Term Paper Revision XI 1st semester

A. Perfect Tenses – Simple forms

1) Present Perfect Simple

- Form: HAVE/ HAS + 3rd form

Eg. I have been/ He has been
I have walked/ He has walked

- Use: - link between past & present: We have been friends for a long time.
-recent past: I’ve just met her./ He has recently visited Paris.
-time not mentioned specifically (indefinite past): I’ve always loved chocolate.

2) Past Perfect Simple

- Form: HAD + 3rd form

Eg. I had seen/ I had talked

- Use: - for an action that happened before another action in the past
Eg. I had already seen that movie when you recommended it to me.

3) Future Perfect Simple

-Form: WILL HAVE + 3rd form

Eg. I will have finished
- Use: - for a future action that will happen until/ by a specific point in time (in the future)
Eg. I will have finished the project by tomorrow afternoon.

Perfect Tenses – Continuous Forms

!! Same rules apply as for Simple forms, with a focus on:

- DURATION (for 2 hours, since this morning, etc.)

Eg. I have been reading since this morning.
- RESULTS visible now of an action that has been happening for some time
- Eg. I’m exhausted, I’ve been running all morning.
Mmm, it smells amazing in the kitchen – mum has been cooking all day.

1) Present Perfect Continuous

- Form: HAVE/ HAS + BEEN + V-ing

Eg. I have been walking/ He has been walking since this morning.

2) Past Perfect Continuous

- Form: HAD + BEEN + V-ing

Eg. I had been singing for 2 hours before you arrived.
 3) Future Perfect Continuous

- Form: WILL HAVE + BEEN + V-ing

Eg. I will have been singing for 2 hours by tonight.

B. Relative pronouns
WHO – for people: That is the man who taught me how to swim.
WHICH/ THAT – for objects/ abstract nouns, etc.: This is the book that I was telling you about.
The movie which impressed me the most is…
WHEN/ WHERE – relative pronouns for time and place:
Paris is the city where I improved my French language speaking skills.
The time when I learned most skills was in my youth.
WHOSE – expresses possession
Ella, whose brother is a doctor, has become a close friend of mine.
WHOM – when we refer to the object, not subject, in a sentence (to whom, with whom, of whom, etc.)
Who would like to go on holiday?
Whom did you write the letter to?/ Whom did you see? I do not know with whom I will go.
The witness whom I interviewed did not offer many details.

C. Articles
- Definite: THE
- Indefinite: A/AN
- Zero Article

Practice
A.
Perfect Tenses

1. He ……………………………… (be) crazy about jazz ever since he was five years old.
2. They ………………………………. (finish) making the movie in about six months’ time.
3. By the time Lord of the Rings came out on DVD, I ……………………………(see) it three times.
4. I think I …………………………………….. (go) to that exhibition, but I can’t remember when.
5. After I ……………………………………. (be) there for two years, I decided to leave the music school.
6. By the time she is nineteen, she ………………………… (be) away from home for two years.
7. He …………………………………... (always/enjoy) music from a very early age.
8. By the end of December, I ……………………………… (finish) my course.
9. She ……………………………………. (visit) New York every summer since her friend moved there.
10. I …………………………………. (finish) the project by 6 o’clock.
11 ...……………………….(you/see) the news? You won’t believe your eyes.
12 They ……………………………..(live) in New York for 3 years before they moved to Seattle.
 13. By this time next year, I ……………………………….. (start) to speak perfect English.
14. They ………………………………….. (work) for 2 hours by the time the manager arrives at work today.
15. When we meet again next week, I ………………………………(practice) tennis for at least a month.
16. She ………………………… (recover) from her surgery by the time we visited her last week.

Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Simple vs Past Perfect Continuous

drive, collect, be, snow, walk, see, study, eat, catch, live, sing, jog
Future Perfect Simple or Future Perfect Continuous

B.
 C.

1. I opened ______ door and found ______ old man wearing ______ hat standing on _____ doorstep.
2. All of them went to ______ picnic near ______ waterfall at ______ Green Valley on ______ Saturday.
3. ______ boy came cycling down ______ street and banged into ______ tree in front of ______ house
opposite ours.
4. What ______ pity ______ Eric could not go to _______ football match that was held on ______ school
field. It was really ______ exciting game.
5. ______ price of ______ eggs has been on ______ increase for ______ long time. Now, ______ egg
costs much more.
6. I found _______ empty tin by ______ roadside just now. This is not ______ unusual thing, but
_______ point is that ______ tin can cause ______ serious accident.
7. ______ author of this book came to our school yesterday and gave us ______ lecture on ______
importance of reading good books for ______ education.
8. When I woke up early in ______ morning, I saw _______ fine mist covering ______ hills and trees.
But ______ hour later, ______ mist had disappeared, and ______ sun was shining brightly.
9. As he was going to ______ school, he met with ______ accident. He received _______ bad bump on
_______ head and was taken to ______ hospital in _______ ambulance.
10. _______ bus stopped at _______ bus-station. _______ old woman wearing _______ faded skirt and
______ old blouse got off _______ bus.
11. Mary suddenly let out _______ frightened scream. She had felt _______ cold object brush past her
face. We told her that it was probably ______ owl or ______ bat, and warned her to look out for
potholes along _______ path.
12. _______ old shopkeeper works too hard in _______ shop. He is on his feet _______ whole day long,
serving _______ customers, and climbing up and down ______ stepladder to get _______ things they
want. What he needs is _______ long rest and _______ assistant to help him in _______ shop.
13. She sent ______ note to her cousin, telling him that she was in _______ great danger and that she
needed _______ help. When he got to her house, he found that all _______ lights had been switched
off. _______ only light came from _______ single candle standing on _______ table in _______ center
of ______ hall.
14. I brought along _______ loaf of bread and _______ tin of sardines for my lunch. I also had _______
apple, ______ orange and _______ tomato. But I forgot to bring along _______ knife and _______
can-opener. So I ate only _______ apple, _______ orange and _______ tomato for _______lunch.