Year 7

Living Organisms
Revision Booklet

Name: _____________________________
Teacher: ___________________________

1
 Contents
1. Cells ........................................................................... 4
1.1 - Animal and plant cells ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 - Animal and plant cells – Label 1 ............................................................................................ 5
1.3 - Animal and plant cells – Label 2 ............................................................................................ 6
1.4 - Animal and plant cells – Organelles ....................................................................................... 7
1.5 - Animal and plant cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 1 ...................................... 8
1.6 - Animal and plant cells – Questions 1 .................................................................................... 9
1.7 - Animal and plant cells – Exam questions 1 ........................................................................10
1.8 - Animal and plant cells – Exam questions 2 ........................................................................ 11
1.9 - Animal and plant cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 2 .....................................12
1.10 – Specialised cells ........................................................................................................................13
1.11 – Specialised cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 1 ..............................................14
1.12 – Specialised cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 2 ..............................................15
1.13 – Specialised cells – Questions ................................................................................................16
1.14 – Specialised cells – Exam questions .....................................................................................17

2. Reproduction ................................................................. 18

2.1 - Puberty ..........................................................................................................................................18

2.2 - Puberty - Questions..................................................................................................................19
2.3 - Male reproductive organs ....................................................................................................... 20
2.4 - Female reproductive organs ....................................................................................................21
2.5 - Male and female reproduction organs - Questions ....................................................... 22
2.6 - Male and female reproductive organs - Look  Cover  Write  Check .......... 23
2.7 - The Menstrual Cycle ................................................................................................................ 24
2.8 - The Menstrual Cycle - Questions........................................................................................ 25
2.9 - The Menstrual Cycle – Exam questions .............................................................................. 26
2.10 - Ovulation and Fertilisation ................................................................................................... 28
2.11 - The developing baby .............................................................................................................. 29

3. Inheritance and variation .................................................. 30

3.1 - Variation ....................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 - Variation – Exam questions .....................................................................................................31
3.3 – Animals without backbones ..................................................................................................... 33

2
 3.4 – Animals without backbones – Arthropods .......................................................................... 34
3.5 – Animals without backbones – Mammals ............................................................................... 35
3.6 – Animals with and without backbones – Exam Questions ............................................... 36

4. Ecology ...................................................................... 38
4.1 – Food Chains .................................................................................................................................. 38
4.2 – Food Webs.................................................................................................................................... 39
4.3 – Food Chains and Food Webs - Look  Cover  Write  Check............................. 40
4.4 – Food Chains and Food Webs – Exam Questions ...............................................................41

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 1. Cells
1.1 - Animal and plant cells
Animal cell

Plant cell

Prokaryote cell (bacterial cell)

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Plasmid

DNA

4
 1.2 - Animal and plant cells – Label 1
Task: Fill in the boxes below with the organelles found in each cell.

Challenge: On a piece of paper – draw and label each cell with its organelles.

Animal cell

Plant cell

Prokaryote cell (bacterial cell)

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Plasmid

DNA

5
 1.3 - Animal and plant cells – Label 2
Task: Fill in the boxes below with the organelles found in each cell.

Challenge: On a piece of paper – draw and label each cell with its organelles.

Animal cell

Plant cell

Prokaryote cell (bacterial cell)

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Plasmid

DNA

6
 1.4 - Animal and plant cells – Organelles
Organelle Function Found in…
Cell membrane  Controls what substances can get into and out of Plant and animal cells
the cell.
Cytoplasm  Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions Plant and animal cells
happen.
 In plant cells there's a thin lining, whereas in
animal cells most of the cell is cytoplasm.
Nucleus  Controls the functions of the cell Plant and animal cells
 Carries genetic information called DNA.
 In exams DO NOT call the nucleus the 'brain' of
the cell. That is not a good description and will not
get you marks.

Chloroplast  Where photosynthesis happens – chloroplasts Plant cells only

contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
Vacuole  Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the Plant cells only
cell firm.
Cell wall  Made of a tough substance called cellulose, Plant cells only
which supports the cell.
Ribosome  Where protein is made (synthesised) . Plant and animal cells
Mitochondria  Where respiration takes place to produce Plant and animal cells
energy.

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 1.5 - Animal and plant cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 1
Easy – look, cover, write the keyword, and check.

Medium – look, cover, write the definition, and check.

Hard – look, cover, write the definition for all the keywords in 5 minutes.

Keyword 1st try Check 2nd try Check 3rd try Check
Cell
membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Cell wall

Ribosome

Mitochondria

8
 1.6 - Animal and plant cells – Questions 1
Exercise 1 – Fill in the missing words in the passage below.

The bodies of all plants and …………………… are made up of tiny living units called ………………
Some microscopic organisms consist of only a ………………… cell but the bodies of most
plants and animals are made up of …………………… of cells. There are many different
………………… of plant and animal cells. The diagrams below show the ………………… that they
usually contain.

Exercise 2 – Join up the cell parts below to their correct jobs.

Organelle Job

Cell
Made of cellulose. It supports and protects the cell.
membrane

Cytoplasm Site where proteins are made (protein synthesis).

A jelly like substance where most of the chemical

Nucleus
reactions happen within the cell.

Controls the functions of the cell and contains genetic

Chloroplast
material (DNA).

The site of aerobic respiration which produces energy

Vacuole
for the cell.

Cell wall Allows substances to move in and out of the cell.

Ribosome The site where photosynthesis takes place.

Mitochondria Contains a liquid called sap. It keeps the plant cell rigid.

Exercise 3 – Shade the organelles and the jobs they have, that are only found in
plant cells.

9
 1.7 - Animal and plant cells – Exam questions 1
The diagram shows a plant cell.

(a) Give the name of part A.

.............................................................

Give the function of part A.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
2 marks

(b) Give the name of part E.

..............................................................

Give the function of part E.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
2 marks

(c) Give the letters of two parts that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.

.................. and ..................

1 mark

(d) How can you tell that the cell in the diagram is from a leaf and not from a root?

................................................................................................................
1 mark

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 1.8 - Animal and plant cells – Exam questions 2
The diagrams below show two other cells.

(i) Look at the diagrams above.

What is the difference between the location of the genetic material in the
bacterium and in the cell from the lining of the intestine?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) What is the function of the genetic material in a cell?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

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 1.9 - Animal and plant cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 2
Easy – look, cover, write the keyword, and check.

Medium – look, cover, write the definition, and check.

Hard – look, cover, write the definition for all the keywords in 5 minutes.

Keyword 1st try Check 2nd try Check 3rd try Check
Cell
membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Cell wall

Ribosome

Mitochondria

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1.10 – Specialised cells

Palisade cell
 Found on the top side of leaves.
 Contains loads of chloroplasts for
photosynthesis.
 They are on the top side of the leaf to absorb
as much sunlight as possible.

Ciliated cell
 Found lining the wind pipe (trachea).
 Covered in tiny hairs called cilia.
 These waft trapped bacteria and dust to the
throat (gullet) to be swallowed.

Root hair cell

 Found on the surface of roots.
 It absorbs water and minerals from the
soil.
 It is long and thin to provide a large
surface area to absorb water.

Sperm cell
 Uses its tail to swim to the egg (ovum).
 It has loads of mitochondria to provide
energy for the tail to work.
 Contains a chemical that breaks down cell
membrane of the egg.

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 1.11 – Specialised cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 1
1. Try to do as much as you can from memory.
2. In a different colour, add in the pieces of information or diagrams that you could not remember.

Name Diagram Where is it found? Adaptations

Palisade cell

Ciliated cell

Root hair cell

Sperm cell

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 1.12 – Specialised cells - Look  Cover  Write  Check 2
1. Try to do as much as you can from memory.
2. In a different colour, add in the pieces of information or diagrams that you could not remember.

Name Diagram Where is it found? Adaptations

Palisade cell

Ciliated cell

Root hair cell

Sperm cell

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 1.13 – Specialised cells – Questions

Exercise 1 – Fill in the missing words in the passage below.

Nearly all cells contain a cell membrane, ………………… and cytoplasm. There are many
……………………… types of cells. They vary in their shape and ………………… depending on their
functions (jobs). Each type of cell is well ……………………… (suited) to its function. In the
human ………………… there are about twenty different types of cell, each has a certain
……………… to do. This makes the body work much …………………… than if each cell was trying
to do everything.

Exercise 2 – match the picture to its name and match the name to its definition.

Sperm cell On the surface of

plant cells. Have
loads of
chloroplasts.

Uses its tail to

swim towards the
Root hair cell egg.

Found on the
surface of roots.
Absorbs water and
minerals.
Ciliated cell

Found in the wind

pipe (trachea).
Trap dust and
Palisade cell bacteria and use
hairs to waft
mucus to the
stomach.

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 1.14 – Specialised cells – Exam questions
The diagram below shows six cells.

(a) (i) Give the letters of the two plant cells in the diagrams.

............... and ...............

1 mark

(ii) Which one of these plant cells contains chloroplasts?

Give the letter.

...............
1 mark

(iii) Give the function of chloroplasts.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) (i) Give the letter of the ciliated cell.

...............
1 mark

(ii) In which part of the body are ciliated cells found?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(iii) What is the function of ciliated cells in this part of the body?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

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 2. Reproduction
2.1 - Puberty
Puberty is the time when a child begins to change into an adult. In boys it begins
between the ages of about 12-14 years. In girls it begins between the ages of about
11-13 years. Special chemicals called SEX HORMONES are released into the blood.
These chemicals cause many of the changes that happen in the body. Emotional
changes also happen now.

A graph showing how height changes as age increases.

Changes in boys at puberty Changes in girls at puberty

1) The testes begin to make sperms. 1) The ovaries begin to produce ova.
2) A hormone called 2) A hormone called
TESTOSTERONE is produced by OESTROGEN is produced by
the testes. the ovaries.
3) The voice becomes deeper. 3) The monthly menstrual cycle starts.
4) Hair grows on the face and body. 4) Hair grows on parts of the body.
5) The body becomes more muscular. 5) The hips widen.
6) Changes in attitude and behaviour. 6) The breasts begin to develop.

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 2.2 - Puberty - Questions
Exercise 1 - Fill in the missing words in the passage below.

All ……………………… eventually grow up to be men and women. The time when the body is
changing is called ……………………… Changes happen all over the ………………………. Emotional
changes also happen at puberty and we feel ………………………… to others. A ………………………
called testosterone is made by the testes in a boy and this causes some of the
……………………… in his body. In a girl the ovaries make a hormone called ……………………………
which causes many of the changes in her body.

body changes oestrogen hormone puberty children attracted

Exercise 2 - In the table below there is a list of changes which happen at

puberty. Tick the right-hand columns to show which changes happen to boys, girls
or both.

Changes at puberty Boys Girls

The breasts grow larger.

The body becomes more muscular.

The monthly periods start.

The voice becomes deeper.

Hair grows around the sex organs.

The hair and skin become greasier.

Sperms are produced.

Ova are produced.

Feel attracted to the opposite sex.

Exercise 3 – Complete the exam question below.

During adolescence, boys’ bodies change. Describe two of the changes.

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................
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 2.3 - Male reproductive organs
The male reproductive system contains these parts:
 testes (pronounced "test-eez")
 glands
 sperm ducts
 penis
 urethra

Testes Sperm duct and Penis and urethra

The two testes (one of them glands The penis has two functions:
is called a testis) are The sperm pass  to pass urine out of the man's
contained in a bag of skin through the sperm body
called the scrotum. They ducts, and mix with  to pass semen into the vagina
have two functions: fluids produced by of a woman during sexual
 to produce millions of the glands. The intercourse.
male sex cells fluids provide the The urethra is the tube inside
called sperm sperm cells with the penis that can carry urine or
 to make male sex nutrients. The semen. A ring of muscle makes
hormones, which affect mixture of sperm sure that there is no chance of
the way a man's body and fluids is urine and semen getting mixed
develops. called semen. up.

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 2.4 - Female reproductive organs
The female reproductive system contains these parts:
 ovaries
 oviduct or Fallopian tube
 uterus (pronounced "yoo-ter-russ")
 cervix
 vagina

Ovaries Oviduct or Fallopian tube

The two ovaries contain hundreds of Each ovary is connected to the uterus by an egg
undeveloped female sex cells tube. This is sometimes called
called egg cells or ova. Women have an oviduct or Fallopian tube. The egg tube is lined
these cells in their bodies from with cilia, which are tiny hairs on cells. Every
birth - whereas men produce new month, an egg develops and becomes mature, and
sperm continually. is released from an ovary. The cilia waft the egg
along inside the egg tube and into the uterus.

Uterus and cervix Vagina

The uterus is also called the womb. The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from the
It is a muscular bag with a soft cervix to the outside of the woman's body. A
lining. The uterus is where a baby man's penis goes into the woman's vagina during
develops until its birth. sexual intercourse. The opening to the vagina has
The cervix is a ring of muscle at the folds of skin called labia that meet to form
lower end of the uterus. It keeps a vulva. The urethra also opens into the vulva, but
the baby in place while the woman is it is separate from the vagina, and is used for
pregnant. passing urine from the body.

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 2.5 - Male and female reproduction organs - Questions
Exercise 1 - Fill in the missing words in the passage below

In the man the testes make the ……………… cells. The sperms are stored in a coiled ……………
called the epididymis. The ………………… becomes erect during sexual intercourse. The
sperms are carried through a long tube called the sperm …………… to the top of the penis.
Here glands make fluids that help the sperms to …………… The urethra is a tube
that carries sperms and
……………… out of the body.
In the woman the ovaries make the ……………… (egg cells). One ovum is produced every
……………… The ovum is carried along the ……………… (fallopian tubes) down to the uterus
(womb). The placenta grows in the uterus wall during pregnancy. This gives the
developing baby ……………… and oxygen.
duct urine ova food sperm tube month swim oviduct penis

Exercise 2 – Fill in the boxes with the correct names

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 2.6 - Male and female reproductive organs - Look  Cover  Write  Check
Easy – look, cover, write the keyword, and check.

Medium – look, cover, write the definition, and check.

Hard – look, cover, write the definition for all the keywords in 5 minutes.

Keyword 1st try Check 2nd try Check 3rd try Check
Testes

Glands

Sperm ducts

Penis

Urethra

Ovaries

Oviduct or
Fallopian tube

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

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 2.7 - The Menstrual Cycle
The female reproductive system includes a cycle of events called the menstrual
cycle. It lasts about 28 days, but it can be slightly less or more than this. The
cycle stops while a woman is pregnant.
Once every month a woman’s body releases an ovum (egg cell) into the oviduct
(fallopian tubes). Usually the ovum is not fertilised and it dies. The woman has her
period when the lining of the uterus breaks down and blood and dead cells pass
out through the vagina. Them diagram below shows what happens during a
woman’s monthly cycle.

Several hormones control this cycle, which includes controlling the release of an egg each
month from an ovary, and changing the thickness of the uterus lining. These hormones are
secreted by the ovaries and pituitary gland.
FSH
The hormone FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland. FSH makes two things happen: it causes
an egg to mature in an ovary; it stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone oestrogen
Oestrogen
The hormone oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries. Oestrogen makes two things happen: it
stops FSH being produced - so that only one egg matures in a cycle; it stimulates the pituitary
gland to release the hormone LH
LH
The hormone LH causes the mature egg to be released from the ovary. Progesterone is another
hormone secreted by ovaries: it maintains the lining of the uterus and stays high during
pregnancy.

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 2.8 - The Menstrual Cycle - Questions

Exercise - Complete the sentences below.

1) Only one ovum is released every ………………..

2) The release of an ovum from the ovary is called ………………….

3) Ovulation happens after about …………………… days.

4) The uterus lining ……………………………… the fertilised ovum.

5) If the ovum is not fertilised it will …………………..

6) A woman has her period when the ………………………………….. lining breaks down.

Exercise – Fill in the sections of the menstrual cycle.

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 2.9 - The Menstrual Cycle – Exam questions
Diagram 1 shows the female reproductive system.

diagram 1

(a) Diagram 2 is a graph showing how the thickness of the uterus changed over a
28-day cycle.

diagram 2

(i) Why did the thickness of the lining of the uterus decrease between day 1
and day 5 of this cycle?

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Suggest which day in this cycle an ovum (egg) is most likely to be fertilised.

day ..............

What evidence is there for this in the graph?

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
1 mark

(iii) The graph shows that the lining of the uterus builds up again between day
5 and day 14.
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 Why is this necessary?

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) (i) Continue the line on the graph to show what would happen to the thickness
of the lining of the uterus after 28 days if an ovum was fertilised.
1 mark

(ii) Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

(a) This question is about the menstrual cycle. Choose words from the list to complete
the sentences.

a daily the uterus the middle an ovary a weekly

the beginning a monthly the end the vagina

Menstruation is part of ......................................................... cycle.

The cycle begins when the lining of ...................................... breaks away.

An ovum (egg) is released from .......................................... at about

.............................................. of each cycle.

4 marks

(b) During adolescence, boys’ bodies change. Describe two of the changes.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 6 marks

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 2.10 - Ovulation and Fertilisation
Every month an ovum (egg cell) is released from an ovary into the oviduct. This is called
OVULATION. If there are sperm cells in the oviduct the ovum may join with one of
them. This is called FERTILISATION. The fertilised ovum then travels down to the
uterus where it grows into a baby. The diagram below shows what happens to the ovum
after it is released from the ovary if it is fertilised.

Exercise – Complete the sentences below.

1) O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means when the ovum is released from the ovary.

2) The joining of the ovum and sperm is called F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3) Fertilisation usually happens in the O _ _ _ _ _ _

4) After fertilisation the egg begins to D _ _ _ _ _

5) The egg develops into a ball of C _ _ _ _

6) The baby develops in the U _ _ _ _ _

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 2.11 - The developing baby
When the baby starts to grow inside the uterus it is called an EMBRYO. By the time
it reaches 9 weeks old it looks like a tiny human being and it is then called a
FOETUS. The PLACENTA is a special organ that develops in the wall of the uterus.
It gives the baby food and oxygen. The placenta also removes waste chemicals such
as carbon dioxide and urea from the baby. The baby is attached to the placenta by
the UMBILICAL CORD. This contains blood vessels that carry chemicals to and from
the baby. The diagram below shows how this happens.

Exercise – Complete the sentences below.

1) When the baby reaches 9 weeks old it is called a _ _ _ _ _ _

2) The baby is surrounded by a bag of fluid called the _ _ _ _ _ _

3) The amnion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the baby if the mother is knocked.

4) The placenta gives the baby food and _ _ _ _ _ _

5) The palcenta takes _ _ _ _ _ chemicals away from the baby.

6) The U _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c _ _ _ attaches the baby to the placenta.

29
 3. Inheritance and variation
3.1 - Variation
All animals and plants are different from each other. Even members of the same species
(type) show small differences and no two humans are exactly alike. This is called
VARIATION. Some features that vary which are easy to study in humans are height, mass,
hair colour, eye colour and shoe size. CONTINUOUS VARIATION is when a feature shows
many different types eg. height. DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION is when a feature only
shows a few different types eg. human blood groups and whether a person can roll their
tongue or not.

Variation is caused partly by different GENES (instructions) that individuals inherit from
their parents and partly by different ENVIRONMENTS (surroundings) that individuals live
in:

GENETICS

The chromosomes hold the GENES that control a person’s

features and how they develop. All sperms and ova contain a
different set of genes therefore every person receives a
different combination from their parents.

ENVIRONMENT

FOOD SUPPLY affects the growth rate of young animals.

Two identical twins have the same genes but one may be
heavier than the other due to eating more food. Plants also
grow better in soil that has a good water and mineral supply.

CLIMATE affects how animals and plants develop. Some animals grow a thicker coat if their
environment becomes colder. Plants usually grow faster in the sun than they do in the shade.
A person’s skin may become darker (tanned) if they are exposed to more sunlight.

Exercise - Complete the sentences below.

1) We are all different from each other. This is called V _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2) The two types of variation are C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and discontinuous.

3) An example of continuous variation in humans is H _ _ _ _ _

4) We are all different, partly because of the G _ _ _ _ we inherited from our

parents and partly because of our E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5) Every sperm and O _ _ _ contains a different set of genes.

6) Food supply affects the G _ _ _ _ _ rate of young animals.

7) Plants will grow larger in soil that is rich in M _ _ _ _ _ _ _

30
 3.2 - Variation – Exam questions
(a) The diagram below shows the female reproductive system and a ciliated cell.

not to scale

Ciliated cells move an ovum along part of the reproductive system.

(i) In which part of the reproductive system are ciliated cells found?

.............................................................
1 mark

(ii) Describe how ciliated cells move an ovum along.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) The diagrams below represent what happens at fertilisation and after fertilisation
has taken place.

not to scale

(i) Some women find it difficult to become pregnant. Doctors have developed
a technique in which an ovum is fertilised in a test-tube. An embryo is then
implanted into the woman’s reproductive system.
31
 Which stage in part (b) shows an embryo and which stage shows a foetus?

embryo ...........................................................

foetus .............................................................
1 mark

(ii) Into which part of the woman’s reproductive system is the embryo
implanted?

.............................................................
1 mark

(c) (i) Explain why a child can look like both parents but is not identical to either
of the parents.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
2 marks

(ii) In the table below, tick one box by each human characteristic to show
whether it is:

• inherited only

• inherited and affected by environmental conditions.

Inherited and
Human affected by
Inherited only
characteristic environmental
conditions

Eye colour

Skin colour

Weight

1 mark
maximum 7 marks

32
 3.3 – Animals without backbones

All animals can be sorted into two main groups. VERTEBRATES have a backbone
and INVERTEBRATES do not. Read the information below about the groups of
invertebrates with soft bodies.
JELLYFISH AND ANEMONES
They live in the sea. They have a very
simple body with tentacles. Some
have sting cells

FLATWORMS
They have a long, flat body. Some live
in freshwater. Some are parasites
that live inside other animals.

MOLLUSCS
They often have a shell for
protection. Most of them live in
water. Some have tentacles.

STARFISH AND SEA URCHINS

They all live in the sea. They have a
thick skin which is sometimes covered
in spines.

Exercise – Complete the sentences below.

1) Animals with a backbone are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2) Animals without a backbone are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3) Jellyfish and sea anemones both have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4) A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is a flatworm that lives inside other animals.

5) An earthworm’s body is divided into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6) A _ _ _ _ _ is a mollusc that has a shell for protection.

7) Sea urchins are covered in _ _ _ _ _

33
 3.4 – Animals without backbones – Arthropods

ARTHROPODS are invertebrates with a hard outer coating. They all have a
segmented body with jointed legs. This is a very large group and it can be
divided into the smaller groups shown below.
INSECTS
They have three parts to the body
and six legs. The adults usually have
four wings and a pair of antennae.

SPIDERS AND SCORPIONS

They have two parts to the body and
eight legs. Spiders usually spin a web
of silk and have poisonous fangs.
Scorpions have a sting at the end of
their tails.
CRUSTACEANS
Most of them live in water. They
usually have a thick, hard coating.
They have many legs and two pairs of
antennae.
CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES
They have long bodies made up of
many segments. Centipedes have one
pair of legs on each segment and
millipedes have two.

Exercise – Complete the sentences below.

1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all have a hard outer coating.

2) A fly is an _ _ _ _ _ _

3) Insects usually have _ _ _ legs and _ _ _ _ wings.

4) Spiders have _ _ _ _ _ legs.

5) Scorpions have a _ _ _ _ _ at the end of their tails.

6) Crabs and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are closely related.

7) The bodies of centipedes are made up of many _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

34
 3.5 – Animals without backbones – Mammals

VERTEBRATES have a backbone and an inside skeleton. Read the information

below about the groups of vertebrates.
FISH
They live in water and have gills for
breathing. They are covered with
scales and have fins for swimming.
AMPIBIANS
The tadpole (young) lives in water and
has gills for breathing. The adult lives
on land and has lungs. They have
damp skin without scales
REPTILES
They have a dry, scaly, waterproof
skin. Their eggs have a tough leathery
shell and are laid on land.
BIRDS
They are covered with feathers and
have wings for flying. Their eggs have
a hard shell. They have a beak for
feeding. Their bodies are warm
because they make heat inside.
MAMMALS
They have hair and a warm body. The
young develop inside the mother’s
body. After they are born the young
feed on milk from the mother’s body.
Humans belong to this group.

Exercise – Complete the sentences below.

Fish live in water and have ………………… for breathing. Both fish and
…………………… have a scaly skin. The young of ……………………………… live in water but
the adults live on land. Amphibians have a ……………… skin. Both reptiles and
………………… lay eggs on land. Birds are covered with ………………………… and have
…………………… for flying. Birds and …………………………… have a warm body.
Mammals have ……………… and feed their young on ………………

Amphibians gills reptiles birds hair milk wings damp feathers mammals
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3.6 – Animals with and without backbones – Exam Questions
The drawings show a human, a chaffinch, a dog and a whale.

One of these animals is a bird. The other three are mammals.

(a) Which group do all four animals belong to?

...................................................................
1 mark

(b) The drawings below show the bones of the front limbs of the four animals.
Some of the bones of the human limb are labelled.

On the drawings, label:

(i) the ulna of the chaffinch;

1 mark

(ii) the radius of the dog;

1 mark

(iii) the humerus of the whale.

1 mark
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(c) Describe how the shape of the front limb of the whale is adapted for moving
in water.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
1 mark

(d) The bones of birds are hollow. How does this help birds to fly?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 6 marks

(a) The animals drawn below all have backbones.

not to
scale

(i) What word describes animals with a backbone?

...........................................................
1 mark

(ii) There are five groups of animals with a backbone. Only four groups are
shown above
Give the name of the missing group

...........................................................
1 mark

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 4. Ecology
4.1 – Food Chains
Green plants make food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Animals must feed on plants or other
animals. The food is passed along a FOOD CHAIN.

Food chains always begin with plants. Animals that eat plants are called HERBIVORES. Animals
that eat other animals are called CARNIVORES. Carnivores are also called PREDATORS and
the animals that they hunt are called the PREY. In most habitats there are more plants than
herbivores and more herbivores than carnivores. This can be shown with a PYRAMID OF
NUMBERS.

FOX

WOODMOUSE

GRASS

Pyramids of numbers are usually large at the bottom and small at the top. Sometimes they have
a different shape because of the different sizes of the organisms in them. Two examples of
this are shown below.

FLEAS
BLUE TITS
LIONS
GREENFLY
ZEBRA
ROSE BUSH
GRASS

Exercise - Fill in the missing words in the passage below.

In habitats there is a mixture of ..................... herbivores and carnivores. Carnivores are

animals that eat other ......................... Herbivores eat plants and are ..................... by
carnivores. Another name for carnivores is ......................... and the animals that they hunt are
called the ......................... The amount of plants in a habitat must be ..................... than the amount
of herbivores or else the herbivores would run out of .................... In the same way there must
be ........................ carnivores than herbivores.
Predators animals food fewer eaten plants prey greater

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 4.2 – Food Webs

Food chains can be connected together to make FOOD WEBS. The diagram below shows a
food web in a lake.

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 4.3 – Food Chains and Food Webs - Look  Cover  Write  Check
Easy – look, cover, write the keyword, and check.

Medium – look, cover, write the definition, and check.

Hard – look, cover, write the definition for all the keywords in 5 minutes.

Keyword 1st try Check 2nd try Check 3rd try Check

Herbivore

Carnivore

Predator

Food chain

Food web

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 4.4 – Food Chains and Food Webs – Exam Questions
The table below shows the number of boats used for catching herring fish in the
Norwegian Sea between 1963 and 1967.

number of
year
fishing boats

1963 16

1965 284

1967 326

The bar chart below shows the total mass of herring caught in the Norwegian Sea
between 1963 and 1967.

Use the information above to help you answer parts (a) (i), (ii) and (iii).

(a) (i) Why did the mass of herring caught increase between 1963 and 1965?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Suggest why the mass of herring caught decreased between 1965 and
1967.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

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 (iii) Herring cannot breed until they are four years old.
Fishing for herring was banned in the Norwegian Sea from 1972 to 1976.
Suggest one reason why fishing for herring was banned for this period.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) The diagram below shows a food web in the Norwegian Sea.

not to scale

(i) How could a decrease in the number of herring cause a decrease in the
number of sand eels?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) How could a decrease in the number of herring cause an increase in the
number of sand eels?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

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