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Dosage Form

A dosage form is the physical form a drug takes for administration, containing active and inactive ingredients. Common forms include pills, tablets, capsules, liquids, inhaled powders, injections, and topical/suppository preparations. The dosage form is designed based on factors like the drug's properties, intended delivery method, and ensuring stability, efficacy, and patient safety/compliance. Excipients are used to solubilize, suspend, dilute or stabilize the active drug within a suitable formulation for the intended administration route.

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755 views6 pages

Dosage Form

A dosage form is the physical form a drug takes for administration, containing active and inactive ingredients. Common forms include pills, tablets, capsules, liquids, inhaled powders, injections, and topical/suppository preparations. The dosage form is designed based on factors like the drug's properties, intended delivery method, and ensuring stability, efficacy, and patient safety/compliance. Excipients are used to solubilize, suspend, dilute or stabilize the active drug within a suitable formulation for the intended administration route.

Uploaded by

Amaila Ch
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DOSAGE FORM

DEFINITION

• A dosage form (DF) is the physical form of a dose of a


chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended
for administration or consumption.

• The finished dosage form contains the active drug


ingredient in association with nondrug (usually inert)
ingredients (excipients) that make up the vehicle or
formulation matrix.

COMMON DOSAGE FORMS


• Pill
• Tablet
• Capsule
• Syrup
• Aerosol
• Inhaler
• injection
• Pure powder
• Solid crystal

• Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since different
medical conditions can warrant (deserve) different routes of administration.

For example, persistent nausea and emesis or vomiting may make it difficult to use
an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to utilize an alternate
route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository, or Parenteral instead.

• Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of


drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or
pharmacokinetics.

As an example, insulin cannot be given orally because upon being administered in


this manner, it is extensively metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) before
reaching the blood stream, and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its
therapeutic target destinations.
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORM

o Oral
o Inhalational
o Parenteral Injection
o Topical
o Suppository

1-ORAL

• Pill, tablet, or capsule

• Specialty tablet like buccal, sublingual, or orally-disintegrating.

An orally disintegrating tablet or orodispersible


tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited
amount of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs
differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved
on the tongue rather than swallowed whole.

• Thin film (e.g., Listerine PocketPaks antiseptic mouthwash having menthol,


thymol, methyle salicylate, eucalyptol)

• Liquid solution or suspension (e.g., drink or syrup)


• Powder or liquid or solid crystals
• Natural or herbal plant, seed, or food of sorts (e.g., marijuana
(Cannabis) (bhang or ganja)

2-INHALATIONAL
• Aerosol
• Inhaler
• Vaporizer (usually to vaporize natural herbs like
marijuana)
• Nebulizer
• Smoking (often in natural herb (e.g., tobacco, marijuana) or
freebase powder form (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine)

Freebase (chemistry), the standalone basic form of an


amine, usually an alkaloid natural product.

Freebasing, vaporization and/or inhalation of the freebase form of a


chemical.
3-PARENTERAL INJECTION
1. Intradermal (ID)
2. Intramuscular (IM)
3. Intraosseous (IR)
4. Intraperitoneal (IP)
5. Intravenous (IV)
6. Subcutaneous (SC)

4-TOPICAL
• Cream, gel, liniment or balm, lotion, or ointment, etc
• Ear drops (optic)
• Eye drops (ophthalmic)
• Skin patch (transdermal)

5-SUPPOSITORY
• Rectal (e.g., enema)
• Vaginal (e.g., douche, pessary, etc)

Composition of dosage form


Dosage form consists of:-
1. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is the substance or compound in dosage
form that has pharmacological activity.
2. Inactive ingredient or excipient is an inactive substance used as a carrier for the
active ingredients of medication.

Types of Excipients
1. Anti-adherents
2. Binders
3. Coatings
4. Disintegrants
5. Fillers & Diluents
6. Flavors
7. Colors
8. Glidant
9. Lubricants
10. Preservatives
11. Sweeteners
12. Sorbents etc.

Need for dosage forms


• Drugs substance are merely administered alone rather they are given as a part of
formulation in combination with one or more non medicinal agents that serve
varied and specialized pharmaceutical functions.
• Selective use of these non medicinal substances produces dosage forms of various
types.

Use of Pharmaceutical ingredients


1. Solubilize
2. Suspend
3. Thicken
4. Dilute
5. Emulsify
6. Stabilize
7. Preserve
8. Color
9. Flavor
10. Design

These excipients fashion the medicinal agents into


1. Efficacious
2. Appealing dosage forms.
 The proper design and formulation of dosage form requires consideration of the
physical, chemical and biologic characteristics of all of drug substances and
pharmaceutical substances.
 The drug and pharmaceutical materials must be compatible with one another to
produce a drug product that is:-

 Stable
 Efficacious
 Attractive
 Easy to administer
 Safe

 The product should be manufactured with appropriate measures of quality control


and packaged in containers that keep the product stable.
 The product should be labeled to promote correct use and be stored under
conditions that contribute to maximum shelf life.

The Need for dosage form


 The potent nature and low dosage of most of the drugs in use today removes any
expectation that the general public could safely obtain the appropriate dose of a
drug from the bulk material.
 Most drug substances are administered in milligrams quantities, much too small to
be weighed on anything but a sensitive prescription or electronic analytical
balance.

Other aims…
• To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric
oxygen or humidity (coated tablets, sealed ampoules).
• To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of gastric acid after
oral administration (enteric-coated tablets).
• To mask the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance (capsules,
coated tablets, flavored syrups).
• To provide liquid preparations of substances that is either insoluble or unstable in
desired vehicle (suspension).
• To provide clear liquid dosage forms of substances (syrups, solutions).
• To provide rate controlled drug action (various controlled-release tablets,
capsules, and suspension).
• To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites (ointments,
creams, transdermal patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations).
• To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices (rectal or vaginal
suppositories).
• To provide for placement of drugs directly in blood stream or body tissues
(injections).
• To provide for optimal drug action through inhalation therapy (inhalants and
inhalation aerosols).

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