Phonons: Vibrations of A Classical Lattice
Phonons: Vibrations of A Classical Lattice
Phonons: Vibrations of A Classical Lattice
Phonons
1 Introduction
5 Problems
6 Figure Sources
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice
Phonons
1 Introduction
0
L
Figure 13.1: A one–dimensional chain of ions connected by springs is the setting for
the simplest discussion of phonons.
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
uN = u0 . (13.1)
ul = ǫeikla−iωt . (13.3)
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
ul+1 ǫeik(l+1)a−iωt
= = eika . (13.7)
ul ǫeikla−iωt
The range [−π, π] for the phase ka covers all independent values of the
exponential.
The range of independent k are
π π
− ≤k≤ (13.8)
a a
This is the First Brillouin Zone (FBZ).
We may treat a momentum outside the FBZ by subtracting the integral
multiple of 2π/a that gives a momentum inside the FBZ.
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
1.0
0.8
ω(k)/(2 M/K)
0.6
p
0.4
0.2
0.0
-π -π/2 0 π/2 π
ka
In the long wavelength limit, this dispersion is linear, just like sound.
The spectrum is gapless, or, the corresponding excitations are massless,
i.e.
lim ω(k) = mc2 = 0 =⇒ m = 0. (13.9)
k→0
Masslessness arises from the translational invariance of the lattice
(Goldstone modes).
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
Force Constants:
Atoms can interact beyond nearest-neighbours if they are mediated by
the electron Fermi sea.
Each set of ’springs’ connecting atoms ’n’ lattice spacings apart will
contribute to dispersion, but with different ’force constant’ Kn . Thus,
2 X
ω2 = Kn [1 − cos (nka)] . (13.10)
M
n>0
Multiply by cos (mka) and integrate over FBZ
Z −π/a Z −π/a
2 2 X
dk ω cos mka = Kn dk [1 − cos (nka)] cos (mka)
π/a M π/an>0
= −2πKm /(Ma). (13.11)
Thus, we can get Kn from experimental data for dispersion,
Z
Ma
Kn = − dk ω 2 (k) cos (nka). (13.12)
2π FBZ
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
0
L
ul+1
1
ul−1 ul1 ul2
2
M2 M11
a
Figure 13.3: Ions of alternating masses M1 and M2 interacting with nearest neighbors.
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
Acoustic Mode
Optical Mode
Time
Space
Figure 13.4: Configurations of atoms in optical and acoustic modes. In the acoustic
mode, atoms within a unit cell move in concert, while in the optical mode they
vibrate against one another in opposite directions.
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Vibrations of a Classical Lattice Classical Vibrations in One Dimension
2.0
Optical Branch
1.5
K/M1
p
1.0
ω(k)/
0.5 ch
n
ic Bra
o ust
Ac
0.0
π -π/2 0 π/2 π
ka
Figure 13.5: Vibrational frequencies
Analabha Roy (Modified from M. Marder)of a chain
Condensed with two alternating
Matter Physics masses,
MPHYS0306, as a
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