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Computer Architecture: Chapter # 05

Computer architecture refers to the components that make up a computer system and how they interact. The major components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and a bus. The Von Neumann architecture, developed by John Von Neumann in 1951, is still used in most computers today and is based on storing both program instructions and data in memory. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers. The control unit directs the flow of data between various components. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. Registers temporarily store data and memory addresses during processing. Memory holds data and instructions for the CPU and consists of both primary and secondary storage. The input/output devices allow data

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Samiullah Fazal
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112 views

Computer Architecture: Chapter # 05

Computer architecture refers to the components that make up a computer system and how they interact. The major components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and a bus. The Von Neumann architecture, developed by John Von Neumann in 1951, is still used in most computers today and is based on storing both program instructions and data in memory. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers. The control unit directs the flow of data between various components. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. Registers temporarily store data and memory addresses during processing. Memory holds data and instructions for the CPU and consists of both primary and secondary storage. The input/output devices allow data

Uploaded by

Samiullah Fazal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter # 05 Computer

Architecture
Q # 01 (LONG) What is Computer
Architecture? Describe components of
Computer Architecture?

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: “The organization and


interconnection of different components of computer are
called computer architecture.”
In computer science, computer
architecture is a set of disciplines that describes the part of
computer system and their relations. Computer architecture
deals with the functional behavior of a computer system. It
can also be described as the logical structure of the system
unit that housed electronic components. The computer
architecture forms the backbone for building successful
computer systems.

Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von


Neumann in 1951. Von Neumann architecture is based on
the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data
and program data are stored in the same memory. This design
is still used in most computers produced today.

John Von
Neuman Architecture 1951
Components of a Computer:
A computer consists of following main components.
• Input/Output(I/O) Unit.
• Central Processing Unit(CPU).
• Memory Unit.
• Input/Output Devices.
• Bus Interconnection.
• Register.

CPU/Processor Input / Output Unit Input an

Peri
1) Input/Out put (I/O) Unit:
The I/O unit is an important
component of a computer system. It is a special hardware
component. It works as an interface between CPU and I/O
devices. The I/O unit is connected to the bus. The processor and
all other devices are connected to the I/O unit. I/O unit controls
different devices attached with computer. It handles the
processor’s communication with its peripherals (I/O) devices.
These are disk drivers, keyboard, monitor, printer etc.
2) Central Processing Unit(CPU):
CPU is also called brain of computer. It is a small chip placed
on motherboard. It controls all the processing of data inside
the computer. It also manages different parts of computer.
There are three main components of CPU: CU, ALU and
Registers.
(a) Control Unit (CU):
Control Unit coordinates with the input and output devices of
a computer. It directs the computer to carry out stored
program instructions by communicating with the ALU and the
registers. It organizes the processing of data and instructions.
To maintain the proper sequence of processing data, the
control unit uses clock inputs. The basic function of control unit
is to fetch the instruction stored in the devices involved in it

and accordingly generate control signals. It reads the


instructions from the memory, decode them and control the
execution of these instructions.

(b) Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU):


The arithmetic logic unit contains the electronic circuitry
that executes all arithmetic and logical operations on the
available data. It is used to perform all arithmetic
calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division) and logical calculation (<,>.+, AND, OR, etc).
Logical unit performs comparison of numbers, letters and
special characters. ALU uses registers to hold the data that
is being processed.
(c) Registers
Register is a high speed and temporary memory inside the
CPU. It is used to store data and different memory
addresses at the time of processing.

3) Memory Unit:
Memory is that part of the computer, Which
holds data and instructions, Memory is an integral component
of the CPU. The memory unit consists of Primary memory and
Secondary memory.

a)Primary Memory:
Primary memory or main memory of the
computer is used to store the data and instructions during
execution of the instructions. The primary memory is of two
types ,Random Access memory(RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM).

b) Secondary Memory:
Secondary memory, also known as
secondary storage or auxiliary memory.This is used for storage
data and instructions permanently e.g. hard disks, CDs, DVDs,
etc.

4) Input/Output Devices:
Input and output devices allow the
computer system to interact with the outside world by
moving data into and out of the system. An input device is
used to bring data into the system. Some input devices are
Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Bar code reader, Graphics
tablet.
An output device is used to send data out of the
system. Some output devices are Monitor, Printer, Speaker.

5) Bus Interconnection:
CPU sends data, instructions and
information to the components inside the computer as well as
to the peripherals and devices attached to it. Bus is a set of
electronic signal pathways that allows information and signals
to travel between components inside or outside of a
computer.

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