AMBO UNIVERSITY WOLISO CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ON APPLICATION AREA OF AI

NO Full Name Student ID

1 Dinka Kebede AU/R 25862/11

Woliso , Ethiopia

(March 27, 2014)

SUBMITTED TO : Mr Milion
L.
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Contents
APPLICATION AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGINCE.....................................................................................1
.What is the area of application of AI?........................................................................................................1
1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION...............................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
2. Role of AI in Education.........................................................................................................................1
3. How AI solve the problem in education...........................................................................................2
2. Applications of AI in Transport............................................................................................................3
AI in Planning, Designing and Controlling Transportation Network Structures...........................................5
Predictive Models....................................................................................................................................6
2.3. Conclusions...................................................................................................................................7

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1.APPLICATION AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGINCE
1.1.What is the area of application of AI?
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and fast.

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION
AI is used in grading system where teachers can automate grading for certain type of questions.
It will be more useful in adaptive and individualized learning which satisfies the needs of the
students.

AI helps the teachers to know the understanding capacity of the students on their lectures and
enable them to provide the relevant hints for students. It acts as a tutor for the students and helps
them to learn.AI driven programs offers helpful feedback for both students and teachers. It helps
the teachers to monitor the performance of the students and enable them improve the instruction
that they provide forth students.

2. Role of AI in Education
Developing Smart Content: systems can use the materials of a traditional syllabus to create
customized textbooks for certain subjects. Such systems digitize this course material and create
new learning interfaces to help students of all academic grades and ages.

Creating Personalized Learning Experiences: There’s a quote by Albert Einstein, which says
that “Everybody is a genius, but if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its
whole life believing that it is stupid.” No two students are the same, or learn in exactly the same
way.

By providing customizable tutoring and studying support applications, AI can adapt educational
frameworks to cater to individuals’ needs according to their abilities, interests, and aptitude.

Expanding the Range of Education: In general, AI and digital technology are helping to
eliminate boundaries and extend educational opportunities to learners throughout the world.
Intelligent web search and recommendation engines can provide students with the information

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and resources they need to further their education. And platforms like the Massive Open Online
Course or MOOC are making courses instantly accessible to anyone with an internet connection.
This is one of the significant benefits of artificial intelligence in education.

Facilitating Education Management and Administration: An education management

information system or EMIS is an integrated group of information and documentation services to
collect, store, process, analyse, and disseminate data for educational planning and management.

With the advancement of digital and machine learning technologies, these platforms are evolving
into intelligent learning management systems (LMSs). From the masses of data collected through
an EMIS, AI and machine learning algorithms can make data-driven decisions to improve school
administration and education delivery.

Intelligent Tutoring and Learning: Intelligent tutoring system (ITS) and intelligent learning
system (ILS) technologies provide AI-powered digital platforms that enable students to discover
information for them. As well as acting as a medium for guided learning, they can also perform
extensive diagnostics on student performance, maintaining a continuous model of their
knowledge, skills, errors, and misconceptions — and providing recommendations or solutions to
steer them along the path to progress.

3. How AI solve the problem in education

AI in education can analyse student data to suggest what they should learn. AI can recommend
resources such as extra courses or materials much like Netflix recommends movies, making sure
that the recommendations are relevant: based on individual needs, the current level of
knowledge, and set goals.

4. Future of Artificial Intelligence in Education

No doubt, education in one sector where a human-to-human interaction is a rule and it is
unbreakable in the future too. Though the integration of AI is taking its pace into this sector, it
may not develop the human attributes of understanding and responsiveness.
Still, the strength of AI can be explored to a greater extent in regards to closing the gaps of
leanings.
  5. Advantage of AI in education
1. Personalization and customization.
2. it’s possible to create adapted groups.
3. Objectivity and equality

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4. 24/7 response.
5. VR-learning possibilities
6. Saving time by outsourcing repetitive tasks.
7. Game-learning.

6. Disadvantage of AI in Education
1. Quantity doesn’t become quality.
2. AI can stimulate technology addiction.
3. The high cost of power.
4. Unemployment.
5. Lack of personal engagement.

2. Applications of AI in Transport
The AI applications in transport have been developing and implementing in a variety of ways.
Among those, this research paper aims to address three main examples.
1. The use of AI in corporate decision making, planning, and managing. This is
important to overcome the issue of a continuously rising demand with limited road
supply. This includes better utilization of accurate prediction and detection models
aiming to better forecast traffic volume, traffic conditions, and incidents.
2. Applications of AI aiming to improve public transport are also discussed. It is due to
the fact that public transportation is regarded as a sustainable mode of mobility.
3. The next promising AI application in transport is connected and autonomous
vehicles, which aims to enhance productivity by reducing the number of accidents on
highways. The self-driven cars and small-scale autonomous bus trials that have been
initiated, most prominently.

Many researchers have demonstrated the advantages of AI in transport. An example of that

includes transforming the traffic sensors on the road into a smart agent that detects accidents
automatically and predicts future traffic conditions. Also, there are many AI methods used in
transport such as ANNs. ANNs can be used for road planning; public transport; Traffic Incident
Detection; and predicting traffic conditions. It is classified into supervised and unsupervised
learning methods. Supervised methods include Support Vector Machine (SVM), Probabilistic
Neural Network (PNN), Radial Basis Network (RBN), K-Nearest Neighbors and Decision Tree,
etc. while unsupervised NNs include greedy layer-wise and cluster analysis.

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Many transportation problems lead to an optimization problem that needs bespoke algorithms to
make computational analytics easy to solve. They are highly advanced computational algorithms
referred to as raster algorithms.
The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an example of those algorithms. It is based on the evolutionary
biological concept. It solves complex optimizations problems based on “survival of the fitness”
concept and it is a good tool to use in the urban design networks.
Another algorithm is Simulated Annealing (SA) which is obtained from by simulating the
process of annealing of metal. Ant Colony Optimizer (ACO) is also an AI algorithm developed
based on the behavior of a group of real ants following their path from the nest to food source.
An artificial Immune system (AIS) which is modeled based on the human immune system.
Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) which solves a hybrid complex optimization problem. ACO
and BCO are part of swarm intelligence systems.
Swarm intelligence is an AI system which is inspired by ants and bees working together as a
group to reach to an optimized solution. The intelligent computational analytics of these systems
are able to represent uncertainty, imprecision and vague concepts, hence these techniques are
used for route optimization problems in transport.
Another optimization technique is Fuzzy Logic Model (FLM). It is applied to solve shortest
path optimization. The performance of FLM is compared with Logistic Regression Model
(LRM) by when developing a route choice model and FLM outperformed. Therefore, intelligent
techniques such as FLM, GA, ANN, and ACO are suitable for prediction, reasoning, and
adaptability.
Therefore, these are used to solve optimization problems which involve dynamic traffic
situations and events.
Another novel software paradigm has introduced based on AI theories, called Agent-Based
Software Engineering (ABSE). ABSE is capable of allowing the dynamic approach to
identifying shortest path through the formation of multi-criteria and multi scenarios. Also, NNs
were utilized to integrate the system with the aforementioned algorithms for better results.

AI in Planning, Designing and Controlling Transportation Network

Structures
The objective of planning is to identify the community needs and decide on the best approach
to meet this demand while utilizing the impact of social, environmental and economic in
transportation. Designing an optimal road method for transport planning is part of the Network
Design Problem (NDP).

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It can be a Continuous problem when the capacity of existing infrastructure changes (extend lane
width, median and shoulder area), a Discrete problem is identified when adding more
infrastructure and a Mixed of Continuous and Discrete problems. Previous researches in the 90s
focused on NNs for road planning, designing and modeling.
Today, emerging huge amount of data with advanced algorithms become the interest of most
research by Sustainability 2019, 11, 189 4 of 24 using Machine-learning to create patterns among
the data.
They used GA and SA algorithms and compared their efficiency on a simulated network. When
the demand is low, SA finds optimal value with less computational effort than GA. However,
when more computations are done by GA, it can reach a better optimal solution.
The results showed a planning improvement for urban development based on the simulated
industrial land use patterns for several years in China
An area where AI applications have also seen rapid developments is Intelligent Transport
Systems (ITS). These systems aim to alleviate congestion and improve driving experience using
a variety of technologies and communication systems. They capture important data that can be
integrated with machine learning technology. For example, deep reinforcement learning has been
used for real time optimizations of traffic control policies embedded in large scale ITS systems.
Similarly, a deep learning system to empower ITS devices with functions for signal processing
and fast computing analytics has also been proposed.
In the future, data complexity will increase as ITS continues to develop, hence, deep learning
techniques will be essential to find patterns and features in these data to achieve a more
connected transportation systems. In another example, genetic algorithm and fuzzy methods
were used to control the traffic signal systems automatically at intersections. The ITS system
proposed, ‘NeverStop’, utilized RFID sensors and the findings showed that this system was
effective to reduce average waiting times for vehicles.
Incident Detection Many attempts were established to identify, the time, location and the
severity of an incident to support traffic managers to mitigate congestion. These attempts are
ranging from manual reports to automated algorithms to Neural Networks. Manual reports that
are written by humans can have a delay in detecting incidents and cost-effective. On the
contrary, algorithms can measure the flow characteristics before and after the incident through
data collected from sensors along the road. Algorithms for incident detection have been first
implemented using statistical techniques such as California Algorithm. However, it is difficult to
use an algorithm on arterial roads, because of the street parking and traffic signals. For this
reason, algorithms have been developed to neural networks approaches. A classification neural
network algorithm was evaluated to detect incident occurrence in a freeway.

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Predictive Models
The rapid development of intelligent transport systems (ITS) has increased the need to propose
advanced methods to Predict traffic information. These methods play an important role in the
success of ITS subsystems such as advanced traveller information systems, advanced traffic
management systems, advanced public transportation systems, and commercial vehicle
operations.
Intelligent predictive systems are developed using historical data extracted from sensors
attached to the roads. Then, these data becomes an input to machine learning and AI algorithms
for real-time, short-term and long-term predictions. In the past, research focused for short-term
flow prediction by using simple feed forward neural network.
In the transportation sector, the emerging of sharing economy has a potential interest towards
developing business models to emerge new-shared mobility services to provide a sustainable
transportation system and address the gap of fitting the demand to the supply more effectively.
Specifically, sharing bikes, cars, and rides on an on-demand basis has driven the attention of the
majority of users. These shared mobility options also address the major shortcoming of “first-
mile, last-mile.” Sustainability 2019, 11, 189 9 of 24 The shared mobility models such as bike
sharing and car sharing have existed for decades, figuratively, the first bike-sharing models have
emerged the Amsterdam in 1960s. However, with the advancements in information and
communication technologies, the recent advances and developments of disruptive innovations in
shared mobility have become possible at a scale. In addition, these app-based platforms
coordinate the on-demand vehicles and pairing to share rides for a long-term efficient transport
system.
Shared mobility is benefited by the AI technology to improve the customer experience and
streamline their businesses. The providing of personalized customer experience to the users has
become possible with the integration of AI and shared mobility. For example, the Uber has
provided personalized rider experience by suggesting rider destinations based on the user’s ride
history. In addition, the Uber has introduced route-based pricing, which uses AI to predict how
much riders are willing to pay based on the parameters such as destination, time of day and
location. Moreover, the Uber operators are using AI to identify the fraudulent drivers and prevent
fraudulent activities. The future of shared mobility is pictured with driverless cars, which uses AI
and sensor technologies.

2.3. Conclusions
This paper presents an overview of the applications of AI to a variety of transport-related
problems. The range of applications is expected to increase as our cities and transport

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systems become more instrumented providing much-needed data for AI application
development. The review focused on a number of application areas which are expected to
have more influence in future cities including autonomous vehicles, public transport,
disruptive urban mobility, automated incident detection, future traffic status prediction, and
traffic management and control. It shows that AI can be used to solve the challenge of
increasing travel demand, CO2 emissions, safety concerns, and wasted fuels. The literature
abounds with case studies that show how AI is effective in designing and developing an
optimal network for the community, finding an optimal schedule plans for public transport
authorities, enhancing timing plans for traffic signals, and optimizing routes for individual
drivers. It is also applied for automated incident detection, detecting anomalies during flights
and in image processors/video sequences for data collected from the roads.