνή, ἀμφό-
τεραι δὲ αὗται λέγονται ἀνδρῶν οὐδαμῶν ἐς ὁμιλίην φοιτᾶν),
καὶ κατά περ ἐν Πατάροισι τῆς Λυκίης ἡ πρόμαντις τοῦ
θεοῦ, ἐπεὰν γένηται· οὐ γὰρ ὦν αἰεί ἐστι χρηστήριον
αὐτόθι· ἐπεὰν δὲ γένηται τότε ὦν συγκατακληίεται τὰς 25
183 νύκτας ἔσω ἐν τῷ νηῷ. ἔστι δὲ τοῦ ἐν Βαβύλῶνι ἱροῦ

καὶ ἄλλος κάτω νηός, ἔνθα ἄγαλμα μέγα τοῦ Διὸς ἔνι
κατήμενον χρύσεον, καὶ οἱ τράπεζα μεγάλη παρακέεται
χρυσέη, καὶ τὸ βάθρον οἱ καὶ ὁ θρόνος χρύσεος ἐστί· καὶ
ὡς ἔλεγον οἱ Χαλδαῖοι, ταλάντων ὀκτακοσίων χρυσίου 30
ἄγαλµα, -ατος τό: image, statue; honor, 6 κοιµάω: to put to sleep; mid. to fall asleep, 2
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 Λύκιος, -η, -ον: Lycian, 11
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 ὀκτα-κόσιοι, -αι, -α: eight hundred, 2
ἀνα-παύοµαι: to rest; make cease, stop, 3 ὁµιλίη, ἡ: intercourse, association, company 1
βάθρον, τό: a base, stand, podium, 1 παρά-κειµαι: to lie or stand beside, 2
ἐκεῖ-θι: there, in that place, 1 Πατάρα, τά: Patara, 1
ἐπι-χώριος, -α, -ον: local, native, 5 πιστός, -ή, -όν: trustworthy, faithful, 7
ἔσω: inwards, inside, 5 πρό-µαντις, ὁ, ἡ: a prophet, prophetess, 1
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11 συγ-κατα-κληίω: enclose with or together 1
Θῆβαι, αἱ: Thebes, 4 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equal to 57.75 lbs.), 5
Θηβαιεύς, ὁ: the Theban, 1 φοιτάω: to go to and fro, visit, 8
θρόνος, ὁ: chair, seat, 5 Χαλδαῖος, -η, -ον: a Chaldaean, 4
ἱερεύς, -έως, ὁ: priest, sacrificer, 3 χρυσίον, τό: gold coin, money; jewelry, 5
κάτω: down, below, 4
15 τὴν ἄν…ἕληται whomever… has chosen intercourse with no men; objective gen.
(for himself); aor. mid. subj. αἱρέω 24 ἐπεὰν γένηται: when he comes; ἐπεὶ ἄν
16 ἱρέες: since they are priests; pple is causal 25 τὰς νύκτας: for nights; acc. duration
17 φασί: say; 3rd pl. pres. φηµί 26 ἔστι…ἱροῦ: there is also in the
φοιτᾶν: pres. inf. φοιτάω sanctuary... another temple below this
19 κατὰ περ: just as temple; partitive gen
κατὰ...τρόπον: in the same way 27 ἔνι: is inside; ἔνεστι
21 ἐν τῷ. . Διὸς: in the temple of Theban Zeus 28 κατήµενον: seated; aor. δέµω
22 ἀνδρῶν…ὁµιλίην φοιτᾶν: to engage in 30 ταλάντων ὀκτακοσίων: for 800 talents
198 Herodotus 1.183.2 – 185.
2 πεποίηται ταῦτα. ἔξω δὲ τοῦ νηοῦ βωμός ἐστι χρύσεος, 1
ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλος βωμὸς μέγας, ἐπ᾽ οὗ θύεται τὰ τέλεα τῶν

προβάτων· ἐπὶ γὰρ τοῦ χρυσέου βωμοῦ οὐκ ἔξεστι θύειν ὅτι
μὴ γαλαθηνὰ μούνᾳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ μέζονος βωμοῦ καὶ κατα-
γίζουσι λιβανωτοῦ χίλια τάλαντα ἔτεος ἑκάστου οἱ Χαλδαῖοι 5
τότε ἐπεὰν τὴν ὁρτὴν ἄγωσι τῷ θεῷ τούτῳ. ἦν δὲ ἐν τῷ

τεμένεϊ τούτῳ ἔτι τὸν χρόνον ἐκεῖνον καὶ ἀνδριὰς δυώδεκα
3 πηχέων χρύσεος στερεός· ἐγὼ μέν μιν οὐκ εἶδον, τὰ δὲ
λέγεται ὑπὸ Χαλδαίων, ταῦτα λέγω. τούτῳ τῷ ἀνδριάντι
Δαρεῖος μὲν ὁ Ὑστάσπεος ἐπιβουλεύσας οὐκ ἐτόλμησε 10
λαβεῖν, Ξέρξης δὲ ὁ Δαρείου ἔλαβε καὶ τὸν ἱρέα ἀπέκτεινε

ἀπαγορεύοντα μὴ κινέειν τὸν ἀνδριάντα. τὸ μὲν δὴ ἱρὸν
τοῦτο οὕτω κεκόσμηται, ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἴδια ἀναθήματα πολλά.
184 τῆς δὲ Βαβυλῶνος ταύτης πολλοὶ μέν κου καὶ ἄλλοι ἐγένοντο 14
ἀνδριάς, ὁ: statue, cult-statue, 3 κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13

ἀπ-αγορεύω: to forbid, 1 λιβανωτός, ὁ: frankincense, 1
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 12 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8
βωµός, ὁ: a platform; altar, 6 Ξέρξης, ὁ: Xerxes, 1
γαλαθηνός, -ή, -όν: sucking, young, 1 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 πῆχυς, ὁ: cubit, fore-arm length (17.46 in.), 6
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 στερεός, -ή, -όν: solid, firm, 3
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equal to 57.75 lbs.), 5
ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot against, contrive against, 7 τέλεος, -η, -ον: finished, complete, last, 4
ἴδιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; private, lone, 4 τέµενος, τό: a sacred district, temple, 2
ἱερεύς, -έως, ὁ: priest, sacrificer, 3 τολµάω: to dare, undertake, endure, 4
κατ-αγίζω: to sacrifice, burn (as sacrifice), 4 Ὑστάσπης, ὁ: Hystapes, 7
κινέω: set in motion, move; arouse, irritate, 1 Χαλδαῖος, -η, -ον: a Chaldaean, 4
κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10 χίλιοι, -αι, -α: a thousand, 2
1 πεποίηται: have been made; pf. pass., with 7 τὸν χρόνον ἐκεῖνον: during that time;
a neuter plural subject, ταῦτα acc. of duration
2 ἐπ ᾿ οὗ: over which; relative pronoun 8 οὐκ εἶδον: I did not see; 3rd pl. aor. ὁράω
τὰ τέλεα: full-grown (animals) 10 ἐπιβουλεύσας: though contriving to steal
3 ὅτι µὴ: except 11 ὁ Δαρείου: son of Darius
4 µέζονος: better; comparative adj. ἔλαβε: took; 3rd sg. aor. λαµβάνω
5 ἔτεος ἑκάστου: each year; time within τὸν ἱρέα: the priest
6 ἐπεὰν…ἄγωσι: whenever they celebrate; 12 µὴ κινέειν: to move; redundant µὴ after a
pres. subj. in a general temporal clause verb of prohibition or denial
ἦν δὲ: there was; 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί τὸ ἱρὸν: sanctuary
βασιλέες, τῶν ἐν τοῖσι Ἀσσυρίοισι λόγοισι μνήμην ποιή- 15
σομαι, οἳ τὰ τείχεά τε ἐπεκόσμησαν καὶ τὰ ἱρά, ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ

γυναῖκες δύο. ἡ μὲν πρότερον ἄρξασα, τῆς ὕστερον γενεῇσι
πέντε πρότερον γενομένη, τῇ οὔνομα ἦν Σεμίραμις, αὕτη μὲν
ἀπεδέξατο χώματα ἀνὰ τὸ πεδίον ἐόντα ἀξιοθέητα· πρότερον
185 δὲ ἐώθεε ὁ ποταμὸς ἀνὰ τὸ πεδίον πᾶν πελαγίζειν. ἡ δὲ δὴ 20
δεύτερον γενομένη ταύτης βασίλεια, τῇ οὔνομα ἦν Νίτωκρις,

αὕτη δὲ συνετωτέρη γενομένη τῆς πρότερον ἀρξάσης τοῦτο
μὲν μνημόσυνα ἐλίπετο τὰ ἐγὼ ἀπηγήσομαι, τοῦτο δὲ τὴν
Μήδων ὁρῶσα ἀρχὴν μεγάλην τε καὶ οὐκ ἀτρεμίζουσαν,
<ἀλλ᾽> ἄλλα τε ἀραιρημένα ἄστεα αὐτοῖσι, ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ τὴν 25
2 Νίνον, προεφυλάξατο ὅσα ἐδύνατο μάλιστα. πρῶτα μὲν τὸν

Εὐφρήτην ποταμὸν ῥέοντα πρότερον ἰθύν, ὅς σφι διὰ τῆς
πόλιος μέσης ῥέει, τοῦτον ἄνωθεν διώρυχας ὀρύξασα οὕτω
δή τι ἐποίησε σκολιὸν ὥστε δὴ τρὶς ἐς τῶν τινα κωμέων τῶν
ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: to relate, tell; lead away from, 6 µνήµη, ἡ: remembrance, memory, record, 4
ἀτρεµίζω: to stay still, keep quiet, 2 µνηµόσυνον, τό: a memorial; remembrance, 2
ἄνω-θεν: from above, from on high, 3 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Ninevah, 8
ἀξιο-θέητος, -ον: well worth seeing 2 Νίτωκρις, ἡ: Nitrokis, 1
Ἀσσυρίη, ἡ: Assyria, 2 πελαγίζω: to flood, make a lake, 1
διῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: a trench, canal, conduit, 9 προ-φυλάσσω: to keep watch, to guard, 1
δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 11 Σεµίραµις, ἡ: Semiramis, 1
ἐπι-κοσµέω: to honor, adorn, 1 σκολιός, -ή, -όν: twisted, winding, 3
ἔωθα: be accustomed; pf. with pres. sense, 11 συν-ετός, ή, όν: intelligent, sagacious, wise 1
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 τρίς: thrice, three times, 4
ἰθύς, -έα, -ύ: straight, honest; immediately, 5 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13 χῶµα, τό: mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
15 τῶν…ποιήσοµαι: of which I will mention 20 ἐώθεε: was accustomed; plpf., impf. sense
Ἀσσυρίοισι λόγοισι: in my accounts of the 21 ταύτης: second to this; gen. comparison
Assyrians; proposed but not completed 22 συνετωτέρη: more intelligent
16 ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ: and among them also τῆς…ἀρξάσης: than…; gen. comparison,
17 ἡ µὲν ἄρξασα: the one having ruled τοῦτο µὲν…τοῦτο δὲ: on the one hand…
τῆς…γενοµένη: born five generations on the other
before that (woman born) later; “born 24 ὀρῶσα: seeing; nom. sg. pres. pple ὁράω
earlier by 5 generations than that later,” 25 ἄλλα… ἄστεα αὐτοῖσι: other cities
gen. comparison, dat. degree of difference having been captured by them; dat. agent
19 ἀπεδέξατο: made; presented ἀποδείκνυµι 28 διώρυχας, ὀρύξασα: diverting, digging
ἀνὰ τὸ πεδίον: throughout the plain 29 οὕτω…σκολιὸν ὤστε: so winding that
200 Herodotus 1.185.2 – 186.1
ἐν τῇ Ἀσσυρίῃ ἀπικνέεται ῥέων· τῇ δὲ κώμῃ οὔνομα ἐστί, 1
ἐς τὴν ἀπικνέεται ὁ Εὐφρήτης, Ἀρδέρικκα. καὶ νῦν οἳ ἂν

κομίζωνται ἀπὸ τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἐς Βαβυλῶνα, κατα-
πλέοντες τὸν Εὐφρήτην ποταμὸν τρίς τε ἐς τὴν αὐτὴν
3 ταύτην κώμην παραγίνονται καὶ ἐν τρισὶ ἡμέρῃσι. τοῦτο 5
μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἐποίησε, χῶμα δὲ παρέχωσε παρ᾽ ἑκάτερον

τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὸ χεῖλος ἄξιον θώματος μέγαθος καὶ ὕψος
4 ὅσον τι ἐστί. κατύπερθε δὲ πολλῷ Βαβυλῶνος ὤρυσσε
ἔλυτρον λίμνῃ, ὀλίγον τι παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ,
βάθος μὲν ἐς τὸ ὕδωρ αἰεὶ ὀρύσσουσα, εὖρος δὲ τὸ περί- 10
μετρον αὐτοῦ ποιεῦσα εἴκοσί τε καὶ τετρακοσίων σταδίων·

τὸν δὲ ὀρυσσόμενον χοῦν ἐκ τούτου τοῦ ὀρύγματος ἀναισίμου
5 παρὰ τὰ χείλεα τοῦ ποταμοῦ παραχέουσα. ἐπείτε δέ οἱ
ὀρώρυκτο, λίθους ἀγαγομένη κρηπῖδα κύκλῳ περὶ αὐτὴν 14
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 λίθος, ὁ: a stone, 8

ἀν-αισιµόω: to use up, spend, consume, 3 λίµνη, ἡ: pool, marshy lake, basin, 10
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 11 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
Ἀρδέρικκα, ἡ: Ardericca, 1 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
Ἀσσυρίη, ἡ: Assyria, 2 ὄρυγµα, -ατος, τό: moat, trench, ditch, 4
βάθος, -εος, τό: depth, height, 2 παρα-γίνοµαι: to be present; to arrive, 5
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 παρα-τείνω: to stretch out, to extend, 3
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 παρα-χέω: to heap up beside, pour along, 2
ἔλυτρον, τό: basin, reservoir, 2 περί-µετρον, τό: circumference, 1
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 5 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (583 ft., pl. στάδιοι), 11
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 2
θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6 τρίς: thrice, three times, 4
κατα-πλέω: sail downstream, sail to shore, 4 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
κατ-ύπερθε: above, (down) from above, 4 ὕψος, -ου, τό: height, 3
κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
κρηπίς, ἡ: foundation, rim, 2 χοῦς, ὁ: dug-out soil, soil, 2
κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14 χῶµα, τό: mound, bank, earth thrown up, 6
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
2 ἐς τὴν: to which the Euphrates arrives 9 λίµνῃ: for a lake; dat. of purpose
οἵ ἄν κοµίζωνται: whoever is brought; 10 βάθος: in depth; acc. respect
general relative clause; pres. subj. κοµίζω 11 εὖρος δὲ: in width; acc. of respect
6 παρὰ…χεῖλος: along each bank περίµετρον: length; “circumference”
7 µέγαθος καὶ ὓψος ὅσον τι ἐστί: so great (a 12 ἀναισίµου: she used; ἀναισίµοε, impf.
heap) it is in size and height; acc. of respect 14 οἱ ὀρύρυκτο: it had been dug for her; plpf
8 κατύπερθε δὲ πολλῷ: far above Babylon; ἀγαγοµένη: bring; aor. mid. pple. ἄγω
ὤρυσσε: began to dig; inceptive impf. κύκλῳ: in a circle; dat. manner
6 ἤλασε. ἐποίεε δὲ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα, τόν τε ποταμὸν σκολιὸν 15
καὶ τὸ ὄρυγμα πᾶν ἕλος, ὡς ὅ τε ποταμὸς βραδύτερος εἴη

περὶ καμπὰς πολλὰς ἀγνύμενος, καὶ οἱ πλόοι ἔωσι σκολιοὶ
ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα, ἔκ τε τῶν πλόων ἐκδέκηται περίοδος τῆς
7 λίμνης μακρή. κατὰ τοῦτο δὲ ἐργάζετο τῆς χώρης τῇ αἵ τε
ἐσβολαὶ ἦσαν καὶ τὰ σύντομα τῆς ἐκ Μήδων ὁδοῦ, ἵνα μὴ 20
ἐπιμισγόμενοι οἱ Μῆδοι ἐκμανθάνοιεν αὐτῆς τὰ πρήγματα.

186 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἐκ βάθεος περιεβάλετο, τοιήνδε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν
παρενθήκην ἐποιήσατο. τῆς πόλιος ἐούσης δύο φαρσέων,
τοῦ δὲ ποταμοῦ μέσον ἔχοντος, ἐπὶ τῶν πρότερον βασιλέων
ὅκως τις ἐθέλοι ἐκ τοῦ ἑτέρου φάρσεος ἐς τοὔτερον διαβῆναι, 25
χρῆν πλοίῳ διαβαίνειν, καὶ ἦν, ὡς ἐγὼ δοκέω, ὀχληρὸν

τοῦτο. αὕτη δὲ καὶ τοῦτο προεῖδε. ἐπείτε γὰρ ὤρυσσε τὸ
ἄγνυµι: to break, bend; shiver, 1 ὀχληρός ὁ: troublesome, annoying, irksome 1

βραδύς, -εῖα, -ύ: slow, 1 παρ-εν-θήκη, ἡ: addition, 1
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe 8
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 περί-οδος, ὁ: circumference, journey round 4
ἐκ-µανθάνω: to learn well or thoroughly, 3 πλόος, ὁ: voyage, 3
ἕλος, τό: a swamp, marsh, 4 προ-οράω: see beforehand, catch sight of, 1
ἐπι-µίσγοµαι: to associate with, deal with, 1 σκολιός, -ή, -όν: twisted, winding, 3
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 σύν-τοµος, -ον: short-cut, 1
ἐσ-βολή ἡ: entrance, access; invasion, attack φάρσος, ὁ: part, portion, quarter of the city, 4
1 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
καµπή, ἡ: bend, 1
15 ἤλασε: lined; “drove,” 3rd sg. aor. ἐλαύνω ἵνα µὴ......ἐκµανθάνοιεν: so that they
ὡς…εἴη: so that the river might be; pres. might not learn; negative purpose clause,
opt. εἰµί in a purpose clause, secondary pres. opt.
sequence 22 ταῦτα…περιεβάλετο…: she encircled
17 ἔωσι: may be; 3rd pl. pres. subj. εἰµί, these works from the depths around
purpose clause governed by the same ὡς herself and did the following in addition
above to these things
18 ἐ τε τῶν πλόων: after the voyages 23 τῆς πόλιος…φαρσέων: gen. abs.
ἐκδέκηται: a long circuit of the lake may 24 τοῦ δὲ ποταµοῦ…ἔχοντος: gen. abs.
be taken; purpose with ὡς, i.e. to slow ἐπὶ...βασιλέων: under previous kings
travellers 25 ὅκως..ἐθέλοι: whenever…wished; general
19 ἐργαζετο: was done; impf. pass. temporal clause, secondary seq.; pres. opt.
τῆς χώρης τῇ…: where; “at that point of διαβῆναι: to cross; aor. inf. διαβαίνω
land,” relative clause. dat. of place where 26 χρῆν: it was necessary; impf. χρή
20 ἤσαν: were; 3rd sg. impf. εἰµί 27 προεῖδε: foresaw; aor. inf. προ-οράω
202 Herodotus 1.186.1 – 187.3
ἔλυτρον τῇ λίμνῃ, μνημόσυνον τόδε ἄλλο ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ 1
2 ἔργου ἐλίπετο· ἐτάμνετο λίθους περιμήκεας, ὡς δέ οἱ ἦσαν

οἱ λίθοι ἕτοιμοι καὶ τὸ χωρίον ὀρώρυκτο, ἐκτρέψασα τοῦ
ποταμοῦ τὸ ῥέεθρον πᾶν ἐς τὸ ὤρυσσε χωρίον, ἐν ᾧ ἐπίμπλατο
τοῦτο, ἐν τούτω ἀπεξηρασμένου τοῦ ἀρχαίου ῥεέθρου τοῦτο 5
μὲν τὰ χείλεα τοῦ ποταμοῦ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὰς κατα-
βάσιας τὰς ἐκ τῶν πυλίδων ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν φερούσας
ἀνοικοδόμησε πλίνθοισι ὀπτῇσι κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον τῷ
τείχεϊ, τοῦτο δὲ κατὰ μέσην κου μάλιστα τὴν πόλιν τοῖσι
λίθοισι τοὺς ὠρύξατο οἰκοδόμεε γέφυραν, δέουσα τοὺς λίθους 10
3 σιδήρῳ τε καὶ μολύβδῳ. ἐπιτείνεσκε δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν, ὅκως

μὲν ἡμέρη γίνοιτο, ξύλα τετράγωνα, ἐπ᾽ ὧν τὴν διάβασιν
ἐποιεῦντο οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι· τὰς δὲ νύκτας τὰ ξύλα ταῦτα
ἀπαιρέεσκον τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ἵνα μὴ διαφοιτέοντες [τὰς νύκτας] 14
ἀν-οικο-δοµέω: to build up, 1 µνηµόσυνον, τό: a memorial; remembrance, 2

ἀπ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 9 µόλυβδος, ὁ: lead (metal), 1
ἀπο-ξηραίνω: to dry up, 2 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 ξύλον, τό: wood, 4
γέφυρη, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 6 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
διά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a crossing, 3 ὀπτός, -ή, -όν: baked, roasted, 3
δια-φοιτάω: to go to and fro continually, 2 περι-µήκης, -ες: very tall, very long, 1
ἐκ-τρέπω: to turn aside, divert, 3 πίµπληµι: to fill, fill full, (gen.) 7
ἔλυτρον, τό: basin, reservoir, 2 πλίνθος, ὁ: a brick, 4
ἐπι-τείνω: to stretch over, hold over, 1 πυλίς, -ίδος, τό: a little gate, 3
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 12 ῥέεθρον, τό: river, stream, 9
κατά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: descent, stairs, 2 σιδήρεος, -η, -ον: made of iron, iron, 6
κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13 τάµνω: to cut, hew, ravage, 2
λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9 τετρά-γωνος, -ον: rectangular or square, 3
λίθος, ὁ: a stone, 8 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
λίµνη, ἡ: pool, marshy lake, basin, 10 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
1 λίµνῃ: for a lake; dat. of purpose ἐπίµπλατο: filled; aor. mid. πίµπληµι
2 ἐλίπετο: was left behind; impf. λείπω 5 ἀπεξηρασµένου…ῥεέθρου: the old
ἐτάµνετο: quarried; “cut,” impf. τάµνω river(bed) having dried up; gen. abs.
ὡς δέ…ἦσαν: when…were; impf. εἱµί τοῦτο µὲν… δὲ: on the one hand… on the…
3 ὀρωρυκτο: had been dug; plpf. ὀρύσσω 7 φερούσας: leading to the river; “carrying”
4 ἐς τὸ...χωρίον: to the place 8 κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον: in a manner the
ὤρυξε: aor. ὀρύσσω same as the wall; αὐτὸν governs a dative
ἑν τῷ…ἐν τούτῳ: in which (time)…in this 9-14 Notes on facing page
(time)
4 κλέπτοιεν παρ᾽ ἀλλήλων. ὡς δὲ τό τε ὀρυχθὲν λίμνη πλήρης 15
ἐγεγόνεε ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν γέφυραν

ἐκεκόσμητο, τὸν Εὐφρήτην ποταμὸν ἐς τὰ ἀρχαῖα ῥέεθρα
ἐκ τῆς λίμνης ἐξήγαγε, καὶ οὕτω τὸ ὀρυχθὲν ἕλος γενόμενον
ἐς δέον ἐδόκεε γεγονέναι καὶ τοῖσι πολιήτῃσι γέφυρα ἦν
187 κατεσκευασμένη. ἡ δ᾽ αὐτὴ αὕτη βασίλεια καὶ ἀπάτην 20
τοιήνδε τινὰ ἐμηχανήσατο· ὕπερ τῶν μάλιστα λεωφόρων

πυλέων τοῦ ἄστεος τάφον ἑωυτῇ κατεσκευάσατο μετέωρον
ἐπιπολῆς αὐτέων τῶν πυλέων, ἐνεκόλαψε δὲ ἐς τὸν τάφον
2 γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε. ‘τῶν τις ἐμεῦ ὕστερον γινομένων
Βαβυλῶνος βασιλέων ἢν σπανίσῃ χρημάτων, ἀνοίξας τὸν 25
τάφον λαβέτω ὁκόσα βούλεται χρήματα· μὴ μέντοι γε μὴ

3 σπανίσας γε ἄλλως ἀνοίξῃ· οὐ γὰρ ἄμεινον·’ οὗτος ὁ τάφος
ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 7 κλέπτω: to steal, cheat, 1

ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 5 κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10
ἀν-οίγνυµι: to open, 6 λεω-φόρος, -ον: thronged, full of people, 1
ἀπάτη, -ης, ἡ: a trick, fraud, deceit, 2 µετέωρος, -ον: in mid-air, above the ground 1
βασίλεια, ἡ: a queen, princess, 8 ὁκόσος, -η, -ον: as much, many or great as, 2
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 2
ἐγ-κολάπτω: to cut or carve upon, 2 πολίητης, ὁ: citizen, fellow-countryman, 5
ἕλος, τό: a swamp, marsh, 4 πύλη, ἡ: gates, double gates, 7
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 5 σπανίζω: to lack; be rare, scarce, 3
ἐπι-πολῆς: on top, on top of (+ gen.), 1 τάφος, ὁ : tomb, 7
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 10
κατα-σκευάζω: to prepare, build, equip, 2 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of +gen; beyond acc 7
9 κατὰ…πόλιν: in the middle of the city not…; purpose, secondary seq., pres. opt.
10 τοὺς ὠρύξατο: which she dug; aor. mid. 15 παρ ᾿ ἀλλήλων: from one another
οἰκοδόµεε: impf. οἰκοδοµέω ὡς…ἐγεγόνεε: when…had become; plpf.
δέουσα: binding; pres. pple. δέω τὸ ὀρυχθὲν: area dug out; aor pass pple.
11 ἐπιτείνεσκε: used to extend wooden 16 τὰ περ̀ι…: things around…; subject
boards over it; ‘rectangular wood,’ 17 ἐκεκόσµητο: plpf. pass. κοσµέω
γέφυραν is the feminine antecedent of 18 ἐξήγαγε: led; 3rd sg. aor. ἐξάγω
ἐπ᾿ αὐτήν 19 ἐς δέον: for a purpose; idiomatic, “for a
ὅκως..γένοιτο: whenever it became; need”
general temporal, secondary seq., aor. opt. ἤν κατεσκευασµένη: had been prepared
12 ἐπ ᾿ ὧν: over which 23 ἐνεκόλαψε: carved ; aor. ἐγκολάπτω
13 τὰς νύκτας: during the nights; duration 24 ἐµεῦ ὕστερον: later than me; gen. of
14 ἀπαιρέεσκον: they used to remove; comparison
iterative 25 ἤν σµανίσῃ: if he lacks from; ἐάν + subj.
ἵνα µὴ...κλέπτοιεν: so that they might 26 λαβέτω: let him take ; 3rd sg. imperative
204 Herodotus 1.187.3 – 189.1
ἦν ἀκίνητος μέχρι οὗ ἐς Δαρεῖον περιῆλθε ἡ βασιληίη· 1
Δαρείῳ δὲ καὶ δεινὸν ἐδόκεε εἶναι τῇσι πύλῃσι ταύτῃσι

μηδὲν χρᾶσθαι, καὶ χρημάτων κειμένων καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν γραμ-
4 μάτων ἐπικαλεομένων, μὴ οὐ λαβεῖν αὐτά· τῇσι δὲ πύλῃσι
ταύτῃσι οὐδὲν ἐχρᾶτο τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ὅτι ὕπερ κεφαλῆς οἱ 5
5 ἐγίνετο ὁ νεκρὸς διεξελαύνοντι. ἀνοίξας δὲ τὸν τάφον εὗρε

χρήματα μὲν οὔ, τὸν δὲ νεκρὸν καὶ γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε·
‘εἰ μὴ ἄπληστός τε ἔας χρημάτων καὶ αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἂν
νεκρῶν θήκας ἀνέῳγες.’ αὕτη μέν νυν ἡ βασίλεια τοιαύτη
τις λέγεται γενέσθαι. 10
188 ὁ δὲ δὴ Κῦρος ἐπὶ ταύτης τῆς γυναικὸς τὸν παῖδα

ἐστρατεύετο, ἔχοντά τε τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ ἑωυτοῦ τοὔνομα
Λαβυνήτου καὶ τὴν Ἀσσυρίων ἀρχήν. στρατεύεται δὲ [δὴ]
βασιλεὺς ὁ μέγας καὶ σιτίοισι εὖ ἐσκευασμένος ἐξ οἴκου καὶ 14
ἀ-κίνητος, -ον: untouched, unmoved, 1 νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12

ἀν-οίγνυµι: to open, 6 οἶκος, ὁ: a house, abode, dwelling, 4
ἄ-πληστος, -ον: insatiable, greedy for, 3 οὗ: where, 6
αἰσχρο-κερδής, -ες: shameful for profit, 1 περι-έρχοµαι: to come around, go around, 3
βασίλεια, ἡ: a queen, princess, 8 πύλη, ἡ: gates, double gates, 7
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 θήκη, ἡ: tomb, chest, box, 2
δεινός, -ή, -όν: terrible; wondrous, clever, 11 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
δι-εξ-ελαύνω: to drive, ride, march through, 1 σκευάζω: to prepare, make ready; bring
ἐπι-καλέω: to invite, call upon, 5 about, 9
γράµµα, τό: piece of writing, letter, 7 τάφος, ὁ : tomb, 7
κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of (gen.); beyond
Λαβύνητος, ὁ: Labyntus, 2 (acc.), 7
µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 8
1 µέχρι οὗ: up to which (time); relative οἱ…διεξελαύνοντι: for the one (while)
περιῆλθε: came around; περιέρχοµαι driving; one driving a cart would pass
βασιληίη: kinship under the corpse
2 δεινὸν ἐδόκεε εἶναι: it seemed to be 6 ἀνοίξας: opening up; aor. pple. ἀνοίγνυµι
terrible… εὖρε: 3rd sg. aor. εὑρίσκω
3 µηδὲν χρᾶσθαι: to make no use of; inner 8 εἰ µὴ...ἔας…ἄν…ἀνέῳρες: if you were
acc. not… you would not open; contrafactual
µὴ οὐ λαβεῖν αὐτά: not to take it; parallel condition, 2nd sg. impf. εἰµί, ἀνοίγνυµι
with χρᾶσθαι, governed by ἐδόκεε, 11 ἐπὶ...τὸν παῖδα: against the son
redundant οὐ 14 βασιλεὺς ὁ µέγας: the Great King; i.e.
5 οὐδὲν ἐχρᾶτο: made no use of; impf. Cyrus
τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ὅτι: for this reason, that ἐσκευασµένος: well-equipped; pf. pple.
προβάτοῖσι, καὶ δὴ καὶ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χοάσπεω ποταμοῦ ἅμα 15
ἄγεται τοῦ παρὰ Σοῦσα ῥέοντος, τοῦ μούνου πίνει βασι-

2 λεὺς καὶ ἄλλου οὐδενὸς ποταμοῦ. τούτου δὲ τοῦ Χοάσπεω
τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπεψημένου πολλαὶ κάρτα ἅμαξαι τετράκυκλοι
ἡμιόνεαι κομίζουσαι ἐν ἀγγηίοισι ἀργυρέοισι ἕπονται, ὅκῃ ἂν
189 ἐλαύνῃ ἑκάστοτε. ἐπείτε δὲ ὁ Κῦρος πορευόμενος ἐπὶ τὴν 20
Βαβυλῶνα ἐγίνετο ἐπὶ Γύνδῃ ποταμῷ, τοῦ αἱ μὲν πηγαὶ ἐν

Ματιηνοῖσι ὄρεσι, ῥέει δὲ διὰ Δαρδανέων, ἐκδιδοῖ δὲ ἐς ἕτερον
ποταμὸν Τίγρην, ὁ δὲ παρὰ Ὦπιν πόλιν ῥέων ἐς τὴν Ἐρυθρὴν
θάλασσαν ἐκδιδοῖ, τοῦτον δὴ τὸν Γύνδην ποταμὸν ὡς δια-
βαίνειν ἐπειρᾶτο ὁ Κῦρος ἐόντα νηυσιπέρητον, ἐνθαῦτά οἱ 25
ἀγγήιον, τό: pail, vessel, 1 νηυσι-πέρητος, -ον: navigable by boat, 2

ἀπέψω: to boil, boil off, 1 ὅκῃ: by which way, in what way, how, 2
ἀργύρεος, -η, -ον: silver, of silver, 8 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 1
ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 4 πίνω: to drink, 2
Δαρδάναι, οἱ: Dardaneans, 1 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἐρυθρός, -ή, -όν: red, 5 Σοῦσα, τά: Sousa, 1
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 τετρα-κυκλος, -ον: four-wheeled, 1
ἑκάστοτε: each time, on each occasion, 2 Τίγρης, ὁ: Tigris river, 2
Γύνδης, ὁ: Gyndes river, 4 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ἡµιόνεος, -η, -ον: mule-drawn, 1 Χοάσπης, ὁ: Choaspes river, 2
κοµίζω: to carry, bring; travel, journey, 8 Ὤπις, ὁ: Opis, 1
Ματιηνός, -ή, -όν: Matienian, 3
15 καὶ δὴ καὶ: in particular; 'and indeed also' general relative clause, pres. subj.
16 ἄγεται: is drawn pres. pass. 21 τοῦ αἱ µὲν πηγαὶ: whose springs; i.e.
παρὰ Σοῦσα: along side Susa source
18 τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπεψηµένου: (some) of the 23 ὁ δὲ: and this river; i.e. the Tigris
water from this Choaspes, having been Ἐρυθρὴν θάλασσαν: Erythraean Sea; i.e.
boiled; partitive genitive with the Persian Gulf, not what we call the Red
κοµίζουσαι below, pf. pass. pple ἀπέψω Sea
19 κοµίζουσαι: fem. pl. pres. pple. κοµίζω 25 ἐπειρᾶτο: attempted; impf. πειράω
ὅκῃ ἄν ἐλαύνῃ: wherever he marches;
206 Herodotus 1.189.1 – 191.2
τῶν τις ἱρῶν ἵππων τῶν λευκῶν ὑπὸ ὕβριος ἐσβὰς ἐς τὸν 1
ποταμὸν διαβαίνειν ἐπειρᾶτο, ὁ δέ μιν συμψήσας ὑποβρύχιον

2 οἰχώκεε φέρων. κάρτα τε δὴ ἐχαλέπαινε τῷ ποταμῷ ὁ Κῦρος
τοῦτο ὑβρίσαντι, καί οἱ ἐπηπείλησε οὕτω δή μιν ἀσθενέα
ποιήσειν ὥστε τοῦ λοιποῦ καὶ γυναῖκας μιν εὐπετέως τὸ γόνυ 5
3 οὐ βρεχούσας διαβήσεσθαι. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἀπειλὴν μετεὶς τὴν

ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνα στράτευσιν διαίρεε τὴν στρατιὴν δίχα, διελὼν
δὲ κατέτεινε σχοινοτενέας ὑποδέξας διώρυχας ὀγδώκοντα καὶ
ἑκατὸν παρ᾽ ἑκάτερον τὸ χεῖλος τοῦ Γύνδεω τετραμμένας
πάντα τρόπον, διατάξας δὲ τὸν στρατὸν ὀρύσσειν ἐκέλευε. 10
4 οἷα δὲ ὁμίλου πολλοῦ ἐργαζομένου ἤνετο μὲν τὸ ἔργον, ὅμως

μέντοι τὴν θερείην πᾶσαν αὐτοῦ ταύτῃ διέτριψαν ἐργαζόμενοι.
190 ὡς δὲ τὸν Γύνδην ποταμὸν ἐτίσατο Κῦρος ἐς τριηκοσίας καὶ 13
ἄνω: to accomplish, complete, 1 λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 5

ἀπ-ειλή, ἡ: threat, boast, 1 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἀ-σθενής, -ές: without strength, weak, 6 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
βρέχω: to wet, get wet, 1 ὀγδώκοντα: eighty, 5
γόνυ, γούνατος, τό: the knee, 3 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 9
Γύνδης, ὁ: Gyndes, 4 ὅµιλος, ὁ: crowd, 3
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 6
δι-αιρέω: to divide, distinguish, 6 στράτευσις, ἡ: expedition, 1
δια-τάσσω: to arrange, appoint, 5 συµ-ψάω: to seep away, 1
δια-τρίβω: to pass time, consume, spend, 2 σχοινο-τενής, -ές: straight line, rope, 2
δίχα: apart, asunder; apart from (+ gen.), 1 τίνω: to pay a price; mid. make pay, punish, 6
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 10 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 7 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
ἐπ-απειλέω: threaten, 1 ὑβρίζω: commit outrage, assault, maltreat, 2
ἐργάζοµαι: to work, labor, toil, 11 ὕβρις, ἡ: outrage, insolence, insult, violence 2
ἐσ-βαίνω: to go into, enter, 1 ὑπο-βρύχιος, -ον: under water, 2
εὐ-πετής, -ες: easy, 2 ὑπο-δείκνυµαι: show (secretly), mark out, 2
θερείη, ἡ: summer, 1 χαλεπαίνω: to be sore, be angry with, 1
κατα-τείνω: to stretch or draw tight, 1 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
1 ὑπὸ ὕβριος:; out of insolence; causal make it so weak that…; fut. inf. + result cl.
ἐσβὰς: stepping into; aor. pple ἐσβαίνω 5 τοῦ λοιποῦ: in the future; gen time within
2 ἐπειρᾶτο: attempted; impf. πειράω 6 διαβήσεσθαι: fut. inf. διαβαίνω
ὁ δὲ µιν συµψήσας: but the river, µετεὶς: giving up; pres. pple µετίηµι
sweeping him…; change of subject, pple 7 διελὼν: dividing; aor. pple. δι-αιρέω
3 οἰχώκεε: had gone; plpf. οἴχοµαι 8 σχοινοτενέας ὑποδέξας: marking off lines
4 τοῦτο ὑβρίσαντι: having committed this 10 πάντα τρόπον: turned in every direction
outrage; inner acc. 11 ἤνετο: he completed; imp. ἄνω
οὕτω…ποιήσειν ὥστε:; that he would 13 ἐτείσατο: punished; aor. τί́νω
ἑξήκοντα διώρυχάς μιν διαλαβών, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ἔαρ ὑπέ-

λαμπε, οὕτω δὴ ἤλαυνε ἐπὶ τὴν Βαβυλῶνα. οἱ δὲ Βαβυλώνιοι 15
ἐκστρατευσάμενοι ἔμενον αὐτόν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐγένετο ἐλαύνων

ἀγχοῦ τῆς πόλιος, συνέβαλόν τε οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι καὶ ἑσσω-
2 θέντες τῇ μάχῃ κατειλήθησαν ἐς τὸ ἄστυ. οἷα δὲ ἐξεπιστά-
μενοι ἔτι πρότερον τὸν Κῦρον οὐκ ἀτρεμίζοντα, ἀλλ᾽ ὁρέοντες
αὐτὸν παντὶ ἔθνεϊ ὁμοίως ἐπιχειρέοντα, προεσάξαντο σιτία 20
ἐτέων κάρτα πολλῶν. ἐνθαῦτα οὗτοι μὲν λόγον εἶχον τῆς

πολιορκίης οὐδένα, Κῦρος δὲ ἀπορίῃσι ἐνείχετο, ἅτε χρόνου
τε ἐγγινομένου συχνοῦ ἀνωτέρω τε οὐδὲν τῶν πρηγμάτων
191 προκοπτομένων. εἴτε δὴ ὦν ἄλλος οἱ ἀπορέοντι ὑπεθήκατο,
εἴτε καὶ αὐτὸς ἔμαθε τὸ ποιητέον οἱ ἦν, ἐποίεε δὴ τοιόνδε. 25
2 τάξας τὴν στρατιὴν ἅπασαν ἐξ ἐμβολῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ, τῇ ἐς

τὴν πόλιν ἐσβάλλει, καὶ ὄπισθε αὖτις τῆς πόλιος τάξας
ἑτέρους, τῇ ἐξιεῖ ἐκ τῆς πόλιος ὁ ποταμός, προεῖπε τῷ
στρατῷ, ὅταν διαβατὸν τὸ ῥέεθρον ἴδωνται γενόμενον, ἐσιέναι
ἀγχοῦ: near, nearby, 3 ἐπι-χειρέω: put a hand on, attempt, attack, 6

ἀ-πορέω: to be at a loss, bewildered, 3 ἐσ-βάλλω: put on ship, put on land, throw, 13
ἀ-πορίη, ἡ: difficulty, bewilderment, 3 ἐσ-έρχοµαι: to go in, enter, 8
ἄνω: to accomplish, complete, 1 ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11
ἅτε: inasmuch as, since, seeing that (+ part.) 7 κατ-ειλέοµαι to be trapped, be hemmed in, 3
ἀτρεµίζω: to stay still, keep quiet, 2 µένω: to stay, remain, 8,
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
δια-βατός, -ον: passable, fordable, 3 ὅταν: ὅτε ἄν, whenever, 2
δια-λαµβάνω: to divide, receive separately, 3 πολιορκίη, ἡ: siege, a besieging, 3
δι-ῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: trench, canal, conduit, 9 προ-εῖπον: to issue beforehand, proclaim, 8
ἔαρ, -ρος, τό: spring, 2 προ-κόπτοµαι: to make progress, advance, 1
ἐγ-γίγνοµαι: be inborn, occur in, possible 2 προ-σάσσω: to pill up beforehand, 1
εἴτε: either...or; whether...or, 9 ῥέεθρον, τό: river, stream, 9
ἐκ-στρατεύω: to march out, 1 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
ἐµ-βολή, ἡ: entry, 1 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
ἑξήκοντα: sixty, 4 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 5
ἐξ-επίσταµαι: to know thoroughly, 2 τάσσω: to arrange, put in order, 10
ἐξ-ίηµι: to send out, let out, 6 ὑπο-λάµπω: to begin to shine, start shining 1
ἐν-έχω: to hold in, hold within 2 ὑπο-τίθηµι: to place under, advise, propose, 6
15 ἤλαυνε: began to march; inchoative impf. 25 ποιητέον…ἦν: what was for him to do
22 ἀποριῃσι ἐνείχετο: was held in 28 τῇ ἐξίει: where.. used to discharge; impf.
bewilderment 29 ὅταν…ἴδωνται: whenever they see; aor.
24 ὑπεθήκατο: proposed; aor. ὑποτίθηµι subj. in a general temporal clause
208 Herodotus 1.191.2 – 192.1
ταύτῃ ἐς τὴν πόλιν. οὕτω τε δὴ τάξας καὶ κατὰ ταῦτα 1
παραινέσας ἀπήλαυνε αὐτὸς σὺν τῷ ἀχρηίῳ τοῦ στρατοῦ.

3 ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν λίμνην, τά περ ἡ τῶν Βαβυλωνίων
βασίλεια ἐποίησε κατά τε τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ κατὰ τὴν λίμνην,
ἐποίεε καὶ ὁ Κῦρος ἕτερα τοιαῦτα· τὸν γὰρ ποταμὸν διώρυχι 5
ἐσαγαγὼν ἐς τὴν λίμνην ἐοῦσαν ἕλος, τὸ ἀρχαῖον ῥέεθρον

4 διαβατὸν εἶναι ἐποίησε, ὑπονοστήσαντος τοῦ ποταμοῦ. γενο-
μένου δὲ τούτου τοιούτου, οἱ Πέρσαι οἵ περ ἐτετάχατο ἐπ᾽
αὐτῷ τούτῳ κατὰ τὸ ῥέεθρον τοῦ Εὐφρήτεω ποταμοῦ ὑπο-
νενοστηκότος ἀνδρὶ ὡς ἐς μέσον μηρὸν μάλιστά κῃ, κατὰ 10
5 τοῦτο ἐσήισαν ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα. εἰ μέν νυν προεπύθοντο

ἢ ἔμαθον οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Κύρου ποιεύμενον, οἳ δ᾽
ἂν περιιδόντες τοὺς Πέρσας ἐσελθεῖν ἐς τὴν πόλιν διέφθειραν
ἂν κάκιστα· κατακληίσαντες γὰρ ἂν πάσας τὰς ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν 14
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 κῇ: in what way; in some way, somehow, 5
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 12 λίµνη, ἡ: pool, marshy lake, basin, 10
ἀ-χρήιος, -ον: useless, unprofitable, 2 µηρός, ὁ: the thigh, 1
δια-βατός, -ον: passable, fordable, 3 παρ-αινέω: to advise, exhort, order, 6
δι-ῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: trench, canal, conduit, 9 περι-οράω: to look over, overlook, allow, 2
ἐσ-άγω: to lead in, to introduce, bring in, 2 προ-πυνθάνοµαι: learn or hear beforehand, 2
ἐσ-ερχοµαι: go into, enter; occur, seem to, 8 ῥέεθρον, τό: river, stream, 9
ἕλος, τό: a swamp, marsh, 4 σύν: along with, with, together (+ dat.), 11
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 τάσσω: to arrange, assign, put in order, 10
κατα-κληίω: to shut in, inclose, 1 ὑπο-νοστέω: to drop, retire, go back, 2
1 ἐσιέναι: to enter; pres. inf.. ἐσέρχοµαι 10 ἀνδρὶ...µὴρον: about to (the level of) a
ταύτῃ: in this way; i.e. on the riverbed man’s mid-thigh; “about to mid-thigh”
τάξας: ordering; aor. pple. τάσσω µάλιστά κῃ: exactly in this way
2 ἀπήλαυνε: marched off; impf. ἀπελαύνω 11 ἐσήισαν: 3rd sg. impf. ἐσ-έρχοµαι
τῷ ἀχρηίῳ: useless part; useless for battle εἰ…προεπύθοντο…ἄν…διέφθειραν: if
3 τά περ..λίµνη ἐποίεε: Cyrus did the very they knew in advance…they would have
things which...at the river and lake destroyed them; contrafactual condition
6 ἐσαγαγὼν: leading, drawing off; nom. sg. 12 ἔµαθον: learned; 3rd pl. aor. µανθάνω
aor. ἐσάγω τὸ...ποιεύµενον: the thing being done
8 ἐτετάχατο: had been assigned; plpf. 13 περιιδόντες: allowing; aor. περι-οράω
τάσσω ἐσελθεῖν: aor. inf. ἐσερχοµαι
ἐπ ᾿ αὐτῷ τούτῳ: on this very spot 14 κάκιστα: superlative adv.
9 κατὰ τὸ ῥέεθρον: along the river ἄν…ἔλαβον ἄν: would have caught; 2nd
ὑπονενοστηκότος: having dropped; gen. apodosis of the contrafactual from l. 11
sg. pf. pple
Babylonian Customs 209
πυλίδας ἐχούσας καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐπὶ τὰς αἱμασιὰς ἀναβάντες τὰς 15
παρὰ τὰ χείλεα τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐληλαμένας, ἔλαβον ἂν σφέας

6 ὡς ἐν κύρτῃ. νῦν δὲ ἐξ ἀπροσδοκήτου σφι παρέστησαν οἱ
Πέρσαι. ὑπὸ δὲ μεγάθεος τῆς πόλιος, ὡς λέγεται ὑπὸ τῶν
ταύτῃ οἰκημένων, τῶν περὶ τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς πόλιος ἑαλωκότων 20
τοὺς τὸ μέσον οἰκέοντας τῶν Βαβυλωνίων οὐ μανθάνειν

ἑαλωκότας, ἀλλὰ τυχεῖν γάρ σφι ἐοῦσαν ὁρτήν, χορεύειν τε
τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον καὶ ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι εἶναι, ἐς ὃ δὴ καὶ
τὸ κάρτα ἐπύθοντο. καὶ Βαβυλὼν μὲν οὕτω τότε πρῶτον
ἀραίρητο. 25
192 τὴν δὲ δύναμιν τῶν Βαβυλωνίων πολλοῖσι μὲν καὶ ἄλλοισι

δηλώσω ὅση τις ἐστί, ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ τῷδε. βασιλέι τῷ μεγάλῳ
ἐς τροφὴν αὐτοῦ τε καὶ τῆς στρατιῆς διαραίρηται, πάρεξ
τοῦ φόρου, γῆ πᾶσα ὅσης ἄρχει· δυώδεκα ὦν μηνῶν ἐόντων
αἱµασιή, ἡ: a wall, low wall, 3 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13

ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 µείς, µῆνος, ὁ: a month, 9
ἀ-προσ-δόκητος, -ον: unexpected, 1 ὁρτή, ἡ: festival, 7
ἄρχω: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48 πάρ-εξ: besides, except, 5
δηλόω: make clear or visible; show, exhibit 7 παρ-ίστηµι: stand near, set before the mind, 5
δι-αιρέω: to divide, distinguish, 6 πυλίς, -ίδος, τό: a little gate, 3
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 τροφή, ἡ: nourishment, food; upbringing, 1
δυώ-δεκα: twelve, 11 φόρος, ὁ: tribute, 6
ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 χεῖλος, -εος, τό: lip, rim, edge (of a river), 8
εὐπάθειη, ἡ: enjoyment, 3 χορεύω: to dance, sing and dance, 1
κύρτη, ἡ: a fish-trap, fishing-basket, 1
15 ἐχούσας: leading to the river aor. inf. τυγχάνω and pres. pple. εἰµί
ἀναβάντες: aor. pple. ἀναβαίνω 22 τοῦτο τὸν χρόνον: during…; duration
16 ἑληλαµένας: extending; pf. ἐλαύνω ἑς ὅ: until; “up to which (time)”
17 ὡς ἐν κύρτῃ: as if in a fishtrap 23 ἐπύθοντο: 3rd pl. aor. πυνθάνοµαι
παρέστησαν: came upon them; aor. 24 ἀραίρητο: had been taken; plpf. αἱρέω
παρίστηµι 26 δηλώσω: 1st sg. fut. δηλόωϡ
18 ὑπὸ δὲ µετάθεος…: because of the size… ὅση τις ἐστί: how great it is; i.e. δύναµιν
19 ταυτῃ: in this place; dat. place where ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ: and among them also
τῶν…ἑαλωκότων: those (people) around 26 τῷδε: with the following; parallel to
the edges of the city having been caught; ἄλλοισι
gen. abs., pf. pple ἁλίσκοµαι βασιλέϊ τῷ µεγάλῳ: for the Great King;
20 τὸ µέσον: the middle (of the city) honorific for Persian kings; here, Cyrus
21 ἑαλωκότας: (that they) had been caught; 27 ἑς τροφὴν: for the nourishment; purpose
follows µανθάνειν, pf. pple. ἁλίσκοµαι διαραίρηται: is divided; pf. pass. δι-
τυχεῖιν…ἐοῦσαν: there happened to be; αιρέω
210 Herodotus 1.192.1 – 193.2
ἐς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τοὺς τέσσερας μῆνας τρέφει μιν ἡ Βαβυ- 1
λωνίη χωρῇ, τοὺς δὲ ὀκτὼ τῶν μηνῶν ἡ λοιπὴ πᾶσα Ἀσίη.

2 οὕτω τριτημορίη ἡ Ἀσσυρίη χώρη τῇ δυνάμι τῆς ἄλλης
Ἀσίης. καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς χώρης ταύτης, τὴν οἱ Πέρσαι
σατραπηίην καλέουσι, ἐστὶ ἁπασέων τῶν ἀρχέων πολλόν τι 5
κρατίστη, ὅκου Τριτανταίχμῃ τῷ Ἀρταβάζου ἐκ βασιλέος

ἔχοντι τὸν νομὸν τοῦτον ἀργυρίου μὲν προσήιε ἑκάστης
3 ἡμέρης ἀρτάβη μεστή. (ἡ δὲ ἀρτάβη, μέτρον ἐὸν Περσικόν,
χωρέει μεδίμνου Ἀττικοῦ πλέον χοίνιξι τρισὶ Ἀττικῇσι),
ἵπποι δὲ οἱ αὐτοῦ ἦσαν ἰδίῃ, πάρεξ τῶν πολεμιστηρίων, οἱ 10
μὲν ἀναβαίνοντες τὰς θηλέας ὀκτακόσιοι, αἱ δὲ βαινόμεναι

ἑξακισχίλιαι καὶ μυρίαι· ἀνέβαινε γὰρ ἕκαστος τῶν ἐρσένων
4 τούτων εἴκοσι ἵππους. κυνῶν δὲ Ἰνδικῶν τοσοῦτο δή τι 13
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 µείς, µῆνος, ὁ: a month, 9

ἀργύριον, τό: silver; silver coin, 4 µεστός, -ή, -όν: full, filled, filled full, 1
ἀρτάβη, ἡ: artabe (Persian unit: 55 liters), 2 µέτρον, τό: measure, length, size, 2
Ἀρτάβαζος, ὁ: Artabazos, 1 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 3
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, 5 ὀκτα-κόσιοι, -αι, -α: eight hundred, 2
βαίνω: to walk, step, go, 1 ὀκτώ: eight, 5
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 ὅκου: whereas, where, 3
ἐνιαυτός, ὁ: year, long period of time, 4 πάρ-εξ: besides, except, 5
ἑξα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: six thousand, 2 Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 4
ἔρσην, -ενος, ὁ: male, masculine, 4 πολεµιστήριος, -η, -ον: for war, 1
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 5
θῆλυς, -εα, -υ: female, feminine, 4 σατραπηίη, ἡ: a satrapy, 1
ἴδιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; private, lone, 4 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
Ἰνδικός, -ή, -όν: Indian, 1 τρέφω: to nourish, nuture, feed, foster, 8
κράτιστος, -η, -ον: strongest, mightiest, 1 Τριτανταίχµης, ὁ: Tritantaichmes, 1
κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8 τριτη-µόριος, -η, -ον: a third part of, 1
λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13 χοῖνιξ, ἡ: a choenix (1.08 liters), 1
µέδιµνος, -η, -ον: medimnus (52 liters), 1
1 ἐς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν: in a year; “into a year” 9 χωρέον: holding; neuter sg. pres. pple
τοὺς τέσσερας…ὀκτὼ: for…; acc. duration µεδίµνου Ἀττικοῦ: than…; gen comparison
3 τῇ δυνάµι: in resources; dat. respect χοίνιξι: by three choenikes; degree of diff.
5 πολλὸν…κρατίστη: by far…; acc. extent 10 οἱ…ἦσαν: he had; dat. poss., impf. εἰµί
6 τῷ Ἀρταβάζου: son of Artabazos ἰδίῃ: in private
ἐκ βασιλέος ἔχοντι νοµὸν τοῦτον: τῶν πολεµιστηρίων: besides warhorses
possessing this district under the King 11 ἀναβαίνοντες…βαινόµεναι: those
7 προσήιε…µεστὴ: each day a full artabe of mounting those being mounted
silver used to come; time within, -ἔρχοµαι 13 τοσοῦτο… ὥστε: so great…that; result
πλῆθος ἐτρέφετο ὥστε τέσσερες τῶν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ κῶμαι

μεγάλαι, τῶν ἄλλων ἐοῦσαι ἀτελέες, τοῖσι κυσὶ προσετετά- 15
χατο σιτία παρέχειν. τοιαῦτα μὲν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῆς Βαβυ-

193 λῶνος ὑπῆρχε ἐόντα. ἡ δὲ γῆ τῶν Ἀσσυρίων ὕεται μὲν
ὀλίγῳ, καὶ τὸ ἐκτρέφον τὴν ῥίζαν τοῦ σίτου ἐστὶ τοῦτο·
ἀρδόμενον μέντοι ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἁδρύνεταί τε τὸ λήιον καὶ
παραγίνεται ὁ σῖτος, οὐ κατὰ περ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ αὐτοῦ τοῦ 20
ποταμοῦ ἀναβαίνοντος ἐς τὰς ἀρούρας, ἀλλὰ χερσί τε καὶ

2 κηλωνηίοισι ἀρδόμενος. ἡ γὰρ Βαβυλωνίη χώρη πᾶσα, κατά
περ ἡ Αἰγυπτίη, κατατέτμηται ἐς διώρυχας· καὶ ἡ μεγίστη
τῶν διωρύχων ἐστὶ νηυσιπέρητος, πρὸς ἥλιον τετραμμένη
τὸν χειμερινόν, ἐσέχει δὲ ἐς ἄλλον ποταμὸν ἐκ τοῦ Εὐφρή- 25
τεω, ἐς τὸν Τίγρην, παρ᾽ ὃν Νίνος πόλις οἴκητο. ἔστι δὲ
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 Νίνος, ὁ: Ninus, Ninevah, 8

Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 ὀλίγος, -η, -ον: few, little, small, 14
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 10 παρα-γίνοµαι: to be present; to arrive, 5
ἄρδω: to water, 2 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἄρουρα, ἡ: a (cultivated) field, arable land, 1 πέδιον, τό: plain, 6
ἁδρύνοµαι: to ripen, 1 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἀ-τελής -ές: exempt from taxes, incomplete 1 προσ-τάσσω: to order, assign, appoint, 5
διῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: a trench, canal, conduit, 9 ῥίζα, ἡ: a root, 2
ἐκ-τρέφω: to bring up from childhood, rear, 2 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
ἐσ-έχω: to lead, extend, 1 σῖτος, ὁ: grain, food, meal, 5
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 8 τέσσαρες, -α: four, 8
ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8 Τίγρης, ὁ: Tigris, 2
κατα-τέµνω: to cut up, cut to pieces, 2 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
κήλωνήιον, τό: a bucket and counterweight, 1 τρέφω: to nourish, nuture, feed, foster, 8
κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ: a dog, 8 ὑπ-άρχω: being; be, belong to (+ gen.), 4
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13 ὕω: to send rain, to rain, 2
λήιον, τό: crop, 3 χειµερινός, -ή, -όν: of or in winter, 2
νηυσι-πέρητος, -ον: navigable by boat, 2
15 τῶν ἄλλων…ἐτελέες: being exempt from 21 ποταµοῦ ἀναβαίνοντος: flooding; gen.

other (taxes) absolute
προσετετάχετο: had been assigned; plpf. χερσί: by hands; dat. pl., means
pass 23 κατατέτµηται: has been cut up; pf. pass.
17 ὑπῆρχε ἐόντα: came to be; impf. + pple. 24 τετραµµὲνη: turned to the winter sun; S to
εἰµί S.E.
20 κατὰ περ: just as 26 οἴκητο: plpf. οἰκέω
212 Herodotus 1.193.2 – 194.2
χωρέων αὕτη πασέων μακρῷ ἀρίστη τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν Δήμη- 1
3 τρος καρπὸν ἐκφέρειν. τὰ γὰρ δὴ ἄλλα δένδρεα οὐδὲ πειρᾶται

ἀρχὴν φέρειν, οὔτε συκέην οὔτε ἄμπελον οὔτε ἐλαίην. τὸν
δὲ τῆς Δήμητρος καρπὸν ὧδε ἀγαθὴ ἐκφέρειν ἐστὶ ὥστε ἐπὶ
διηκόσια μὲν τὸ παράπαν ἀποδιδοῖ, ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἄριστα αὐτὴ 5
ἑωυτῆς ἐνείκῃ, ἐπὶ τριηκόσια ἐκφέρει. τὰ δὲ φύλλα αὐτόθι

τῶν τε πυρῶν καὶ τῶν κριθέων τὸ πλάτος γίνεται τεσσέρων
4 εὐπετέως δακτύλων. ἐκ δὲ κέγχρου καὶ σησάμου ὅσον τι
δένδρον μέγαθος γίνεται, ἐξεπιστάμενος μνήμην οὐ ποιήσομαι,
εὖ εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῖσι μὴ ἀπιγμένοισι ἐς τὴν Βαβυλωνίην χώρην 10
καὶ τὰ εἰρημένα καρπῶν ἐχόμενα ἐς ἀπιστίην πολλὴν ἀπῖκται.

χρέωνται δὲ οὐδὲν ἐλαίῳ ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ἐκ τῶν σησάμων ποιεῦντες.
εἰσὶ δέ σφι φοίνικες πεφυκότες ἀνὰ πᾶν τὸ πεδίον, οἱ πλεῦνες 13
ἄµπελος, ὁ: vine, 3 κέγχρος, ὁ: millet, 1

ἀ-πιστίη, ἡ: disbelief, distrust, mistrust, 3 κριθή, ἡ: barley-grain, barley, 2
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, 6 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 11 µνήµη, ἡ: remembrance, memory, record, 4
δάκτυλος, ὁ: a finger, 3 παρά-παν: entirely, altogether, 5
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, δένδρος, -εος, τό, 4 πλάτος, τό: breadth, 1
Δηµήτηρ, ἡ: Demeter, 2 πυρός, ὁ: wheat, 1
διηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 4 σήσαµον, τό: sesame-seed, 2
ἐκ-φέρω: to produce, bring forth, carry out, 8 συκέη, ἡ: fig-tree, 2
ἐλαίη, ἡ: the olive-tree, 1 τέσσαρες, -α: four, 8
ἔλαιον, τό: olive-oil, 1 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
ἐξ-επίσταµαι: to know thoroughly, 2 φοῖνιξ, φοινίκος, ὁ: a palm tree, 4
εὐ-πετής, -ες: easy, 2 φύλλον, τό: a leaf, 2
καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14
1 µακρῷ: by far; dat. degree of difference 10 εἰδὼς: knowing; nom. sg. pple. οἶδα
τῶν..ἴδµεν: which we know; 1st pl. οἶδα ; ἀπιγµένοισι: for those not having come;
acc. attracted into gen. case of antecedent 11 τὰ εἰρηµένα καρπῶν ἐχόµενα: things
Δήµεητρος καρπὸν: crop of Demeter; grain mentioned touching on crops; pf. λέγω,
2 οὐδὲ πειρᾶται ἀρχην: (the land) does not ἐχω, “cling to,” governs a partitive gen.
even at the beginning attempt; adv. acc. ἀπῖκται: comes to, pf.. ἀπικνέοµαι
4 ὧδε ἀγαθὴ...ὥστε: so good…that; result 12 χρέωνται: use; 3rd pl. pres. χράοµαι
ἐπὶ διηκόσια: two hundred-fold governs a dative object
5 ἐπεὰν…ἐνείκῃ: whenever….produces; aor. ποιεῦντες: making oil;
subj. φέρω in a general temporal clause 13 εἰσὶ δὲ σφι: they have; “are to them,” dat.
6 τὰ δὲ φύλλα: stalks; elsewhere “leaves” poss.
7 τὸ πλάτος: in breadth; acc. of respect πεφυκότες: growing; pf. pple φύω
8 ὅσον τι δένδρον…γινεται: how great a οἱ πλεῦνες: a majority; ‘the more’
tree-(yield) there is from millet and sesame
αὐτῶν καρποφόροι, ἐκ τῶν καὶ σιτία καὶ οἶνον καὶ μέλι

5 ποιεῦνται· τοὺς συκέων τρόπον θεραπεύουσι τά τε ἄλλα καὶ 15
φοινίκων τοὺς ἔρσενας Ἕλληνὲς καλέουσι, τούτων τὸν καρπὸν

περιδέουσι τῇσι βαλανηφόροισι τὸν φοινίκων, ἵνα πεπαίνῃ
τε σφι ὁ ψὴν τὴν βάλανον ἐσδύνων καὶ μὴ ἀπορρέῃ ὁ
καρπὸς τοῦ φοίνικος· ψῆνας γὰρ δὴ φέρουσι ἐν τῷ καρπῷ
194 οἱ ἔρσενες κατά περ δὴ οἱ ὄλυνθοι. τὸ δὲ ἁπάντων θῶμα 20
μέγιστόν μοι ἐστὶ τῶν ταύτῃ μετά γε αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν,

ἔρχομαι φράσων· τὰ πλοῖα αὐτοῖσι ἐστὶ τὰ κατὰ τὸν
ποταμὸν πορευόμενα ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα, ἐόντα κυκλοτερέα,
2 πάντα σκύτινα. ἐπεὰν γὰρ ἐν τοῖσι Ἀρμενίοισι τοῖσι
κατύπερθε Ἀσσυρίων οἰκημένοισι νομέας ἰτέης ταμόμενοι 25
ποιήσωνται, περιτείνουσι τούτοισι διφθέρας στεγαστρίδας

ἔξωθεν ἐδάφεος τρόπον, οὔτε πρύμνην ἀποκρίνοντες οὔτε
ἀπο-κρίνω: mid. to answer, reply, 2 µέλι, τό: honey, 2

ἀπορρέω: to fall unripe, run off, 1 νοµεύς, ὁ: a shepherd; ribs (of a ship), 2
Ἀρµένιος, -η, -ον: Armenian, 5 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
βαλανη-φόρος, -ον: date-bearing, 1 ὄλυνθος, ὁ: a winter-fig, 1
βάλανος, ἡ: a date, 1 πεπαίνω: to ripen, 1
διφθέρα, ἡ: a hide, tanned hide, leather, 3 περι-δέω: to tie around, 1
ἔδαφος, τό: flooring, bottom, ground, 1 περι-τείνω: to stretch around, 1
εἰτέη, ἡ: a willow, (Att. ἰτέη), 1 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
ἔρσην, -ενος, ὁ: male, masculine, 4 πρύµνη, ἡ: stern, 3
ἐσ-δύνω: to enter, go into, 1 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
ἔξω-θεν: from without, 3 σκύτινος, -η, -ον: leather, made of leather, 4
θεραπεύω: to attend to, care for, serve, 1 στεγαστρίς -ατρίδος: water-tight, covering 1
θῶµα, -ατος, τό: wonder, astonishment, 6 συκέη, ἡ: fig-tree, 2
καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14 τάµνω: to cut, hew, ravage, 2
καρπο-φόρος, -ον: fruit-bearing, 1 φοῖνιξ, φοινίκος, ὁ: a palm tree, 4
κατ-ύπερθε: above, (down) from above, 4 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 12
κυκλοτερής, -ές: round, circular, 3 ψήν, τό: gallfly, 2
15 τοὺς συκέων…καλέουσι: they care for ἵνα…πεπαίνῃ: so that…may ripen;

these (date palms) in the manner of figs purpose with pres. subjunctive as below
both in other respects and in respect to 18 µὴ ἀπορρέῃ: so that…fall upripen;
those (parts) of the date palm the Greeks 20 κατὰ περ: just as winter-figs
call male; acc. respect, the “male” parts 24 νοµέας…ταµόµενοι ποιήσωνται: cutting,
are not edible, they make ribs of willow...; aor. τάµνω
17 περιδέουσι τῇσι Βαλανηφόροισι: they tie 27 ἐδάφεος τρόπον: in the manner of a hull
up to the date-bearing palms ἀποκρίνοντες: not distinquishing a prow
214 Herodotus 1.194.2 – 196.1
πρῴρην συνάγοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ἀσπίδος τρόπον κυκλοτερέα ποιή- 1
σαντες καὶ καλάμης πλήσαντες πᾶν τὸ πλοῖον τοῦτο

ἀπιεῖσι κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν φέρεσθαι, φορτίων πλήσαντες·
μάλιστα δὲ βίκους φοινικηίους κατάγουσι οἴνου πλέους.
3 ἰθύνεται δὲ ὑπό τε δύο πλήκτρων καὶ δύο ἀνδρῶν ὀρθῶν 5
ἑστεώτων, καὶ ὃ μὲν ἔσω ἕλκει τὸ πλῆκτρον ὁ δὲ ἔξω ὠθέει.

ποιέεται δὲ καὶ κάρτα μεγάλα ταῦτα τὰ πλοῖα καὶ ἐλάσσω·
τὰ δὲ μέγιστα αὐτῶν καὶ πεντακισχιλίων ταλάντων γόμον
ἔχει. ἐν ἑκάστῳ δὲ πλοίῳ ὄνος ζωὸς ἔνεστι, ἐν δὲ τοῖσι
4 μέζοσι πλεῦνες. ἐπεὰν ὦν ἀπίκωνται πλέοντες ἐς τὴν 10
Βαβυλῶνα καὶ διαθέωνται τὸν φόρτον, νομέας μὲν τοῦ πλοίου

καὶ τὴν καλάμην πᾶσαν ἀπ᾽ ὦν ἐκήρυξαν, τὰς δὲ διφθέρας
ἐπισάξαντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ὄνους ἀπελαύνουσι ἐς τοὺς Ἀρμενίους.
5 ἀνὰ τὸν ποταμὸν γὰρ δὴ οὐκ οἷά τε ἐστὶ πλέειν οὐδενὶ 14
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 κατ-άγω: to bring back or down, 3

ἀπο-κηρύσσω: to auction off, disinherit, 1 κυκλοτερής, -ές: round, circular, 3
Ἀρµένιος, -η, -ον: Armenian, 5 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 6 νοµεύς, ὁ: a shepherd; rib (of a ship), 2
ἀφ-ίηµι: send forth, release, give up, 5 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
βίκος, ὁ: a wine-jar, 1 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a donkey, 4
γόµος, ὁ: cargo, freight, 1 ὀρθός, -ή, -όν: straight, upright, right, 4
διατίθηµι: to dispose, arrange, handle, 3 πεντα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: five thousand, 2
διφθέρα, ἡ: a hide, tanned hide, leather, 3 πίµπληµι: to fill, fill full (+ gen.), 7
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 πλέω: to sail, 16
ἕλκω: to draw, drag; weigh, 10 πλῆκτρον, τό: oar, sweep; tool for striking, 2
ἔν-ειµι: be in, on, among, 2 πρῷρη, ἡ: prow, 1
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 συν-άγω: bring together, collect, gather, 2
ἐπι-σάσσω: to pile upon, 1 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equal to 57.75 lbs.), 5
ἔσω: inwards, inside, 5 φοινικήιος, -η, -ον: made from the palm, 1
ζωός, -η, -ον: live, alive, living, 1 φορτίον, τό: freight, merchandise, load, 3
ἰθύνω: to make straight, steer, 1 φόρτος, τό: a load, freight, cargo, 2
καλάµη, ἡ: reed, the stalk or straw of corn, 2 ὠθέω: to push, thrust, 3
1 συνάγοντες: assembling; pres. pple. 7 κάρτα µεγάλα...καὶ ἐλάσσω: very large

ἀσπίδος τρόπον: in the manner of a shield and smaller; ἐλάσσο(ν)α, comparative
2 πλήσαντες: having filled; aor. πίµπληµι 9 ἐν δὲ τοῖσι µέζονι: but in larger ones
3 ἀπιεῖσι: release it; 3rd pl. pres ἀπίηµι 10 ἐπεὰν..ἀπίκωνται…διαθέωνται: when
φέρεσθαι: to be carried; inf. for purpose ever they arrive and deposit; aorist subj.
4 βίκους φοινικηιους: jars of palm-wine 12 ἀπ ᾿ ὤν ἐκήρυξαν: they auction off; tmesis
οἴνου: than wine; gen. comparison 14 οἷα τέ ἐστι πλέειν: it is impossible to sail
6 ἑστεώτων: standing; gen. pl. pf. ἵστηµι οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ: in any way
τρόπῳ ὑπὸ τάχεος τοῦ ποταμοῦ· διὰ γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ οὐκ ἐκ 15
ξύλων ποιεῦνται τὰ πλοῖα ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ διφθερέων. ἐπεὰν δὲ τοὺς

ὄνους ἐλαύνοντες ἀπίκωνται ὀπίσω ἐς τοὺς Ἀρμενίους, ἄλλα
195 τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ ποιεῦνται πλοῖα. τὰ μὲν δὴ πλοῖα αὐτοῖσι
ἐστὶ τοιαῦτα· ἐσθῆτι δὲ τοιῇδε χρέωνται, κιθῶνι ποδηνεκέι
λινέῳ, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦτον ἄλλον εἰρίνεον κιθῶνα ἐπενδύνει καὶ 20
χλανίδιον λευκὸν περιβαλλόμενος, ὑποδήματα ἔχων ἐπι-

χώρια, παραπλήσια τῇσι Βοιωτίῃσι ἐμβάσι. κομῶντες δὲ
τὰς κεφαλὰς μίτρῃσι ἀναδέονται, μεμυρισμένοι πᾶν τὸ σῶμα.
2 σφρηγῖδα δὲ ἕκαστος ἔχει καὶ σκῆπτρον χειροποίητον· ἐπ᾽
ἑκάστῳ δὲ σκήπτρῳ ἔπεστι πεποιημένον ἢ μῆλον ἢ ῥόδον ἢ 25
κρίνον ἢ αἰετὸς ἢ ἄλλο τι· ἄνευ γὰρ ἐπισήμου οὔ σφι νόμος

ἐστὶ ἔχειν σκῆπτρον. αὕτη μὲν δή σφι ἄρτισις περὶ τὸ
196 σῶμα ἐστί· νόμοι δὲ αὐτοῖσι ὧδε κατεστᾶσι, ὁ μὲν σοφώ-
ἀιετός, ὁ: an eagle 1 λίνεος, -η, -ον: made of linen, of flax, 1

ἀνα-δέω: to bind or tie up, 1 µῆλον, τό: apple, 1
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 µίτρη, ἡ: mitra, turban, 1
Ἀρµένιος, -η, -ον: Armenian, 5 µυρίζω: to perfume, anoint with unguent, 1
ἄρτησις, ἡ: dress, equipment, 1 ξύλον, τό: wood, 4
Βοιώτιος, -η, -ον: Boeotian, 1 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a donkey, 4
διφθέρα, ἡ: a hide, tanned hide, leather, 3 παραπλήσιος α ον: resembling; similar to, 10
εἰρίνεος, -η, -ον: woolen, of wool, 1 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
ἐπ-εν-δύνω: to put on…over, 1 ποδ-ηνεκής, -ές: reaching to the feet, 1
ἐπίσηµον, τό: an emblem, mark, icon, 2 ῥόδον, τό: a rose, 2
ἐπι-χώριος, -α, -ον: local, native, 5 σκῆπτρον, τό: a staff; sceptre, 3
ἔµβάς, -άδος, ἡ: slipper, 1 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 5
ἔπ-ειµι: to be upon, be set upon, 10 σφρηγίς, ἡ: a seal, signet, seal-ring, 1
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9 τάχος, τό: speed, swiftness, 5
κιθών, -ῶνος ὁ: clothes, chiton; Lat. tunica 5 ὑπό-δηµα. -µατος, τό: sandal, shoe, 1
κοµάω: to wear or grow hair long, 5 χειρο-ποίητος, -ον: hand-made, 1
κρίνον, τό: a lily, 2 χλανίδιον, τό: short cloak; woman's mantle 1
λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 5
15 ὑπὸ τάχεος: because of…; causal 23 µεµυρισµένοι: perfuming; pf. pple µυρίζω
18 τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ: in the same way 26 ἤ ἄλλο τι: or something else
19 ἐσθῆτι…χρέωνται: they use the following οὔ σφι νόµος ἐστὶ: it is not custom for
sort of clothing; 3rd pl. pres χράοµαι + them…
dat. object 28 κατεστέασι: have been established; 3rd pl.
21 περιβαλλόµενος: wrapping around pf. καθίστηµι
216 Herodotus 1.196.1 – 196.5
τατος ὅδε κατὰ γνώμην τὴν ἡμετέρην, τῷ καὶ Ἰλλυριῶν 1
Ἐνετοὺς πυνθάνομαι χρᾶσθαι. κατὰ κώμας ἑκάστας ἅπαξ

τοῦ ἔτεος ἑκάστου ἐποιέετο τάδε· ὡς ἂν αἱ παρθένοι γινοί-
ατο γάμων ὡραῖαι, ταύτας ὅκως συναγάγοιεν πάσας, ἐς ἓν
χωρίον ἐσάγεσκον ἁλέας, πέριξ δὲ αὐτὰς ἵστατο ὅμιλος 5
2 ἀνδρῶν, ἀνιστὰς δὲ κατὰ μίαν ἑκάστην κῆρυξ πωλέεσκε,

πρῶτα μὲν τὴν εὐειδεστάτην ἐκ πασέων· μετὰ δέ, ὅκως αὕτη
εὑροῦσα πολλὸν χρυσίον πρηθείη, ἄλλην ἀνεκήρυσσε ἣ μετ᾽
ἐκείνην ἔσκε εὐειδεστάτη· ἐπωλέοντο δὲ ἐπὶ συνοικήσι.
ὅσοι μὲν δὴ ἔσκον εὐδαίμονες τῶν Βαβυλωνίων ἐπίγαμοι, 10
ὑπερβάλλοντες ἀλλήλους ἐξωνέοντο τὰς καλλιστευούσας·

ὅσοι δὲ τοῦ δήμου ἔσκον ἐπίγαμοι, οὗτοι δὲ εἴδεος μὲν οὐδὲν
ἐδέοντο χρηστοῦ, οἳ δ᾽ ἂν χρήματά τε καὶ αἰσχίονας παρ-
3 θένους ἐλάμβανον. ὡς γὰρ δὴ διεξέλθοι ὁ κῆρυξ πωλέων 14
αἰσχρός, ά, όν: ugly, shameful, disgraceful 6 ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7

ἁλής, -ές: all together, all at once, 2 καλλιστεύω: to be the most beautiful, 1
ἀνα-κηρύσσω: to put to auction, proclaim, 2 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 ὅµιλος, ὁ: crowd, 3
ἅπαξ: once, once only, once for all, 2 παρθένος, ἡ: maiden, virgin, unmarried girl, 5
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 πέριξ: round the outside, all round, 3
δι-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go through; recount, 4 πιπράσκω: to sell, 2
πωλέω: to sell, exchange, 4
εἶδος, -εος, τό: beauty; form, shape, figure, 5
Ἐνετοί, οί: Enetian, Venetian, 1 συν-άγω: bring together, collect, gather, 2
ἐξ-ωνέοµαι: to buy up, redeem, 1 συν-οίκησις, ἡ: marriage, cohabitation, 2
ἐπί-γαµος, -ον: marriageable, 2 ὑπερ-βάλλω: surpass, overshoot, 3
ἐσ-άγω: to lead in, to introduce, bring in, 2 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, useful, 7
εὐ-δαίµων, -ον: happy, fortunate, blessed, 2 χρυσίον, τό: gold coin, money; jewelry, 5
εὐ-ειδής, -ές: good-looking, attractive, 7 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 8
γάµος, ὁ: a wedding (feast), marriage, 4 ὡραῖος, -η, -ον: seasonable, timely, 3
Ἰλλυριοί, οἱ: Illurians, 1
1 σοφώτατος: wisest (custom); add νόµος 5 ἐσάγεσκον: they used to bring; iterative
κατὰ γνώµην: according to our opinion impf.
τῷ…χρᾶσθαι: which… use; dat. object ἵστατο: used to stand; impf. ἵστηµι
2 κατὰ κώµας ἑκάστας: in each villiage 6 ἀνιστὰς…κῆρυξ: an auctioneer, making
ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτεος: once each year; partitive (the girls) stand up; pple. ἀνίστηµι
3 ὡς ἄν…γινοίατο: whenever…became; κατα µίαν ἑκάστην: each one by one;
pres. opt. in general temporal clause, πωλέεσκε: used to sell; iterative impf.
4 ὅκως συναγάγοιεν: whenever they 7 πρῶτα µὲν…µετὰ δέ: first…next
gathered; pres. opt., general temporal cl. 7-14 Notes on facing page
τὰς εὐειδεστάτας τῶν παρθένων ἀνίστη ἂν τὴν ἀμορφε- 15
στάτην, ἢ εἴ τις αὐτέων ἔμπηρος εἴη, καὶ ταύτην ἀνεκήρυσσε

ὅστις θέλοι ἐλάχιστον χρυσίον λαβὼν συνοικέειν αὐτῇ, ἐς
ὃ τῷ τὸ ἐλάχιστον ὑπισταμένῳ προσέκειτο. τὸ δὲ ἂν χρυσίον
ἐγίνετο ἀπὸ τῶν εὐειδέων παρθένων καὶ οὕτω αἱ εὔμορφοι
τὰς ἀμόρφους καὶ ἐμπήρους ἐξεδίδοσαν. ἐκδοῦναι δὲ τὴν 20
ἑωυτοῦ θυγατέρα ὅτεῳ βούλοιτο ἕκαστος οὐκ ἐξῆν, οὐδὲ ἄνευ

ἐγγυητέω ἀπάγεσθαι τὴν παρθένον πριάμενον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐγγυη-
4 τὰς χρῆν καταστήσαντα ἡ μὲν συνοικήσειν αὐτῇ, οὕτω
ἀπάγεσθαι. εἰ δὲ μὴ συμφεροίατο, ἀποφέρειν τὸ χρυσίον
ἔκειτο νόμος. ἐξῆν δὲ καὶ ἐξ ἄλλης ἐλθόντα κώμης τὸν 25
5 βουλόμενον ὠνέεσθαι. ὁ μέν νυν κάλλιστος νόμος οὗτός
ἄ-µορφος, -η, -ον: ugly, misshapen, 3 εὔ-µορφος, -ον: good-looking, fair of form, 1
ἀνα-κηρύσσω: to put to auction, proclaim, 2 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, village 13
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 7 παρθένος, ἡ: maiden, virgin, unmarried girl, 5
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 πρίαµενος, -η, -ον: having bought, 2
ἀπ-άγω: to lead away, carry off, 4 πρόσ-κειµαι: to be set near, be assigned to, 4
ἀπο-φέρω: to carry off or away, report, 5 συµ-φέρω: to gather; happen; be expedient, 5
ἐγγυητής, ὁ: guarantor, one giving security, 2 ὑπ-ίστηµι: to undertake, place under, 1
ἐλάχιστος, -η, -ον: the smallest, least, 5 χρή: it is necessary, fitting; must, ought, 13
ἔµπηρος, -ον: crippled, maimed, 3 χρυσίον, τό: gold coin, money; jewelry, 5
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 ὠνέοµαι: to buy, purchase, 6
εὐ-ειδής, -ές: good-looking, attractive, 7
7 ὅκως…πρηθείη: whenever this one was 13, ἄν + impf. is past potential, ἀνίστηµι
sold, having fetched much money ; 3rd sg. 17 ὅστις θέλοι: whoever was willing; opt.
aor. pass. opt. πιπράσκω in a general λάβων: nom. sg. aor. pple λαµβάνω
temporal clause; aor. pple. εὑρίσκω ἑς ὅ: until which (time); relative pronoun
8 ἥ…ἔσκε: who was…; iterative -σκ impf. εἰµί 18 τῷ…προσέκειτο: she was assigned to the
9 ἐπὶ συνοικήσι: for marriages; purpose one proposing the least (amount of money)
10 ὅσοι…ἐπίγαµοι: as many marriageable 19 ἄν ἐγίνετο would come
men were prosperous among Babylonians 20 ἐξεδίδοσαν: used to give away (with
12 ὅσοι…ἐπίγαµοι: as many marriageable dowries); iterative impf. ἐκδίδωµι
men were of the masses; see line 8, εἰµί ἐκδοῦναι: to give; aor. inf. ἐκδίδωµι
13 οὐδὲ ἐδέοντο: did not at all ask for; + gen. 21 ὅτεῳ βούλοιτο ἕκαστος: to whom he
ἄν…ἐλάµβανον: they would receive; ἄν + wishes
impf. suggests past potential ἐξῆν: was not permitted; impf. ἔξεστι
αἰσχίονας: uglier; comparative οὐδὲ...ἀπαγαγέσθαι: nor (was it
14 ὡς…διεξέλθοι: whenever… went through; permitted that the groom) lead away; aor.
aor. opt. δι-εξ-έρχοµαι, general temporal 23 χρῆν κατασητήσασα: it was necessary
ὁ κῆρυξ: auctioneer; usually “herald” that he, establishing a guarantor (that)
15 ἀνίστη ἄν: would make stand up; see line indeed he would marry her; impf. χρή
218 Herodotus 1.196.5 – 199.2
σφι ἦν, οὐ μέντοι νῦν γε διατελέει ἐών, ἄλλο δέ τι ἐξευρήκασι 1
νεωστὶ γενέσθαι ἵνα μὴ ἀδικοῖεν αὐτὰς μηδ᾽ εἰς ἑτέραν

πόλιν ἄγωνται· ἐπείτε γὰρ ἁλόντες ἐκακώθησαν καὶ οἰκο-
φθορήθησαν, πᾶς τις τοῦ δήμου βίου σπανίζων κατα-
197 πορνεύει τὰ θήλεα τέκνα. δεύτερος δὲ σοφίῃ ὅδε ἄλλος σφι 5
νόμος κατέστηκε· τοὺς κάμνοντας ἐς τὴν ἀγορὴν ἐκφορέουσι·

οὐ γὰρ δὴ χρέωνται ἰητροῖσι. προσιόντες ὦν πρὸς τὸν κά-
μνοντα συμβουλεύουσι περὶ τῆς νούσου, εἴ τις καὶ αὐτὸς
τοιοῦτο ἔπαθε ὁκοῖον ἂν ἔχῃ ὁ κάμνων ἢ ἄλλον εἶδε πα-
θόντα, ταῦτα προσιόντες συμβουλεύουσι καὶ παραινέουσι 10
ἅσσα αὐτὸς ποιήσας ἐξέφυγε ὁμοίην νοῦσον ἢ ἄλλον εἶδε ἐκ-

φυγόντα. σιγῇ δὲ παρεξελθεῖν τὸν κάμνοντα οὔ σφι ἔξεστι,
198 πρὶν ἂν ἐπείρηται ἥντινα νοῦσον ἔχει. ταφαὶ δέ σφι ἐν 13
ἀγορή, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 8 νεωστί: lately, just now, 1

ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 4 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 οἰκο-φθορέοµαι: be ruined (economically), 1
δῆµος, ὁ: people; district, country, land, 11 ὁκοῖος, -η, -ον: of what sort or kind, 2
δια-τελέω: continue, accomplish to the end, 2 παρ-αινέω: to advise, exhort, order, 6
ἐκ-φεύγω: to flee out away, escape, 4 παρ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to pass by, go out beside, 2
ἐκ-φορέω: to carry out, 1 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 11
ἔξεστι: it is allowed, permitted; is possible, 11 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 5
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, invent, 11 σιγή, ἡ: silence, 3
θῆλυς, -εα, -υ: female, feminine, 4 σοφίη, ἡ: wisdom, skill, judgment, 4
ἰητρός, ὁ: physician, doctor, 1 σπανίζω: to lack; be rare, scarce, 3
κάµνω: to be tired, be ill, be grieved, 5 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
κακόω: to treat ill, maltreat, afflict, distress, 2 ταφή, ἡ: burial; pl. funeral 3
κατα-πορνεύω: prostitute, sell as prostitute, 2 τέκνον, τό: a child, 11
1 διετέλεε ἐών: continued existing; impf. pf. κατίστηµι

ἐξευρήκασι: 3rd pl. pf. ἐξευρίσκω 7 χρέωνται: use; 3rd pl. pres. χράοµαι + dat.
ἄλλο τι…νεωστὶ γενέσθαι: something else προσίοντες: approaching; pple —έρχοµαι
recently to come to be; exegetical inf. 9 ἔπαθε: suffered; 3rd sg. aor. πάσχω
2 ἵνα µη…ἀδικοῖεν: so that they might not ποιοῦτον… ὁκοῖον ἄν ἔχῃ: the same sort
mistreat the women…; purpose, pres. opt. (of illness) that the sick person has; subj.
ἁλόντες: (the Babylonians) having been εἶδε saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω
caught; pf. pple ἁλίσκοµαι, passive sense παθόντα: acc. sg. aor. pple. πάσχω
3 ἐκακώθησαν: aor. pass. κακόω 11 ἅσσα ποιήσας: doing what…; τίνα, pple
οἰκοφθορήθησαν: aor. pass. οἰκοθωορέοµαι ἐξέφυγε: got rid of; not “avoided”
4 πᾶς τί τοῦ δήµου: every one of the masses 12 σιγῇ: in silence; dat. of manner
5 σοφίῃ: second in wisdom; dat. of respect 13 πρὶν ἄν…ἐπείρηται: before one asks
6 κατέστηκε: has been established; 3rd sg. ταφαὶ: burials are…; supply ἐισί
μέλιτι, θρῆνοι δὲ παραπλήσιοι τοῖσι ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. ὁσάκις

δ᾽ ἂν μιχθῇ γυναικὶ τῇ ἑωυτοῦ ἀνὴρ Βαβυλώνιος, περὶ 15
θυμίημα καταγιζόμενον ἵζει, ἑτέρωθι δὲ ἡ γυνὴ τὠυτὸ τοῦτο

ποιέει, ὄρθρου δὲ γενομένου λοῦνται καὶ ἀμφότεροι· ἄγ-
γεος γὰρ οὐδενὸς ἅψονται πρὶν ἂν λούσωνται. ταὐτὰ δὲ
199 ταῦτα καὶ Ἀράβιοι ποιεῦσι. ὁ δὲ δὴ αἴσχιστος τῶν νόμων
ἐστὶ τοῖσι Βαβυλωνίοισι ὅδε· δεῖ πᾶσαν γυναῖκα ἐπιχωρίην 20
ἱζομένην ἐς ἱρὸν Ἀφροδίτης ἅπαξ ἐν τῇ ζόῃ μιχθῆναι ἀνδρὶ

ξείνῳ. πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ οὐκ ἀξιούμεναι ἀναμίσγεσθαι τῇσι
ἄλλῃσι, οἷα πλούτῳ ὑπερφρονέουσαι, ἐπὶ ζευγέων ἐν καμάρῃσι
ἐλάσασαι πρὸς τὸ ἱρὸν ἑστᾶσι· θεραπηίη δέ σφι ὄπισθε
2 ἕπεται πολλή. αἱ δὲ πλεῦνες ποιεῦσι ὧδε· ἐν τεμένεϊ 25
Ἀφροδίτης κατέαται στέφανον περὶ τῇσι κεφαλῇσι ἔχουσαι

θώμιγγος πολλαὶ γυναῖκες· αἱ μὲν γὰρ προσέρχονται, αἱ
ἄγγος, τό: a vessel, 2 ἵζω: to make sit, establish, place, 4

Αἴγυπτος, ὁ: Egypt, 10 καµάρη, ἡ: a covered cart, 1
αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 6 κατ-αγίζω: to sacrifice, burn (as sacrifice), 4
ἀνα-µίσχω: to mix up, associate together, 3 κατ-ίζω: to sit down, station, 4
ἀξιόω: to think worthy, 3 κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9
ἅπαξ: once, once only, once for all, 2 λούω: to wash, bathe, 3
ἅπτω: kindle, set afire; fasten, touch (gen.), 6 µέλι, τό: honey, 2
Ἀράβιος, -η, -ον: Arabian, 3 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
Ἀφροδίτη, ἡ: Aphrodite, 5 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; prep. (+ gen.) 6
ἐπι-χώριος, -α, -ον: local, native, 5 ὄρθρος, ὁ: dawn, day-break, 1
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 ὁσάκις: as many times as, as often as, 1
ἑτέρω-θι: on the other side, 1 παραπλήσιος -α -ον: resembling; similar, 10
ζεῦγος, τό: cart drawn by a pair of beasts, 3 πλοῦτος, ὁ: wealth, riches, 2
ζόη, ἡ: life, lifetime, 5 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 5
θεραπηίη, ἡ: service, train of servants, 1 στέφανος, ὁ: crown, wreath, garland, 1
θρῆνος, ὁ: funeral-song, lamentation, 1 τέµενος, τό: a sacred district, temple, 2
θυµίηµα, τό: incense, 1 ὑπερ-φρονέω: to be over-proud, be proud, 1
θῶµιγξ, -ιγγος, ἡ: a cord, string, 1
14 τοῖσι ἐν Αἰγύτῳ: to those (songs) in ταὐτα: same things; crasis τὰ αὐτά

Egypt 21 µειχθῆναι: to have intercourse; aor. dep.
15 ἄν µειχθῇ: has sexual intercourse with; 22 ἀξιεύµεναι: not deigning to associate
general temporal cl., 3rd sg. aor. dep. subj. with…; pres. pple ἀξιούµεναι
16 τὠυτὸ τοῦτο: this same thing; τὸ αὐτὸ 24 ἐλάσασαι…ἑστᾶσι: having driven, they
18 ἅψονται: they will touch; + partitive gen. stood; fem. aor. pple ἐλαύνω; 3rd pl. pf.
πρὶν ἄν: before…; subj. λούω 26 κατέαται: sit down; κάθηνται, pres. mid.
220 Herodotus 1.199.2 – 202.1
δὲ ἀπέρχονται. σχοινοτενέες δὲ διέξοδοι πάντα τρόπον 1
ὁδῶν ἔχουσι διὰ τῶν γυναικῶν, δι᾽ ὧν οἱ ξεῖνοι διεξιόντες

3 ἐκλέγονται· ἔνθα ἐπεὰν ἵζηται γυνή, οὐ πρότερον ἀπαλλάσ-
σεται ἐς τὰ οἰκία ἤ τίς οἱ ξείνων ἀργύριον ἐμβαλὼν ἐς τὰ
γούνατα μιχθῇ ἔξω τοῦ ἱροῦ· ἐμβαλόντα δὲ δεῖ εἰπεῖν το- 5
σόνδε· ‘ἐπικαλέω τοι τὴν θεὸν Μύλιττα.’ Μύλιττα δὲ

4 καλέουσι τὴν Ἀφροδίτην Ἀσσύριοι. τὸ δὲ ἀργύριον μέγα-
θος ἐστὶ ὅσον ὦν· οὐ γὰρ μὴ ἀπώσηται· οὐ γάρ οἱ θέμις
ἐστί· γίνεται γὰρ ἱρὸν τοῦτο τὸ ἀργύριον. τῷ δὲ πρώτῳ
ἐμβαλόντι ἕπεται οὐδὲ ἀποδοκιμᾷ οὐδένα. ἐπεὰν δὲ μειχθῇ, 10
ἀποσιωσαμένη τῇ θεῷ ἀπαλλάσσεται ἐς τὰ οἰκία, καὶ τὠπὸ

5 τούτου οὐκ οὕτω μέγα τί οἱ δώσεις ὥς μιν λάμψεαι. ὅσαι
μέν νυν εἴδεός τε ἐπαμμέναι εἰσὶ καὶ μεγάθεος, ταχὺ ἀπαλ-
λάσσονται, ὅσαι δὲ ἄμορφοι αὐτέων εἰσί, χρόνον πολλὸν 14
ἄ-µορφος, -η, -ον: ugly, misshapen, 3 ἐµ-βάλλω: to throw in, put in, 3
ἀπ-αλλάσσω: to release; end; depart, 12 ἐπ-άπτω: to fasten to, lay hold of, grasp, 5
ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 ἐπι-καλέω: to call upon, 5
ἀπο-δοκιµάζω: to reject on scrutiny, 1 ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13
ἀπ-οσιοόµαι: to make expiatory offerings, 1 ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8
ἀπ-ωθέω: to push away, repel, reject, 4 θέµις, ἡ: right, custom, 1
ἀργύριον, τό: silver, silver coin, 4 ἵζω: to make sit, establish, place, 4
γόνυ, γούνατος, τό: the knee, 3 λάµπω: to give light, shine, beam 1
δι-εξ-έρχοµαι: to go through; recount, 4 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
δι-έξ-οδος, ὁ: outlet, lane, route, 1 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7
εἶδος, -εος, τό: beauty; form, shape, figure, 5 Μύλιττα, ἡ: Mylitta, 3
ἐκ-λέγω: to pick out, select, choose, 1 σχοινο-τενής, -ές: drawn in a straight line, 2
1 πάντα τρόπον ὁδῶν: in every direction 7 ὅσον ὤν: as much as (it was) then; i.e. the
2 ἔχουσι: extend; “hold” amount of silver does not matter
διεξιόντες: going out; pple διέρχοµαι 8 οὐ γὰρ µὴ ἀπώσηται: for she should not
3 ἐπεὰν ἵζηται: whenever a woman sits; mid. reject (it); strong denial, aor subj. ἀπωθέω
πρότερον…ἤ: earlier…than, before οἱ: for her; dat.
4 τίς ξείνων: one of the strangers; indef. τις 10 ἀποδοκιµᾷ: will she reject; 3rd sg. future
ἐς τὰ γούνατα: into her lap; “onto knees” 11 τὠπὸ τούτου: from this (time); τὸ ἀπὸ
5 µειχθῇ: has intercourse with; aor. dep. subj. 12 οὐκ… λάµψε(σ)αι: you will not give her
εἰπεῖν: to say; aor. inf. λέγω anything so great that you will take her
6 Ἐπικαλέω: I call upon you (in the name of) 2nd sg. fut. δίδωµι, λάµβάνω (Att. λήψ-)
the goddess Mylitta; ‘call on the goddess ὅσαι…ἐπαµµέναι: as many as cling to
for you’ beauty and stature; pf. pple. ἐπ-άπτω +
µέγαθός: in size; acc. respect partitive gen.
Cyrus’ attack on the Massagetae 221
προσμένουσι οὐ δυνάμεναι τὸν νόμον ἐκπλῆσαι· καὶ γὰρ 15
τριέτεα καὶ τετραέτεα μετεξέτεραι χρόνον μένουσι. ἐνιαχῇ

δὲ καὶ τῆς Κύπρου ἐστὶ παραπλήσιος τούτῳ νόμος.
200 νόμοι μὲν δὴ τοῖσι Βαβυλωνίοισι οὗτοι κατεστᾶσι· εἰσὶ
δὲ αὐτῶν πατριαὶ τρεῖς αἳ οὐδὲν ἄλλο σιτέονται εἰ μὴ ἰχθὺς
μοῦνον, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν θηρεύσαντες αὐήνωσι πρὸς ἥλιον, 20
ποιεῦσι τάδε· ἐσβάλλουσι ἐς ὅλμον καὶ λεήναντες ὑπέροισι

σῶσι διὰ σινδόνος, καὶ ὃς μὲν ἂν βούληται αὐτῶν ἅτε μᾶζαν
μαξάμενος ἔχει, ὁ δὲ ἄρτου τρόπον ὀπτήσας.
201 ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπε-
θύμησε Μασσαγέτας ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος 25
τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον, οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς

ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ,
ἀντίον δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυ-
202 θικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται
καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου· νήσους δὲ ἐν 30
ἄλκιµος, -α, -ον: warlike, strong, stout, 3 λεαίνω: to smooth, polish, grind, 1
ἀνατολή, ἡ: east; eastern, rise, rising, 1 µάσσω: to touch, handle; knead bread, 1
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, opposite, against, 9 µᾶζα, ἡ: barley-cake, 1
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 µέζων, -ον: larger, greater, taller, 8
ἄρτος, ὁ: bread, loaf, 1 µένω: to stay, remain, 8
ἅτε: inasmuch as,, since, seeing that + pple., 7 µετεξέτεροι, -αι, -α: some among others, 3
αὐαίνω: to dry, 1 ὃλµος, ὁ: a mortar, 1
ἐκ-πίµπληµι: to fill up, expiate, 3 ὀπτέω: to bake, roast, broil, 3
ἐλάσσων, -ον: smaller, fewer, 6 παραπλήσιος -α -ον: resembling; similar, 10
ἐνια-χῇ: in some places, 1 πατριή, ἡ: tribe, 1
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 5 πέρην: beyond, across, the other side + gen, 1
ἐσ-βάλλω: put on ship, put on land, throw, 13 προσ-µένω: wait in addition, keep waiting, 1
ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8 σάω: to sift, 1
ἠώς, ἡ: daybreak, dawn, 5 σινδών, ἡ: sindon, linen cloth, 1
θηρεύω: to catch, hunt, 1 σιτέοµαι: to eat, 9
Ἰσσήδονες, οἱ: Issedonians, 1 Σκυθικός, -ή, -όν: Scythian, 3
Ἴστρος, ὁ: Ister river, Danube river, 1 τετρ-αετής, -ές: four years old, 1
ἰχθύς, ὁ: a fish, 6 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
κατ-εργάζοµαι: make, achieve; overcome, 5 τρι-έτης, -ες: three years old, 1
Κύπρος, ὁ: Cyprus, 3 ὓπερος, ὁ: a pestle, 1
15 ἐκπλήσαι: to fulfill; aor. inf. ἐκ-πίµπληµι 20 αὐήνωσι: they dry; aor. subj. αὐαίνω
16 τριέτεα καὶ τετραέτεα…χρόνον: for three 22 µᾶζαν µαξάµενος: kneading it like a cake
years or four years time; acc. duration 24 κατέργαστο: had been overcome; + dat.
18 κατεστᾶσι: have been established; pf. 30 µέζων...: larger to some; smaller to others
222 Herodotus 1.202.1 – 203.1
αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν 1
δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσ-

σοντες παντοίας· καρποὺς δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους
σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ τούτους σιτέεσθαι
2 τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς 5
τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι

κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπι-
βάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ
καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ κατά περ
Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ 10
μᾶλλον μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς

ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι.
3 ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν, ὅθεν περ
ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας 14
ἀνα-καίω: to light up, 2 µεθύσκω: make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate, 4

ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up, 6 ὀδµή, ἡ: a smell, scent, odor (ὀσµή) 3
ἀοιδός, ὁ; singer, bard, 1 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
Γύνδης, ὁ: Gyndes river, 4 ὄρχησις, ἡ: dancing, the dance, 1
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, δένδρος, -εος, τό, 4 ὀσφραίνοµαι: to catch scent of, smell, 3
δίαιτα, ἡ: a way of living, living, 5 παντοῖος, -α, -ον: of all sorts/kinds, various 4
διῶρυξ, -υχος, ἡ: a trench, canal, conduit, 9 παραπλήσιος -α -ον: resembling; similar, 10
εἴλη, ἡ: crowd, band, company (Att. εἴλη) 2 περι-ίζοµαι: to sit around, 1
ἐξ-ευρίσκω: to find out, discover, invent, 11 πῦρ, -ος, τό: fire, 9
ἑξήκοντα: sixty, 4 ῥίζα, ἡ: a root, 2
ἐπι-βάλλω: to throw upon, strike on, 4 σιτέοµαι: to eat, 9
θέρος, τό: summer, summertime, 1 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 5
κατα-τίθηµι: to put down, deposit, settle, 1 τρι-ηκόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 6
κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14 φορβή, ἡ: food; fodder, forage, 2
Λέσβος, ὁ: Lesbos, 5 χειµερινός, -ή, -όν: of or in winter, 2
Ματιηνός, -ή, -όν: Matienian, 3 ὡραῖος, -η, -ον: seasonable, timely, 3
µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
1 Λέσβῳ…παραπλησίας: similar in size to σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι: have been discovered by

(the island of) Lesbos; acc. respect them; pf. pass. inf., dat. of agent
ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι: on these (islands); νῆσος is 6 φέροντα: bearing; modifies δένδρεα
feminine τοὺς: these (trees); object of ἐπιβάλλειν
2 τὸ θέρος: in the summer; acc. of duration ἐς τὠυτὸ: to the same (place); τὸ αὐτὸ
3 ἐξευρηµένους: having discovered; pf. mid. συνέλθωσι: they gather; 3rd pl. aor. subj.
5 τὴν χειµερινήν: during the winter 7-14 Notes on facing page
διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν 15
τὰ πάντα πλὴν ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ· ἐν τοῖσι

ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους,
4 ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ δὲ ἓν
τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην
θάλασσαν. ἡ δὲ Κασπίη θάλασσα ἐστὶ ἐπ᾽ ἑωυτῆς, οὐ 20
συμμίσγουσα τῇ ἑτέρῃ θαλάσσῃ. τὴν μὲν γὰρ Ἕλληνὲς

ναυτίλλονται πᾶσα καὶ ἡ ἔξω στηλέων θάλασσα
ἡ Ἀτλαντὶς καλεομένη καὶ ἡ Ἐρυθρὴ μία ἐοῦσα τυγχάνει.
203 ἡ δὲ Κασπίη ἐστὶ ἑτέρη ἐπ᾽ ἑωυτῆς, ἐοῦσα μῆκος μὲν πλόου
εἰρεσίῃ χρεωμένῳ πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμερέων, εὖρος δέ, τῇ εὐρυτάτη 25
ἐστὶ αὐτὴ ἑωυτῆς, ὀκτὼ ἡμερέων. καὶ τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέρην
φέροντα τῆς θαλάσσης ταύτης ὁ Καύκασος παρατείνει, ἐὸν
ὀρέων καὶ πλήθεϊ μέγιστον καὶ μεγάθεϊ ὑψηλότατον. ἔθνεα
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 καθαρός, -ά, -όν: clean, pure, spotless, 5

Ἀτλαντίς, ἡ: the Atlantic ocean, 1 Κάσπιη, ἡ: Caspian sea, 4
δέρµα, -ατος, τό: the skin, hide, 1 κατ-οικέω: to inhabit, dwell in, 3
δια-λαµβάνω: to divide, receive separately, 3 Καύκασος, ὁ: Caucasus Mountains, 4
εἰρεσίη, ἡ: rowing, row, 1 µέγαθος, τό: size, magnitude, height, 13
ἕλος, ἕλεος, τό: a swamp, marsh, 4 µῆκος, τό: length, 4
ἐξ-ερεύγοµαι: to empty itself, 1 ναυτίλλοµαι: to sail, go by sea, 2
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 8 ὀκτώ: eight, 5
ἐρυθρός, -ή, -όν: red, 5 παρα-τείνω: to stretch out, to extend, 3
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 πεντε-καί-δεκα: fifteen, 1
ἑσπέρη, ἡ: evening, eve; west, 4 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 5 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 12
εὐρύς, -έα, -ύ: wide, broad, 2 ὑψηλός, -ή, -όν: high, lofty, high-raised, 4
ἰχθύς, ὁ: a fish, 6 φώκη, ἡ: a seal (the animal), 1
7 κατὰ ἴλας: in groups; see εἴλη 18 ἐσθῆτι…χρᾶσθαι: to use… as clothing;

ἀνακαύσωνται: they light; aor. subj. χράοµαι governs dative
ἀνα-καίω νοµίζοντας: being accustomed (+ inf.)
8 καταγιζοµένου: as the fruit put on burns; 19 διὰ καθαροῦ: through open (land)
genitive abs. 20 ἐπ ᾿ ἑωυτῆς: by itself; independent body
9 τῇ ὀδµῇ: by the smell; dat. of means 22 ἔξω…στηλέων: outside the pillars of
10 πλεῦνος..µᾶλλον: the more fruit…the Heracles
more… 23 ἐοῦσα τυγχάνει: happen to be
11 ἐς ὅ: until; “up to which (time)” 24 µῆκος: in length of voyage, 15 days for
ἑς ὀρχησίν: for dancing; purpose one using oars; in width, where it is
15 τῶν τὰ πάντα: of these, all; partitive gen. widest, 8 days
224 Herodotus 1.203.1 – 206.1
δὲ ἀνθρώπων πολλὰ καὶ παντοῖα ἐν ἑωυτῷ ἔχει ὁ Καύκασος, 1
2 τὰ πολλὰ πάντα ἀπ᾽ ὕλης ἀγρίης ζώοντα· ἐν τοῖσι καὶ δέν-

δρεα φύλλα τοιῆσδε ἰδέης παρεχόμενα εἶναι λέγεται, τὰ τρί-
βοντάς τε καὶ παραμίσγοντας ὕδωρ ζῷα ἑωυτοῖσι ἐς τὴν
ἐσθῆτα ἐγγράφειν· τὰ δὲ ζῷα οὐκ ἐκπλύνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ συγ- 5
καταγηράσκειν τῷ ἄλλῳ εἰρίῳ κατὰ περ ἐνυφανθέντα ἀρχήν.

μεῖξιν δὲ τούτων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ἐμφανέα κατὰ περ
τοῖσι προβάτοισι.
204 τὰ μὲν δὴ πρὸς ἑσπέρην τῆς θαλάσσης ταύτης τῆς Κα-
σπίης καλεομένης ὁ Καύκασος ἀπέργει, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε 10
καὶ ἥλιον ἀνατέλλοντα πεδίον ἐκδέκεται πλῆθος ἄπειρον ἐς

ἄποψιν. τοῦ ὦν δὴ πεδίου τούτου τοῦ μεγάλου οὐκ ἐλαχί-
στην μοῖραν μετέχουσι οἱ Μασσαγέται, ἐπ᾽ οὓς ὁ Κῦρος ἔσχε
2 προθυμίην στρατεύσασθαι. πολλά τε γάρ μιν καὶ μεγάλα 14
ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, fierce, 1 ἠώς, ἡ: daybreak, dawn, 5

ἀνα-τέλλω: to rise, 1 ἰδέη, ἡ: sight, look, appearance, sort, kind, 2
ἄ-πειρος, -ον: boundless, infinite, countless 2 Κάσπιη, ἡ: Caspian sea, 4
ἀπ-έργω: to keep, keep from or off; skirt, 4 Καύκασος, ὁ: Mt. Caucasus, 4
ἄπ-οψις, ἡ: view, survey, prospect, 1 µεῖξις, ἡ: sexual intercourse, mixing, 1
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, δένδρος, -εος, τό, 4 µετ-έχω: partake of, have share in, take part 3
ἐγ-γράφω: to write on, 1 µοῖρα, ἡ: part, portion, share, lot; fate, 12
εἴριον, τό: wool, 1 παντοῖος, -α, -ον: of all sorts/kinds, various 4
ἐκ-δέκοµαι: receive from, take up; succeed, 7 παρα-µίσγω: to mix, intermix, 1
ἐκ-πλύνω: to wash out, 1 παρ-έχω: provide, furnish, supply; grant, 14
ἐλάχιστος, -η, -ον: the smallest, least, 5 πεδίον, τό: plain, flat land, 15
ἐµ-φανής, -ες: open, public, visible, 4 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 11
ἐν-υφαίνω: to weave in (as a pattern), 1 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 προ-θυµίη, ἡ: eagerness, zeal, readiness, 3
ἑσπέρη, ἡ: evening, eve; west, 4 συγ-κατα-γηράσκω: to age, grow old with, 1
ζάω: to live, 8 τρίβω: to rub, pound, crush, thresh, 1
ζῷον, τό: a living being, animal, 2 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 10
ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8 ὕλη, ἡ: forest-tree, brushwood, 1
φύλλον, τό: a leaf, 2
2 ἀπ ᾿…ζώοντα: living off of wild forest ἐνυφανθέντα: woven; neut. pl. aor. pass.
ἐν τοῖσι…λέγεται: it is said that among ἀρχήν: at the beginning; adverbial acc.
these also are trees providing leaves of the 10 ἀπέργει: the Caucasus skirts; borders on
following kind; φύλλα obj. of παρεχόµενα 11 πλῆθος ἄπειρον: boundless in size; resp.
3 τὰ τρίβοντας: which the people crushing... ἐς ἄποψιν: for viewing; purpose
4 ζῷα…ἐγγράφειν: paint animals 13 ἑπ ᾿ οὔς: against whom; with στρατεύω
6 κατὰ περ: just as ἔσχε: 3rd sg. aor. ἔχω
τὰ ἐπαείροντα καὶ ἐποτρύνοντα ἦν, πρῶτον μὲν ἡ γένεσις, 15
τὸ δοκέειν πλέον τι εἶναι ἀνθρώπου, δευτέρα δὲ ἡ εὐτυχίη ἡ

κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους γενομένη· ὅκῃ γὰρ ἰθύσειε στρατεύε-
205 σθαι Κῦρος, ἀμήχανον ἦν ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἔθνος διαφυγεῖν. ἦν
δὲ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀποθανόντος γυνὴ τῶν Μασσαγετέων βασίλεια.
Τόμυρίς οἱ ἦν οὔνομα. ταύτην πέμπων ὁ Κῦρος ἐμνᾶτο τῷ 20
λόγῳ θέλων γυναῖκα ἣν ἔχειν. ἡ δὲ Τόμυρις συνιεῖσα οὐκ

αὐτήν μιν μνώμενον ἀλλὰ τὴν Μασαγετέων βασιληίην,
2 ἀπείπατο τὴν πρόσοδον. Κῦρος δὲ μετὰ τοῦτο, ὥς οἱ δόλῳ
οὐ προεχώρεε, ἐλάσας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀράξεα ἐποιέετο ἐκ τοῦ
ἐμφανέος ἐπὶ τοὺς Μασσαγέτας στρατηίην, γεφύρας τε 25
ζευγνύων ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ διάβασιν τῷ στρατῷ, καὶ πύργους

ἐπὶ πλοίων τῶν διαπορθμευόντων τὸν ποταμὸν οἰκοδομεό-
206 μενος. ἔχοντι δέ οἱ τοῦτον τὸν πόνον πέμψασα ἡ Τόμυρις
ἀ-µήχανος, -ον: impossible, inconceivable, 2 εὐτυχίη, ἡ: good luck, success, prosperity, 2

ἀπ-εῖπον: to speak against, refuse, renounce 4 ζευγνύµι: to bridge, join, 2
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 10 ἰθύω: to go straight; strive, press on, 1
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 µνάοµαι: to woo, mention, remember, 3
βασίλεια, ἡ: a queen, princess, 8 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 10
γένεσις, ἡ: birth, 1 ὅκῃ: by which way, in what way, how, 2
γέφυρη, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 6 πόνος, ὁ: work, toil, labor, 4
διά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a (means of) crossing, 3 πρόσ-οδος, ἡ: advance, approach, 1
δια-πορθµεύω: to carry over, communicate, 1 προ-χωρέω: to go forward, advance, 2
δια-φεύγω: to flee, get away from, escape, 2 πύργος, τό: a tower, 7
δόλος, ὁ: treachery, trickery, 4 στρατηίη, ἡ: expedition, military campaign, 3
ἐµ-φανής, -ες: open, public, visible, 4 συν-ίηµι: to understand, realize; put together 3
ἐπ-αίρω: to incite, encourage, raise up, 5 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
ἐπ-οτρύνω: to urge on, stir up, excite, 1
15 τὰ ἐπαείροντα καὶ ἐποτρύοντα: the 20 οἱ ἦν: she had; impf. εἰµί, dat. possession
reasons rousing and urging (him); Att. ταύτην πέµπων: sending (a message to)
ἐπαίροντα this one
ἤν: were; 3rd sg. impf. εἰµί, subject is pl. τῷ λόγῷ: in word (alone); as a pretence
ἡ γένεσις: (was) his birth; i.e. Cyrus’ birth 21 γυναῖκα ἣν: (her) as his wife; ἑήν from
16 πλέον τι…ἀνθρώπου: something more the 3rd pers. possessive adj. ἑός, ἑη, ἑόν
than human; gen. of comparison 21 συνιεῖσα: understanding; pple. συνίηµι
17 κατὰ τοὖ πολέµους: through his wars 24 ἐλάσας: marching; aor. pple. ἐλαύνω
ὅκῃ…ἰθύσειε: in whatever direction Cyrus 26 τῷ στρατῷ: for the army; dat. interest
strove; general clause with aor. opt. ἰθύω 27 διαπορθµευόντων: ships traversing the
19 τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀποθανόντος: husband river
dying; gen abs., aor. pple. ἀποθνήσκω 28 ἔχοντι…; to the one directing this work
226 Herodotus 1.206.1 – 207.3
κήρυκα ἔλεγε τάδε. ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ Μήδων, παῦσαι σπεύδων τὰ 1
σπεύδεις· οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείης εἴ τοι ἐς καιρὸν ἔσται ταῦτα

τελεόμενα· παυσάμενος δὲ βασίλευε τῶν σεωυτοῦ, καὶ ἡμέας
2 ἀνέχευ ὁρέων ἄρχοντας τῶν περ ἄρχομεν. οὔκων ἐθελήσεις
ὑποθήκῃσι τῇσιδε χρᾶσθαι, ἀλλὰ πάντως μᾶλλον ἢ δι᾽ 5
ἡσυχίης εἶναι· σὺ δὴ εἰ μεγάλως προθυμέαι Μασσαγετέων

πειρηθῆναι, φέρε μόχθον μὲν τὸν ἔχεις ζευγνὺς τὸν ποτα-
μὸν ἄπες, σὺ δὲ ἡμέων ἀναχωρησάντων ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
3 τριῶν ἡμερέων ὁδὸν διάβαινε ἐς τὴν ἡμετέρην· εἰ δ᾽ ἡμέας
βούλεαι ἐσδέξασθαι μᾶλλον ἐς τὴν ὑμετέρην, σὺ τὠυτὸ τοῦτο 10
ποίεε.’ ταῦτα δὲ ἀκούσας ὁ Κῦρος συνεκάλεσε Περσέων

τοὺς πρώτους, συναγείρας δὲ τούτους ἐς μέσον σφι προετίθεε
τὸ πρῆγμα, συμβουλευόμενος ὁκότερα ποιέῃ. τῶν δὲ κατὰ
τὠυτὸ αἱ γνῶμαι συνεξέπιπτον κελευόντων ἐσδέκεσθαι Τόμυ- 14
ἀνα-χωρέω: to go back, withdraw, retreat, 3 προ-θυµέοµαι: to be eager, zealous, ready, 3

ἀν-έχω: to uphold, endure, 3 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
ἀφ-ίηµι: to send forth, release, give up, 5 σαυτοῦ, -ῆ, -οῦ: yourself, 6
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 σπεύδω: to be eager, hasten, 6
ζευγνύµι: to bridge, join, 2 συγ-καλέω: to call togethe, convene, 1
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberative together, advise, 8
ἡσυχίη, ἡ: silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 7 συν-άγείρω: gather together, assemble, 2
καιρός, ὁ: time, (proper) time, 2 συν-εκ-πίπτω: concur, agree, come together 1
µεγάλως: greatly, exceedingly, very much 11 τελέω: to end, complete, fulfill; pay, 2
µόχθος, ὁ: toil, hard work, hardship, 1 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
ὁκότερος, -η, -ον: which (of two), 4 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 13
πάντως: altogether, by all means, certainly, 6 ὑµέτερος, -α, -ον: your, yours, 1
παύω: to stop, make cease, 14 ὑπο-θήκη, ἡ: a suggestion, proposal, advice, 3
1 Ὦ Βασιλεῦ: O King of the Medes; vocative 6 προθυµέ(σ)αι: you are eager; 2nd sg. mid.
παῦσαι: cease from; aor. inf. as imperative 7 πειρηθῆναι: to attack; aor. dep. inf. πειράω
2 οὐ γὰρ ἄν εἰδείης: for you could not know; φέρε: come (now); precedes a command
potential optative οἶδα ζευγνύς bridging; nom. sg. pres. pple.
ἐς καιρὸν: at the right time 8 ἄφες: give up; imp. ἀφίηµι, object µόχθον
ἔσται: will be; fut. dep. εἰµί; subj is ταῦτα ἡµέων ἀναχωρησάντων: gen. abs.
3 βασίλευε… σεωυτοῦ: be king of your own 9 τριῶν ἡµερέων ὁδὸν: a journey of three
(people), imperative days; acc. of extent of space
4 ἀνέχευ: endure; ἀνέχου, pres. imperative διάβαινε: imperative διαβαίνω
ὁρέων: mountains; genitive obj. of ἄρχω 10 βούλε(σ)αι: you wish; 2nd sg. mid.
οὐκ ὤν ἐθελήσεις: you will not, then, be τὠυτὸ τοῦτο: the same thing; τὸ αὐτὸ
willing; fut. ἐθέλω 11-14 Notes on facing page
207 ρίν τε καὶ τὸν στρατὸν αὐτῆς ἐς τὴν χώρην. παρεὼν δὲ 15
καὶ μεμφόμενος τὴν γνώμην ταύτην Κροῖσος ὁ Λυδὸς ἀπε-

δείκνυτο ἐναντίην τῇ προκειμένῃ γνώμῃ, λέγων τάδε. ‘ὦ
βασιλεῦ, εἶπον μὲν καὶ πρότερόν τοι ὅτι ἐπεί με Ζεὺς ἔδωκέ
τοι, τὸ ἂν ὁρῶ σφάλμα ἐὸν οἴκῳ τῷ σῷ κατὰ δύναμιν
ἀποτρέψειν· τὰ δὲ μοι παθήματα ἐόντα ἀχάριτα μαθήματα 20
2 γέγονε. εἰ μὲν ἀθάνατος δοκέεις εἶναι καὶ στρατιῆς τοιαύ-

της ἄρχειν, οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη πρῆγμα γνώμας ἐμὲ σοὶ ἀποφαί-
νεσθαι· εἰ δ᾽ ἔγνωκας ὅτι ἄνθρωπος καὶ σὺ εἶς καὶ ἑτέρων
τοιῶνδε ἄρχεις, ἐκεῖνο πρῶτον μάθε, ὡς κύκλος τῶν ἀνθρω-
πηίων ἐστὶ πρηγμάτων, περιφερόμενος δὲ οὐκ ἐᾷ αἰεὶ τοὺς 25
3 αὐτοὺς; εὐτυχέειν. ἤδη ὦν ἔχω γνώμην περὶ τοῦ προκει-

μένου πρήγματος τὰ ἔμπαλιν ἢ οὗτοι. εἰ γὰρ ἐθελήσομεν
ἐσδέξασθαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἐς τὴν χώρην, ὅδε τοι ἐν αὐτῷ
αἰεί: always, forever, in every case, 14 3

ἀ-θάνατος, -ον: undying, immortal, 1 Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 11
ἀνθρώπηιος, -η, -ον: human, 4 ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14
ἀπο-τρέπω: turn back or away, avert, deter, 1 κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 14
ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 5 µάθηµα, -µατος, τά: lesson, instruction, 1
ἄ-χαρις, -ιτος: unpleasant, graceless, 4 µέµφοµαι: to blame, censure, find fault with, 5
γινώσκω: to learn to know, to learn, realize, οἶκος, ὁ: a house, abode, dwelling, 4
7 πάθηµα, -µατος, τά: misfortunes, 1
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 περι-φέρω: to bring around, carry about, 4
ἔµπαλιν: opposite, backwards, 1 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 8
ἐναντίος, -α, -ον: opposite, contrary, 4 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
ἐσ-δέκοµαι: to admit, accept, 5 σφάλµα, τό: disaster, 1
εὐ-τυχέω: to prosper, be well off, successful
11 ποίεε: Att. ποίει. sg. imperative µε ἔδωκε…ἀποτρέψειν: gave me to turn

12 τοὺς πρώτους: the leaders away; aor. δίδωµι; fut. inf. ἀποτρέπω
συναγείρας: gathering; aor. pple 19 τὸ ἄν ὁρῶ… σῷ: whatever I see is a
προετίθεε: impf. προτίθηµι disaster for your household; obj. of
13 ὁκότερα ποιέῃ: what he is to do; ἀποτρέψειν
deliberative subj.; 3rd sg. pres. subj. ποιέω κατὰ δύναµιν: in my power; 'according to'
τῶν δὲ...κελευόντων: as they bid (Cyrus) 21 γέγονε: have become; 3rd sg. pf. γίνοµαι
to; gen. abs. 22 οὐδὲν ἄν εἴη πρῆγµα: there would be no
κατὰ τὠυτὸ: in the same way; point in my offering opinions to you; 3rd
15 παρεὼν: being present; nom. pres. pple sg. opt. εἰµί
πάρειµί 23 ἔγνωκας: you have realized; pf. γίνωσκω
17 προκειµένῃ: set forth; pres. pple. γνώµῃ 24 µάθε: know; “learn,” aor. imp. µανθάνω
18 εἶπον: I said; 1st sg. aor. λέγω 25 εᾷ: does not always allow; 3rd sg. ἐάω
228 Herodotus 1.207.3 – 208.1
κίνδυνος ἔνι· ἑσσωθεὶς μὲν προσαπολλύεις πᾶσαν τὴν ἀρχήν. 1
δῆλα γὰρ δὴ ὅτι νικῶντες Μασσαγέται οὐ τὸ ὀπίσω φεύξον-

4 ται ἀλλ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀρχὰς τὰς σὰς ἐλῶσι. νικῶν δὲ οὐ νικᾷς το-
σοῦτον ὅσον εἰ διαβὰς ἐς τὴν ἐκείνων, νικῶν Μασσαγέτας,
ἕποιο φεύγουσι. τὠυτὸ γὰρ ἀντιθήσω ἐκείνῳ, ὅτι νικήσας 5
5 τοὺς ἀντιουμένους ἐλᾷς ἰθὺ τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς Τομύριος. χωρίς

τε τοῦ ἀπηγημένου αἰσχρὸν καὶ οὐκ ἀνασχετὸν Κῦρόν γε
τὸν Καμβύσεω γυναικὶ εἴξαντα ὑποχωρῆσαι τῆς χώρης.
νῦν ὦν μοι δοκέει διαβάντας προελθεῖν ὅσον ἂν ἐκεῖνοι
ὑπεξίωσι, ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ τάδε ποιεῦντας πειρᾶσθαι ἐκείνων 10
6 περιγενέσθαι. ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ πυνθάνομαι, Μασσαγέται εἰσὶ

ἀγαθῶν τε Περσικῶν ἄπειροι καὶ καλῶν μεγάλων ἀπα-
θέες. τούτοισι ὦν τοῖσι ἀνδράσι τῶν προβάτων ἀφειδέως
πολλὰ κατακόψαντας καὶ σκευάσαντας προθεῖναι ἐν τῷ 14
αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 6 κατα-κόπτω: to chop up, cut up, 3
ἀν-έχω: to uphold, endure, 3 κίνδυνος, ὁ: risk, danger, venture, 2
ἀντιόοµαι: to oppose, resist (dat.), 2 περι-γίγνοµαι: be superior to, prevail over, 6
ἀντι-τίθηµι: to set against, oppose; contrast,1 Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 4
ἀ-παθής, -ές: without experience of, 2 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἄ-πειρος, -ον: inexperienced, untried in gen 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 2
ἀπ-ηγέοµαι: relate, tell; lead away (from) 6 προσ-απόλλυω: to lose besides, 1
ἀ-φειδέως: unsparingly, unstintingly, 3 προ-τίθηµι: to set out, appoint, propose, 10
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 2 σκευάζω: prepare, make ready; bring about 9
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
εἴκω: to yield, give way (+ dat.), 1 ὑπ-εξ-έρχοµαι: to withdraw, go out secretly, 3
ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 13 ὑπο-χωρέω: to go back, retire, recoil, 1
ἑσσόοµαι: to be inferior, be defeated, 11 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without +gen 8
ἰθύς, -έα, -ύ: straight, honest; immediately, 5
1 ἔνι: there is; ἔνεστι proposal); fut. ἀντιτίθηµι + dat.; τὸ αὐτὸ

ἑσσωθεὶς: defeated; aor. dep. ἑσσόοµαι ἐλᾷς: you will march; ἐλά(σ)εις, fut.
2 δῆλα..ὅτι: (it is) clear that; supply pl. ἐισί 6 ἰθὺ: straight at (+ gen.); adverbial acc.
φεύξονται: will flee; 3rd pl. fut. φεύγω χωρίς...ἀπηγηµένου: apart from what is
3 ἐλῶσι: will march on; ἐλά(σ)ουσι, fut. being related by me; “a thing being related”
νικῶν: winning; νικάων, nom. sg. pple αἰσχρὸν καὶ οὐκ ἀνασχετὸν: (it is)
νικᾷς: νικάεις, 2nd sg. pres. νικάω shameful and not bearable; ἀνέχω as adj.
4 διαβὰς: crossing; nom. aor. pple διαβαίνω 8 τὸν Καµβύσεω: son of Cambyses
5 ἕποιο φεύγουσι: you should follow (them) εἴξαντα: acc. sg. aor. pple. εἴκω
fleeing; 2nd sg. opt. ἕποµαι; dat. pl. pple. ὑποχωρῆσαι: aor. inf. ὑποχωρέω
5 τὠυτὸ γὰρ αντιθήσω ἐκείνῳ: I will 9 διαβάντας: those crossing; acc. subject
propose the same in place of that (earlier 9-14 Notes on facing page
στρατοπέδῳ τῷ ἡμετέρῳ δαῖτα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ κρητῆρας 15
7 ἀφειδέως οἴνου ἀκρήτου καὶ σιτία παντοῖα· ποιήσαντας

δὲ ταῦτα, ὑπολιπομένους τῆς στρατιῆς τὸ φλαυρότατον,
τοὺς λοιποὺς αὖτις ἐξαναχωρέειν ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν. ἢν
γὰρ ἐγὼ γνώμης μὴ ἁμάρτω, κεῖνοι ἰδόμενοι ἀγαθὰ πολλὰ
τρέψονταί τε πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ ἡμῖν τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν λείπεται 20
ἀπόδεξις ἔργων μεγάλων.’

208 γνῶμαι μὲν αὗται συνέστασαν· Κῦρος δὲ μετεὶς τὴν
προτέρην γνώμην, τὴν Κροίσου δὲ ἑλόμενος, προηγόρευε
Τομύρι ἐξαναχωρέειν ὡς αὐτοῦ διαβησομένου ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνην.
ἣ μὲν δὴ ἐξανεχώρεε κατὰ ὑπέσχετο πρῶτα· Κῦρος δὲ 25
Κροῖσον ἐς τὰς χεῖρας ἐσθεὶς τῷ ἑωυτοῦ παιδὶ Καμβύσῃ,

τῷ περ τὴν βασιληίην ἐδίδου, καὶ πολλὰ ἐντειλάμενὸς οἱ
ἄ-κρητος, -ον: unmixed, undiluted, 1 λοιπός, -ή, -όν: remaining, the rest, 13
ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), make mistake, 5 µετ-ίηµι: to let go, release, relax; give up, 12
ἀπό-δεξις, -εος, ἡ: presentation, display, 2 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
αὖτις: back again, later, 11 παντοῖος, -α, -ον: of all sorts/kinds, various 4
ἀ-φειδέως: unsparingly, unstintingly, 3 προ-αγορεύω: proclaim, tell beforehand, 7
δαίς, δαιτός, ἡ: meal, feast, banquet, 3 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 7
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 8
ἐξ-ανα-χωρέω: to retreat, withdraw, 3 συν-ίστηµι: set together, combine, organize, 4
ἐσ-τίθηµι: to put into, place in, 5 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 7 τρέπω: to turn, direct; alter, change, 13
Καµβύσγης, ὁ: Cambyses, 9 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 1
κρητήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ: mixing bowl, krater, 11 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 8
λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9 φλαῦρος, -η, -ον: inferior, cowardly, petty, 2
9 προελθεῖν: aor. inf. προέρχοµαι φλαυρότατον: the worst (part)

ὅσον ἄν…ὑπεξίωσι: as far as they 18 ἤν…µὴ ἁµάρτω: for if I do not fail in my
withdraw; acc. extent of space; 3rd pl. subj. judgment; aor. subj. ἁµαρτάνω
ὑπεξέρχοµαι 19 ἰδόµενοι: seeing; aor. mid. pple. ὁράω
10 ἐκείνων περιγίνεσθαι: to prevail over 20 τρέψονται τε πρὸς αὐτὰ: will turn to
them these things; i.e. turn to food and drink
13 τούτοισι…ἀνδράσι: for these men 22 µετεὶς: passing over; nom. sg. pple
τῶν προβάτων…πολλὰ: many of the µετ-ίηµι
herds 23 ἑλόµενος: choosing; aor. mid. αἱρέω
14 προθεῖναι: set out; aor. inf.. προτίθηµι 24 ὡς…διαβησοµενου: since he will cross...
15 δαῖτα: as a feast; acc. sg. 25 ὑπέσχετο: according to (what) she
πρὸς δὲ: in addition promised
17 ὑπολιποµένους: leaving behind; aor. mid.. 26 ἐσθεὶς: placing into his hands; nom. sg.
pple. ὑπολείπω aor. pple ἐσ-τίθηµι
230 Herodotus 1.208.1 – 210.1
τιμᾶν τε αὐτὸν καὶ εὖ ποιέειν, ἢν ἡ διάβασις ἡ ἐπὶ Μασ- 1
σαγέτας μὴ ὀρθωθῇ, ταῦτα ἐντειλάμενος καὶ ἀποστείλας

τούτους ἐς Πέρσας, αὐτὸς διέβαινε τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ ὁ στρατὸς
209 αὐτοῦ. ἐπείτε δὲ ἐπεραιώθη τὸν Ἀράξεα, νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης
εἶδε ὄψιν εὕδων ἐν τῶν Μασσαγετέων τῇ χωρῇ τοιήνδε· 5
ἐδόκεε ὁ Κῦρος ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ ὁρᾶν τῶν Ὑστάσπεος παίδων

τὸν πρεσβύτατον ἔχοντα ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων πτέρυγας καὶ του-
τέων τῇ μὲν τὴν Ἀσίην τῇ δὲ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἐπισκιάζειν.
2 Ὑστάσπεϊ δὲ τῷ Ἀρσάμεος ἐόντι ἀνδρὶ Ἀχαιμενίδῃ ἦν
τῶν παίδων Δαρεῖος πρεσβύτατος, ἐὼν τότε ἡλικίην ἐς 10
εἴκοσί κου μάλιστα ἔτεα, καὶ οὗτος κατελέλειπτο ἐν Πέρσῃσι·

3 οὐ γὰρ εἶχέ κω ἡλικίην στρατεύεσθαι. ἐπεὶ ὦν δὴ ἐξηγέρθη
ὁ Κῦρος, ἐδίδου λόγον ἑωυτῷ περὶ τῆς ὄψιος. ὡς δέ οἱ 13
ἀπο-λαµβάνω: take from, cut off, 2 ἡλικίη, ἡ: age, time of life, 6

ἀπο-στέλλω: to send out or away, dispatch, 4 κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 κου: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 13
Ἀρσάµης, ὁ: Arsamenes, 1 κω: yet, up to this time, 10
Ἀχαιµενίδης, ὁ: Achaemenid, 2 νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ: a night, 13
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 ὀρθόω: to set straight, set upright, 4
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
διά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a (means of) crossing, 3 περαιόω : to carry over, carry across, 1
εἴκοσι: twenty, 13 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old (man), 5
ἐξ-εγείρω: to wake up, 2 πτέρυξ, -υγος, ὁ: wing, 2
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 11
ἐπι-σκιάζω: throw shade on, overshadow, 2 ὕπνος, ὁ: sleep, slumber, 4
εὕδω: to sleep, lie down to sleep, 4 Ὑστάσπης, ὁ: Hystaspes, 7
Εὐρώµη, ἡ: Europa, Europe 7 ὦµος, ὁ: shoulder, 4
1 τιµᾶν: to honor; pres. inf. τιµάω 7 ἐπὶ τῶν ὤµων: upon his shoulders
εὖ ποιέειν: treat well; i.e. treat Croesus well 8 τουτέων τῇ µὲν…τῇ δὲ: by one of the
ἤν…µὴ ὀρθωθῇ: if…not succeed; aor. pass. wings … by the other (of the wings)
subj. ὁρθόω,“was made (to go) straight 9 Ὑστάσπεϊ…πρεσβύτατος: to Hystaspes,
2 ἐντειλάµενος: ordering; aor. ἐντέλλοµαι son of Arsames, being an Achaeimenid,
ἀποστείλας: aor. pple. ἀποστέλλω was Darius, the eldest of his children
4 ἐπεραιώθη: passed over; aor. dep. 10 ἡλικίην: in age; acc. respect
περαιόω 11 ἑς…ἔτεα: up to 20 years old at most
νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης: night having come; κατελέλειπτο: had been left behind; plpf.
gen. abs.; aor pple. ἐπέρχοµαι 12 εἶχε: impf. ἔχω
εἶδε: saw; 3rd sg. aor. ὁράω στρατεύεσθαι: to wage war; explanatory
6 ὁρᾶν: to see; pres. inf. ὁράω inf. following ἡλικίην
τῶν Ὑστάσπεος…πρεσβύτατον: the ἐξηγέρθη: awoke; aor. dep. ἐξεγείρω
eldest of the sons of Hystapes; i.e. Darius 13 ἐδίδου: tried to give an account; conative
ἐδόκεε μεγάλη εἶναι ἡ ὄψις, καλέσας Ὑστάσπεα καὶ ἀπο-

λαβὼν μοῦνον εἶπε ‘Ὕστασπες, παῖς σὸς ἐπιβουλεύων ἐμοί 15
τε καὶ τῇ ἐμῇ ἀρχῇ ἑάλωκε. ὡς δὲ ταῦτα ἀτρεκέως οἶδα, ἐγὼ

4 σημανέω· ἐμεῦ θεοὶ κήδονται καί μοι πάντα προδεικνύουσι τὰ
ἐπιφερόμενα. ἤδη ὦν ἐν τῇ παροιχομένῃ νυκτὶ εὕδων
εἶδον τῶν σῶν παίδων τὸν πρεσβύτατον ἔχοντα ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων
πτέρυγας καὶ τουτέων τῇ μὲν τὴν Ἀσίην τῇ δὲ τὴν Εὐρώπην 20
5 ἐπισκιάζειν. οὔκων ἐστὶ μηχανὴ ἀπὸ τῆς ὄψιος ταύτης

οὐδεμία τὸ μὴ ἐκεῖνον ἐπιβουλεύειν ἐμοί· σύ νυν τὴν
ταχίστην πορεύεο ὀπίσω ἐς Πέρσας καὶ ποίεε ὅκως, ἐπεὰν
ἐγὼ τάδε καταστρεψάμενος ἔλθω ἐκεῖ, ὥς μοι καταστήσεις
210 τὸν παῖδα ἐς ἔλεγχον.’ Κῦρος μὲν δοκέων οἱ Δαρεῖον ἐπι- 25
βουλεύειν ἔλεγε τάδε· τῷ δὲ ὁ δαίμων προέφαινε ὡς αὐτὸς

μὲν τελευτήσειν αὐτοῦ ταύτῃ μέλλοι, ἡ δὲ βασιληίη αὐτοῦ
ἀτρεκέως: genuinely, with certainty, 7 µηχανή, ἡ: a device; contrivance, means 1

δαίµων, -ονος, ὁ: a divine spirit, god, 4 οὔκ-ων: certainly not, and so not, 5
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἐκεῖ: there, in that place, 2 παρ-οίχοµαι: to have passed by, 1
ἔλεγχος, ὁ: an examination, testing, 1 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 6
ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot against, contrive against, 7 προ-δείκνυµι: to show (before), foreshadow, 2
ἐπι-σκιάζω: throw shade on, overshadow, 2 προ-φαίνω: to bring forth, show, 1
ἐπι-φέρω: bring against, put on, come after, 6 πτέρυξ, -υγος, ὁ: wing, 2
εὕδω: to sleep, lie down to sleep, 4 σηµαίνω: to show, indicate, point out, 10
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 14 Ὑστάσπης, ὁ: Hystaspes, 7
κήδοµαι: to care for, be troubled (gen.), 1 ὦµος, ὁ: shoulder, 4
14 µεγάλη: important; predicate nom. εἶναι untranslatable, negatives to confirm the

ἀπολαβὼν: taking him aside alone; nom. negative idea of the main verb
sg. aor. pple 23 πορεύε(σ)ο: travel; pres. mid. imperative
15 εἶπε: said; aor.. λέγω ποίεε ὅκως: see to it that…; “make it
16 ἑάλωκε: has been caught; pf. ἁλίσκοµαι happen that,” ποίει. sg. imperative
17 σηµανέω: I will show you; fut. σηµαίνω 24 ἐπεὰν…ἔλθω: whenever I come; general
18 τὰ ἐπιφερόµενα: the future; “all things temporal clause, aor. subj. ἔρχοµαι
coming after” καταστήσεις: fut. κατίστηµι
τῇ παροιχοµένῃ νυκτὶ: last night; “on the 25 ἐς ἔλεγχον: for examination; purpose
night having passed by”; dat. time when οἱ: against him; dat. with ἐπιβουλεύειν
19 εἶδον: I saw; 1st sg. aor. ὁράω 26 τῷ δὲ: to him; i.e. to Cyrus
21 οὐκ ὤν ἔστι µηχανὴ: there is no means 27 τελευτήσειν…µέλλοι: he was going to die;
from this dream (to deny) that that one opt. in indirect discourse, secondary seq.
plots against me; redundant, often αὐτοῦ: there
232 Herodotus 1.210.2 – 212.2
2 περιχωρέοι ἐς Δαρεῖον. ἀμείβεται δὴ ὦν ὁ Ὑστάσπης 1
τοῖσιδε. ‘ὦ βασιλεῦ, μὴ εἴη ἀνὴρ Πέρσης γεγονὼς ὅστις

τοὶ ἐπιβουλεύσειε, εἰ δ᾽ ἐστί, ἀπόλοιτο ὡς τάχιστα·
ὃς ἀντὶ μὲν δούλων ἐποίησας ἐλευθέρους Πέρσας
εἶναι, ἀντὶ δὲ ἄρχεσθαι ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων ἄρχειν ἁπάντων. 5
3 εἰ δέ τις τοὶ ὄψις ἀπαγγέλλει παῖδα τὸν ἐμὸν νεώτερα

βουλεύειν περὶ σέο, ἐγώ τοι παραδίδωμι χρᾶσθαι αὐτῷ
τοῦτο ὅ τι σὺ βούλεαι.’ Ὑστάσπης μὲν τούτοισι
ἀμειψάμενος καὶ διαβὰς τὸν Ἀράξεα ἤιε ἐς Πέρσας
211 φυλάξων Κύρῳ τὸν παῖδα Δαρεῖον, Κῦρος δὲ προελ- 10
θὼν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀράξεω ἡμέρης ὁδὸν ἐποίεε κατὰ τὰς Κροίσου
2 ὑποθήκας. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Κύρου τε καὶ Περσέων τοῦ
καθαροῦ στρατοῦ ἀπελάσαντος ὀπίσω ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀράξεα,
λειφθέντος δὲ τοῦ ἀχρηίου, ἐπελθοῦσα τῶν Μασσα- 14
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 13 ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot against, contrive against, 7
ἀπ-αγγέλλω : to report (from), announce, 4 καθαρός, -ά, -όν: clean, pure, spotless, 5
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to march away, drive from, 9 νεώτερος, -α, -ον: younger; rather recent, 2
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 ὄψις, -εως, ἡ: dream, vision, sight, 14
ἀ-χρήιος, -ον: useless, unprofitable, 2 παρα-δίδωµι: give or hand over, transmit, 12
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius 9 περι-χωρέω: to go round, 1
δια-βαίνω: walk across, pass over; cross, 14 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 2
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 7 ὑπο-θήκη, ἡ: a suggestion, proposal, advice, 3
ἐλεύθερος, -η, -ον: free, 4 Ὑστάσπης, ὁ: Hystaspes, 7
1 περιχωρέοι: pres. opt., indirect discourse βούλεαι: 2nd sg. pres. βούλε(σ)αι
2 τοισίδε: with the following (words); means 9 διαβὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple. διαβαίνω
µη εἴη…γεγονὼς: may… not have been ἤιε: came; 3rd sg. impf. ἔρχοµαι
born!; opt. of wish, periphrastic perfect 10 φυλάξων: to watch over ; fut. for purpose
3 ἀπόλοιτο: may he die; aor. opt. of wish προελθὼν: aor. pple. προέρχοµαι
ὡς τάχιστα: as quickly as possible 11 ἡµέρης ὅδὸν: a journey of a day; acc.
4 ὅς…ἐποίησας: (it was) you who made; τοι extent of space
is the antecedent or add a main verb 12 µετὰ δὲ ταῦτα: after this
5 ἀντὶ δὲ ἄρχεσθαι: instead of being ruled… 13 καθαροῦ στρατοῦ: flawless (part of) the
ἄρχειν: (made the Persians) rule; ellipsis army
6 τίς… ὄψις: some dream; τις is indefinite ἀπελάσαντος: marching off; aor. pple
νεώτερα βουλεύειν: plans a revolution; 14 λειφθέντος…ἀχρηίου: the useless (part of
“newer things,” comparative adjective the arm) left behind; gen. abs., aor. pass.
7 περὶ σέο: concerning you; σοῦ λείπω
τοι παραδίδωµι…αῦτῷ: I hand (my son) ἐπελθοῦσα…τριτηµορὶς: one-third part
over to you to use him of… attacking
8 τοῦτο ὅ: in this way which…
γετέων τριτημορὶς τοῦ στρατοῦ τούς τε λειφθέντας τῆς 15
Κύρου στρατιῆς ἐφόνευε ἀλεξομένους καὶ τὴν προ-

κειμένην ἰδόντες δαῖτα, ὡς ἐχειρώσαντο τοὺς ἐναντίους,
κλιθέντες ἐδαίνυντο, πληρωθέντες δὲ φορβῆς καὶ οἴνου
3 ηὗδον. οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι ἐπελθόντες πολλοὺς μὲν σφέων ἐφό-
νευσαν, πολλῷ δ᾽ ἔτι πλεῦνας ἐζώγρησαν καὶ ἄλλους καὶ 20
τὸν τῆς βασιλείης Τομύριος παῖδα στρατηγέοντα Μασσα-

212 γετέων, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Σπαργαπίσης. ἣ δὲ πυθομένη τά
τε περὶ τὴν στρατιὴν γεγονότα καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν παῖδα, πέμ-
2 πουσα κήρυκα παρὰ Κῦρον ἔλεγε τάδε. ‘ἄπληστε αἵματος
Κῦρε, μηδὲν ἐπαερθῇς τῷ γεγονότι τῷδε πρήγματι, εἰ ἀμ- 25
πελίνῳ καρπῷ, τῷ περ αὐτοὶ ἐμπιπλάμενοι μαίνεσθε οὕτως
αἷµα, -ατος τό: blood, 5 κλίνω: to recline, sit down, 1

ἀλέξοµαι: to ward or keep off, resist, 1 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 9
ἀµπέλινος, -ον: of the vine, 1 µαίνοµαι: to mad, rage, be furious, 6
ἄ-πληστος, -ον: insatiate, greedy for, 3 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
δαίνυµι: to feast; dine, 2 πληρόω: to fill, 3
δαίς, δαιτός, ἡ: meal, feast, banquet, 3 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
ἐµ-πίπληµι: to fill in, fill with, 2 Σπαργαπίσης, ὁ: Spargapises, 2
ἐναντίος, -α, -ον: opposite, contrary; enemy 4 στρατηγέω: wage war, campaign against, 2
ἐπ-αίρω: to incite, encourage, raise up, 5 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: come upon, approach, attack, 8 τριτη-µορίς, ἡ: a third part, 2
εὕδω: to sleep, lie down to sleep, 4 φονεύω: to murder, kill, slay, 9
ζωγρέω: to take alive, capture alive, 5 φορβή, ἡ: food; fodder, forage, 2
καρπός, ὁ: crop, fruit, benefit, 14 χειρόω: to bring into hand; manage, subdue 4
15 τοὺς λειφθέντας: those left behind; aor. 22 τῷ…ἤν: who had; dat. poss., impf. εἱµί
pass. pple. λείπω πυθοµένη: having learned; aor. pple
17 ἰδοντὲς: (the Massagetai) seeing; aor. πυνθάνοµαι
pple ὁράω 23 τὰ γεγονότα: what had happened;
δαῖτα: the banquet; acc. sg. “things having occurred;” pf. act. pple.
ὡς ἐχειρώσαντο: after they subdued; 3rd γίνοµαι
pl. aor. mid. χειρόω 24 παρὰ Κῦρον: to Cyrus
18 κλιθέντες: reclining; aor. mid. pple. κλίνω ’Aπληστε: O Cyrus, greedy for blood;
πληρωθέντες: filling themselves of; aor. vocative, direct address
mid. pple. πληρόω with partitive genitive 25 µηδὲν ἐπαρθῇς: do not at all be excited;
19 ηὗδον: began to sleep; inceptive impf. prohibitive subj., aor. dep. subj. ἐπ-αίρω
οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι ἐπελθόντες: (the rest of) the 25 γεγονότι: having occurred; pf. γίνοµαι
Persians attacking; i.e. the good troops 26 τῷ περ…µαίνεσθε: by which you having
20 πολλῷ πλεῦνας: by far still more your fill are so mad that…; a result clause
(soldiers); dat. degree of difference follows
234 Herodotus 1.212.2 – 214.4
ὥστε κατιόντος τοῦ οἴνου ἐς τὸ σῶμα ἐπαναπλέειν ὑμῖν 1
ἔπεα κακά, τοιούτῳ φαρμάκῳ δολώσας ἐκράτησας παιδὸς

3 τοῦ ἐμοῦ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ μάχῃ κατὰ τὸ καρτερόν. νῦν ὦν μευ εὖ
παραινεούσης ὑπόλαβε τὸν λόγον· ἀποδούς μοι τὸν παῖδα
ἄπιθι ἐκ τῆσδε τῆς χώρης ἀζήμιος, Μασσαγετέων τριτη- 5
μορίδι τοῦ στρατοῦ κατυβρίσας. εἰ δὲ ταῦτα οὐ ποιήσεις,

ἥλιον ἐπόμνυμί τοι τὸν Μασσαγετέων δεσπότην, ἦ μέν σε
213 ἐγὼ καὶ ἄπληστον ἐόντα αἵματος κορέσω.’ Κῦρος μὲν ἐπέων
οὐδένα τούτων ἀνενειχθέντων ἐποιέετο λόγον· ὁ δὲ τῆς βασι-
λείης Τομύριος παῖς Σπαργαπίσης, ὥς μιν ὅ τε οἶνος ἀνῆκε 10
καὶ ἔμαθε ἵνα ἦν κακοῦ, δεηθεὶς Κύρου ἐκ τῶν δεσμῶν

λυθῆναι ἔτυχε, ὡς δὲ ἐλύθη τε τάχιστα καὶ τῶν χειρῶν
214 ἐκράτησε, διεργάζεται ἑωυτόν. καὶ δὴ οὗτος μὲν τρόπῳ
τοιούτῳ τελευτᾷ· Τόμυρις δέ, ὥς οἱ Κῦρος οὐκ ἐσήκουσε, 14
ἀ-ζήµιος, -ον: unharmed, free from guilt, 1 ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8

αἷµα, -ατος τό: blood, 5 καρτερός, -ά, -όν: stronger, stauncher, 3
ἀνα-φέρω: to report, bring up, recover, 7 κατ-έρχοµαι: to return; descend, 2
ἀν-ίηµι: to let go, release, give off, 3 κατ-υβρίζω: to treat or insult outrageously, 1
ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 3 κορέννυµι: to satiate, satisfy, glut, 2
ἄ-πληστος, -ον: insatiate, greedy for, 3 κρατέω: to gain control, overpower, 3
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, 6 λύω: to release, loosen, abolish, dissolve, 4
δεσµός, ὁ: a binding, bond, fetter, 1 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 10
δεσπότης, ὁ: master, lord, 11 παρ-αινέω: to advise, exhort, order, 6
δι-εργάζοµαι: to kill, make an end of, 1 Σπαργαπίσης, ὁ: Spargapises, 2
δολόω; to trick, ensnare, entrap, 1 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 7
ἐπ-ανα-πλέω: to float up again; sail against 1 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
ἐπ-όµνυµι: to swear by, 1 τριτη-µορίς, ἡ: a third part, 2
ἔπος, -εος, τό: a word, 11 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 4
ἐσ-ακούω: to listen to, heed, 2 φάρµακον, τό: a drug, medicine; pigment, 2
ἦ: in truth; truly (begins open question), 2
1 κατιόντος τοῦ οἴνου: as the wine goes ἀποδούς: nom. sg. aor. pple ἀποδίδωµι
down; gen. abs.; pple. κατέχροµαι 5 ἄπιθι: go away; imp. ἀπέρχοµαι
2 ἔπεα κακά: ill words; subj. of ἐπαναπλέειν τριτηµορίδι: one-third; dat. + κατυβρίσας
τοιούτῳ φαρµάκῳ: by this drug; picking 6 κατυβρίσας: you committed outrage at
up the thought in ἀµπελίνῳ, καρπῷ 7 ἦ µέν: truly indeed; ἦ µήν begins an oath
3 οὐ µάχῃ καρὰ τὸ καρτερόν: not according 8 κορέσω: I will sate; fut. κορέννυµι
to strength in battle ἐπέων ἀνενειχθέντων: these words having
µευ…παραινεούσης: as I…; gen. abs. been reported; gen. abs., aor. pass
4 ὑπόλαβε: take up; aor. imp. ὑπολαµβάνω ἀναφέρω
9-14 Notes on facing page
συλλέξασα πᾶσαν τὴν ἑωυτῆς δύναμιν συνέβαλε Κύρῳ. 15
ταύτην τὴν μάχην, ὅσαι δὴ βαρβάρων ἀνδρῶν μάχαι ἐγέ-

νοντο, κρίνω ἰσχυροτάτην γενέσθαι, καὶ δὴ καὶ πυνθάνομαι
2 οὕτω τοῦτο γενόμενον. πρῶτα μὲν γὰρ λέγεται αὐτοὺς
διαστάντας ἐς ἀλλήλους τοξεύειν, μετὰ δὲ ὥς σφι τὰ βέλεα
ἐξετετόξευτο, συμπεσόντας τῇσι αἰχμῇσί τε καὶ τοῖσι ἐγχει- 20
ριδίοισι συνέχεσθαι. χρόνον τε δὴ ἐπὶ πολλὸν συνεστάναι

μαχομένους καὶ οὐδετέρους ἐθέλειν φεύγειν. τέλος δὲ οἱ
3 Μασσαγέται περιεγένοντο, ἥ τε δὴ πολλὴ τῆς Περσικῆς
στρατιῆς αὐτοῦ ταύτῃ διεφθάρη καὶ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς Κῦρος
τελευτᾷ, βασιλεύσας τὰ πάντα ἑνὸς δέοντα τριήκοντα ἔτεα. 25
4 ἀσκὸν δὲ πλήσασα αἵματος ἀνθρωπηίου Τόμυρις ἐδίζητο ἐν

τοῖσι τεθνεῶσι τῶν Περσέων τὸν Κύρου νέκυν, ὡς δὲ εὗρε,
αἷµα, -ατος τό: blood, 5 νέκυς, ὁ: corpse, a dead body, 4

αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 οὐδ-έτερος, -η, -ον: neither of the two, 3
ἀνθρώπηιος, -η, -ον: human, 4 περι-γίγνοµαι: be superior to, prevail over, 6
ἀσκός, ὁ: a leathern-bag, a wine-skin, 2 Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 4
βάρβαρος, ὁ: foreigner, a non-Greek, 10 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 8
βέλος, -εος, τό: a arrow, missle, dart, 1 συµ-βάλλω: put together, join (in battle), 11
δίζηµαι: to look for, search, 4 συµ-πίπτω: fall together in blows, happen, 4
δι-ίστηµι: to stand apart, separate, divide, 2 συν-έχοµαι: be locked together, entangled 1
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 10 συν-ίστηµι: set together, combine, organize, 4
ἐγ-χειρίδιον, τό: short sword, 2 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 9
ἐκ-τοξεύω: to shoot out, shoot away, 1 Τόµυρις, ἡ: Tomyris, 10
θνήσκω: to die, 5 τοξεύω: to shoot an arrow, shoot a bow, 1
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 13 τριήκοντα: thirty, 8
κρίνω: to choose, decide; interpret, 4
9 οὐδένα…λόγον: considered (it) of no 14 τελευτᾷ: dies; 3rd sg. pres. α-contract

account ἐσήκουσε: did heed; aor. ἐσακούω
10 ὥς...ἀνῆκε: when…wore off of; aor. ἀνίηµι 15 συλλέξασα aor. pple. συλλέγω
11 ἔµαθε: 3rd sg. aor. µανθάνω συνέβαλε: 3rd sg. aor. συµβάλλω
ἵνα ἦν κακοῦ: that he was in a bad place; 17 ἰσχυροτάτην: the fiercest; superlative
κακοῦ is likely an adv.; compare αὐτοῦ καὶ δὴ καὶ: in particular; 'and indeed also'
δεηθεὶς: having begged from: aor. dep. 18 λέγεται: it is said
pple. δέω διαστάντες: standing apart; aor. pple.
λυθῆναι: to be released; aor. pass. λύω 20 ἐξετετόξευτο: had been thoroughly shot
ἔτυχε: he obtained (it); aor. τυγχάνω συµπεσόντας: 3rd pl. aor. pple. συµπίπτω
12 ὡς…τάχιστα: as quickly as possible 21 συνεστάναι: stood (in battle); pf. inf.
13 διεργάζεται ἑωυτόν: makes a end of 24 διεφθάρη: was destroyed; aor. pass.
himelf; reflexive pronoun 25 ἑνὸς δέοντα: for 29 year; 'lacking from 1'
τρόπῳ τοιούτῳ: in such a way 27 τεθνεῶσι: the dead; dat. pf. pple. θνήσκω
236 Herodotus 1.214.4 – 216.3
ἐναπῆκε αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐς τὸν ἀσκόν, λυμαινομένη δὲ 1
5 τῷ νεκρῷ ἐπέλεγε τάδε· ‘σὺ μὲν ἐμὲ ζῶσάν τε καὶ νικῶσάν

σε μάχῃ ἀπώλεσας, παῖδα τὸν ἐμὸν ἑλὼν δόλῳ· σὲ δ᾽ ἐγώ,
κατά περ ἠπείλησα, αἵματος κορέσω.’ τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ τὴν
Κύρου τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, πολλῶν λόγων λεγομένων, ὅδε μοι 5
ὁ πιθανώτατος εἴρηται.
215 Μασσαγέται δὲ ἐσθῆτά τε ὁμοίην τῇ Σκυθικῇ φορέουσι
καὶ δίαιταν ἔχουσι, ἱππόται δὲ εἰσὶ καὶ ἄνιπποι (ἀμφοτέρων
γὰρ μετέχουσι) καὶ τοξόται τε καὶ αἰχμοφόροι, σαγάρις νομί-
ζοντες ἔχειν. χρυσῷ δὲ καὶ χαλκῷ τὰ πάντα χρέωνται· ὅσα 10
μὲν γὰρ ἐς αἰχμὰς καὶ ἄρδις καὶ σαγάρις, χαλκῷ τὰ πάντα

χρέωνται, ὅσα δὲ περὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ ζωστῆρας καὶ μασχαλι-
2 στῆρας, χρυσῷ κοσμέονται. ὣς δ᾽ αὕτως τῶν ἵππων τὰ μὲν
περὶ τὰ στέρνα χαλκέους θώρηκας περιβάλλουσι, τὰ δὲ περὶ 14
αἷµα, -ατος τό: blood, 5 κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 9

αἰχµή, ἡ: spear(point); war, battle, 9 κορέννυµι: to satiate, satisfy, glut, 2
αἰχµοφόρος, ὁ: spearman, bodyguard, 3 κοσµέω: to order, arrange, adorn, 10
ἄν-ιππος, -ον: without horse, infantry, 1 λυµαίνοµαι: to outrage, maltreat (+ dat.), 1
ἀπ-ειλέω: to threaten, force back, 4 µασχαλιστήρ, ὁ: chest-band (on a horse), 1
ἄρδις, ἡ: arrowhead, 1 µετ-έχω: partake of, have share in, take part 3
ἀσκός, ὁ: a leathern-bag, a wine-skin, 2 νεκρός, ὁ: corpse, dead body, 12
βίος, ὁ: livelihood, life, 12 περι-βάλλω: throw round, enclose; clothe, 8
δίαιτα, ἡ: a way of living, living, 5 πιθανός, -ή, -όν: persuasive, plausible, 1
δόλος, ὁ: treachery, trickery, 4 σάγαρις, ὁ: battle-axe, 2
ἐν-απ-ίηµι: to throw in, let drop in, 1 Σκυθικός, -ή, -όν: Scythian, 3
ἐπι-λέγω: to choose; read, think over; say, 5 στέρνον, τό: breast, chest, 1
ἐσθής, -ητος, ἡ: clothing, clothes, 7 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 12
ζάω: to live, 8 τοξότης, ὁ: an archer, bowman, 1
ζωστήρ, ὁ: soldier-belt, 1 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 5
θώρηξ, -ηκος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 χάλκεος, -η, -ον: made of bronze, copper 13
ἱππότης, ὁ: a horseman, cavalry, 1 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 7
1 ἐναπῆκε: dropped…into; aor. ἐν-απ-ίηµι 5 τὰ µὲν…βίου: in matters regarding the end

2 ἐπέλεγε: addressed; impf. ἐπιλέγω of Cyrus’ lift; acc. of respect
ζῶσαν: being alive; acc. sg. pres. pple 6 πολλῶν λόγων: among the many
νικῶσαν: defeating you in battle; pres. pple accounts; partitive gen.; λόγων apparently
3 ἁπώλεσας: you destroyed; aor. ἀπόλλυµι refers to different versions of Cyrus’ death
ἑλὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple. αἱρέω εἴρηται: has been said (to be); pf.
δόλῳ: dat. of means 9 σαγάρις: battle axes; acc. pl. σάγαρις
4 κατὰ περ: just as νοµίζοντες: being accustomed
κορέσω: I will sate; fut. κορέννυµι 10-14 Notes on facing page
τοὺς χαλινοὺς καὶ στόμια καὶ φάλαρα χρυσῷ. σιδήρῳ δὲ 15
οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρῳ χρέωνται οὐδέν· οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ σφι ἐστὶ ἐν

216 τῇ χωρῇ, ὁ δὲ χρυσὸς καὶ ὁ χαλκὸς ἄπλετος. νόμοισι
δὲ χρέωνται τοιοῖσιδε. γυναῖκα μὲν γαμέει ἕκαστος, ταύ-
τῃσι δὲ ἐπίκοινα χρέωνται· τὸ γὰρ Σκύθας φασὶ Ἕλληνες 20
ποιέειν, οὐ Σκύθαι εἰσὶ οἱ ποιέοντες ἀλλὰ Μασσαγέται· τῆς

γὰρ ἐπιθυμήσῃ γυναικὸς Μασσαγέτης ἀνήρ, τὸν φαρετρεῶνα
2 ἀποκρεμάσας πρὸ τῆς ἁμάξης μίσγεται ἀδεῶς. οὖρος δὲ
ἡλικίης σφι πρόκειται ἄλλος μὲν οὐδείς· ἐπεὰν δὲ γέρων
γένηται κάρτα, οἱ προσήκοντές οἱ πάντες συνελθόντες θύουσί 25
μιν καὶ ἄλλα πρόβατα ἅμα αὐτῷ, ἑψήσαντες δὲ τὰ κρέα

3 κατευωχέονται. ταῦτα μὲν τὰ ὀλβιώτατά σφι νενόμισται, τὸν
δὲ νούσῳ τελευτήσαντα οὐ κατασιτέονται ἀλλ᾽ γῇ κρύπτουσι,
ἀ-δεῶς: fearlessly, without fear, 1 µίσγοµαι: to have sexual intercourse, mix, 7

ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 4 νοῦσος, ἡ: malady, illness, sickness 10
ἄ-πλετος, -ον: plentiful, boundless, 3 ὄλβιος, -α, -ον: happy, blest, blessed, 12
ἀπο-κρεµάννυµι: to hang up, let hang down, 1 οὖρος, ὁ: boundary, limit, boundary-stone, 6
ἄργυρος, ὁ: silver, 4 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 11
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 5 πρό-βατα, τά: cattle, sheep, herd, 7
ἐπι-κοινός, -ή, -όν: common, ordinary, 1 πρό-κειµαι: be set before or forth, propose, 7
ἑψέω : to stew, cook; boil, 4 προσ-ήκω: come to, belong to be related to, 2
γαµέω: to marry, 3 σίδηρος, ὁ: iron; sword, knife, 7
γέρων, -οντος, ὁ: old man; elder, 3 στόµιον, τό: the mouth, 1
ἡλικίη, ἡ: age, time of life, 6 συν-έρχοµαι: to go together or in company, 5
κατα-σιτέοµαι: to eat up, feed on, 1 φάλαρα, τά: boss on the horse’s headpiece, 1
κατ-ευωχέοµαι: to feast on, 1 φαρετρεών, ὁ: quiver, 1
κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 11 χαλινός, ὁ: a bridle, bit, 1
κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 5 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 7
10 χρέωνται: they use; pres. χράοµαι + dat. 16 οὐδέν: not at all

τὰ παν́τα: in all things; acc. respect σφι ἔστι: they have (any); dat. possession
ὅσα µὲν…τὰ πάντα…ὅσα δὲ....τὰ 19 ἐπίκοινα: in common; adverbial acc.
πάντα: in all that, on the one hand… in τὸ...ποιέειν: do this; i.e. common
all that, on the other hand; ‘as many as… marriage
all,’ acc. respect 25 οὐρος…οὐδείς no other limit of age is
11 ἑς αἰχµὰς…σαγάρις: for…; purpose placed on them (except)…
13 ὡς δ ᾿αὕτως: in the same way; ὡσαύτως 24 οἱ προσήκοντες: relatives
14 τῶν ἵππων τὰ µὲν…τὰ δὲ: in respect to 25 ἑψήσαντες: having boiled; aor. ἑψέω
some parts of horses…in respect to other 26 νενόµισται: this is believed most blessed;
parts pf. pass. νοµίζω
15 χρυσῷ: (use) gold; pres. χρέωνται above
238 Herodotus 1.216.3 – 216.4
συμφορὴν ποιεύμενοι ὅτι οὐκ ἵκετο ἐς τὸ τυθῆναι. σπείρουσι 1
δὲ οὐδέν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ κτηνέων ζώουσι καὶ ἰχθύων· οἳ δὲ ἄφθονοί

4 σφι ἐκ τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ παραγίνονται· γαλακτοπόται
δ᾽ εἰσί. θεῶν δὲ μοῦνον ἥλιον σέβονται, τῷ θύουσι ἵππους.
νόος δὲ οὗτος τῆς θυσίης· τῶν θεῶν τῷ ταχίστῳ πάντων τῶν 5
θνητῶν τὸ τάχιστον δατέονται.
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 10 ἱκνέοµαι: to come to, attain, reach, 1

ἄ-φθονος, ον: without envy; abundant, 1 ἰχθύς, ὁ: a fish, 6
γαλακτο-πότης, ὁ: a milk-drinker, 1 κτῆνος, -εος, τό: animal; flocks, herds, 3
δατέοµαι: to give, divide, distribute, 1 νόος, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, intent, 9
ζάω: to live, 8 παρα-γίνοµαι: to be present; to come to be, 5
ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 8 σέβοµαι: to worship, revere, 3
θνητός, -ή, -όν: liable to death, mortal, 1 σπείρω: sow, plant, 2
θυσίη, ἡ: an offering, sacrifice, 6 συµ-φορή, ἡ: event, accident, misfortune, 11
1 συµφορὴν ποιεύµενοι ὅτι: considering it a θεῶν: among the gods; partitive gen.
misfortune that… 5 νόος…οὖτος: this is the intent of the
οὐκ ἵκετο: did not come; aor. ίκνεοµαι sacrifice; i.e. the purpose is the following
τὸ τυθῆναι: aor. pass. articular inf. θύω πάντων τῶν θνητῶν: of all animals; “of
2 οἱ δὲ ἄφθονοι: abundant (fish) all mortals,” partitive gen. modifying τῷ
4 εἰσι: 3rd pl. pres. εἰµί ταχίστῳ
Glossary
240 Synopses: -µι verbs (Attic)
δίδωµι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδοµαι, ἐδόθην: give

Present Imperfect Aorist
δίδωµι δίδοµεν ἐδίδουν ἐδίδοµεν ἔδωκα ἔδοµεν

Active
δίδως δίδοτε ἐδίδους ἐδίδοτε ἔδωκας ἔδοτε

δίδωσιν διδόᾱσιν ἐδίδου ἐδίδοσαν ἔδωκεν ἔδοσαν
Imp δίδου δίδοτε δός δότε
Pple διδούς, διδοῦσα, διδόν δούς, δοῦσα, δόν
διδόντος, -ούσης, -όντος δόντος, δούσης, δόντος
Inf. διδόναι δοῦναι
δίδοµαι διδόµεθα ἐδιδόµην ἐδιδόµεθα ἐδόµην ἐδόµεθα
Middle
δίδοσαι δίδοσθε ἐδίδοσο ἐδίδοσθε ἔδου ἔδοσθε

δίδοται δίδονται ἐδίδοτο ἐδίδοντο ἔδοτο ἔδοντο
Imp δίδου δίδοσθε δοῦ δόσθε
Pple διδόµενος, η, ον δόµενος, η, ον
Inf. δίδοσθαι δόσθαι
τίθηµι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, τέθειµαι, ἐτέθην: put, place; make

τίθηµι τίθεµεν ἐτίθην ἐτίθεµεν ἔθηκα ἔθεµεν

Active
τίθης τίθετε ἐτίθεις ἐτίθετε ἔθηκας ἔθετε

τίθησιν τιθέᾱσιν ἐτίθει ἐτίθεσαν ἔθηκεν ἔθεσαν
Imp τίθει τίθετε θές θέτε
Pple τιθείς, τιθεῖσα, τιθέν θείς, θεῖσα, θέν
τιθέντος, -εῖσης, -έντος θέντος, θεῖσα, θέντος
Inf. τιθέναι θεῖναι
τίθεµαι τιθέµεθα ἐτιθέµην ἐτιθέµεθα ἐθέµην ἐθέµεθα
Middle
τίθεσαι τίθεσθε ἐτίθεσο ἐτίθεσθε ἔθου ἔθεσθε

τίθεται τίθενται ἐτίθετο ἐτίθεντο ἔθετο ἔθεντο
Imp τίθεσο τίθεσθε θοῦ θέσθε
Pple τιθέµενος, η, ον θέµενος, η, ον
Inf. τίθεσθαι θέσθαι
Synopses: -µι verbs 241
ἵηµι, ἥσω, ἧκα, εἷκα, εἷµαι, εἵθην: to send, release, let go

ἵηµι ἵεµεν ἵην ἵεµεν ἧκα εἷµεν

Active
ἵης ἵετε ἵεις ἵετε ἧκας εἷτε

ἵησιν ἵᾶσι ἵει ἵεσαν ἧκεν εἷσαν
Imp ἵει ἵετε ἕς ἕτε
Pple ἱείς, ἱεῖσα, ἱέν εἵς, εἷσα, ἕν
ἵεντος, ἱείσης, ἵεντος ἕντος, εἵσης, ἕντος
Inf. ἱέναι εἷναι
ἵεµαι ἱέµεθα ἱέµην ἱέµεθα εἵµην εἵµεθα
Middle
ἵεσαι ἵεσθε ἵεσο ἵεσθε εἷσο εἷσθε

ἵεται ἵενται ἵετο ἵεντο εἷτο εἷντο
Imp ἵεσο ἵεσθε οὗ ἕσθε
Pple ἱέµενος, η, ον ἕµενος, η, ον
Inf. ἵεσθαι ἕσθαι
εἰµί (to be)

present imperfect imp. pple inf.
1st εἰµί ἐσµέν ἦ, ἦν ἦµεν ἴσθι ὤν εἶναι
2nd εἶ ἐστέ ἦσθα ἦτε ἔστε οὖσα
3rd ἐστίν εἰσίν ἦν ἦσαν ὄν
subjunctive optative
1st ὦ ὦµεν εἴην εἶµεν
2nd ᾖς ἦτε εἴης εἶτε
3rd ᾖ ὦσιν εἴη εἶεν
εἶµι (to go, present translates as the future of ἔρχοµαι)

present imperfect imp. pple inf.
1st εἶµι ἴµεν ᾖα ᾗµεν ἴθι ἰών ἰέναι
2nd εἶ ἴτε ἦεισθα ᾖτε ἴτε ἰοῦσα
3rd εἶσι ἴᾱσιν ᾖειν ᾖσαν ἰόν
subjunctive optative
1st ἴω ἴωµεν ἴοιµι ἴοιµεν
2nd ἴῃς ἴητε ἴοις ἴοιτε
3rd ἴῃ ἴωσιν ἴοι ἴοιεν
242 Verb Synopsis (Attic)
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυµαι, ἐλύθην: loosen, ransom
PRESENT FUTURE
Active Middle/Pass. Active Middle Passive
λύω λύοµαι λύσω λύσοµαι λυθήσοµαι

Primary Indiative
λύεις λύε(σ)αι λύσεις λύσε(σ)αι λυθήσε(σ)αι

λύει λύεται λύσει λύσεται λυθήσεται
λύοµεν λυόµεθα λύσοµεν λυσόµεθα λυθησόµεθα
λύετε λύεσθε λύσετε λύσεσθε λυθήσεσθε
λύουσι(ν) λύονται λύσουσι(ν) λύσονται λυθήσονται
ἔλυον ἐλυόµην
ἔλυες ἐλύε(σ)ο
Secondary
Indicative
ἔλυε(ν) ἐλύετο
ἐλύοµεν ἐλυόµεθα
ἐλύετε ἐλύεσθε
ἔλυον ἐλύοντο
λύω λύωµαι
λύῃς λύῃ
Subjunctive
λύῃ λύηται
λύωµεν λυώµεθα
λύητε λύησθε
λύωσι(ν) λύωνται
λύοιµι λυοίµην λύσοιµι λυσοίµην λυθησοίµην

λύοις λύοιο λύσοις λύσοιο λυθήσοιο
Optative
λύοι λύοιτο λύσοι λύσοιτο λυθήσοιτο

λύοιµεν λυοίµεθα λύσοιµεν λυσοίµεθα λυθησοίµεθα
λύοιτε λύοισθε λύσοιτε λύσοισθε λυθήσοισθε
λύοιεν λύοιντο λύσοιεν λύσοιντο λυθήσοιντο
λῦε λύε(σ)ο
Imp
λύετε λύεσθε
λύων, λυόµενος, λύσων, λυσόµενος, λυθησόµενος,

Pple
λύουσα, λυοµένη, λύσουσα, λυσοµένη, λυθησοµένη,

λύον λυόµενον λύσον λυσόµενον λυθησόµενον
λύειν λύεσθαι λύσειν λύσεσθαι λυθήσεσθαι

Inf.
2nd sg. mid/pass -σ is often dropped except in pf. and plpf. tenses: ε(σ)αι à ῃ,ει ε(σ)ο à ου
Verb Synopsis (Attic) 243
AORIST PERFECT
Active Middle Passive Middle Passive
λέλυκα λέλυµαι
Primary Indiative
λέλυκας λέλυσαι
λέλυκε λέλυται
λελύκαµεν λελύµεθα
λέλύκατε λελύσθε
λελύκασι(ν) λελύνται
ἔλυσα ἐλυσάµην ἐλύθην ἐλελύκη ἐλελύµην
Secondary Indiative
ἔλυσας ἐλύσα(σ)ο ἐλύθης ἐλελύκης ἐλέλυσο
ἔλυε(ν) ἐλύσατο ἐλύθη ἐλελύκει ἐλέλυτο
ἐλύσαµεν ἐλυσάµεθα ἐλύθηµεν ἐλελύκεµεν ἐλελύµεθα
ἐλύσατε ἐλύσασθε ἐλύθητε ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύσθε
ἔλυσαν ἐλύσαντο ἐλύθησαν ἐλελύκεσαν ἐλέλυντο
λύσω λυσώµαι λυθῶ λελύκω λελυµένος ὦ

λύσῃς λύσῃ λυθῇς λελύκῃς —— ᾖς
Subjunctive
λύσῃ λύσηται λυθῇ λελύκῃ —— ᾖ
λύσωµεν λυσώµεθα λυθῶµεν λελύκωµεν —— ὦµεν
λύσητε λύσησθε λυθῆτε λελύκητε —— ἦτε
λύσωσι(ν) λύσωνται λυθῶσι(ν) λελύκωσι(ν) —— ὦσιν
λύσαιµι λυσαίµην λυθείην λελύκοιµι λελυµένος εἴην

λύσαις λύσαιο λυθείης λελύκοις —— εἴης
Optative
λύσαι λύσαιτο λυθείη λελύκοι —— εἴη

λύσαιµεν λυσαίµεθα λυθεῖµεν λελύκοιµεν —— εἴηµεν
λύσαιτε λύσαισθε λυθεῖτε λελύκοιτε —— εἴητε
λύσαιεν λύσαιντο λυθεῖεν λελύκοιεν —— εἴησαν
λῦσον λῦσαι λύθητι λέλυσο

Imp
λῡ́σατε λῡ́σασθε λύθητε λέλυσθε
λῡ́σᾱς, λυσάµενος, λύθείς, λελυκώς, λελυµένος,

Pple
λῡ́σᾱσα, λυσαµένη, λυθεῖσα, λελυκυῖα λελυµένη

λῦσαν λυσάµενον λυθέν λελυκός λελυµένον
λῦσαι λῡ́σασθαι λυθῆναι λελυκέναι λελύσθαι

Inf.
Adapted from a handout by Dr. Helma Dik (http://classics.uchicago.edu/faculty/dik/niftygreek)

244
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary (words occurring 15 or more times)
found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review
and master the running core vocabulary as they read. Digital flashcards are available online.
The number of occurrences of each word in Herodotus’ Histories Book 1 was tabulated
with the help of vocabulary tools in the Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 22

ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 17
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα, ἦγµαι, ἤχθην: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 38
Ἀθηναίη, ἡ: Athena, 9 (Ἀθῆναι, αἱ: Athens, 6)
Ἀθηναῖος, -ον: Athenian, of Athens, 35
Αἰολεύς, -έος, ὁ: Aeolian, 15
αἱρέω, αἱρήσω, εἷλον, ᾕρηκα, ᾕρηµαι, ᾑρέθην: to seize, take; mid. choose, 26
αἴτιος, -η, -ον: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15
ἀκούω, ἀκούσοµαι, ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, —, ἠκούσθην: to hear, listen to, 32
ἁλίσκοµαι, ἁλώσοµαι, ἑάλων, ἑάλωκα, —, —: to be taken, be caught, 16
ἀλλά: but, 76
ἀλλήλους, -ας, -α: one another (non-nominative forms) 17
ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 171
Ἀλυάττης, ὁ: Alyattes, 22
ἅµα: at once, at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 21
ἀµείβοµαι, ἀµείψοµαι, ἠµειψάµην: to answer, make return; exchange, 23
ἀµφότερος, -η, -ον: each of two, both, 18
ἄν: modal adv., 78
ἀνά: up, upon (+ dat.); up to, on to (+ acc.), 89
ἀνά-θηµα, -ατος, τό: votive offering, 16
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man; husband 92
ἄνθρωπος, ὁ: human being, human, man, 56
ἄνω: up, above, 16
ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 21
ἀπ-ικνέοµαι, ἀπίξοµαι, ἀπικόµην, —, ἀπῖγµαι, —: to come, arrive, 78
ἀπ-ίστηµι, -στήσω, -έστησα, -έστηκα, -έσταµαι, -εστάθην: to make revolt; remove, 15
ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 74
ἀπο-δείκνυµι, -δέξω, -έδεξα, -δέδεχα, -δέδεγµαι, -εδέχθην: demonstrate, exhibit, produce, 20
ἀπ-όλλυµι, -ὀλῶ, -ώλεσα, -ολώλεκα, —, —: to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 15
Ἀργεῖος, -η, -ον: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece), 15
Ἅρπαγος, ὁ: Harpagus, 50
ἀρχή, ἡ: a beginning; rule, office, 38
ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα, ἦρχα, ἦργµαι, ἢρχθην: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 48
Ἀσίη, ἡ: Asia, 29
Ασσύριος, -η, -ον: Assyrian, 16
ἄστυ, τὸ: a city, town, 26
Ἀστυάγης, ὁ: Astyages, 63
αὐτίκα: straightway, at once; presently, 17
αὐτός, -ή, -ό: -self; he, she, it; the same, 392
αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there, 49
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 245
Βαβυλών, ἡ: Babylon, 18
Βαβυλώνιος, -η, -ον: Babylonian, 20
βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73
βασιλεύω, βασιλεύσω, ἐβασίλευσα: to rule, be king, 23
βασιληίη, -ης, ἡ: a kingship, rule; kingship, 21
βασιλήιος, -ον: royal, kingly, 35
βου-κόλος, ὁ: cowherd, herdsman, 24
βουλεύω, -σω, ἐβούλευσα, βεβούλευκα, βεβούλευµαι, ἐβουλεύθην: deliberate, take counsel, 18
βούλοµαι, βουλήσοµαι, —, —, βεβούληµαι, ἐβουλήθην: to wish, be willing, desire, 42
γάρ: for, since, 247
γε: at least, at any rate; indeed, 37
γῆ, ἡ: earth, 26
γίνοµαι, γενήσοµαι, ἐγένοµην, γέγονα, γεγένηµαι, —: come to be, become; happen, 212
γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose, 20
Γύγης, ὁ: Gyges, 22
γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 77
δέ: but, and, on the other hand, 1249
δεῖ: it is necessary, must, ought; it is right, (+ inf.), 18
Δελφοί, -ῶν, οἱ: Delphi; the Delphians, 37
δεύτερος, -η, -ον: second, 24
δέω (δέοµαι), δεήσω, ἐδέησα, δεδέηκα, δεδέηµαι, ἐδεήθην: lack; mid. want, need, ask, 20
δέω, δήσω, ἔδησα, δέδεκα, δέδεµαι, ἐδέθην: to bind; lack, want of, need, 3
δή: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 244
Δηιόκης, ὁ: Deioces, 15
δια-φθείρω, -φθερῶ, -έφθειρα, -έφθορα, -έφθαρµαι, -εφθάρην: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 17
διά: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 39
δίδωµι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδοµαι, ἐδόθην: to give, offer, grant, provide, 37
δίκη, ἡ: justice, reparation, penalty; lawsuit, trial, 15
διό: δι ᾿ ὅ, on account of which, on which account, 15
δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα, δεδόκηκα, δέδογµαι, ἐδοκήθην: to seem, seem best, think, imagine, 53
ἐάν: εἰ ἄν, if (contracted as ἤν), 103
ἑωυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 133
ἐάω, ἐάσω, εἴασα, εἴακα, εἴαµαι, εἰάθην: to permit, allow, let be, suffer, 3
ἐγώ: I, 187
ἐθέλω (θέλω), ἐθελήσω, ἠθέλησα, ἠθέληκα, —, —: to be willing, wish, desire, 32
ἔθνος, -εος, τό: race, people, tribe, 35
εἰ: if, whether, 78
εἶδον: saw, beheld, (aor. of ὁράω) 41
εἶµι: will go, will come, (fut. of ἔρχοµαι,) 38
εἰµί, ἔσοµαι: to be, exist, 689
εἵνεκα: for the sake or because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 31
εἶπον: said, spoke (aor. λέγω, φηµί), 51
εἴροµαι, εἰρήσοµαι, ἠρόµην: to ask, enquire, question (usually aor., Att. pres. ἐρωτάω) 16
εἷς, µία, ἕν: one, single, alone, 34
ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 164
ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 39
ἐκ-δίδωµι, -δώσω, -έδωκα, -δέδωκα, -δέδοµαι, -εδόθην: to give up, surrender, render, 21
246 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary
ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 51

ἔλεγος, ὁ: a song of mourning, a lament, elegy, 25
Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος, ὁ: Greek, 48
ἐλαύνω, ἐλῶ, ἤλασα, ἐλήλακα, ἐλήλαµαι, ἠλάθην: to march, drive, set in motion, 27
ἐµός, -ή, -όν: my, mine, 57
ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 262
ἔνθα: where; there, 16
ἐνθαῦτα: here, hither, there, thither, then, (Att. ἐνταῦθἀ) 17
ἐνθεῦτεν: hence, thence; thereupon (Att. ἐντεῦθεν ), 19
ἐν-τέλλοµαι, —, ἐνετειλάµην, —, ἐντέταλµαι, —: to command, enjoin, 18
ἐπ-ειρωτάω, -ἐρωτήσω, -ἠρόµην, -ἠρώτηκα, -ἠρώτηµαι, -ἠρωτήθην: to ask, inquire of, 17
ἐπεί: when, after, since, because (also ἐπείτε, ἐπειδή) 60
ἐπεάν: whenever, 15
ἐπί: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (dat.), 199
ἐπ-ίστηµι, -στήσω, -έστησα, -έστηκα, -έσταµαι, -εστάθην: to stand near, over; establish,
impose, 16
ἔργον, τό: work, task, deed, act, 24
ἐρέω: will say, will speak, will mention (fut. of λέγω, pf. εἴρηµαι) 20
ἔρχοµαι, ἐλεύσοµαι, ἦλθον, ἐλήλυθα, —, —: to come or go, 32
ἐς: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 661
ἕτερος, -η, -ον: one of two, other, different, 37
ἔτι: still, besides, further, 40
ἔτος, -εως, τό: a year, 43
ἔχω, ἕξω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἔσχηµαι, —: to have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 171
εὖ: well, 24
εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὗρον, ηὕρηκα, ηὕρηµαι, ηὑρέθην: to find, discover, devise, invent, 20
ἤ: or (either...or); than, 69
ἡµέρη, ἡ: day, daylight, dawn, 35
θάλασσα, ἡ: sea, 22
θηέοµαι, θεήσοµαι, ἐθηησάµην: to see, watch, look at; consider (Att. θεάοµαι), 15
θεός, ὁ: a god, divinity, 53
θυγάτηρ, ἡ: a daughter, 21
θύω, θύσω, ἔθυσα, τέθυκα, τέθυµαι, ἐτύθην: to sacrifice, 19
ἵηµι, ἥσω, ἧκα, εἷκα, εἷµαι, εἵθην: to let go, release, send, throw; mid. hasten, 21
ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 18
ἵππος, ὁ: a horse, 19
ἱρός, -ή, -όν: holy, divine; neuter noun temple (Att. ἱερός), 37
ἵστηµι, στήσω, ἔστησα, ἓστηκα, ἕσταµαι, ἐστάθην:: to make stand, set up, stop, establish, 21
Ἴωνες, οἱ: Ionian, 60
Ἰωνίη, ἡ: Ionia, 15
καί: and, also, even, too, 1187
κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 26
καλέω, καλέω, ἐκάλεσα, κέκληκα, κέκληµαι, ἐκλήθην: to call, summon, invite, 63
κατ-ίστηµι, -στήσω, -έστησα, -έστηκα, -έσταµαι, -εστάθην: set down; appoint, establish, 17
καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 18
Κᾶρες, οἱ: Carians, 16
κάρτα: very, very much, strongly, 19
κατά: down from (+ gen.), down (along); concerning (+ acc.), 130
κατα-στρέφω, -στρέψω, -έστρεψα, -έστραµµαι, -εστράφθην: upset, overturn; mid. subdue, 22

κεῖµαι, κείσοµαι: to lie (down); be assigned, be established (often equiv. to pass. of τίθηµι) 16
κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα, κεκέλευκα, κεκέλευσµαι, ἐκελεύσθην: to bid, order, exhort, 39
κῆρυξ, κήρυκος ὁ: messenger, herald; auctioneer, 15
Κροῖσος, ὁ: Croesus, King of the Lydians, 165
Κῦρος, -εος, ὁ: Cyrus, 125
Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, Spartan, 31
λαµβάνω, λήψοµαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα, εἴληµµαι, ἐλήφθην: to take, receive, catch, grasp, 30
λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα, εἴλοχα, λέλεγµαι, ἐλέχθην: to say, speak, (fut. is often ἐρέω) 159
λόγος, ὁ: word, speech, discourse, argument, 61
Λυδός, -ή, -όν: Lydian, of Lydia, 86
µακρός, -ή, -όν: long, far, distant, large, 17
µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 32
µᾶλλον: more, rather, 20
µανθάνω, µαθήσοµαι, ἔµαθον, µεµάθηκα, —, —: to learn, understand, 24
Μασσαγέται, οἱ: Massagetae, 18
µάχη, ἡ: battle, fight, combat, 21
µάχοµαι, µαχέοµαι, ἐµαχεσάµην, —, µεµάχηµαι, —: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 20
µέγας, µεγάλη, µέγα: big, great, important, 107
µέλλω: to be about to, to intend to, 18
µέν: on the one hand, 395
µέντοι: however, nevertheless; certainly, 21
µέσος, - η, -ον: middle, in the middle of, 16
µετά: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 75
µή: not, lest, 92
µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 20
Μῆδος, ὁ: Mede, Median, 63
Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian; ἡ Μιλησίη, Milesia, 25
µιν: him(self), her(self), it(self), one(self); acc. sg., equiv. to αὐτόν, —ήν (dat. sg., see οἱ) 69
µοῦνος, -η, -ον: alone, only, solitary, 36
νῆσος, ἡ: an island, 19
νηός, ὁ: temple, 26
νηῦς, νηός, ἡ: a ship, boat, 19
νικάω, νικήσω, ἐνίκησα, νενίκηκα, νενίκηµαι, ἐνικήθην: to conquer, defeat, win, 21
νόµος, ὁ: law, custom; tune, 31
νοµίζω, νοµιῶ, ἐνόµισα, νενόµικα, νενόµισµαι, ἐνοµίσθην: believe, consider, deem, hold, 27
νῦν: now; as it is, 106
ξεῖνος, ὁ: guest, foreigner, stranger, 16
ὁ, ἡ, τό: the; he, she, it, 4017
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 133
ὁδός, ἡ: road, way, path, journey, 23
οἱ: to or for him(self), her(self), it(self); dat. sg., equivalent to αὐτῷ, —ῇ (acc., see µιν) 118
οἶδα: to know (pf. with pres. sense), 22
οἰκέω, οἰκήσω, ᾤκησα, ᾤκηκα, ᾤκηµαι, ᾠκήθην: to inhabit, dwell, live, 36
οἰκίη, ἡ: a house, home, dwelling, 18
οἷος, -η, -ον: of what sort, as, 21
ὅκως: how, in what way; in order that, that, 26
ὅµοιος, -η, -ον: like, resembling, similar; adv likewise, 21
248 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary
ὄνειρος, τό: a dream, 11

ὀπίσω: backwards, back, back again, 18
ὁράω, ὄψοµαι, εἶδον, ἑώρακα, ὦµµαι, ὤφθην: to see, look, behold, 32
ὁρµάω, ὁρµήσω, ὥρµησα, —, ὥρµηµαι, ὡρµήθην: to set out, begin; set in motion, urge, 15
ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, 18
ὀρύσσω, ὀρύξω, ὤρυξα, ὀρώρυκα, ὀρώρυγµαι, ὠρύχθην, : to dig, dig through, quarry, 19
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which, that, 226
ὅσος, -η, -ον: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 45
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, whichever, whatever, 62
ὅτι: that; because, 38
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 226
οὐ-δέ: and not, but not, nor, not even, 36
οὐδαµός, -ή, -όν: not even one, no one, 15
οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 78
οὔνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 48
οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 667
οὔ-τε: and not, neither...nor, 54
οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 82
παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: a child, boy, girl; slave, 129
Πακτύης, ὁ: Pactyes, 16
παρά: from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
πάρ-ειµι, -έσοµαι: to be near, be present, be at hand, 38
πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: every, all, the whole, 234
πατήρ, ὁ: a father, 23
πεδίον, τό: plain, flat land, 15
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέποιθα, πέπεισµαι, ἐπείσθην: persuade, win over, trust; mid. obey, 27
πειράοµαι, πειρήσοµαι, ἐπειρησάµην, —, πεπείρηµαι, ἐπειρήθην: attempt, make trial of, 15
Πεισίστρατος, ὁ: Pisistratus, 24
πέµπω, πέµψω, ἔπεµψα, πέποµφα, πέπεµµαι, ἐπέµφθην: to send, conduct, convey, 44
πέντε: five, 16
πέρ: just; all, however, though, 42
περί: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 67
Πέρσης, -ου, ὁ: a Persian, 108
πλέω, πλεύσοµαι, ἔπλευσα, πέπλευκα, πέπλευσµαι, ἐπλεύσθην: to sail, 16
πλέων, πλέον: more, greater, larger, 21
πλοῖον τό: ship, vessel, 15
ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα, πεποίηκα, πεποίηµαι, ἐποιήθην: to do, make; mid. consider, 193
πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 24
πόλις, ἡ: a city, 78
πολύς, πολλά, πολύ: much, many, 107
ποταµός, ὁ: river, stream 75
πρῆγµα, τό: deed, act; matter, affair, trouble, 29
πρίν: until, before, 20
πρός: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 111
πρότερος, -η, -ον: before, in front of; earlier, 108
πρῶτος, -η, -ον: first, earliest 56
Πυθίη, ἡ: Pythia, priestess of Apollo, 17
πυνθάνοµαι, πεύσοµαι, ἐπυθόµην, —, πέπυσµαι, —: to learn by inquiry, learn by hearsay, 41
ῥέω, ῥυήσοµαι, ἐρρύην, ἐρρύηκα, —, —: to flow, run, stream, 18
Σάρδις, ίων, αἱ: Sardis, capital city of Lydia, 49

Σκύθης, ὁ: Scythian, 20
σός, -ή, -όν: your, yours, 41
στρατεύω, στρατεύσω, ἐστράτευσα: to wage war, campaign against, 34
στρατίη, ἡ: an army, expedition, land force, 22
στρατός, τό: army, encamped army, 33
σύ: you, 161
σφεῖς, σφέων, σφέας, σφι (σφίσι): they, equivalent to αὐτοὺς, -άς 160
ταύτῃ: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 16
τάχιστος, -η, -ον: very fast; τάχιστα, very quickly, 36
ταχύς, εῖα, ύ: quick, swift, hastily, 30
τε: and, both, 419
τεῖχος, -εος τό : wall, city-wall, 35
τελευτάω, τελευτήσω, ἐτελεύτησα, τετελεύτηκα, —, —: end, complete, finish; die, 30
τῇ: here, there, 147
τίθηµι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, τέθειµαι, ἐτέθην: to set, put, place, arrange, 22
τίς, τί (τις, τι): who? which?; anyone, something, 943
τοιόσδε, -άδε, -όνδε: such, 32
τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 33
τότε: at that time, then, 26
τρόπος, ὁ: way, manner, course, direction, 30
τυγχάνω, τεύξοµαι, ἔτυχον, τετύχηκα, —, —: to chance upon, get; meet with; happen, 21
ὑπό: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 74
φαίνω, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφηνα, πέφασµαι, ἐφάνθην: to show; mid. appear, seem, be visible, 19
φέρω, οἴσω, ἤνεγκον, ἐνήνοχα, ἐνήνεγµαι, ἠνέχθην: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 42
φεύγω, φεύξοµαι, ἔφυγον, πέφευγα, —, —: to flee, escape; defend in court, 15
φηµί, ἐρέω, εἶπον, εἴρηκα, εἴρηµαι, ἐρρήθην: to say, claim, assert, 51
φίλος, -η, -ον: dear, beloved; subst. friend, kin, 15
φυλάσσω, φυλάξω, ἐφύλαξα, πεφύλαχα, πεφύλαγµαι, ἐφυλάχθην: keep watch or guard 15
χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 15
χράοµαι, χρήσοµαι, ἐχρησάµην, —, κέχρηµαι, ἐχρήσθην: use, employ, engage in (+ dat.), 57
χράω, χρήσω, ἔχρησα, —, κέχρηµαι, ἐχρήσθην: to proclaim or direct by oracle (mid.
χράοµαι), 10
χρῆµα, -ατος, τό: money, goods, 28
χρηστήριον, τό: an oracle, 23
χρόνος, ὁ: time, 48
χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 32
χρυσός, ὁ: gold, 17
χωρέω, χωρήσω, ἐχώρησα, κεχώρηκα, —, —: to go, come; have room for, 49
χώρη, ἡ: land, region, area, place, 46
χῶρος, ὁ: ground, place, land, 16
ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 20
ὦ: O! oh!, 39
ὦν: and so, then; at all events (Ion. for οὖν), 68
ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 22
ὡς: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 238
250 Notes
Notes 251
252 Notes
Notes 253
254 Notes

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Herodotus’ Histories Book 1

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

© 2012 by Geoffrey D. Steadman

revised July 2013

Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Fonts: Times, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode

Introduction, Conflicting accounts of kidnapping (sections I.1-I.5)……………….2-9

Rise and Fall of Croesus of Lydia (fl. 560-546 B.C.)

Early kings of Lydia (I.7-I.25)……………………………………………….8-27

Rise and Fall of Cyrus of Persia (fl. 559-529 B.C.)

Early history of Persia (I.95- I.106)……………………………………...108-121

Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make Herodotus’ Histories Book I as accessible as

Print on Demand Books

This volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book, and as such it

Geoffrey D. Steadman Ph.D.

How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of

Major Differences between Ionic and Attic Greek

Herodotus wrote in an Ionic dialect, and below is a summary of some of the

Attic Herodotus (Ionic)

Attic Herodotus (Ionic)

b. uncontracted vowel stems: ὤν ἐών (pple εἰµί)

c. 3rd pl. mid./pass. often changes:

c. 3rd person acc. sg. αὐτῷ, ῇ οἱ

adapted from Herodotus Book III S. Newmyer (Bryn Mawr, 1986)

Running Core Vocabulary

2 αἴτιος, -η, -ον: culpable, responsible, blameworthy, 15

3 ἔρχοµαι, ἐλεύσοµαι, ἦλθον, ἐλήλυθα, —, —: to come or go, 32

6 µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 20

18 δια-φθείρω, -φθερῶ, -έφθειρα, -έφθορα, -έφθαρµαι, -εφθάρην: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 17

39 αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there, 49

abs. absolute imp. imperative pf. perfect

The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories (2007) edited by Robert

The Cambridge Campanion to Herodotus (2006) edited by Carolyn

Discourses on the First Book of Herodotus (1995) by James Arieti offers a

Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε 1

τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε

1 Περσέων μέν νυν οἱ λόγιοι Φοίνικας αἰτίους φασὶ

Αἰγύπτιά τε καὶ Ἀσσύρια τῇ τε ἄλλῃ [χωρῇ] ἐσαπικνέεσθαι

Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 8 ἐρυθρός, -ή, -όν: red, 5

1 ἀπόδεξις ἥδε: the following is a accusative predicate of the aor. inf.

ἀπικομένους δὲ τούς Φοίνικας ἐς δὴ τὸ Ἄργος τοῦτο διατί- 14

3 θεσθαι τὸν φόρτον. πέμπτῃ δὲ ἢ ἕκτῃ ἡμέρῃ ἀπ᾽ ἧς ἀπίκοντο, 15

ἐξεμπολημένων σφι σχεδόν πάντων, ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν

15 πέµπτῃ ἤ ἕκτῃ ἡµέρῃ: on the...or…; dative possession

Φοίνικας διακελευσαμένους ὁρμῆσαι ἐπ᾽ αὐτάς. τὰς μὲν δὴ 1

πλεῦνας τῶν γυναικῶν ἀποφυγεῖν, τὴν δὲ Ἰοῦν σὺν ἄλλῃσι

ἀδικημάτων πρῶτον τοῦτο ἄρξαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἑλλήνων

2 αἰτίους τῆς δευτέρης ἀδικίης γενέσθαι. καταπλώσαντας γὰρ

μακρῇ νηί ἐς Αἶαν τε τὴν Κολχίδα καὶ ἐπὶ Φᾶσιν ποταμόν,

ἀ-δίκηµα, -ατος, τό: injustice, wrongdoing, 3 Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5

1 διακελευσαµένος: encouraging (one 8 προσσχόντας: that (they) heading toward;

τὸν Κόλχον [βασιλέα] ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα κήρυκα αἰτέειν τε δίκας 15

τῆς ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀπαιτέειν τὴν θυγατέρα. τοὺς δὲ ὑποκρί-

γυναῖκα, ἐπιστάμενον πάντως ὅτι οὐ δώσει δίκας. οὐδὲ γὰρ

Ἕλλησι δόξαι πρῶτὸν πέμψαντας ἀγγέλους ἀπαιτέειν τε

δόντες αὐτοὶ δίκας οὐδὲ ἐκδόντες ἀπαιτεόντων βουλοίατό σφι

Ἀλέξανδρος, ὁ: Alexander, Paris of Troy, 1 Ἰώ, ἡ: Io (daughter of Inachus), 5