Chapter 10

1. Joni claims that she is intellectually gifted because she “possesses” an IQ of 145. She is most clearly committing
the error known as
A. heritability.
B. the Flynn effect.
C. reification.
D. stereotype threat.

Answer: C
2. Psychologists use ________ to assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others.
A. neural plasticity
B. reliability coefficients
C. intelligence tests
D. the g factor

Answer: C
3. Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a(n)
A. inborn ability to perform well on standard intelligence tests.
B. mental ability to learn from experience.
C. general trait that underlies success on nearly any task.
D. multiple array of completely independent adaptive traits.

Answer: B
4. Spearman's g factor refers to
A. the genetic contribution to intelligence.
B. a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
C. a highly developed skill or talent possessed by an otherwise mentally retarded person.
D. the ability to understand and regulate emotions.

Answer: B
5. Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an
individual's mental capacities?
A. Thurstone
B. Spearman
C. Gardner
D. Sternberg

Answer: B
6. Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to
 A. derive IQ scores by comparing mental age with chronological age.
B. extract test norms from a standardization sample.
C. identify clusters of closely related test items.
D. provide a quantitative estimate of heritability.

Answer: C
7. To assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities, psychologists have made
extensive use of
A. the normal curve.
B. the Flynn effect.
C. standardization.
D. factor analysis.

Answer: D
8. L. L. Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including word fluency, memory, and
inductive reasoning. He claimed that word fluency
A. underlies all of our intelligent behaviors.
B. is the most difficult mental ability to assess reliably.
C. involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning.
D. is not actually a form of intelligence.

Answer: C
9. People's scores on the general intelligence factor are most highly correlated with their ability to solve ________
problems.
A. emotional
B. sexual
C. social
D. novel

Answer: D
10. In 8 to 10 seconds, memory whiz Kim Peek can read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he has little
capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate
A. autism.
B. Down syndrome.
C. emotional intelligence.
D. savant syndrome.

Answer: D
11. Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing
lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is
likely that Alexandra is
A. gifted with a superior level of Spearman's g factor.
 B. demonstrating a high level of emotional intelligence.
C. above average in her capacity for divergent thinking.
D. someone with savant syndrome.

Answer: D
12. The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is
A. a diverse set of distinct abilities.
B. largely unpredictable and unmeasurable.
C. a culturally constructed concept.
D. dependent upon the speed of cognitive processing.

Answer: A
13. Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.
A. three
B. five
C. eight
D. twelve

Answer: C
14. Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize
A. Spearman's concept of general intelligence.
B. Binet's concept of mental age.
C. Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences.
D. Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.

Answer: C
15. Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes
A. minimizing one's negative emotions.
B. spatially analyzing visual input.
C. experiencing positive self-esteem.
D. behaving morally.

Answer: B
16. Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.
A. intrapersonal
B. creative
C. spatial
D. musical

Answer: B
17. Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?
 A. Jamal, a student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple-choice test questions
B. Gareth, a graduate student who generates many creative ideas
C. Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources
D. Cindy, a young mother who prefers cleaning her house to supervising her children

Answer: C
18. Compared with traditional college entrance exams, assessments that include tests of Sternberg's three intelligences
reveal ________ ethnic group differences in intelligence and ________ accurate prediction of American students'
first-year grades.
A. increased; less
B. reduced; less
C. increased; more
D. reduced; more

Answer: D
19. Compared with Gardner, Sternberg has identified ______ independent dimensions of intelligence and his forms of
intelligence have been ______ reliably measured.
A. more; more
B. fewer; less
C. more; less
D. fewer; more

Answer: D
20. The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called
A. convergent thinking.
B. savant syndrome.
C. factor analysis.
D. creativity.

Answer: D
21. Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates
A. the Flynn effect.
B. divergent thinking.
C. predictive validity.
D. factor analysis.

Answer: B
22. Injury to the left ________ lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on
intelligence tests.
A. frontal
B. parietal
C. occipital
 D. temporal

Answer: B
23. Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of
A. creativity.
B. predictive validity.
C. savant syndrome.
D. the g factor.

Answer: A
24. The most creative scientists are those who
A. investigate issues about which they have very little previous knowledge.
B. are intrinsically motivated to solve problems.
C. have little tolerance for ambiguity.
D. demonstrate low levels of practical intelligence.

Answer: B
25. When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial
expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
A. analytical intelligence.
B. divergent thinking.
C. emotional intelligence.
D. factor analysis.

Answer: C
26. The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of
A. emotional intelligence.
B. heritability.
C. savant syndrome.
D. divergent thinking.

Answer: A
27. Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and
needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of
A. convergent thinking.
B. the g factor.
C. mental age.
D. emotional intelligence.

Answer: D
28. The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for
A. lacking definitional clarity.
 B. being indistinguishable from analytical intelligence.
C. being difficult to measure reliably.
D. extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.

Answer: D
29. As adults age, the size of their brains ________ and their nonverbal intelligence test scores ________.
A. increases; decrease
B. decreases; increase
C. increases; increase
D. decreases; decrease

Answer: D
30. Postmortem brain analyses reveal that highly educated people have ________ when they die than do their less
educated counterparts.
A. less neural plasticity
B. more synapses
C. less gray matter
D. more reification

Answer: B
31. Research on intelligence and brain anatomy indicates that highly intelligent children demonstrate ______ than
their less intelligent counterparts.
A. smaller synaptic gaps
B. longer axons
C. greater neural plasticity
D. higher dopamine levels

Answer: C
32. Compared with kids of average intelligence, more intelligent children show cortex thickening at a(n) ________
age and ________ noticeable changes in cortex thickening and thinning.
A. later; more
B. earlier; more
C. later; less
D. earlier; less

Answer: A
33. High intelligence scores have been linked with high concentrations of gray matter in certain regions of the frontal
lobe. The gray matter refers to the ________ of neurons.
A. cell bodies
B. axons
C. dendrites
D. synaptic junctions
Answer: A
34. Brain size (adjusted for body size) is ________ correlated with intelligence. The speed of taking in perceptual
information is ________ correlated with intelligence.
A. positively; negatively
B. negatively; positively
C. positively; positively
D. negatively; negatively

Answer: C
35. Precocious 12- to 14-year-old college students with unusually high levels of verbal intelligence are most likely to
A. retrieve information from memory at an unusually rapid speed.
B. perform at only an average level on tests of mathematical aptitude.
C. experience less loneliness and achieve happier marriages than the average college student.
D. demonstrate unusually high levels of the practical managerial intelligence common to successful business
executives.

Answer: A
36. Studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between intelligence and the brain's
A. rate of glucose consumption.
B. production of endorphins.
C. neural processing speed.
D. ability to process language in the right rather than the left hemisphere.

Answer: C
37. The nineteenth-century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that
A. mental abilities cannot be measured.
B. superior intelligence is biologically inherited.
C. academic aptitude involves divergent rather than convergent thinking.
D. intelligence test performance depends on motivation rather than ability.

Answer: B
38. Who attempted to assess intellectual strengths by measuring muscular power, sensory acuity, and body
proportions?
A. Terman
B. Binet
C. Spearman
D. Galton

Answer: D
39. Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
A. provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential.
 B. distinguish between academic and practical intelligence.
C. identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
D. assess general capacity for goaldirected adaptive behavior.

Answer: C
40. To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's
A. divergent thinking.
B. emotional intelligence.
C. mental age.
D. intrinsic motivation.

Answer: C
41. To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's
A. head size.
B. reasoning skills.
C. muscular power.
D. neural processing speed.

Answer: B
42. Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's
mental age is
A. 4.
B. 4.5.
C. 5.
D. 80.

Answer: A
43. Who would have been the LEAST enthusiastic about relying on eugenics for the improvement of human
intellectual functioning?
A. Plato
B. Binet
C. Terman
D. Darwin

Answer: B
44. Binet and Terman would have been most likely to disagree about the
A. extent to which intelligence is determined by heredity.
B. need to standardize intelligence tests.
C. possibility of predicting people's academic success from intelligence test scores.
D. definition of mental age.

Answer: A
45. For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as
A. mental age multiplied by 100.
B. chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.
C. chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100.
D. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

Answer: D
46. A 12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old
was said to have an IQ of
A. 75.
B. 85.
C. 115.
D. 133.

Answer: A
47. Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is
A. 4.
B. 6.
C. 8.
D. 9.

Answer: B
48. The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage
A. selective breeding of highly intelligent people.
B. creation of special education programs for intellectually inferior children.
C. construction of culturally and racially unbiased tests of intelligence.
D. use of factor analysis for identification of various types of intelligence.

Answer: A
49. In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving
immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some
psychologists of that day to
A. stereotype threat.
B. innate mental inferiority.
C. savant syndrome.
D. divergent thinking.

Answer: B
50. Tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called
A. interest inventories.
B. factor analytic measures.
 C. standardized assessments.
D. aptitude tests.

Answer: D
51. A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.
A. reliability
B. achievement
C. aptitude
D. intelligence

Answer: C
52. Achievement tests are designed to
A. measure the desire and potential capacity to successfully meet challenges.
B. assess ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
C. compare an individual's personality with those of highly successful people.
D. assess learned knowledge or skills.

Answer: D
53. The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n) ________ test.
A. achievement
B. reliability
C. aptitude
D. intelligence

Answer: A
54. Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.
A. current interests; past competence
B. past competence; current interests
C. current competence; future performance
D. future performance; current competence

Answer: D
55. The WAIS consists of separate ________ subtests.
A. intelligence and creativity
B. aptitude and achievement
C. convergent and divergent thinking
D. verbal and performance

Answer: D
56. Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design are three performance subtests of the
A. WAIS.
 B. SAT.
C. Stanford-Binet.
D. GRE.

Answer: A
57. If a test is standardized, this means that
A. it accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
B. a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.
C. most test scores will cluster near the average.
D. the test will yield consistent results when administered on different occasions.

Answer: B
58. When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked
how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon's concern was directly related to the
issue of
A. standardization.
B. predictive validity.
C. reliability.
D. content validity.

Answer: A
59. The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is
called a
A. standardization sample.
B. reliability coefficient.
C. factor analysis.
D. normal curve.

Answer: D
60. About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.
A. 30
B. 50
C. 68
D. 96

Answer: C
61. The normal curve would represent the distribution of
A. the American population in terms of gender.
B. American schoolchildren in terms of their ages.
C. American women in terms of their physical heights.
D. all of these groups.
Answer: C
62. Comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample with the average performance of
the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convincing evidence of
A. heritability.
B. the g factor.
C. the Flynn effect.
D. intrinsic motivation.

Answer: C
63. It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to
A. the deteriorating quality of parental involvement in children's education.
B. increasingly improved childhood health and nutrition.
C. the decreasing reliance on a single test score as an index of mental aptitudes.
D. the failure to restandardize existing intelligence tests.

Answer: B
64. If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of
A. standardization.
B. predictive validity.
C. reliability.
D. content validity.

Answer: C
65. Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta
Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The
fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of
A. content validity.
B. reliability.
C. predictive validity.
D. standardization.

Answer: B
66. Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the
________ of a test.
A. validity
B. reliability
C. standardization
D. normal distribution

Answer: B
67. A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________
level of validity.
 A. low; low
B. low; high
C. high; low
D. high; high

Answer: C
68. A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of
A. validity.
B. standardization.
C. reliability.
D. the g factor.

Answer: A
69. If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have
A. reliability.
B. a normal distribution.
C. content validity.
D. intrinsic motivation.

Answer: C
70. Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and
perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In
this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.
A. reliability
B. factor analysis
C. standardization
D. content validity

Answer: D
71. Psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to assess
the ________ of the intelligence test.
A. reliability
B. standardization
C. normal distribution
D. predictive validity

Answer: D
72. Academic aptitude test scores are MOST likely to predict accurately the academic success of ________ students.
A. elementary school
B. high school
C. college
D. graduate school
Answer: A
73. Why does the predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational experience of the students
who take them increases?
A. More educated students have taken aptitude tests so frequently that for them such tests are no longer pure
measures of aptitude.
B. Comparisons of mental age with chronological age are inadequate for assessing the aptitude of older and
more educated students.
C. There is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels.
D. Among more educated students, motivation has a much greater effect on academic success than does
aptitude.

Answer: C
74. The correlation between academic success and intelligence test scores will be LOWEST if computed for a group
of individuals whose scores range between
A. 55 and 100.
B. 85 and 115.
C. 100 and 145.
D. 70 and 130.

Answer: B
75. Some studies indicate that a rough indicator of infants' later intelligence is their
A. birth weight.
B. readiness to sit up at an early age.
C. readiness to crawl at an early age.
D. preference for looking at a new rather than an old picture.

Answer: D
76. Intelligence scores are most likely to be stable over a one-year period for a
A. preschool student whose intelligence test score is 80.
B. second-grade student whose intelligence test score is 125.
C. sixth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 115.
D. tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.

Answer: D
77. The high positive correlations between scores received on comparable sections of the SAT and GRE provide
evidence for the ________ of these test scores.
A. reliability
B. heritability
C. standardization
D. normal distribution

Answer: A
78. Women scoring in the highest 25 percent on the Scottish national intelligence test at age 11 tended to ________
than those who scored in the lowest 25 percent.
A. live longer
B. be less creative
C. talk at an earlier age
D. experience more stereotype threat

Answer: A
79. Mr. and Mrs. Linkletter are parents of a mentally retarded child. It is MOST likely that their child
A. is a female rather than a male.
B. is unusually creative.
C. was born with an extra chromosome.
D. will have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life.

Answer: D
80. Individuals with Down syndrome are
A. unlikely to show obvious signs of mental retardation.
B. mentally retarded due to neglect during infancy.
C. mentally retarded, except for one specific ability in which they excel.
D. born with an extra chromosome.

Answer: D
81. Sasha is mildly mentally retarded. She has achieved the equivalent of a fifth-grade education and will soon begin
vocational training so that she can earn a living. Sasha's intelligence score is most likely between
A. 5 and 19.
B. 20 and 34.
C. 35 and 49.
D. 50 and 70.

Answer: D
82. Over the past 50 or so years, children with mental retardation have increasingly been likely to
A. have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.
B. be diagnosed as having a chromosomal abnormality.
C. demonstrate symptoms of savant syndrome.
D. be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms.

Answer: D
83. The percentage of people diagnosed with mental retardation has ________ over the past 80 years because
intelligence tests have been ________.
A. increased; factor analyzed
B. decreased; factor analyzed
increased; restandardized
 C.
D. decreased; restandardized

Answer: C
84. Terman's observations of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135 contradicted the popular notion that
intellectually gifted children are typically
A. socially maladjusted.
B. physically healthy.
C. verbally skilled.
D. in a different world.

Answer: A
85. Sorting children into “gifted child” education programs is most likely to be criticized for
A. overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness.
B. widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
C. claiming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success.
D. underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks.

Answer: B
86. “Gifted child” programs can lead to ______ by implicitly labeling some students as “ungifted” and isolating them
from an enriched educational environment.
A. divergent thinking
B. the Flynn effect
C. factor analysis
D. self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer: D
87. The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is
A. less than that between children and their biological parents.
B. equal to that between identical twins reared together.
C. equal to that between fraternal twins reared together.
D. greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.

Answer: D
88. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by
heredity?
A. Japanese children have higher average intelligence scores than do American children.
B. Fraternal twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are ordinary siblings.
C. The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with the intelligence scores of their parents.
D. Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared
together.

Answer: D
89. Today's researchers have identified many different chromosomal regions important to intelligence. This indicates
that intelligence is
A. neural plasticity.
B. intrinsic motivation.
C. polygenetic.
D. divergent thinking.

Answer: C
90. The intelligence test scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of
their adoptive siblings during
A. middle childhood.
B. early adolescence.
C. middle adolescence.
D. early adulthood.

Answer: D
91. With increasing age, adopted children's intelligence test scores become ________ positively correlated with their
adoptive parents' scores and ________ positively correlated with their biological parent's scores.
A. more; more
B. less; less
C. more; less
D. less; more

Answer: D
92. Mr. and Mrs. Goldberg can best predict their newborn daughter's future intellectual aptitude by
A. carefully assessing the infant's sensory and reflexive responses.
B. observing their daughter's general level of emotional reactivity.
C. obtaining information about their own levels of intelligence.
D. monitoring the age at which their child first walks and talks.

Answer: C
93. The heritability of intelligence refers to
A. the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
B. the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
C. the extent to which a group's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
D. a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Answer: B
94. The heritability of intelligence is lowest among genetically
A. similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
B. dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
 C. similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
D. dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.

Answer: C
95. Babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to
A. critical periods.
B. telegraphic speech.
C. a deprived environment.
D. savant syndrome.

Answer: C
96. The importance of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by evidence that
A. general intelligence scores predict performance on a variety of complex tasks.
B. the intellectual development of neglected children in impoverished environments is often retarded.
C. identical twins reared together have more similar intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.
D. mental similarities between adopted children and their adoptive families increase with age.

Answer: B
97. The “Mozart effect” refers to the now-discounted finding that cognitive ability is boosted by
A. hybrid vigor.
B. nutritional supplements.
C. Head Start programs.
D. listening to classical music.

Answer: D
98. Research indicates that Head Start programs
A. contribute to dramatic and enduring gains in the participants' intelligence test scores.
B. yield the greatest benefits for participants coming from intellectually stimulating home environments.
C. reduce the likelihood that participants will repeat grades or require special education.
D. achieve all of these results.

Answer: C
99. Interventions that promote intelligence teach early teens that the brain is like a muscle that strengthens with use.
This idea is designed to encourage the teens to view intelligence as
A. a reflection of the g factor.
B. a biologically determined capacity.
C. changeable over time.
D. distributed in a bell-shaped pattern.

Answer: C
100. Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a
 A. grammar test.
B. mathematical reasoning test.
C. computer programming contest.
D. chess tournament.

Answer: A
101. Research suggests that women are more skilled than men at
A. avoiding emotional uncertainty.
B. preventing emotions from distorting reasoning.
C. interpreting others' facial expressions of emotion.
D. delaying emotional gratification in pursuit of long-term goals.

Answer: C
102. Males are most likely to outnumber females in a class designed for high school students highly gifted in
A. reading.
B. speech.
C. math problem solving.
D. a foreign language.

Answer: C
103. Boys outnumber girls at the ________ levels of verbal fluency and at the ________ levels of mathematical
problem-solving ability.
A. high; low
B. low; low
C. high; high
D. low; high

Answer: D
104. Exposure to high levels of male sex hormones during prenatal development is most likely to facilitate the
subsequent development of
A. savant syndrome.
B. spatial abilities.
C. verbal fluency.
D. emotional intelligence.

Answer: B
105. Boys are most likely to outperform girls in a
A. chess tournament.
B. speed-reading tournament.
C. spelling bee.
D. speech-giving contest.
Answer: A
106. Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This
best illustrates that mental abilities are
A. polygenetic.
B. extrinsic motivators.
C. socially influenced.
D. distributed in a bell-shaped pattern.

Answer: C
107. Disproportionately more Whites than Blacks would be admitted into American colleges if performance scores on
________ were the only basis for college admissions.
A. the Stanford-Binet
B. the WAIS
C. the SAT
D. all of these tests

Answer: D
108. On average, the intelligence test scores of the Dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. The difference
in the average test scores of the two groups might be a product of
A. genetic differences between two groups with similar environments.
B. environmental differences between two groups with similar genetics.
C. genetic and environmental differences between the two groups.
D. any of these things.

Answer: D
109. Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that
A. desegregation has actually decreased the academic achievement of Black American children.
B. the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are higher than those of North
American children.
C. among American Blacks, those with the most African ancestry receive the highest intelligence test scores.
D. the Black-White difference in intelligence test scores has increased in recent years.

Answer: B
110. The intelligence test scores of today's better-fed population ________ the scores of the 1930s population.
A. are higher than
B. are lower than
C. are equal to
D. can't be compared with

Answer: A
111. The average difference in intellectual aptitude scores of White and Black college graduates has been observed to
be greatest when these individuals were
 A. eighth graders.
B. high school juniors.
C. college sophomores.
D. college seniors.

Answer: B
112. Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are “biased” in the sense that
A. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
B. the reliability of intelligence tests is close to zero.
C. the heritability of intelligence is very high.
D. numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals.

Answer: A
113. Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be
most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.
A. factor analysis
B. content validity
C. predictive validity
D. reliability

Answer: C
114. When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform
below their true ability levels if they believe that the test
A. is a measure of emotional intelligence as well as academic intelligence.
B. assesses their interests as well as their abilities.
C. is biased against members of their own ethnic group.
D. results in a distribution of scores that forms a bell-shaped curve.

Answer: C
115. Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his
age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This
best illustrates the impact of
A. the Flynn effect.
B. divergent thinking.
C. extrinsic motivation.
D. stereotype threat.

Answer: D
116. Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have
A. avoided questions that require familiarity with any specific culture.
B. helped limit reliance on educators' subjectively biased judgments of students' academic potential.
C. provided an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in different public school systems.
 D. demonstrated that the g factor underlies a variety of intellectual skills.

Answer: B
117. When we refer to someone's intelligence quotient as if it were a fixed and objectively real trait such as height,
we commit a reasoning error called
A. standardization.
B. factor analysis.
C. convergent thinking.
D. reification.

Answer: D
118. The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as
A. divergent thinking.
B. neural plasticity.
C. intelligence.
D. validation.

Answer: C
119. The sort of problem solving that demonstrates “school smarts” is what researchers have historically assessed in
their tests of
A. divergent thinking.
B. intelligence.
C. intrinsic motivation.
D. neural plasticity.

Answer: B
120. Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as
A. heritability.
B. the g factor.
C. factor analysis.
D. emotional intelligence.

Answer: B
121. Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests
of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of
A. predictive validity.
B. heritability.
C. the g factor.
D. reliability.

Answer: C
122. Those who emphasize the importance of the g factor would be most likely to encourage
 A. discontinuing special programs for intellectually advantaged children.
B. deriving adult intelligence test scores from the ratio of mental age to chronological age.
C. using a small standardization sample in the process of intelligence test construction.
D. quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score.

Answer: D
123. A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related test items that seem to tap a common ability is called
A. standardization.
B. reliability assessment.
C. validation.
D. factor analysis.

Answer: D
124. Factor analysis has been used to assess whether
A. intelligence is determined primarily by heredity or by experience.
B. intelligence is a single trait or a collection of distinct abilities.
C. intelligence scores remain stable over the life span.
D. differences in intellectual ability exist between groups of individuals.

Answer: B
125. Investigators detected a tendency for those who excelled in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities to
also demonstrate high levels of competence in other abilities. This provided some evidence of
A. neural plasticity.
B. standardization.
C. divergent thinking.
D. general intelligence.

Answer: D
126. A person who demonstrates an exceptional specific mental skill while otherwise remaining very limited in
intellectual capacity is said to show signs of
A. emotional intelligence.
B. savant syndrome.
C. neural plasticity.
D. intrinsic motivation.

Answer: B
127. Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a
few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in
this century. It would be fair to conclude that
A. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.
B. intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence.
C. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.
 D. Isaiah excels in divergent thinking.

Answer: C
128. The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support
A. Spearman's belief in a general intelligence, or g, factor.
B. Thurstone's notion of social intelligence.
C. Gardner's argument for multiple intelligences.
D. Stern's original IQ formula.

Answer: C
129. Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, creative, and ________ intelligence.
A. spatial
B. musical
C. practical
D. interpersonal

Answer: C
130. Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?
A. Trudy, a student who receives lower grades in physical education than in any other course
B. Freda, a business executive who effectively motivates her sales staff
C. Selma, a 9-year-old who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time
D. Nicole, a teenager who completes the road test for her driver's license without a single error

Answer: C
131. Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of
talents?
A. Howard Gardner
B. Lewis Terman
C. Charles Spearman
D. Alfred Binet

Answer: A
132. People who make outstanding creative contributions to the arts or sciences are most likely to
A. be unusually sensitive to criticism of their ideas.
B. receive above-average scores on standard tests of intelligence.
C. show signs of savant syndrome.
D. be strongly motivated to attain fame and fortune.

Answer: B
133. Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates
A. factor analysis.
 B. convergent thinking.
C. reliability.
D. standardization.

Answer: B
134. Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and
arithmetic skills intact.
A. frontal
B. parietal
C. occipital
D. temporal

Answer: A
135. The components of creativity include
A. impulsivity and empathy.
B. expertise and a venturesome personality.
C. competitiveness and dogmatism.
D. imagination and extrinsic motivation.

Answer: B
136. Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less
creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by
A. emotional intelligence.
B. a venturesome personality.
C. the g factor.
D. extrinsic motivation.

Answer: D
137. Emotional intelligence is a critical component of
A. creativity.
B. social intelligence.
C. analytical intelligence.
D. convergent thinking.

Answer: B
138. When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack
of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of
A. the g factor.
B. intrinsic motivation.
C. factor analysis.
D. emotional intelligence.
Answer: D
139. In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel
comfortable. Sanura's ability best illustrates the value of
A. extrinsic motivation.
B. heritability.
C. divergent thinking.
D. emotional intelligence.

Answer: D
140. One component of emotional intelligence involves
A. the ability to completely forget emotionally traumatic experiences.
B. a lack of concern about receiving social approval.
C. predicting accurately when feelings are about to change.
D. selectively focusing attention on positive thoughts and feelings.

Answer: C
141. The ability to deal effectively with social conflict is not likely to be reflected in one's performance on the WAIS.
This best illustrates that intelligence is
A. impossible to measure with any reliability.
B. unrelated to the speed of cognitive processing.
C. a collection of distinctly different abilities.
D. a joint function of nature and nurture.

Answer: C
142. MRI scans reveal correlations of about ________ between people's brain size (adjusted for body size) and their
intelligence scores.
A. +.05
B. +.15
C. +.33
D. +.67.

Answer: C
143. Although not notably heavier or larger in total size than the typical Canadian's brain, Einstein's brain was 15
percent larger in the lower region of the
A. occipital lobe.
B. cerebellum.
C. parietal lobe.
D. limbic system.

Answer: C
144. The lower region of the ________ lobe is a center for processing mathematical and special information.
A. frontal
 B. parietal
C. occipital
D. temporal

Answer: B
145. Environmental stimulation during childhood often contributes to the development of intelligence by altering the
circuitry of the brain. This alteration illustrates
A. the Flynn effect.
B. divergent thinking.
C. heritability.
D. neural plasticity.

Answer: D
146. Higher intelligence scores are positively correlated with the volume of ________ in specific brain areas involved
in memory, attention, and language.
A. endorphins
B. white matter
C. epinephrine
D. gray matter

Answer: D
147. The speed with which people retrieve information from memory has been found to be a predictor of their
________ intelligence.
A. verbal
B. practical
C. emotional
D. spatial

Answer: A
148. To learn whether intelligence is related to information-processing capacities, researchers have tested participants
to determine how long it takes them to
A. copy the letters of the alphabet.
B. detect and identify familiar objects.
C. type written paragraphs presented on a computer monitor.
D. perceive briefly presented visual images.

Answer: D
149. Hereditary Genius is the title of a book authored by
A. James Flynn.
B. David Wechsler.
C. Francis Galton.
D. Alfred Binet.
Answer: C
150. Encouraging those of high intellectual ability to mate with one another was of most interest to
A. Alfred Binet.
B. Charles Spearman.
C. David Wechsler.
D. Francis Galton.

Answer: D
151. The French government commissioned Binet to develop an intelligence test that would
A. demonstrate the innate intellectual superiority of western European races.
B. effectively distinguish between practical and creative intelligence.
C. provide an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in the public school system.
D. reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential.

Answer: D
152. Intelligence tests were initially designed by Binet and Simon to assess
A. academic aptitude.
B. divergent thinking.
C. emotional intelligence.
D. savant syndrome.

Answer: A
153. In developing a test of intellectual ability for Parisian schoolchildren, Binet and Simon assumed that
A. the test would measure capacities that were determined by heredity and thus unalterable.
B. the test would yield an intelligence quotient consisting of chronological age divided by mental age
multiplied by 100.
C. a bright child would perform like a normal child of an older age.
D. measures of physical and sensory skills would be good predictors of school achievement.

Answer: C
154. Binet used the term mental age to refer to
A. the average chronological age of children who completed a particular grade in school.
B. the years of formal education successfully completed by a child.
C. the total number of items correctly answered on an intelligence test divided by the respondent's
chronological age.
D. the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance.

Answer: D
155. Binet's recommendation of “mental orthopedics” highlighted the potential role of ________ in intellectual ability.
Terman's sympathy with “eugenics” highlighted the potential role of ________ in intellectual ability.
A. brain size; neural plasticity
 B. convergent thinking; divergent thinking
C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D. educational training; biological inheritance

Answer: D
156. Lewis Terman's widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was the
A. WISC.
B. WAIS.
C. Stanford-Binet.
D. SAT.

Answer: C
157. A 6-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 8-year-old
was said to have an IQ of
A. 75.
B. 85.
C. 125.
D. 133.

Answer: D
158. Sorina has a mental age of 10 and an IQ of 125 as measured by the Stanford-Binet. Sorina's chronological age is
A. 6.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.

Answer: B
159. The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of
A. kindergartners.
B. grade school students.
C. middle school students.
D. university students.

Answer: D
160. A survey of the history of intelligence testing reinforces the important lesson that
A. although science strives for objectivity, scientists can be influenced by their personal biases.
B. the experiment is the most powerful tool available for examining cause-effect relationships.
C. different theoretical perspectives on behavior may be complementary rather than competing.
D. scientists are more concerned with the development of theory than with its practical application.

Answer: A
161. Aptitude tests are specifically designed to
 A. predict ability to learn a new skill.
B. compare an individual's abilities with those of highly successful people.
C. assess learned knowledge or skills.
D. assess the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Answer: A
162. Molly has just taken a test of her capacity to learn to be a computer programmer. This is an example of an
________ test.
A. applied intelligence
B. achievement
C. interest
D. aptitude

Answer: D
163. Tests designed to assess what a person has learned are called ________ tests.
A. factor analysis
B. aptitude
C. standardized
D. achievement

Answer: D
164. The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ________ test.
A. aptitude
B. achievement
C. standardized
D. general intelligence

Answer: B
165. Assessing current competence is to ________ tests as predicting future performance is to ________ tests.
A. intelligence; standardized
B. aptitude; achievement
C. standardized; intelligence
D. achievement; aptitude

Answer: D
166. The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________
intelligence.
A. practical; creative
B. analytical; emotional
C. adults'; children's
D. Europeans'; North Americans'
Answer: C
167. The test that provides separate verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing
speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score, is the
A. WAIS.
B. Stanford-Binet.
C. SAT.
D. Emotional Intelligence Test.

Answer: A
168. Twenty-two-year-old Bernie takes a test that measures such diverse abilities as digit span, vocabulary, and
object assembly. Bernie has completed the
A. WAIS.
B. SAT.
C. Stanford-Binet.
D. GRE.

Answer: A
169. When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people,
the test is said to be
A. reliable.
B. standardized.
C. valid.
D. normally distributed.

Answer: B
170. Dr. Zimmer has designed a test to measure golfers' knowledge of their sport's history. To interpret scores on it,
he is presently administering the test to a representative sample of all golfers. Dr. Zimmer is clearly in the
process of
A. establishing the test's validity.
B. conducting a factor analysis of the test.
C. standardizing the test.
D. establishing the test's reliability.

Answer: C
171. A bell-shaped curve that characterizes a large sample of intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of a
A. factor analysis.
B. normal distribution.
C. heritability estimate.
D. g factor.

Answer: B
172. Dr. Benthem reports that the scores of 100 male and 100 female students on his new test of mechanical reasoning
 form a normal curve. From his statement we may conclude that
A. the average male score was better than the average female score.
B. the students were simply guessing at the answers.
C. the average score on the test was 50 percent correct.
D. relatively few students' scores deviated extremely from the groups' average score.

Answer: D
173. About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 70
D. 95

Answer: D
174. The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called
A. the bell curve.
B. divergent thinking.
C. the g factor.
D. the Flynn effect.

Answer: D
175. The Flynn effect best illustrates that the process of intelligence testing requires up-to-date
A. factor analyses.
B. standardization samples.
C. reliability indices.
D. heritability estimates.

Answer: B
176. The Flynn effect is LEAST likely to be explained in terms of
A. changes in human genetic characteristics.
B. increasing educational opportunities.
C. reductions in family size.
D. improvements in infant nutrition.

Answer: A
177. A test is reliable if it
A. measures what it claims to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
B. yields dependably consistent scores.
C. has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test.
D. produces a normal distribution of scores.
Answer: B
178. Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on alternate forms of the same test in order to
measure the ________ of the test.
A. content validity
B. predictive validity
C. normal distribution
D. reliability

Answer: D
179. Dr. Bronfman has administered her new 100-item test of abstract reasoning to a large sample of students. She is
presently comparing their scores on the odd-numbered questions with those on the even-numbered questions in
an effort to
A. determine the test's validity.
B. determine the test's reliability.
C. standardize the test.
D. factor-analyze the test.

Answer: B
180. Which test has been demonstrated to be a highly reliable measure?
A. Stanford-Binet
B. WAIS
C. WISC
D. all of these tests

Answer: D
181. A test has a high degree of validity if it
A. measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
B. yields consistent results every time it is used.
C. produces a normal distribution of scores.
D. has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test.

Answer: A
182. After learning about his low score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Gunter complained, “I don't believe
that test is a measure of intelligence at all.” Gunter's statement is equivalent to saying that the WAIS lacks
A. standardization.
B. reliability.
C. validity.
D. a normal distribution.

Answer: C
183. A college administrator is trying to assess whether an admissions test accurately predicts how well applicants
will perform at his school. The administrator is most obviously concerned that the test is
 A. standardized.
B. valid.
C. factor-analyzed.
D. normally distributed.

Answer: B
184. If both depressed and nondepressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it
suggests that the test
A. has not been standardized.
B. is not valid.
C. is not reliable.
D. has not been factor-analyzed.

Answer: B
185. The correlation is likely to be lowest between the
A. Stanford-Binet IQ scores and grades of elementary schoolchildren.
B. Wechsler intelligence scores and grades of high school students.
C. SAT scores and grades of first-year college students.
D. GRE scores and grades of graduate students.

Answer: D
186. The relatively restricted range of intelligence among the college seniors who take the Graduate Record Exam
serves to ________ the ________ of the Graduate Record Exam.
A. increase; reliability
B. decrease; predictive validity
C. increase; the normal distribution
D. decrease; the standardization sample

Answer: B
187. The correlation between intelligence test scores and annual income will probably be HIGHEST if computed for a
group having test scores ranging from
A. 135 to 160.
B. 70 to 95.
C. 110 to 135.
D. 80 to 120.

Answer: D
188. The Wilsons note that their 6-month-old daughter Beth seems to be developing more slowly and is not as playful
as other infants her age. Research suggests that
A. Beth's intelligence score will be below average in childhood but not necessarily in adulthood.
B. Beth's intelligence score will be below average in both childhood and adulthood.
C. casual observation of Beth's behavior cannot be used to predict her later intelligence score.
 D. Beth's performance intelligence score but not necessarily her verbal intelligence score will be below
average in both childhood and adulthood.

Answer: C
189. Research has indicated that seventh- and eighth-graders who outscored most high school seniors on a college
aptitude test had begun ________ at an unusually early age.
A. crawling
B. walking
C. talking
D. reading

Answer: D
190. The stability of children's intelligence test scores over time is most positively correlated with their
A. chronological age.
B. mental age.
C. intrinsic motivation.
D. extrinsic motivation.

Answer: A
191. When Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-
year-olds, the correlation of their scores across seven decades was
A. –.16.
B. +.06.
C. +.16.
D. +.66.

Answer: D
192. A condition involving mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup is known as
A. the Flynn effect.
B. functional fixedness.
C. Down syndrome.
D. savant syndrome.

Answer: C
193. Research on mental retardation indicates that
A. most mentally retarded individuals are unable to profit from vocational training.
B. most mentally retarded individuals are unable to function within mainstream society.
C. most mentally retarded individuals suffer from savant syndrome.
D. none of these statements are true.

Answer: D
194. Hanan, a 22-year-old, is mentally retarded. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by
 working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader.
Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely between
A. 5 and 19.
B. 20 and 34.
C. 35 and 49.
D. 50 and 70.

Answer: C
195. Terman observed that children with IQ scores over 135 are likely to
A. be athletically uncoordinated.
B. be academically successful.
C. lack intrinsic motivation.
D. have all of these characteristics.

Answer: B
196. Educational programs for gifted children are most likely to be criticized for
A. assuming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success.
B. underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks.
C. encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students.
D. overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness.

Answer: C
197. The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins reared together is
A. equal to that between identical twins reared apart.
B. less than that between children and their biological parents.
C. equal to that between ordinary siblings reared together.
D. less than that between identical twins reared apart.

Answer: D
198. Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that
A. concern over the nature-nurture issue has declined significantly during the past 10 years.
B. both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores.
C. there are no scientific methods for answering the nature-nurture question for a particular range of
individuals or situations.
D. there is no relationship between people's position on the nature-nurture issue and their social or political
attitudes.

Answer: B
199. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by
environment?
A. Fraternal twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are ordinary siblings.
B. The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with those of their parents.
 C. Identical twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are fraternal twins.
D. The intelligence scores of siblings reared together are positively correlated.

Answer: A
200. The intelligence scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to correlate positively with the intelligence scores
of their
A. adoptive parents.
B. biological parents.
C. biologically related siblings.
D. biologically unrelated siblings.

Answer: A
201. With increasing age, identical twins' intelligence test scores become ________ positively correlated. With
increasing age, adoptive siblings' scores become ________ positively correlated.
A. more; more
B. less; less
C. more; less
D. less; more

Answer: C
202. Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the ________ of intelligence.
A. validity
B. reliability
C. heritability
D. standardization

Answer: C
203. The heritability of intelligence among children of less-educated parents is relatively
A. low due to the relatively small differences in their environmental settings.
B. low due to the relatively large differences in their environmental settings.
C. high due to the relatively small differences in their environmental settings.
D. high due to the relatively large differences in their environmental settings

Answer: B
204. The heritability of intelligence is greatest among
A. genetically similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
B. genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
C. genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
D. genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.

Answer: C
205. J. McVicker Hunt began a program of tutored human enrichment in an Iranian orphanage. This program trained
 caregivers to
A. ignore babies' crying.
B. imitate babies' babbling.
C. assess babies' emotional intelligence.
D. calculate babies' intelligence quotients.

Answer: B
206. The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who
experience
A. stereotype threat.
B. savant syndrome.
C. the Mozart effect.
D. minimal interaction with caregivers.

Answer: D
207. Research indicates that Head Start programs
A. fail to produce even short-term improvements in participants' mental skills.
B. contribute to dramatic long-term gains in participants' intelligence test scores.
C. increase the school readiness of children from disadvantaged home environments.
D. are beneficial only to participants from very intellectually stimulating home environments.

Answer: C
208. On which of the following tasks are females most likely to perform as well or better than males?
A. playing checkers
B. reciting poetry
C. playing video games
D. copying geometric designs

Answer: B
209. Compared with boys, girls are ________ capable of remembering objects' spatial locations and they are
________ capable of detecting odors.
A. more; less
B. less; more
C. more; more
D. less; less

Answer: C
210. In solving math computation problems, women perform ________ than men. In solving math reasoning
problems, women perform ________ than men.
A. worse; worse
B. better; better
worse; better
 C.
D. better; worse

Answer: D
211. Among children with a very low level of verbal ability, there are ________ boys than girls; among children with
a very high level of math problem-solving ability, there are ________ boys than girls.
A. more; fewer
B. fewer; more
C. more; more
D. fewer; fewer

Answer: C
212. On which of the following tasks are males most likely to outperform females?
A. speed-reading
B. interpreting literature
C. learning a foreign language
D. mentally rotating three-dimensional objects

Answer: D
213. The distribution of intelligence test scores among ________ Americans is represented by the normal curve.
A. White
B. Hispanic
C. Black
D. members of any of these groups of

Answer: D
214. Research on racial differences in intelligence indicates that
A. Black Americans typically receive higher scores than White Americans on nonverbal intelligence test
questions.
B. there is currently no difference in the average academic aptitude test scores received by Black and White
Americans.
C. on average, Black Americans perform less well than White Americans on intelligence tests.
D. among Black Americans, those with the most African ancestry receive the highest intelligence scores.

Answer: C
215. If the heritability of intelligence within both group A and group B is 100 percent, differences in average
intelligence between these groups might result from
A. environmental differences if the two groups are genetically similar.
B. genetic differences if the two groups have similar environments.
C. both genetic and environmental differences between the two groups.
D. any of these situations.

Answer: D
216. The average intellectual aptitude gap between graduating White and Black college graduates has been observed
to ________ during their years in high school and to ________ during their years in college.
A. decrease; decrease
B. increase; increase
C. decrease; increase
D. increase; decrease

Answer: D
217. Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of their
A. content validity.
B. predictive validity.
C. normal distribution.
D. reliability.

Answer: A
218. Experts who defend intelligence tests against accusations of racial bias note that racial differences in intelligence
test scores
A. have increased in the past decade despite the introduction of less culturally biased test items.
B. occur on nonverbal as well as verbal intelligence test subscales.
C. are a clear indication that the heritability of intelligence approaches 100 percent.
D. are just as significant as intelligence differences among members of a single race.

Answer: B
219. Psychologists generally agree that intelligence test scores are ________ in terms of being sensitive to differences
caused by cultural experiences and are ________ in terms of their predictive validity for different groups.
A. biased; biased
B. biased; not biased
C. not biased; biased
D. not biased; not biased

Answer: B
220. Psychologists would be likely to agree that
A. intelligence tests have greater predictive validity for males than for females.
B. intelligence tests have comparable predictive validity for Whites and Blacks.
C. intelligence tests have less predictive validity for poor students than for rich students.
D. all of these statements are true.

Answer: B
221. Self-fulfilling expectations are most likely to be triggered by
A. the Flynn effect.
B. factor analysis.
 C. savant syndrome.
D. stereotype threat.

Answer: D
222. Blacks have been found to score lower on tests of verbal aptitude when tested by Whites than when tested by
Blacks. This best illustrates the impact of
A. standardization.
B. emotional intelligence.
C. stereotype threat.
D. the Flynn effect.

Answer: C