Coal and Lignite

REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP
ON
COAL & LIGNITE

For
FORMULATION OF ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN

(2007-12)
Government of India
Ministry of Coal
Shastri Bhavan
New Delhi
(November 2006)
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Subject Page No.
Preface iii
Appendix iv
Executive Summary 1
1 Coal Demand 13
2 Production 36
3 Demand and Supply 43
4 Beneficiation of Coal 47
5 Coal Movement 56
6 Lignite 62
7 Investment including Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) 69
8 Exploration of Coal, Lignite and Coal Bed Methane 75
9 Information Technology 84
10 Research and Development 91
11 Safety and Welfare 98
12 Environmental Management 116
13 Infrastructure Development 130
14 Mining Technology 132
15 Benchmarking and Productivity 141
16 Project Formulation and Implementation 146
17 Revival of Loss Making Companies 155
18 Policy Initiatives 160
19 Recommendations 175
20 Annexures 182
1
List of Annexures
Reference Annexure Page

Subject
Chapter No. No.
1.1 Coal demand and supply (Sector-wise) in IX Plan 182
1.2 Coal demand and supply (Sector-wise) in X Plan 183
1.3 Coal demand vis-à-vis materialisation during X Plan 184
1.4 Fuel wise capacity addition of power projects 185
1.5 Capacity addition (Region-wise) of coal based power projects 186
Capacity addition (Region-wise) of lignite based power
1.6 187
projects
1 1.7 Region-wise coal requirement for power projects – summary 188
1.8 Region-wise coal requirement for power projects – details 189
1.9 Yearwise Power generation during XIth Plan – TPS wise 191
1.10 Coal requirement during XI Plan (TPS-utilities- wise) 195
List of coal based power projects (utilities) for likely benefits
1.11 199
during XI Plan (Tentative)
1.12 List of 11th Plan Power Project for CIL (Provisional) 202
1.13 Details of Coal requirement of steel sector 205
Company-wise coal production performance during X Plan
2.1 207
Period
2.2 Company-wise, coalfield-wise coal production programme 208
2
2.3 Group-wise (company-wise) coal production programme 209
2.4 Tentative list of XIth Plan Projects of CIL 210
2.5 Details of new projects during XIth Plan Period - SCCL 214
5 5.1 Coal Movement Matrix for 2011-12 216
6.1 Lignite demand perspective (XI & XII Five Year Plan) 217
6 6.2 Lignite production projection 222
6.3 Capital investment in Lignite sector 225
8.1 Programme and progress of Exploration Work during X Plan 231
8 8.2 Updated details of coal resources as on 1.1.2006 232
8.3 Lignite resources as on 1.1.2006 234
2
PREFACE
The Planning Commission has constituted a Working Group on Coal & Lignite for formulation of
XI Five year Plan under the chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Coal. The composition of
Working Group and its terms of reference is given in appendix-I. Based on that the Ministry of
Coal has also constituted Five Sub-Groups to cover various aspects of the Coal Sector. The
Sub-Group are:
Sub-Group-I On Integrated Energy Policy Report, Coal vision 2025, Report of the
expert committee on the roadmap for coal sector reforms and review of
various policy issues including the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
in Coal and Lignite Sector.
Sub-Group-II On Coal Demand, Supply, Movement, Quality, International trade and

infrastructure development.
Sub-Group-III On Coal & Lignite exploration & Coal Bed Methane.
Sub-Group-IV On Information Technology, R&D, Safety, Welfare and Environment

Management.
Sub-Group-V On Coal Production, Mining Technologies, Productivity, Project

Implementation & Resources.
The composition and terms of reference of various Sub-Groups is enclosed in appendix – II. In
order to check uniformity of the data and information in the Reports of all Sub-Groups an
Editorial Committee was consitituted by the Ministry of Coal as per appendix-III.
The First meeting of the Working Group was held on 20-6-2006 wherein it was decided to
formulate the above Five Sub-Group. In addition, it was also emphasized consideration of the
three main reports i.e. the Integrated Energy Policy Report, Report of the Expert Committee on
the roadmap for coal sector reforms; and the Coal Vision 2025 document, to the extent that
they are applicable to the terms of reference assigned to their respective Sub-Group and; the
issues raised in the presentation made to the Steering Committee for energy sector. The final
meeting of the Working Group was held on November 4, 2006 .
This report is based on the reports of the Sub-Group submitted during September, 2006 and
decision taken in the final meeting of the Working Group.
*****
3
Appendix – I
Terms of Reference of Working Group on Coal & Lignite for formulation of

Eleventh Five Year Plan as issued by Planning Commission vide their order No. M-
12026/2/2006-Coal dated 4th May, 2006
I. To review the Integrated Energy Policy Report and to suggest measures to make the
recommendations operational during Eleventh Plan period.
II. To review the report of the Expert Committee on roadmap for Coal Sector Reforms and
to suggest measures to make the recommendations operational during Eleventh Plan
Period.
III. To review the likely achievements during the Tenth Five year Plan in meeting targets
set for production, productivity and dispatch and analysis of reasons for shortfall, if any
may be highlighted.
IV. To review the Coal Vision 2025 document and opine upon the efficacy of achieving the
production targets set therein for the end of XIth Plan (inclusive of emergency action
plan).
V. To review the status of various policy initiatives taken in coal & lignite sector and to
make recommendations for further course of action as well as continuation of
unfulfilled tasks of previous plan period.
VI. To recommend Industry structure that would enhance number of players, promote
competition, provide a consistent and transparent pricing regime and raise production,
distribution, transportation and end use efficiency. In this connection, to analyze the
need for de-blocking of Coal Blocks held by Coal India Ltd that would not be put into.
VII. To estimate year-wise coal & lignite demand during 2007-12 (XI Plan) and 2012-17,
based on requirement of the end users (of both coking and non-coking coal); their
pattern of growth; technological improvements of the end user vis-à-vis the specific
consumption, import requirements of both coking and non-coking coal; possible inter-
fuel substitution etc.
VIII. To suggest measures for accelerating exploration activities and UNFC classification of
resources; to assess the capabilities of the existing exploration agencies for meeting
the exploration programme and possibility of private sector participation to augment /
supplement these capabilities.
IX. To assess the potentiality of methane content of each coalfields and identify coalfields /
horizons for exploiting unapproachable resources.
X. To bring out coal and lignite production programme with related financial and economic
implications vis-à-vis the projected demand and to suggest measure for dealing with
the demand supply mismatch, if any.
XI. To analyse efficacy of reviving loss making coal companies and to make specific
recommendations on this account.
4
XII. To establish benchmarks for different mining operations (opencast as well as
underground) comparable with international standards and to suggest measures for
achieving the same.
XIII. To recommend measures for alternative technologies for extraction of resources in

geologically disturbed areas and deep seated coal resources, and underground coal
gasification, coal bed methane extraction, alternative system of coal transportation.
XIV. To suggest measures for improved formulation and implementation of projects.
XV. To suggest measures for improving the availability of coking coal from indigenous
sources; improving performance of coking coal washeries; and assessing the
requirement of imported coking coal on long term basis.
XVI. To suggest measures to promote the use of washed coal in power generation;
estimating the capacity requirement of non-coking coal washery and associate
infrastructure.
XVII. To suggest measures for improving the existing infrastructure for coal movement from
pithead and ports to load centers.
XVIII. To assess the requirement and to suggest measures for developing other
infrastructure and resources like power, communication, land water etc.
XIX. To assess safety and welfare requirements for workers and to suggest desired policy
measures for implementation, suggest measures for developing skills of human
resources; and draw roadmap for future sustainability of coal industry with world class
training and education.
XX. To assess the current status of science & technology of research and development
activities in coal and lignite sector and to recommend priorities for future projects
keeping in view the emerging energy scenario and externalities associated therein.
Specifically the Working Group may outline the roadmap for in-situ coal/lignite
gasification and carbon capture & sequestration technology.
XXI. To make assessment of the year-wise investment including foreign, component for
achieving the Eleventh Plan objectives and targets, foreign assistance/loans/bilateral
collaborations etc.
XXII. To review and assess the environmental management aspects for sustainable coal
production in Eleventh Plan and beyond.
Additional Terms of reference :
XXIII. Role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in development of Coal and Lignite Sector to
make it competitive out World Class Standards.
XXIV. To review the status of information technology in Coal and Lignite Sector and to
identify the areas viz. reserve modeling, Planning, Project formulation, Production,
dispatch, other managerial areas like financial material, personal, safety, welfare etc.
And communication coal data transmission with a view to improve overall managerial
efficiencies.
5
Appendix-II
SUB GROUPS CONSTITUTED UNDER THE WORKING GROUP BY THE MINISTRY OF
COAL VIDE ITS ORDER F.No.17014/14/2006-Plng. DATED 23RD MAY, 2006
1- SUB-GROUP ON INTEGRATED ENERGY POLICY REPORT, COAL VISION 2025,

REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON THE ROAD MAP FOR COAL SECTOR
REFORMS AND REVIEW OF VARIOUS POLICY ISSUES INCLUDING THE ROLE OF
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN COAL AND LIGNITE SECTOR.
Composition:
Shri K.S.Kropha, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Coal - Chairman
Shri Krishan Kumar, C.G.M.(S & M) Coal India Limited - Member
Secretary
Members:
1. Representative of Ministry of Power

2. Representative of Central Electricity Authority(CEA)
3. Representative of Department of Science & Technology
4. Representative of Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion(DIPP)
5. Representative of Ministry of Commerce
6. Representative of Industrial Development
7. Joint Advisor(Coal), Planning Commission
8. Director(PPD), Planning Commission
9. Representative of Industries & Minerals Division, Planning Commission
10. Representative of Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd, P.O.Kothagudem Collieries, Distt.
Khammam, AP
11. Representative of Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry(FICCI)
Terms of Reference:
i) To review the Integrated Energy Policy Report and to suggest measures to make the
recommendations operational during Eleventh Plan Period.
ii) To review the report of the Expert Committee on the Road Map for Coal Sector
Reforms and to suggest measures to make the recommendations operation during
Eleventh Plan period.
iii) To review the Coal Vision 2025 document and opine upon the efficacy of achieving the
production targets set therein for the end of XIth Plan (inclusive of emergency action
plan)
iv) To review the status of various policy initiatives taken in coal and lignite sector and to
make recommendations for further course of action as well as continuation of
unfulfilled tasks of previous plan period.
v) To recommend Industry structure that would enhance number of players, promote
competition, provide a consistent and transparent pricing regime and raise production,
distribution, transportation and end-use efficiency. In this connection, to analyse then
need for de-blocking Coal Blocks held by Coal India Ltd. that would not be put into
production even by 2016-17.
6
vi) Role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the development of coal and lignite sector to
make it competitive at world class standards.
2- SUB-GROUP ON COAL DEMAND, SUPPLY, MOVEMENT, QUALITY,

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT:
Composition:
Shri Rajiv Sharma, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Coal - Chairman
Shri I.K.Singh, C.G.M.(S&M), Coal India Limited - Member
Secretary
Members:
1. Representative of Ministry of Power
1. Representative of Central Electricity Authority(CEA)
2. Representative of Steel
3. Representative of Industrial Development
4. Representative of Department of Fertilizers
5. Representative of Railway Board
6. Representative of Surface Transport
7. Representative of Ministry of Commerce
9. Director(PPD), Planning Commission
10. Representative of Transport Division, Planning Commission
11. Representative of Industries & Minerals Division, Planning Commission
12. Representative of Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd, P.O.Kothagudem Collieries, Distt.
Khammam, AP
13. Representative of Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (CMPDIL)
14. Representative of Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry(FICCI)
15. Representative of Neyveli Lignite Corporation ( for lignite)
16. Representative of Small Scale Industries Association (SSIA)
Terms of Reference:
i) To review the likely achievements during the Tenth Plan in meeting targets set for
production, productivity and dispatch and analysis of reasons of shortfall, if any may be
highlighted.
ii) To estimate year-wise coal and lignite demand during 2007-12 (XIth Plan) and 2012-
17, based on the requirement of the end users (of both coking and non-coking coal),
their pattern of groth, technological improvements of the end users vis-à-vis the
specific consumption, import requirements of both coking and non-coking coal and
possible fuel substitutions etc.
iii) To bring out coal and lignite production programme with related financial and economic
implications vis-à-vis the projected demand and to suggest measure for dealing with
demand-supply mismatch, if any.
iv) To suggest measures for improving the availability of coking coal form indigenous
sources; improving performance of coking coal washeries and assessing the
requirements of imported coking coal on long term basis.
7
v) To suggest measures to promote the use of washed coal in power generation,
estimating the capacity requirement of non-coking coal washery and associated
infrastructure.
vi) To suggest measures for improving the existing infrastructure for coal movement from
pithead and port to load centers.
vii) To make assessment of the year-wise investment including foreign exchange
component for achieving the Eleventh Plan objectives and targets, including foreign
assistance/loans/ bilateral collaboration.
3 - SUB-GROUP ON COAL & LIGNITE EXPLORATION & COAL BED METHANE:
Composition:
Shri S.Chaudhari, CMD,Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (CMPDIL) -
Chairman
Shri D.N.Prasad, Director (Technical), Ministry of Coal - Member Secretary
Members:
1. Representative of Ministry of Mines

1. Representative of Geological Survey of India
3. Representative of Ministry of Environment and Forests
4. Representative of Department of Programme Implementation
5. Representative of Department of Fertilizers
6. Representative of Ministry of Petroleum & NG/Director General of
Hydrocarbons(DGHC)
7. Representative of Coal India Limited
8. Representative of Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd, P.O.Kothagudem Collieries
9. Representative of Neyveli Lignite Corporation ( for lignite)
10. Representative of Mineral Exploration Corporation
11. Representative of Confederation of Indian Industries (CII)
Terms of Reference:
i) To suggest measures for accelerating exploration activities and UNFC classification of

resources, to access the capabilities of the existing exploration agencies for meeting
the exploration programme and the possibility of private sector participation to
augment/supplement these capabilities.
ii) To assess the potentiality of methane content of each coalfield and identify
coalfields/horimons for exploiting unapproachable resources.
iii) To recommend programme of exploration for lignite, evaluate technical aspects of
these deposits for commercial exploitation.
4 - SUB-GROUP ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, R&D, SAFETY, WELFARE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:
Composition:
Shri P.R.Mandal, Advisor(Projects), Ministry of Coal - Chairman
Shri V.K.Rai, CGM, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (CMPDIL) - Member
Secretary
8
Members:
Representative of Ministry of Information Technology
Representative of Ministry of Environment and Forests
Representative of Department of Science and Technology or Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research (CSIR)
Representative of Central Mining Research Institute (CMRI), Dhanbad
Representative of Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI), Dhanbad
Joint Adviser (Coal), Planning Commission
Joint Advisor(S&T), Planning Commission
Representative of Director General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Ministry of Labour &
Employment
Representative of Coal India Limited
Representative of Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd, P.O.Kothagudem Collieries
Representative of Neyveli Lignite Corporation (for lignite)
Terms of Reference:
i) To review the status of information technology in coal and lignite sectors and to identify
the areas viz. Reserve modeling, Planning, Project formulation, production, dispatch,
other managerial areas like financial material, personnel, safety, welfare, etc. and
communication and data transmission with a view to improve overall managerial
efficiencies.
ii) To assess the requirement and to suggest measures for developing other
infrastructure and resources like power, communication, land, water etc.
iii) To assess safety and welfare requirements for workers and to suggest desired policy
measures for implementation; suggest measures for improving skills of human
resource and draw roadmap for future sustainability of coal industry with world class
training and education.
iv) To assess the current status of science & technology or research & development
activities in the coal and lignite sector and to recommend priorities for future projects
keeping in view the emerging energy scenario and externalities associated therein.
Specifically the Working Group may outline the roadmap for in-situ coal/lignite
gasification and carbon capture sequestration technology.
v) To review and assess the environmental management aspects for sustainable coal
production in the Eleventh Plan and beyond.
5 - SUB-GROUP ON COAL PRODUCTION, MINING TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTIVITY,

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION & RESOURCES:-
Composition
Shri Sujit Gulati, Joint Secretary & Financial Advisor, Ministry of Coal - Chairman
Shri S.R.Ghosh, Director(Engg. Services), Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd.-
Member Secretary
Members:
1. Shri P.R.Mandal, Advisor(Projects), Ministry of Coal
9
2. Joint Advisor(Coal), Planning Commission/Dy. Advisor(Coal), Planning Commission
3. Representative of Ministry of Mines
4. Representative of Coal India Limited
5. Representative of Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd, P.O.Kothagudem Collieries
6. Representative of Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (CMPDIL)
7. Representative of IIT, Kharagpur
8. Representative of Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
9. Representative of Central Mining Research Institute(CMRI), Dhanbad
10. Representative of Confederation of Indian Indsutries(CII)
Terms of Reference:
i) To establish benchmarks for different mining operation (opencast as well as

underground) comparable with international standards and to suggest measures for
achieving the same.
ii) To recommend measures for alternative technologies for extraction of resources in
geologically disturbed areas and deep seated coal resources; and underground coal
gasification; coal bed methane extraction; alternative system of coal transportation.
iii) To analyse efficacy of reviving loss making coal companies and to make specific
recommendations on this account.
iv) To suggest measures for improved formulation and implementation of projects.
*****
10
Appendix-III
Ministry of Coal Constituted Editorial Committee to assist the Working Group

on Coal & Lignite for formulation of the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)
vide their letter No.17014/14/2006 dated 15th September, 2006.
…….
It was decided to constitute the Editorial Committee, which will go through the
reports of the Sub-Groups and to check uniformity of the data and the information
provided by Sub-Groups in their reports and see overlapping in the reports ,if any, and
references to the four main reports:-
1). Integrated Energy Policy Report

2) Report of the Expert Committee on the Road Map for Coal Sector
Reforms
3) Coal Vision 2025 Document
4) Draft Approach Paper to the Eleventh Plan by the Planning Commission
5) Any other points which need to be highlighted for taking decision
at a higher level.
The composition of the Committee will be as follows:-
1. Shri Sujit Gulati Chairman

Joint Secretary & FA, Min. of Coal.
2. Shri M.S.Virdi ,Director(CPFC), Min. of Coal Member Secretary
3. Shri D.N.Prasad, Director(Technical), Min. of Coal Chief Editor
4. Shri A.K.Jyotishi, Director(CPD), Min. of Coal Member
5. Shri K.C.Samria, Dy.Secretary(CA2 & Vig.) Member
Ministry of Coal
6. Sh.Krishan Kumar, CIL,New Delhi Member
7. Shri S.R.Ghosh, Director(Envint.)CMPDIL,Ranchi Member
8. Shri.I.K.Singh, CGM(S&M),CIL, Kolkotta Member
9. Shri V.K.Rai, CGM(Environment)CMPDIL,Ranchi Member
10. Shri Gautam Dhar, CME(Production),CIL, Kolkotta Member
11. Dr.A.Sinha, Dy.CME, CMPDIL, Ranchi Member
12. Shri S.K.Kakkar, Under Secretary, Min. of Coal Member
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Coal Demand
• The Tenth Five Year Plan had envisaged a coal demand of 460.50 million tonnes (mt)
in the terminal year 2006-07, which was revised upwards to 473.18 mt during the Mid-
term Appraisal of the Plan (MTA) and moderated to 474.18 mt in the Annual Plan
2006-07. However, current trend shows that demand from power sector may not reach
to the envisaged level and supply is not likely to exceed 460.00 mt implying a
Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.50% against 5.55% envisaged at the
time of formulation of the Plan and 3% actually achieved in the IX plan.
• The initially planned coal production of 405 mt in the terminal year of the Tenth Plan,
2006-07 has been revised upwards to 431.5 mt during Mid-Term Appraisal (MTA) of
the Plan in tune with the rise in demand but the same was slightly reduced to 430.10
mt in the Annual Plan 2006-07. It is likely to achieve the targeted production implying a
CAGR of 5.6% (CAGR) against 4.32% envisaged at the time of formulation of the Plan
and 2.5% actually achieved in the IX Plan. While there have been delays in taking up
new projects, augmentation of coal production has been possible due to increase in
production from existing mines and acceleration in production build up of the ongoing
projects.
• The demand-supply gap of 55.5 mt in the terminal year 2006-07 of the Tenth Five Year
Plan envisaged initially has declined to 44.08 mt due to improved domestic supply of
coal envisaged in 2006-07. This shortfall was planned to be met through coal imports.
Coal imports reached a level of 36.87 mt in 2005-06 (coking coal 17.11 mt; thermal
coal 19.76 mt). Though imports have helped power sector achieving its planned
generation programme, it however, has resulted in regulating domestic off take, which
in turn has resulted in stock build-up at pit heads during 2005-06.
• As against coal based thermal capacity addition programme of 18308 MW in the Tenth
Plan, the likely addition is 14645 MW including 8450 MW to be added in 2006-07.
Thus there has been slippage in the envisaged capacity addition programme by about
20%. Similarly, the coal based generation programme of 446 BU envisaged at the
time of MTA is marginally revised downwards to 429 BU (4% decline).
• For the XI Plan, Ministry of Power/Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has indicated a
coal based capacity addition plan of 42,625 MW (24110 MW in Central Sector,
15165 MW in State Sector and 3350 MW in private sector) with a coal based
generation programme of 733.3 BU in 2011-12. 16TH electric Power Survey projected
energy requirement of 975 BU in 2011-12. This excludes generation from captive
plants. After considering the likely capacity addition during XI Plan and going by the
trend that around 70% of the projected energy requirement to be coal based, working
group assessed that the most likely coal based generation in the terminal year 2011-12
of the XI Plan could be of the order of 690 BU. This indicates a CAGR of 10% in coal
based generation programme which is in tune with the suggested growth in economy
of 8%-9% in the XI Plan. Further considering the current trend of specific coal
12
consumption of 0.70 kg/kWh the coal requirement for power sector utilities works out to
483 mt in 2011-12.
• The estimated demand for steel is related to a hot metal production programme of
70.30 mt in 2011-12 and the corresponding coking coal requirement is 68.5 mt (after
converting domestic washed coking coal availability in raw coal terms). However,
Working Group on Iron and Steel in its draft document projected hot metal production
of only 44.4 Mt through Oxygen Route with corresponding coal requirement of 46 Mt.
In addition to this the steel sector has projected a requirement of 29.72 mt non-coking
coal for captive power plants which is considered under the head Captive Power Plants
(CPP).
• The envisaged cement production programme in 2011-12 is 251.23 mt and the

assessed coal requirement is 31.90 mt excluding 7.4 mt of coal requirement for captive
power plants which is considered under the head CPPs.
• The assessment of demand for captive power plants is based on the past trend in
consumption in the absence of plant-wise details.
• The sponge iron industry is emerging as an important player. The coal demand
assessed is 28.96 mt corresponding to a sponge iron production of 18.10 mt in
2011-12.
• After consultation with the major consuming sectors; two scenarios for coal demand
have been worked out in the terminal year 2011-12 of the XI plan. Under Scenario-I
the demand work out to 794.22 mt implying a CAGR of 11.5% and under Scenario-II
the demand works out to 731.10 mt implying a CAGR of 9.7%. The difference is mainly
in power utilities as projected by CEA and as assessed by the Working Group on the
basis of most likely capacity addition during the Plan and the overall energy
requirement as per the 16th EPS. The Working Group has adopted the coal demand
projected under Scenario-II i.e. 731.10 mt during the terminal year of XI Plan, 2011-
12. In absolute terms the demand is projected to increase from an anticipated off-take
of 460.00 mt in 2006-07 to 731.10 mt in 2011-12, i.e. an incremental demand of 271.10
mt.
• Of the projected demand of 731.10 mt, the demand of power sector utilities is 483 mt
which is about 66%. Including the demand for power captive at 57.06 mt, the share of
power sector in the projected demand works out to about 74%. The demand of steel
sector at 68.5 mt forms 9.4% of the projected demand. The share of cement sector is
4.4% and that of sponge iron sector is about 4%. The balance 8.2% is for bricks and
others sectors.
Coal Production
• The coal production is envisaged to reach 680 mt in the terminal year 2011-12 of the
XI Plan from the anticipated production of 432.50 mt in 2006-07 implying a CAGR of
9.47%. The incremental production in the XI Plan is envisaged to be 247.50 mt as
against 104.71 mt likely to be in the X Plan.
13
• The incremental production envisaged in the XI Plan from CIL is 156.70 mt, SCCL 3.30
mt, and captive blocks 86.53 mt.
• The potential increase in production is envisaged from MCL (56.5 mt), SECL (22.5 mt),
CCL (36.0 mt) and NCL (18 mt).
• CIL envisages taking up 114 projects with an ultimate capacity of 230 mt (to contribute
70 mt in 2011-12) and SCCL 38 projects with an ultimate capacity of 55.40 mt. (to
contribute about 8 mt in 2011-12) during the XI Plan.
Washed Coal Production
• Washed coking coal supplies from CIL in 2006-07 is likely to be 5.45 mt against the
envisaged production of 5.96 mt at the time of formulation of the Tenth Plan. This is
planned to reach to 7.42 mt by the end of XI Plan and additional availability from other
indigenous sources is expected to be 5.14 mt totaling to 12.56 mt.
• The use of washed thermal coal has been on rise during the Tenth Five Year Plan. The
supply of washed thermal coal expected to increase from about 17 mt in the beginning
of the Plan to about 55 mt in the end of the Plan. The installed capacity of the non-
coking coal washeries is likely to reach 103 mty throughputs during the Plan. Most of
this capacity (about 83 mt) is in the private sector. It is understood that washeries for a
total capacity of 106.5 mt per annum are under proposal/construction stage. However,
it is estimated that 243 mt per annum of thermal coal required to be washed by the end
of the XI Plan.
• It is necessary to couple beneficiation of ROM coal with generation of power from the
rejects and use of second stage rejects purely for reclamation of land. Considering the
limited expertise of power generation in CIL, it may be appropriate to assign the
combined task of coal beneficiation and power generation from the rejects to globally
competitive agencies identified through the process of global tendering. This action
will enable CIL to almost eliminate the quality complaints in has lived with so long.
• A decision to shift towards supply of washed thermal coal as against the present
practice of ROM coal shall significantly reduce the strain on rail transportation obviating
the urgency for huge investment in augmenting coal transport infrastructure to a
significant extent.
Demand-Supply
• In overall terms, the gap between the projected demand of 731.10 mt and the
projected domestic availability of 680 mt works out to 51.10 mt in 2011-12. This
comprises of 40.85 mt of coking coal and 10.25 mt of thermal coal. This requirement
would need to be met from imports.Further increasing production from captive blocks
to bridge the gap also remains as a dinstinct possibility.
14
Coal Movement
• The coal movement matrix at the end of the Tenth Plan comprises 47% share of rail,
25% share of road, 23% of MGR and 5% of belt/rope. As against this the XI Plan
envisages the share of rail to marginally increase to 49%, road to 27%, and a decline
in MGR to 19% and belt/rope 5%.
• As against a Four Wheeler Wagon (FWW) requirement of 25300 per day by the end of
the Tenth Plan, XI Plan envisages 36728 FWW per day in 2011-12 which is about 45%
increase from the current level.
• It is proposed to augment rail movement of coal through independent freight corridors,

matching wagon volume and matching unloading facilities at power stations etc.
Power stations will have to equip themselves for handling multiple types of wagons.
• Certain critical rail links have been identified for improving the rail movement during the
X Plan. However, constraints like land acquisition have delayed the same. These
needs to be expedited. In addition to this, few more feeder lines have been suggested
for improving rail movement in the XI Plan in potential coalfields.
• The port infrastructure needs to be strengthened in order to facilitate rise in imports as

well as coastal shipment. About 110 Mt of coal is required to be handled at the end of
XI Plan including coastal shipment implying a port capacity of about 120-130 Mt .by
2011-12.
• To ease out the load on rail infrastructure it is equally important to develop alternative
modes of transportation of coal through inland waterways and coastal movement.
Lignite
• As against the estimated lignite demand of 57.79 mt (Tamil Nadu 35.86 mt; Gujarat
16.27 mt; Mt, than 5.65 mt) in the terminal year 2006-07 of the Tenth Plan the likely
materalisation is about 32.40 mt. (Tamil Nadu 20.24 mt; Gujarat 11.09 mt; Rajasthan
1.07 mt).
• As against the envisaged lignite production of 55.96 mt (Tamil Nadu 33.68 mt; Gujarat
15.80 mt; Rajasthan 6.48 mt) in 2006-07 the likely materialisation is 31.57 mt
(Tamil Nadu 20.40 mt; Gujarat 10.10 mt; Rajasthan 1.07 mt).
• XI Plan envisages a lignite demand of 55.59 mt (Tamil Nadu 23.59; Gujarat 23.73 mt,
Rajasthan8.27 mt) in 2011-12. The additional lignite based power generation capacity
in the XI Plan is envisaged 2225 MW.
• The lignite production is projected to reach 54.96 mt (Tamil Nadu 24.23 mt; Gujarat
22.26 mt, Rajasthan 8.47 mt)).
15
Productivity
• Overall productivity in terms of output per man-shift (OMS) has increased from 2.45
tonnes in the beginning of the Plan to 3.22 tonnes (upto Aug.’06) in 2006-07 in CIL and
from 1.88 tonnes to 2.38 tonnes in SCCL.
• In NLC the OMS has increased from 8.84 in the beginning of the Plan to 9.55 in 2006-
07(up to Aug 2006).
• The XI Plan envisages achieving a productivity level of 5.54 tonnes in CIL and 2.67
tonnes in SCCL in the terminal year of the Plan.
• The productivity norms of different heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM) have been
benchmarked for both availability and utilization in different coal companies by a
Committee of MoC. The productivity benchmarks for various underground mining
machinery have been established by the Working group.
Coal & Lignite Exploration
• As on as on 1.1.2006, the national coal inventory stands at 253.3 Bt, out of which 96 Bt
are in 'Proved' category. The inventory of lignite resources stands at 38.27Bt, as on
1.04.2006, with 4.5 Bt in ‘Proved’ category.
• Regional Exploration of Coal and Lignite in X Plan: 1.69 lakh metres (82%) drilling
meterage against a target of 2.04 lakh metres is likely to be achieved and 11.77 Bt of
coal and 1.36 Bt of lignite resources established by GSI with Ministry of Mines funding.
• Promotional Exploration for Coal and Lignite in X Plan: 6.88 lakh metres (99%) of
drilling is projected to be achieved against a target of 6.90 lakh metres (revised from
6.00 lakh metres) establishing 19.78 Bt of coal and 17.53 Bt of lignite resources.
• Detailed Exploration for Coal and Lignite in X Plan: In CIL areas, 5.14 lakh metres
(83%) of exploratory drilling under Detailed Exploration is expected to be achieved
against a target of 6.18 lakh metres and 8.00 Bt of reserves are likely to be established
under 'Proved' category. In SCCL area, 2.35 lakh metres of drilling (87%) will be
achieved against a target of 2.70 lakh metres establishing 0.91 Bt of reserves under
'Proved' category. In Non-CIL areas, 2.83 lakh metres of drilling against a target of
2.13 lakh m (revised to 2.83 lakh m) is expected to be achieved, establishing 7.06 Bt of
'Proved' coal reserves. In addition 0.48Bt of resereves are envisaged to be 'Proved' by
different agencies in their own blocks against exploratory drilling of 1.0 lakh m.
• The programme for Regional Exploration with 1.94 lakh metres of drilling in coal and
0.10 lakh metres of drilling for lignite by GSI has been drawn up for XI Plan to target
9.9 Bt of coal and 0.15 Bt of lignite resources.
• Under Promotional Exploration, 4.0 lakh metres of drilling in coal and 3.5 lakh metres
in lignite has been envisaged to establish about 20 Bt of coal and 4.06 Bt of lignite
resources.
16
• Detailed Exploration requirements of coal producing agencies during the XI Plan have
been drawn up with 5.0 lakh metres of drilling each in CIL and SCCL areas. It is
expected that 14.0 Bt of coal reserves will be established through Detailed Exploration.
Similarly, a programme for Detailed Exploration for lignite involving 1.33 lakh meters of
drilling has been drawn up for XI Plan.
• 10 lakh m of drilling has been assessed in 32 Non-CIL blocks to be undertaken during

XI Plan targeting 10.75Bt of resources to be brought in 'Proved' category. Major part of
the exploration activity will need to be outsourced.
• 41 unexplored blocks 'de-reserved' by MoC for allotment to private agencies, with

around 11.5 lakh m estimated exploratory drilling and 13Bt of coal resources, are to be
explored in detail by alocatees as per stipulations of MoC.
• 28 blocks identified by MoC for allocation to Govt. PSUs / State Govts, having 9.2 Bt of
coal resources, will require almost 21.28 lakh m of exploratory drilling. Only around
3.36 lakh m of drilling in the blocks identified for Govt. PSUs / State Govts may be
taken up by CMPDI and the rest of the drilling will have to be arranged by PSUs / State
Govts from other sources.
• The Detailed Exploration in lignite in XI Plan envisages 1.33 lakh metres of drilling to
meet the production requirement of the XI & XII plans. There is a need for scheme of
detailed exploration in non-NLC areas. 1.0 lakh metres of drilling is proposed in 8
blocks which can be considered for immediate exploitation by agencies other than
NLC.
• The enhancement of drilling activities during XI Plan will require substantial capacity
build up for coal core analysis and enhancement of capacities of exploration agencies
in Govt./PSUs to provide technical support for exploration to be taken up by agencies
in private sector.
• The programme for XI Plan envisages CBM related test and allied studies in 15
boreholes which are spill over from the X Plan. Tests in 30 additional boreholes are
envisaged for XI plan by CMPDI and 20 boreholes by GSI
• The total fund requirement of Preliminary/Regional, Promotional and Detailed

Exploration in different coal, lignite and CBM prospects for XI Plan has been estimated
at Rs. 3195.07 crores, out of which Rs.1200 crores will be required from MoC for
Promotional, Detailed Non-CIL and other related exploration projects.
• More and more coal/lignite bearing areas remaining to be explored in future are likely
to fall below forest land. There is a need to identify forest areas as 'Yes' and 'No' zones
for exploration, if the nation is ready to sacrifice the coal/lignite resources lying below
so called 'No' zones. The exploration in 'Yes' zones may be facilitated with faster
clearances.
17
• CMPDI and SCCL are premier organizations in Detailed Exploration of coal. Hence,
they may be included in the list of organisations exempted from seeking 'Prospecting
License' as is the case with GSI/MEC.
• A policy decision needs to be taken whether Regional Exploration can be taken up in

deep seated areas which are not likely to be techno-economically viable in next 10
years.
• T. L. Shankar Committee has recommended for a revolving fund of Rs 500crores for

the purpose of undertaking detailed exploration in Non CIL Blocks. However
considering the anticipated quantum of work, the requirement has to be much more.
Moreover, the concept of revolving fund may not be practical as exploration can not be
self sustaining activity. Hence, a policy decision for continuous funding for detailed
exploration in Non CIL blocks is desirable.
Information Technology
• During the XI Plan, E-corporate governance for promoting transparency and

productivity is proposed to be pursued.
• Introduction of enterprise resource planning (ERP) to integrate different areas of

operation for improved economics and productivity.
• Introduction of IT for integrated safety, production and environmental monitoring in

underground and opencast mines.
Research & Development
• Promotion of clean coal technologies including coal beneficiation, Insitu coal

gasification, carbon capture and sequestration, coal bed methane/coal mine
methane/abandoned mine methane, coal gasification, coal to oil etc.
• Research efforts for industry oriented projects need to be promoted. Areas like
extraction of steep and thick coal seams, opencast bench slope stability, strata control
etc. need special attention.
• Integrated Energy Policy has suggested for at least 0.4% of the annual turnover of
energy producing companies would need to be spent on R&D activities. Coal
Companies to strictly consider the recommendation.
• It is suggested that the research scholars/ academicians/ coal sector employees

persuing Ph.D. in the emmerging areas of mining and granted full financial assistance
to help development of such practices in the coal and lignite sectors. This effort will
supplement the reseach and development being undertaken by various agencies in
coal and lignite sectors.
18
Environmental Management
• As coal has to continue as a major energy resource, the demand must be met through
safe and clean technologies for environmental sustainability.
• Implementation of Jharia and Raniganj Action Plan for mitigating adverse impacts of
fire and subsidence problems caused due to unscientific mining activities by erstwhile
owners before nationalization needs to be expedited.
• Capacity building in environment related areas in coal companies including training of

manpower, creating lab facilities and infrastructure need to be developed.
• Introduction of green credit system to encourage afforestation through social forestry

for evolving land acquisition in Coal Companies.
• Concerted efforts for addressing the issues related to decommissioning of mines/mine

closure after exhaustion of reserves are required to be made.
• Development of coalfield wise master plans for EMP to take stock of natural resource
base of the area and assess the environmental and social impact due to all mining and
developmental activities projected in the area.
• Eco-zoning should be carried out to facilitate identification and assessment of coal
reserves occurring over the restricted areas and which cannot be mined.
• Strengthening of environmental management organization with qualified executives in
environmental science and engineering.
• It is suggested that project report should be formulated considering the 15% increased
capacity of the mine and EIA/EMP should be prepared accordingly. The above will take
into account the marginal increase in production and fresh environmental clearance
may not be required in such cases.
• Emphasis should be given on the reclaimation of old workings. Builders may be
encouraged to develop townships on such reclaimed lands.
Safety and Welfare
• Thrust on improving safety of mine workings through appropriate ventilation,

mechanization, supervision and training etc.
• Strengthening internal safety organizations and rotation of manpower from safety

department to production operations and vice-a-versa would provide incentives to
persons working in safety department.
• Traceability of miners working in UG mines during accidents or otherwise needs
immediate attention. For this purpose, it is suggested to provide an electronic safety
device, which can be fitted in the cap lamp or helmet for online monitoring of
movement & traceability of workmen in mines.
19
• In short term, Independent audit of safety matters of mines needs serious
consideration. In medium to longterm, introduction of insurance of mines needs serious
consideration for protecting property and improving safety standards of workings there
by reducing accident proneness. Insurance companies may promote independent
safety audits as per their requirements.
• Strengthening the manpower of statutory inspecting organizations like DGMS needs

consideration.
• Online monitoring of underground environment to improve safety needs to be adopted.
• Review of rescue and emergency response systems and strengthening of rescue

infrastructure needs special emphasis.
• In order to improve the Occupational Safety & Health (OSH) aspect of miners,
developing proper mechanism for management of OSH may be considered. For this
purpose, a national database in the field of OSH may be created. This will help in
dissemination of information amongst various stakeholders for decision-making.
• Corporate social responsibility – need for evolving appropriate policy for fulfilling the
aspirations of population living in and around coalfield areas and to promote
environmentally sustainable mining practices.
• The schemes under Coal Conservation and Development Act 1974 have been drawn
as plan schemes under two broad categorization namely stowing and protective works
and road and rail infrastructure development in coalfields. However, the funding
mechanism needs a review.
• Maximum possible investment should be made to ensure safety and welfare of the
workers.
Mining Technologies & Project Formulation
• There is a need for adoption of latest technologies for improved productivity, safety and
economics of operations.
• Benchmarking of various operations for improving productivity and optimal utilization of
resources needs attention of industry. While the availability and utilization norms for
HEMM have been benchmarked by a Committee of MoC, the benchmarking of
productivity of various underground machinery has been suggested. Effort has been
made to establish benchmarks in generalized mining conditions. It is suggested that
initiative regarding conducting a comparative study on international benchamarking
standards may be taken up during the XI Plan period.
• As coal and lignite reserves are capital assets of wasting nature, annual audit of
reserves needs to be made a standard practice in the coal mines of the country taking
into account recoverable reserves depleted during the year, reserves added through
exploration/mine development during the year and reserve changes if any through
recalculation in the light of additional geological data becoming available.
• There is a need to improve project formulation on the basis of thorough geo-mining
investigations in order to avoid infructuous capital investments eventually. Involvement
20
of the equipment manufacturers in production planning process on risk/gain sharing
basis has been suggested.
• Concerted efforts for rigorous monitoring are important for timely implementation of
projects.
• Improved procedures for environmental and forestry clearance are a must for reducing
delays in taking of new projects.
• Strengthening project planning wings of coal companies and training of manpower in
various technologies are required to improve the quality of project formulation and
monitoring.
• There is a need for reviewing purchase and contract procedures and to evolve new
concepts (like the Bonus System or the Swiss Challenge System) for reducing time
delays, ensuring cost competitiveness and improving implementation of operations.
• There is a need for developing alternative modes of coal transportation like inland
waterways, coastal shipping and slurry pipelines to ease out load on railway network.
• While revival packages have been approved for the loss making ECL and BCCL,
however, it is important to take certain of the measures like timely implementation of
the envisaged new projects, strict monitoring, co-operation of local administration and
trade unions in closing down the identified loss making mines etc. Both public and
private companies need to be encouraged to enter into the Joint Ventures.
• Shortage of mining professionals in the coal industry poses a potential threat to the
industry. Recruitment of mining engineers/ professionals for statutory posts in the
coal/lignite mines need to be stressed upon. Their career prospects and good
remuneration packages should be thought for their retention in the industry.
Policy initiatives
The following policy initiatives envisaged during the Tenth Five Year Plan have been
initiated/ addressed but some of them would need to be pursued during the XI Plan as well:
• Pending the passage of the Coal Bill 2000, the number of players in coal mining
through captive mining has been increased. So far 123 coal blocks with 27.25 Bt of
coal reserves have been allotted to 68 public sector and 55 private sector companies
and process of allotment of 20 coal blocks is under process. In addition to this 81 coal
blocks have been identified with geological reserves of about 20 Bt. Further, 7 lignite
blocks have so far been allocated to agencies other than NLC out of which 4 blocks
have been allocated under commercial/government dispensation and 3 for power
companies. Allocation of 8 lignite blocks is under process. (Details are available on
MOC Web site, http:\\coal.nic.in.
• Offering of coal and lignite blocks to potential entrepreneurs through competitive

bidding is under consideration.
• Restructuring of CIL - The issue has been examined by various committees at various
times. The Expert Committee on the Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms is also
addressing the issue and is likely to come with recommendations.
21
• The Department of Consumer Affairs in the Ministry of Civil Supplies proposes for
review of the list of essential commodities under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
The Ministry of Coal has suggested that coal could be deleted from the list of essential
commodities as the Government, has no control over the price and distribution of coal
with the notification of the Colliery Control Order 2000. Since deletion of any
commodity from the list of essential commodities requires amendment of the Essential
Commodities Act, 1955; the Department of Consumer Affairs is taking appropriate
steps in the direction.
• Promoting e-marketing of coal – upto 20% of the domestic production is to be made
available through e-marketing open to traders and actual users.
• Action to promote additional thermal coal imports under long term supply contracts has
been initiated by Ministry of Power.
• Since CIL has necessary infrastructure, expertise and experience in supplying coal,
they can leverage the same for meeting the demand of imported coal by entering into
trade for import of coal either independently or in association with other entity.
• The resources for investment for mining operations as well as for new areas such as
beneficiation of thermal coal, Coal Bed Methane, Underground Coal Gasification etc.
needs to be mobilized, for which the pricing policy has to be made pragmatic.
Inflationary pressure on costs needs to be neutralized from time to time through price
adjustment in order to generate sufficient resources for investment after contributing
significantly to the exchequer in the form of taxes and dividends, . The Fuel Supply
Agreement with the power sector should provide for long term price adjustement
formula.
• Modernisation of underground mines, cross-subsidising the underground mining from

opencast mining on grounds environmental and social sustainability of mining
operations etc. needs to be closely looked into.
• Changing grading and pricing of thermal coal from the existing Useful Heat Value
system to the international practice of Gross Calorific Value system is under
consideration of MOC. A pilot study on migration from UHV to GCV based gradation of
coal has been carried out and completed by Central Fuel Research Institute. The draft
report is being over-viewed by a Committee comprising of members from Ministry of
Coal, CEA, NTPC, CIL and CFRI.
• Action for amending the provisions of Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act
1970 to facilitate offloading of certain activities in coal mining for improved economics
of operations is being addressed by Group of Ministers.
• The Energy Coordination Committee has recommended that high quality coking and
non-coking coals which are exportable may be sold at export parity price as
determined by import price at the nearest port minus 15%.
• Market determined price should be based on e-auction upto 20% of production.
• The remaining coal to be sold under long term FSTAs. Regulated utilities to be
allowed upto 100% of their certified requirement through FSTAs.
22
• Action initiated for replacing coal linkage with Fuel Supply Agreement - Consumers
and suppliers are being encouraged to enter into long term FSAs and a number of
consumers have already entered into the same with the coal companies.
• Promoting in-situ coal gasification and taping of Coal Bed Methane - Coal blocks for
commercial extraction of Coal Bed Methane have been allocated through competitive
bidding and modalities for addressing development of in-situ coal gasification are being
worked out. A R&D project in this regard is prepared by CMPDIL and the same is
under consideration of CIL R&D Board.
• Rationalizing rail freight rate for coal transport – While the issue is flagged by various
committees and the Planning Commission to do away with the cross subsidy of
passenger fares with freight rates, Railways are to initiate action in the matter.
• Extending infrastructure status to the coal industry, lower duties on capital goods
imported for coal mines- While the issue has been flagged, Ministry of Finance has to
respond in a positive manner.
• Considering the increase in demand for coal and lignite and since exploration and
mining activities are subject to sector approvals/regulations, the Government has
reviewed the policy on FDI and increased the cap to 100% and permitted it under the
automatic route.
• Coal and Lignite resources are depleting assets of capital nature and coal companies
need to increase significant resources to explore new deposits. In order to incentivise
the system it is important to introduce depletion allowance to reduce the tax burden of
coal companies in line with International practices.
• The loss making coal companies are exploring the possibilities of setting up joint
venture units to mobilize resources for fresh investments to augment their coal
production.
• Instituting an independent regulatory mechanism for the coal sector - Different

committees have recommended the need for a regulator for the coal sector to bring in
transparency in coal price fixation, to promote competition, to issue guidelines, to
evolve benchmarks etc. The issue is under consideration of the Government.
• Reviewing the royalty on coal and lignite and consider switching to an advalorem basis
- The issue of coal and lignite royalty is under review by a committee of Ministry of
Coal and the rates of royalty are likely to be based mostly on advalorem basis.
• From energy security point of view action has also been initiated for acquiring coal
equity abroad and the proposal of CIL to form a subsidiary company namely Coal
Videsh Ltd. is under consideration of Government.
• National Rehabilitation Policy is under revision at Government level.
23
• The R&R policy is under discussion for quite sometime. In the meeting of the Standing
Committee a view had emerged that R&R policy for coal mining or for that matter
mining in general needs to be different from the R&R policy for land acquisition in other
sectors. A final view needs to be taken on the matter. The absence of an acceptable
R&R policy is proving to be a major impediment in acquisition of land in most of the
coal companies. It is imperative that a consensus view in the matter emerges at the
earliest.
• It was also suggested that land should be taken on annual lease and some incentives
may be given to the farmers with the promise to hand over the land back to them as is
being done by NCL and NTPC.
• The Ministry of Coal had entrusted the Tariff Commission with a study on Mechanism
for Coal Pricing. The Tariff Commission had submitted its report with certain
recommendation for pricing of coal. In the Energy Coordination Committee meeting,
headed by Prime Minister, it was decided that Planning Commission will prepare a
transition path in order to operationalise the pricing mechanism for coal sector.
• The Planning Commission has not supported the recommendations of the Tariff
Commission and suggested to operationalise recommendations of the Energy
Coordination Committee.
• The Integrated Energy Policy Committee of the Planning Commission has stated that
coal shall remain India’s most important energy source till 2031-32 and possibly
beyond.
• For sustaining 8% to 10% economic growth rate India’s commercial energy supply
would need to grow from 5.2% to 6.1% per annum while its total primary energy supply
would need to grow at 4.3% to 5.1% annually.
• By 2031-32 power generation capacity must increase to nearly 8, 00,000 MW from the
current capacity of around 1, 60,000 MW inclusive of all captive power plants.
Similarly requirement of coal, the dominant fuel in India’s energy needs will need to
expand to over 2 billion tones per annum based on domestic quality of coal.
Investment requirements
• The proposed Public Sector investment for the XI Plan for supporting their production
plans is Rs. 34.259 Crore (CIL Rs.15, 875 crore; SCCL Rs.3340 crore; NLC Rs.
15,044 crore (including Rs. 176.00 Crs. for the ongoing projects – NLC Mines Rs.2993
crore; NLC Power Rs. 12,051 crore). The outlay proposed for coal PSUs for the XI
Plan is about 115% more than the X Plan outlay (MTA) of Rs.15835.15 crore.
• Against the estimated IEBR position of Rs. 69926.77 crore (CIL Rs.51542.55 crore;
SCCL Rs.3340.30 crore; NLC Rs.15043.92 crores), the proposed plan outlay of PSUs
is Rs.34259 crore. While the resource position of SCCL and NLC is just sufficient to
meet the plan outlay there is a huge surplus in the resource position of Coal India Ltd.
and CIL has to consider productive investment of the surplus resources through
feasible diversification plans.
24
• The proposed outlay for departmental schemes to be supported through domestic
budgetary support is Rs. 7702 crore (Promotional Exploration Rs.383.50 crore;
Detailed Drilling in non-CIL blocs Rs.780 crore; Detailed Drilling in non-NLC blocks
Rs.33 crore; Coal Core Analysis Capacity Creation Rs.3.5 crore; (total exploration
outlay Rs.1200 crore); R&D Rs.214.40 crore; EMSC/Jharia Action Plan Rs.4622 crore;
and schemes under CCDA Rs 1665.60 crore - comprising of Rs. 692.95 crore for
stowing and protective works and Rs. 972.65 crore for road and rail infrastructure).
• Thus the total plan outlay proposed for MOC for the XI Five Year Plan is Rs. 41961
crore which is 125% more than the X Plan outlay (MTA) of Rs. 18652.20 crore.
*****
25
Chapter - 1
COAL DEMAND
1.1 The compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) in supply of coal in IX Plan was 2.98%
and this has gone up to 5.38 % in the first four years of X Plan. Considering the supply
for 2006-07 to be at the level of envisaged demand (474.18 Mt), the CAGR for X Plan
works out to 6.17%. However, current trend shows that demand from power sector
may not reach to the envisaged level and supply is not likely to exceed 460.00 Mt
implying a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.50%.
Summarised demand-supply performance is as below:

Million Tonnes
T.Year VIII Plan T.Year IX Plan X Plan T.Year X Plan
1996-97 2001-02 2005-06 2006-07
Sector
Demand Supply Demand Supply Supply
(Actual) (Actual) (Actual) Demand
Indigenous Scenerio
• POWER(U) 194.00 199.00 239.96 245.68 289.45 307.35
• STEEL 41.00 24.38 34.12 18.73 16.69 20.27
• CEMENT 17.50 8.78 17.00 11.85 15.22 15.27
• OTHERS 58.50 58.21 63.21 55.10 75.30 89.50
TOTAL 311.00 290.37 354.29 331.36 396.66 432.39
GAP (Against Ind. Supply) 20.63 23.35 41.79
Import 13.18 20.55 36.87 41.79
Total Supply 303.55 351.91 433.53 474.18
Net Gap 7.45 2.38 Nil
CAGR in respective Plan period 3.00% 5.38% 6.16%
CAGR for Power Sector-
4.30 % 4.18 % 4.58 %
domestic supply
CAGR for Power Sector-
4.60 % 4.73 % 5.25 %
(Incl. Import) Total supply
1.2 The shortfall in materialisation in coal demand in last fiscal in power sector has been
mainly due to better availability of hydroelectric power resulting in less demand of
thermal power in southern India and large-scale import in the later part of the year.
This has led to a situation of unprecedented accumulation of stock at power plants to
the extent of 18 million tonnes at the beginning of 2006-07. Power stations resorted to
self-regulation in supplies from the later part of 2005-06 leading to lesser
materialization as against allocated quantity. Slippage in addition of new coal based
thermal power capacity also truncated the envisaged demand. Against an envisaged
coal-based Capacity Addition 18308MW (CAGR of 5.82 %) during X Plan, CEA is
expecting to achieve 14645 MW in X Plan (CAGR of 4.65%). However, considering
26
actual capacity addition of only 6195 MW (CAGR 2.3 % only) till end of August’06, the
expectation of adding 8450 MW in seven months appears to be highly ambitious.
1.3 Methodology:
End-users’ requirement projection has been used as the benchmark to assess sector-
wise coal demand for XI Plan. Power sector is the single largest consuming sector in
the country, accounting for about 70 % of total coal consumption of the country. Its
requirement largely impacts the overall coal demand and supply position. Other
important sectors are cement, Steel and Captive Power Plants. Sponge Iron units, of
late; have been emerging as another important sector. Wherever details in respect of
end-users’ assessments are not available, the trends of earlier years in consonance to
other economic factors have been considered to arrive at demand projections.
Projections given in reports of various Expert Committees, including Draft Coal Vision
Document-2025 were also taken into consideration for assessing demands. Current
trend of technological improvements, track records and buying behaviour of the
consuming sectors have also been taken into perspective to arrive at different demand
modules.
1.4. Different perspective demand scenarios arising out of reports of the Expert Committee
on coal sector reform, Integrated Energy Policy and Draft Coal Vision Document for
2025 are detailed as under:
Fig in Million Tonnes

Source Sectors Terminal Year
X-Plan (2006-07) XI-Plan (2011-12) XII-Plan (2016-17)
MTA WG WG
X-Plan Steel 42.70 40.00 40.00
Document- Power (U) 322.00 469.00 617.00
Working Power ( C) 28.26 32.00 37.00
Group/ Cement 25.40 24.00 25.00
Mid-term Fertilizer 3.52 5.00 5.00
Apprisal
Others 51.30 50.00 56.00
Total 473.18 620.00 780.00
X-Plan ( 2006-07) XI-Plan ( 2011-12) XII-Plan ( 2016-17)
Steel 42.7 53.14 66.57
Coal Power (U) 322 412.69 517.31
Vision Power ( C) 28.26 43.26 59.89
2025 @ 7 Cement 25.4 38.44 58.18
% GDP Fertilizer 3.52
Others 51.3 63.52 79.57
Total 473.18 611.05 781.52
Coal X-Plan ( 2006-07) XI-Plan ( 2011-12) XII-Plan ( 2016-17)
Vision Steel 42.7 54.24 69.47
27
2025 @ 8 Power (U) 322 427.16 552.56
% GDP Power ( C) 28.26 44.33 62.96
Cement 25.4 39.39 61.06
Fertilizer 3.52
Others 51.3 64.51 82.11
Total 473.18 629.63 828.16
X-Plan (2006-07) XI-Plan (2011-12) XII-Plan (2016-17)
Steel 42.7 51.53
Expert Power (U) 322 502.91
Committee
Power ( C) 28.26 45.00
on Coal
Cement 25.4 30.81 NA
Sector
Reform Fertilizer 3.52
Others 51.3 80.00
Total 473.18 710.25*
*In terms of indigenous coal
1.5 Analysis of Demand Estimates:
1.5.1 Power Sector (Utilities)
The energy perspective of Tenth Five Year Plan stipulated substantial addition to capacity
and generation in energy sector. Since private participation in power development was
encouraged in a big way, it was expected that the private sector achievements would form
a significant, if not decisive element in the power development during the Tenth Plan.
However, the performance of the private sector in thermal power generation has not been
up to the mark. The reasons for slippage in capacity addition by the private sector are
mainly due to delay in financial closure and finalisation of fuel supply agreement with the
coal companies.
In the XI Plan, the massive capacity creation and corresponding increase in thermal power
generation is envisaged by giving emphasis on central power utilities and state sector. CEA
has projected a coal based capacity addition target (excluding lignite based) of 42,625 MW.
(24110 MW in Central sector, 15165 MW in State sector and 3350 MW in Private sector)
and increase in generation from a level of 429 BU (Antic 06-07) to 733.3 BU in 2011-12
with a projected CAGR of 11.3%. CAGR likely to be achieved during X Plan is however
4.6%.
The Central Electricity Authority has given the following indicative assessment of coal
based generation and coal requirement, the details of which are enclosed in Annexure-
1.5 to 1.12A.
28
The trend of coal based capacity addition during IX, X, XI and XII Plan as projected by CEA
are as under:
Installed* Target Actual

capacity Cap Addn. Capacity Addn
(MW) ( MW) .( MW)
Beginning of IX Plan (1.4.97) 49,955
TOTAL - IX Plan : 15,102 7930
Beginning of X Plan (1.4.02) 57,885
X Plan as on 31.10.06 6405
Expected X Plan (Nov – Mar 06) 8240
TOTAL X Plan 18,308 14,645
Expected at beginning of XI Plan (1.4.07) 72,380
XI Plan Period 42,625
2007-08 2520
2008-09 4370
2009-10 10195
2010-11 12050
2011-12 13490
Expected at beginning of XII Plan (1.4.12) 1,15,005
XII Plan : 2016-2017 50,000
* Mulajore (120MW) and Nellore (30 MW) TPSs are retired.
• In the XI Plan, coal based power projects capacity creation envisaged at 42,625 MW i.e. an
increase of 59% over the installed capacity of 72,380 MW at the beginning of the XI Plan.
However, actual coal-based capacity addition in IX Plan was only 7930 MW and for X Plan,
anticipated capacity addition is 14,645 MW. (Actual addition in X Plan till October’06 has
been only 6405 MW and 8240 MW is expected to come up in remaining five months of
2006-07).
• The regional distribution of the above creation as given by CEA is as under:
FIG IN MW
Region Projected Capacity Capacity % Increase
End of XI Plan Beginning of Addition
31.3.12 XI plan 1.4.07 MW
Northern 26883 18378 8505 46.3%
Western 33307 22917 10390 45.3%
Southern 18932 11882 7050 59.3%
29
Region Projected Capacity Capacity % Increase
End of XI Plan Beginning of Addition
31.3.12 XI plan 1.4.07 MW
Eastern 35883 19203 16680 86.9%
Total 115005 72380 42625 58.9%
From the above, it may be seen that maximum creation of capacity has been projected
for Eastern Region followed by Southern Region.
• Corresponding to the above capacity creation, the regional projection for

generation and coal consumption, furnished by CEA at the end of Eleventh Plan is
detailed below:
Projected Generation (BU) Projected Coal Demand (Mt)

Region At the end of X At the end of XI At the end of X At the end of XI
Plan (2006-07) Plan (2011-12) Plan (2006-07) Plan (2011-12)
Northern 118.7 170.3 89.0 133.0
Western 134.8 222.3 104.0 165.0
Southern 83.5 130.0 60.0 91.0
Eastern and N.E. 91.8 210.7 69.0 153.0
Total 428.8 733.3 322.0 542.0
The above requirement of coal given by CEA for the coal based power projects in the
XI Plan is based on the following assumptions:
• The coal demand/requirement has been arrived at by taking PLF at 85%. For new
capacity the PLF has been taken at 40% in the first year.
• Normative coal requirement has been indicated as 5000 Tonne per MW/Year.
A power station-wise analysis of all new projects to be commissioned during XI plan has
been done. The list of power plants identified by CEA, which will yield benefit in the XI Five
Year Plan, is given in the table below. These projects have been grouped into different
categories based on the status as (i) Ongoing, (ii) Accorded Long Term linkage/LOA or
allocated coal block for captive mining and (iii) new projects.
30
A) CENTRAL SECTOR
(i) On-going projects
As per CEA estimate

S.N. Name of Power Plant Cap Energy Coal Req Remarks
(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Dadri Ext Unit -5 490 3649 2.5 Linkage to be accorded
2 Sipat – I 1980 14743 9.9
3 Bhilai JV 500 3723 2.5
4 Barh-I 1980 14743 9.9
5 Chandrapura 500 3723 2.5
(ii) Accorded Long Term linkage/LOA or allocated coal block for captive mining
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Korba III 500 3723 2.5
2 Mohuda 1000 3504 2.4
3 Barh-II 1320 4625 3.2
4 Nabinagar 1000 5475 3.7
5 Integ. Proj. Daripali 800 2803 1.9 Out of 3200 MW, only one unit
of 800 MW considered
6 North K. Pura 1320 4625 3.2 Out of 1980 MW, only two
units of1320 MW considered
7 Farakka St. III 500 3723 2.7
8 Bongaigaon 500 3723 2.5
9 Maithon RB 1000 7446 5.0
10 Tuticorin JV 1000 5475 3.7
11 Mejia Phase-II 1000 7446 5.0
(iii) New projects
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Dadri Ext Unit-VI 490 3648 2.4
2 Badarpur Extn 980 7297 5.0
3 Ennore JV 1000 5475 3.7
31
4 Simhadri Ext. 1000 5475 3.7
5 Jhajjar 1500 7227 7.5
6 Bokaro Repl. 500 3723 2.5
7 Kodarma 1000 7446 5.0
8 Raghunathpur 1000 3504 2.4
9 Durgapur Steel 1000 5475 3.7
10 Biongaigaon 250 876 0.6
B. STATE SECTOR
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Choturam (Y-nagar) 600 4468 3.0
2 Chabra TPS 500 3723 2.5
3 Kota U- 7 195 1452 1.0
4 Suratragh Ext. 250 1862 1.3
5 Amarkantak 210 1564 1.1
6 Korba West Extn 600 4468 3.0
7 Bhopalapalli 500 3723 2.5
8 Vijayawada Ext. 500 3723 2.5
9 Raichur U- 8 250 1862 1.3
10 BakreshwarU-5 210 1564 1.1
11 Paricha Extn 500 3723 2.5
12 Harduganj Extn. 500 3723 2.5
13 Parli Extn Unit 2 250 1862 1.3
14 Paras Extn U 2 250 1862 1.3
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Malwa 1000 3504 2.4
2 Bhusawal Ext. 1000 7446 5.0
3 Khaparkheda Ext. 500 3723 2.5
4 Koradih Repl 500 3723 2.5
5 Kothagudem U 5 500 3723 2.5
6 Bakreshwar Extn 500 1752 1.2
32
As per CEA estimate
(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
7. Sagardigihi Extn 1000 5475 3.7
8 Santhaldih Extn 250 1862 1.3
9 DPL Unit 7 A&B 800 5957 4.8
(iii) New projects
As per CEA estimate
(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Hissar 1000 5584 3.7
2 Sikka Ext. 500 3723 1.7 Imported coal
3 Krishnapatna 800 2803 1.9 Out of 1600 MW, only one unit
of 800 MW considered
4 Mettur Ext. 500 1752 1.2
5 N. Chennai Ext. 500 1752 1.2
6 Bakreshwar Ext. 500 1752 1.2
B) PRIVATE SECTOR
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Pathadi U 2&2 600 4468 3.0
2 Trombay Extn 250 1862 0.9 Imported Coal
3 Raigarh 750 5586 3.8
4 Budge Budge Extn 250 1862 1.3
As per CEA estimate

(MW) Gen (MU) (Mt) 2011-12
1 Anpara C 1000 3504 2.4 Linkage accorded to one
unit only
2 Chola, Bulandsahar 500 5475 3.7 Out of 1000 MW only
one unit of 500 Mw
considered
(iii) New projects - NIL
33
The coal based capacity addition, energy generation, & coal requirement in the XI plan :
Sl.No. Sector Capacity (MW) Energy Inc. Coal Req.
Generation (BU) (2011-12) (MT)
1 Central Sector 24110 143.29 99.6
2 State Sector 15165 94.11 63.7
3 Private Sector 3350 22.76 15.1
Total 42625 260.16 178.4
Status Central Sector State Sector Private Sector Total

Ongoing Projects 5450 5315 1850 12615
Accorded L.T. 9940 6050 1500 17490
linkage/LOA or
allocated C.Block
New Projects 8720 3800 - 12520
Total 24110 15165 3350 42625
The year-wise coal requirement (for power generation) in the XIth Five Year Plan as projected
by CEA is as under:
(Figure in Mt)
Year Existing Plants New Plants Total
(as on 31.3.07) (in XI Plan)
XIth Plan
XII 2007-08 359 10 369
Plan 2008-09 365 25 390
2009-10 385 44 429
2010-11 423 60 483
2011-12 467 75 542
Additional coal requirement as indicated by CEA is 220.0 Million tonnes during XI Plan
period. However, projected coal requirement for new plants would be 75.0 Million
tonnes during XI Plan period. As compared to 2005-06 (299.89 Mt), projected
requirement at the terminal year of XI Plan (542.0 MT) envisages a CAGR of 10.4%.
Region-wise year-wise break-up of coal requirement by power utilities as furnished by

CEA for XI Plan is as under:
34
(Figure in Mt)
Year Northern Western Southern Eastern & North Total
Region Region Region East Region
XI Plan
2007-08 94.0 124.0 63.0 88.0 369.0
2008-09 98.0 134.0 66.0 92.0 390.0
2009-10 109.0 146.0 72.0 102.0 429.0
2010-11 123.0 155.0 79.0 124.0 483.0
2011-12 133.0 165.0 91.0 151.0 542.0
Trend of electricity generation and coal consumption for consecutive plan periods are
given in table below:
Year Power Actual/ Coal demand Consumption/ Specific Coal

demand projction projected by requirement Consumption Kg/Unit
projected by Generation TERI (MT) projected by TERI Actual/
TERI (BU) (BU) CEA (MT) projection projctn
2001-02 373.45 341.3 266.70 240.4 0.714 0.704
2005-06 511.44 405.37 335.50 279.53 0.656 0.689
2006-07 544.03 428.8 356.82 322.0 0.656 0.751
2011-12 738.15 733.3 462.25 542.0 0.626 0.739
Following points emerge out from the above table:
1. Actual generation had been invariably less than the demand projected by TERI, CEA
has been envisaging generation at XI Plan almost at the level of demand projected by
TERI.
2. CEA projects CAGR of 11.3% in generation during XI Plan period against actual CAGR
of 4.6 % expected during X Plan.
3. Going against the forecast of TERI and actual trend, specific coal consumption is kept
at a much higher level to arrive at coal requirement figure.
4. Out of the projected capacity addition of 42,625 MW, about 30 % power plants
consuming 29% coal are located at a distance of more than 1000 Kilometer distance
and thus would be coming under the purview of MOEF stipulation. Besides another 3
% capacity addition would be on the basis of imported coal. Specific coal consumption
of these capacity additions would be substantially less than the national average. Mix
of capacity addition and coal requirement is given in the table below:
35
Particular Capacity Addition Total Coal reqmt including
capacity addition in 2011-12
MW Contribution in MTA %
total addition contribution
>1000Kms 12735 30 % 158.0* 29%
< 1000 KMS 10600 25 % 134.0 24%
Total Rail 23335 55 % 290.0 54%
Pithead 17790 42 % 244.0 45%
Import 1500 3 % 6.0 1%
Total 42625 542.0
* Requirement of 158.0 Mt of coal includes requirement of existing MOEF Plants.
As per the Planning Commission, the overall projected energy requirement considering the
16th Electric Power Survey Report is 975 BU. This excludes generation from captive
plants. After considering the likely capacity addition during XI Plan and going by around
70% of the projected energy requirement to be coal based, working group assessed that
the most likely coal based generation in the terminal year 2011-12 of the XI Plan could be
of the order of 690 BU. This indicates a CAGR of 10% in coal based generation
programme, which is higher than the growth in power sector as of 8%-9% suggested in the
Approach Paper of Planning Commission for XI Plan. Considering the current trend of
specific coal consumption of 0.70 kg/kwh, coal requirement for power sector utilities for
generating 690BU works out to 483 Mt in 2011-12, i.e 9.27% CAGR in coal consumption.
Scenario Basis Quantity (Mt.)

Requirement projected by CEA (Capacity Addition for
SCN-I 540.00
46840 MW (Sp.Coal Consumption rate 0.723 Kg/Unit)
Requirement derived on the basis of current specific coal
SCN-II 483.00
consumption of 0.70 Kg/Unit for generation of 690 BU.
Requirement projected by Coal Vision –2025 Document at 8% GDP
427.16
growth
Requirement projected by Expert Committee on coal sector Reform
502.91
adjusting in respect of indigenous coal
1.5.2. Steel Sector
Demand of coking coal in XI Plan
Various economic reports and projections of Chambers of Commerce have predicted

healthy growth of steel sectors in the coming years. The national steel policy has
envisaged 7.3% annualised growth till 2019-20, projecting a requirement of 70 million
tonnes coking coal in 2019-20 from a level of 27 million tonnes in 2004-05. Thus
36
annualised growth of coking coal requirement of steel sector works out to 6.6%. At this
growth rate, year-wise requirement of coking coal in XI Plan would be as under:
Year Qty. (MTPA)

2007-08 32.67
2008-09 34.81
2009-10 37.09
2010-11 39.52
2011-12 42.12
Ministry of Steel had furnished coal requirement projection of certain Steel Plants.
Details of which are compiled in Annexure-1.13.
Year-wise requirement of indigenous washed coking coal and imported coking coal
during XIth Plan period is given below:
Requirement of indigenous coking coal (Mt.)* in washed coal terms projected by

Steel Plants
(in Million Tonnes)
XI Plan
Company 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
SAIL 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
VSP 0.58 0.58 0.70 0..88 0.88
TATA STEEL 2.30 3.02 3.02 3.02 3.02
LTD (TSL)
Total ISP 6.88 7.60 8.72 8.90 8.90
Others 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Total 7.88 8.60 10.72 10.90 10.90
* Requirement indicated in “Others” category is a/c M/s. Ispat Industries and is not
linked to existing coking coal sources.
SAIL and VSP are presently taking indigenous coal from CIL sources, while TSL is
sourcing washed coal from their captive mines and washery. All the projection for
requirement of indigenous coal is given in terms of washed coal. Going by the current
trend of average washery yield of 54 % in the country, indigenous coking coal
requirement in terms of raw coal in the terminal year of XI Plan works out to 20.18
million tonnes.
Requirement of imported coking coal
37
(In Million Tonnes)
XI Plan
Company
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
SAIL 10.80 11.50 10.60 13.90 15.30
VSP 3.31 3.30 3.98 5.00 5.02
TSL 1.73 2.27 2.27 2.27 4.20
Others 4.89 6.35 15.10 20.20 20.20
Total 20.73 23.42 31.95 41.38 44.72
From the two tables above, it is seen that total coking coal requirement of steel plants
works out to 55.62 Mt in terms of washed coal (10.90 Mt indigenous washed coal &
44.72 Mt imported coal). Considering average yield of washeries at 46% to maintain
quality, projection in terms of raw coal for indigenous source works out to about 23.78
million tonnes. Thus the total requirement works out to 68.50 million tonnes in the
terminal year 2011-12 of the XI Plan corresponding to a hot-metal production plan of
70.3 mt.
Coal Vision Document-2025 has projected requirement of 54.24 million tonnes of coal
for steel plants at 8% GDP growth at the terminal year of XI Plan. Expert Committee
on Coal Reform has projected a requirement of 51.53 million tonnes of coal for steel
sector at the end of XI Plan.
From above analysis following emerges:
Steel Sector Coal Requirement (MT) CAGR

2005-06 : Actual 33.80 in XI Plan
2011-12 : Expert Committee 51.53 7.3%
2011-12 : Coal Vision :2025 (8% GDP) 54.24 8.2%
2011-12 : National Steel Policy 42.12 3.7%
2011-12 : Demand compiled as per MOS documents 68.50 12.5%
Against coking coal requirement projection of 68.50 by Working Group on Coal and
Lignite, draft document of Working Group on Iron and Steel, however, projected coal
requirement of 46 Mt for likely hot metal production of 44.4 Mt through Oxygen Route.
The additional requirement projected here would be taking care of new capacity
additions in steel sector during XI Plan.
38
Considering the mammoth construction and other infrastructure activities, Sub-group
feels that the projection given by MOS may be considered as it is. The projected
requirement of 29.72 mt of non-coking coal for captive power plants of steel sector is
considered under Captive Power. Similarly, the requirement of sponge iron sector is
considered separately.
1.5.3 Cement Sector
The domestic cement industry witnessed an appreciable growth in demand and

production during Tenth Five Year Plan. By virtue of producing about 142 Mt in the
year 2005-06 India became one of the largest cement producers in the world. During
the Tenth Five Year Plan, the Ministry of Industries (Dept. of Industrial Development)
indicated the average annual growth in cement production of about 3.5 %. Against this
projected growth, the performance of the cement sector appears to be good and is
expected to achieve an average annual growth of about 8.8 % during Tenth Five Year
Plan period. Considering the boom in the infrastructure and housing sectors the trend
is likely to continue in XI Plan Period as well.
Cements sector has undergone substantial technological changes. With more

emphasis now on dry process by cement plants, the specific coal consumption in
cement plants during Tenth Plan Period has shown immense improvement. The
average specific consumption which was 0.154 tonne in the beginning of X plan (2001-
02) has been 0.127 tonne in 2005-06. Improvement is 18 %.
Trend of capacity build-up, cement production, coal consumption in cement sector and
projection during XIth Five Year Plan is given below:
Year Capacity (Mty) Cement Prod (Mt) Coal Req/

consumption (Mt)
VIII Plan (1996-97) 92.00 76.20 11.34
IXth Plan (2001-02) 129.76 102.4 15.81
Xth Plan (Actual)
2002-03 140.07 111.35 15.31
2003-04 146.64 117.50 15.63
2004-05 154.29 127.57 17.58
2005-06 160.23 141.81 18.05
2006-07 (Antic) 163.88 155.99 Not furnished
XIth Plan (Projection)
2007-08 186.10 171.59 25.97
2008-09 219.30 188.75 28.56
2009-10 241.23 207.62 31.42
2010-11 265.35 228.39 34.56
2011-12 291.90 251.23 38.02
Annualised Growth 8.26
%
Note : Coal requirement for XI Plan is indicated in terms of indigenous coal
39
Note: The cement production and the coal requirement given by the Ministry of
Industry do not include the cement production and coal requirement of mini cement
plants.
The XI Plan envisaged capacity creation of 128.02 Mts, thereby increasing cement
production capacity from 163.88 Mts at the beginning of Plan to 291.9 Mts at the end of
the Plan. During XI Plan, incremental increase of cement production projection is 95.24
Mts ( from 155.99 Mts--likely 2006-07 to 251.23 Mts. by 2011-12).
Requirement of coal for cement industry, as projected by Ministry of Industry, is 38.02

Mts in terms of indigenous coal in the terminal year of XI Plan (2011-12). Actual
requirement, however, would be less as Cement Units have been regularly importing
coal, superior than indigenous coal. Import Plan has not been furnished by CMA/DIPP.
The break-up of requirement is as follows:
Fig. In Million Tonnes
Capacity Cement Production Coal Req.
• Existing plants
163.86 155.99
(Likely by the end of X Plan)
• New Plants
128.02 95.24
( Proposed in XI Plan)
Total 291.90 251.23 38.02
The year-wise import of coal in X Plan by cement sector is as under:
Year Quantity (Mt)

2002-03 3.66
2003-04 3.18
2004-05 3.63
2005-06 3.11
CAPTIVE POWER PLANTS OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
In addition to above requirement of coal for cement production, there is requirement of

coal for captive power plants of cement industries. The requirement for the terminal
year of XIth Plan (2011-12) has been projected at 7.40 Mts. Year-wise projection is as
under:
Fig in Mt.
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Coal (Mt) 5.06 5.56 6.20 6.73 7.40
40
Thus year-wise total demand as projected by CMA for Cement Plants including
Cement CPP works out as under:
Fig in Mt.
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Kilns 25.97 28.56 31.42 34.56 38.02
CPP 5.06 5.56 6.20 6.73 7.40
Total 31.03 34.12 37.62 41.29 45.42
Assessment of coal requirement for Cement sector:
Capacity build-up, cement production, coal consumption for VIII, IX and X Plans and
requirement projected for XI Plan is given in the table below:
Period Capacity Cement Coal Specific

(Mty) Production (MT) Consumption Consumption
(MT) (Kg/tonne)
VIII Plan (1996-97) 92.00 76.20 11.34 0.149
IX Plan (2001-02) 129.76 102.4 15.81 0.155
X Plan
2002-03 140.07 111.35 15.31 0.137
2003-04 146.64 117.50 15.63 0.133
2004-05 154.29 127.57 17.58 0.137
2005-06 160.23 141.81 18.05 0.127
2006-07 163.88 155.99 Not furnished
XI Plan Projection Capacity Cmt. Prodctn Coal Reqmnt Sp.Consmpn
2007-08 186.10 171.59 25.97 0.151
2008-09 219.30 188.75 28.56 0.151
2009-10 241.23 207.62 31.42 0.151
2010-11 265.35 228.39 34.56 0.151
2011-12 291.90 251.23 38.02 0.151
Coal requirement for XI Plan is indicated in terms of indigenous coal
It may be seen from the above that specific coal consumption in cement plants during
X Plan period had been averaging at 0.133 Kg/Tonne, whereas projection for XI Plan
has been made keeping specific coal consumption at much higher level at 0.151
kg/tonne. Of course, it is mentioned by CMA that the projection is made on the basis of
indigenous coal and therefore,
On using imported coal, which Cement Plants have been regularly resorting to,
requirement would be lowered down substantially. Even if, specific coal consumption is
kept at the level of penultimate year of X Plan, requirement works out to:
41
XI Plan Capacity Cement Coal Sp.
Projection (Mty) Production(Mt) Requirement Consumption
(Mt) (Kg/Tonne)
2007-08 186.10 171.59 21.79 0.127
2008-09 219.30 188.75 23.97 0.127
2009-10 241.23 207.62 26.37 0.127
2010-11 265.35 228.39 29.01 0.127
2011-12 291.90 251.23 31.90 0.127
Coal procurement pattern of X Plan by Cement Plants as indicated by CMA is given in

the table below:
Figures in Million Tonnes

Source / Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Against Linkage 12.35 13.32 14.84 15.03
Open Market 0.77 1.03 1.27 2.16
Indigenous Coal 13.12 14.35 16.11 17.19
Imported Coal 3.66 3.18 3.63 3.11
Pet Coke 1.05 1.41 1.87 1.74
Lignite 0.05 0.11 0.76 0.76
Other than 4.76 4.70 6.26 5.61
Indigenous
Total 17.88 19.05 22.37 22.80
% Indigenous 73.4 75.3 72.0 75.4
% Others 26.6 24.7 28.0 24.6
Cement Plants have been importing coal since mid-nineties. In fact, the coastal
cement plants started importing coal-taking advantage of location-specific competitive
landed cost even when import duty was substantially higher (35%) than present level
(5%). These apart, alternative fuels like lignite, pet-coke etc also being used for more
than a decade in Gujarat & Rajasthan based cement plants. Taking these into
consideration, it can be reasonably presumed that coastal cement plants (both in
Southern & Western regions) would be sourcing imported coal and a few cement
plants of Gujarat and Rajasthan would continue with alternate fuels.
Therefore, total coal requirement of cement plants excluding CPP works out to 31.90
Million tonnes and the requirement of CPP is considered under Captive Power.
3.5.4 Captive Power:
With the introduction of Electricity Bill 2003, Captive Power generation has become
particularly attractive for different industries. It has been emerging as the major coal-
consuming sector over the years. Apart from traditional captive power generating
industries like Aluminium, Cement or Steel Plants, even comparatively smaller
endeavours have also coming up with CPP units. The anticipated consumption in the
year 2006-07 is expected to be about 30 Mt excluding fertiliser and many other CPP
plants. Coal as feedstock to fertiliser sector has stopped completely. Coal, which is
being sent to this sector, is for captive power generation only. Indicative figures on coal
42
demand for captive power sector have been furnished by a few ministries viz. steel,
cement, and fertiliser .However, demand estimates of major CPP’s from industries like
Aluminium, Paper, Chemical & Textiles and others are not available.
Two scenarios of coal demand for CPP units have been envisaged in Coal Vision 2025
document of MOC on the basis of targeted growth of GDP @ 7% and 8%. The Expert
Committee on coal sector reforms has indicated another scenario of coal demand for
CPP units. Coal Consumption for CPP units has registered an annualised growth of
about 10.78% during first four years of X Plan period (from 16.02 Mt in 2001-02 to
24.13 Mt in 2005-06). Planning Commission in the Approach Paper for XI Plan has
especially emphasised the need for giving stress on captive generation. Taking this in
view, the requirement of CPPs is projected to grow at 14%. However, the comparative
recommendation of various committees is tabulated below:
FIGURES IN MILLION TONNES

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Projection-Coal Vision
33.80 35.95 38.24 40.67 43.26
2025 @7% GDP
33.97 36.31 38.81 41.48 44.33
2025 @ 8% GDP
Projection in Expert
Committee on Coal 30.50 32.66 35.00 40.00 45.00
sector reforms
Projection on the basis
of 14% growth rate* ( 34.2 38.99 44.45 50.67 57.06
Present CAGR)
* The projection includes requirement for CPPs of cement, steel, fertilizer etc.
3.5.5 Sponge Iron:
During X Plan period there had been a phenomenal growth in sponge iron sector. Both
in terms of number of units and quantum of consumption the industry was so small that
in X Plan document it did not get separate entity in sector-wise demand. However,
during recent years there had been a spurt of demand of coal from this sector.
Supply in raw coal terms for sponge iron sector in the country, rose from a level of 4.40
Mt in 2001-02 to 14.00 Mt in 2005-06. As in 2006-07, sponge iron plants with capacity
of 8.034 Mt with long-term linkage of 12.308 Mt are drawing coal from CIL sources.
Further, some plants like Jindal Sponge Iron and Monnet Ispat are sourcing coal from
their captive mining blocks.
Therefore, Sub-group-II decided to separately estimate its requirement of coal to

assess overall demand of the country. Accordingly, Sponge Iron Manufacturers’
Association was requested to furnish their views on coal demand for XI Plan period.
Year-wise demand of coal as projected by SIMA is given in the table below:
43
FIGURES IN MILLION TONNE
Year Installed Capacity Sp.Iron Production Coal requirement
2007-08 11.2 9.45 15.12
2008-09 13.0 10.95 17.52
2009-10 16.0 13.65 21.84
2010-11 18.3 15.4 24.64
2011-12 21.4 18.1 28.96
Sponge-Iron plants are clustered mostly in Chattisgarh, followed by Orissa, West
Bengal, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka.
3.5.6 Fertilizer:
Fertilizer Industry Co-ordination Committee (FICC), Ministry of Fertilizer & Chemical

has indicated that an endeavour is going on to bring back some of the closed coal-
based urea manufacturing Fertilizer units in operation during XI Plan, like units of
Hindustan Fertilizer at Durgapur & Haldia and FCI, Sindri. Since the proposals are yet
to take any firm shape, no concrete projection for their demand of coal could be taken
at present planning stage. However, in consideration to the total quantities involved in
demand and supply scenario, the requirement of those units, if any, would be
negligible. As such accommodation of such demand at later stage would not be a
problem.
3.5.7 Others
There are large numbers of units consuming comparatively small quantity of coal at
present. These groups of consumers account for about 12 % of total coal demand and
are placed under “other industries category”. The industries whose demand is
aggregated under this category are mainly bricks, aluminium, paper, newsprint, textile,
domestic use etc. An indicative figure is generally attributed to this group of
industries/sector in the total demand scenario. Different projections for XI Plan Period
for this category are given as under:
(in Million Tonnes)
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
53.49 55.80 58.23 60.8 63.52
2025 @7% GDP
53.65 56.14 58.77 61.56 64.51
2025 @ 8% GDP
Demand as per trend
36.92 39.20 41.63 44.22 46.96 *
analysis *
Note: * Coal Vision Document included Sponge Iron sector as part of Others Sector.
Now, demand of Sponge Iron is separated out at 28.96 Mt, demand for Others Sector
is reduced to that extent.
44
Apart from organized industrial units, a plethora of medium and small units including
seasonal consumers are categorized in other sector. Brick kilns are also one of the
most important consuming segments within this category. Special thrust has been put
for infrastructure and housing development in XI Plan to ensure inclusive growth.
Therefore, a boom is expected in the XI Plan period for brick making. This apart, a
large number of units, those who were hitherto depending upon petroleum-based fuel
for steam generation, have been facing difficulty due to escalating price of oil products
and may be inclined to come back to coal for energy security. In fact, steps have been
taken to improve the distribution network so that small and medium scale consumers
including brick kilns could procure coal in hassle-free manner. As such, keeping parity
with the projected growth in coal consumption for other infrastructure sectors like
Cement, steel or CPP the growth for other sector is envisaged at 12%. This works out
to a requirement of 61.68 MT, which is 25.13 Mt more than what was projected by
Coal Vision-2025 document at 8% GDP growth.
3.6 Summary of coal demand scenario for XI Plan
Considering the projection given by CEA, past trend of performance, goal set by
Planning Commission in the approach paper and the 16th Electric Power Survey
Report, demand for power utilities is assessed at 483.00 Mt in 2011-12.
CMA has indicated capacity addition of 128 Mt in cement sector, as against present
capacity of 163.88 Mt. Moreover, coal requirement for per tonne cement production
has been projected in excess to current level. Based on the current rate of specific coal
consumption and continuance of import at current level, coal requirement is assessed
as 31.90 Mt excluding the requirement of Cement CPPs. Requirement of Cement
CPPs is 7.40 Mt.
High growth is also envisaged in the Sponge Iron sector. Capacity is likely to grow from
a level of 11.2 Mt at 2007-08 to 21.4 Mt at the end of 2011-12. With this projection of
capacity addition coal requirement increases by about 12 % (CAGR) in XI plan period
to 28.96 Mt.
Steel sector has projected plant specific coal requirement of 68.50 Mt, which
incidentally is more by 15 Mt at the end of the Plan period than what have been
projected by different expert committees including National Steel Policy. However, bulk
of the total requirement is projected to be sourced from import.
So far, Coal requirement has been indicated by these four sectors. However, these
sectors together account for about 82-84% of total raw coal off-take of the Country.
Therefore, for planning purpose, these inputs could be construed as quite indicative.
45
IX Plan X Plan Demand
(Actual) 2006-07 XI Plan (2011-12)
Coal
As Expert
Sector 2005- Vision-
2001-02 indicated Assessed Commt.
06 Target Antic. 2025
Actual by user by WG on Coal
Actual @ 8%
Agencies reform
GDP
SCN - I SCN - II
Steel & Coke oven 29.84 33.80 43.70 43.00 68.50 68.50 54.24 51.53
Power(Utility) 249.23 299.89 322.00 310.00 540.00 483.00 427.16 502.91
Power Captive 16.02 24.13 28.26 31.50 49.66 $ 57.06 44.33 45.00
Cement* 15.22 18.33 25.40 25.00 45.42 31.90 39.39 30.81
Sponge Iron 28.96 28.96
41.60 57.38 54.82 50.50 64.51 80.00
Others 61.68 61.68
Non-coking – Total 322.07 399.73 430.48 417.00 725.72 662.60 575.39 658.72
Grand total 351.91 433.53 474.18 460.00 794.22 731.10 629.63 710.25
• Note: XI plan demand of CPP includes demand of Fertilizer & Cement CPP (7.40 Mt);
consumption pattern for cement includes CPPs of cement sector.
From the analysis as given above, overall coal demand for the terminal year of XI Five Year
Plan is derived as under:
Figures in Million tonnes
Sector 2006-07: 2011-12: Assessed CAGR (%) of coal
Anticipated demand requirement
Power Utilities 310.00 483.00 9.27.%
Power Captive * 31.50 57.06 9.50 %
Cement 25.00 31.90
Sponge Iron & Others 50.50 90.64 12.41 %
Total Non-coking 417.00 662.60 9.70 %
Coking –Steel 43.00 68.50 9.76 %
Total 460.00 731.10 9.71 %
• Demand of CPP includes demand of Fertilizer & Cement CPP (7.40 Mt); anticipated
despatch (2006-07) for cement includes despatch to cement CPPs.
3.7 Coal Demand for XII Plan :
CEA has assessed coal based power generation capacity addition 50,000 MW in
XII plan period as against envisaged capacity addition of 14,645 MW in X Plan
and projected addition of 46,840MW in XI Plan. CEA has projected tentative coal
requirement of 764 million tonnes at the terminal year of XII Plan. Other user
agencies have not indicated their likely coal requirement for XII Plan.
Projections of coal demand for terminal year of XII Plan is being made on the basis of
following assumptions:
46
a) Requirement as projected by CEA for power sector and likely requirement of other
sectors through trend analysis of growth, keeping demand projections of them for XI
Plan as benchmarks.
b) Considering same growth trend that has been projected for XI Plan for all sectors
including power assessed for XI Plan.
Million Tonnes
X Plan XI Plan XII Plan
Sector 2006-07: 2011-12: CAGR (%) of 2016-17
Anticipated Assessed Projected
Power Utilities 310.00 483.00 9.27.% 750.00
Power Captive * 31.50 57.06 9.50% 85.00
Cement 25.00 31.90 50.00
Sponge Iron & Others 50.50 90.64 12.41% 135.00
Total Non-coking 417.00 662.60 9.70% 1020.00
Coking –Steel 43.00 68.50 9.76% 105.00
Total 460.00 731.10 9.71% 1125.00
This demand is arrived extrapolating growth in line of growth envisaged for XI Plan.
However, in the coming ten years, lots of technological development is expected to
come in energy sector through large-scale commercialisation in Coal bed methane and
natural gas sector supplementing coal energy, and therefore, minor adjustments have
been made to project the demand of XII Plan, which works out to 1125 Mt (1020Mt for
non-coking and 105 Mt for coking coal).
3.8 Observation:
While, in order to ensure availability of plenty of raw material, all manufacturing
sectors are prone to project optimistic demand, nonetheless taking input from
user industries to prepare the basic framework of demand pattern is an age old
practice in the industry. Since approaching a feasible demand situation is a
prerequisite for subsequent planning, starting from production to manpower,
Working-group deliberated to estimate demand scenario considering demands
projected by different expert committees, including 16th Electric Power Survey
report and macro-economic target set by the Approach Paper of Planning
Commission.
47
Chapter- 2
PRODUCTION
2.1 Coal Production Trend
In the terminal year of Xth Plan (2006-07), all India coal production is likely to be
432.50 Mts. as against original target of 405 Mts (projected at the time of preparation
of Xth Plan document). Expected growth in coal production is 5.70 % per annum during
the plan period as against original projection of 4.46%. This is a considerable
improvement over the 2.53% growth achieved in the IXth Plan. Despite delay in
commissioning of many new mines due to delay in obtaining environmental and forest
clearance, land acquisition, rehabilitation etc., this substantial increase in production in
CIL mines has been possible due to improvement of operational efficiency. Again
growth of production of captive mines is also remarkable. Production from Captive
mines/Tata Steel/IISCO etc. is now expected to reach 31.20 Mt in 2006-07 as against
original projection of 18.87 Mt.
The company-wise coal production trend is given below :
Fig. in Million Tonnes

1991-92 VIII Plan IX Plan X Plan Growth XI Plan Growth
(96-97) (2001-02) (06-07) (2011-12)
Actual Actual Actual Antic Abs % Projected Abs %
CIL 204.15 250.62 279.65 363.80 84.15 5.40 520.50 156.70 7.43
SCCL 20.58 28.73 30.81 37.50 6.69 4.01 40.80 3.30 1.70
Others 8.09 9.97 17.33 31.20 13.87 12.45 118.70 87.50 30.63
TOTAL 232.82 289.32 327.79 432.50 104.71 5.70 680.00 247.50 9.47
2.2 Production Projection – XI Plan & XII Plan.
At the time of preparation of Annual Plan 06-07, production projection for terminal year
of XI plan (2011-12) has been envisaged to 504.10 million tonnes. Subsequently, in
view of excess demands from user industries, CIL upwardly revised the production
plan to 520.50 Mt Subsidiary-wise break-up of CIL is as under:
COAL PRODUCTION PROGRAMME FOR XI & XII PLAN - CIL

Million Tonnes
Company X PLAN XI PLAN XII PLAN
06-07 Growth 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 Growth 16-17
Antic Abs Projection Abs
ECL 33.00 4.45 33.41 39.76 43.74 45.08 46.00 13.00 48.00
48
BCCL 24.20 -1.05 25.20 26.50 27.50 28.50 30.00 5.80 35.00
CCL 42.00 8.19 44.00 47.00 55.00 65.00 78.00 36.00 115.00
NCL 52.00 9.54 58.00 60.50 65.00 68.00 70.00 18.00 80.50
WCL 42.00 4.99 42.40 42.95 43.65 44.50 45.00 3.00 45.00
SECL 88.50 24.38 91.50 93.65 101.10 106.30 111.00 22.50 140.00
MCL 80.50 32.69 88.00 99.00 111.00 122.00 137.00 56.50 197.00
NEC 1.60 0.96 2.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 1.90 3.50
CIL 363.80 84.15 384.51 411.36 449.49 482.38 520.50 156.70 664.00
Of the estimated incremental production of 156.70 Mts during XIth Plan, significant
contributors would be MCL (56.50Mt.), SECL (22.50Mt.), CCL (36.00Mt.) & NCL
(18.00Mt ) and ECL (13.00Mt). Further, the incremental production comprises of about
59 mt production from 16 proposals under emergency coal production plan .
SCCL envisaged a production of 40.80 Mts in the terminal year of XIth Plan (2011-12)
as against likely achievement of 37.50 Mts in ’06-07, terminal year of X plan.
Out of 123 captive coal blocks allotted so far, indications as received by Coal
Controller’s Organisation from about 60 blocks owners leads to a projected production
of 104 Mt in 2011-12. Indications from remaining block holders are to be received. As
such, production from Captive blocks and sources other than CIL & SCCL has been
projected at 118.70 Mt & 346.0 Mt for XI & XII Plan respectively. Company-wise coal
production projection for XI & XII Plans is given below:
Company X Plan XI PLAN XII PLAN

06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 Growth 16-17
Anticipated Projection Abs
CIL 363.80 384.51 411.36 449.49 482.38 520.50 156.70 664.00
SCCL 37.50 38.04 38.30 39.00 40.00 40.80 3.30 45.00
Other Public Sector 1.91 1.92 2.02 2.32 2.52 2.52 0.61 2.52
Pvt Sector (TSL) 6.24 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 0.26 6.50
Captive Mining 17.55 23.93 36.22 47.09 73.00 104.08 86.53 331.38
Meghalaya 5.50 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 0.10 5.60
All India 432.50 460.50 500.00 550.00 610.00 680.00 247.50 1055.00
Growth 375.00
Production projection for captive blocks for XII Plan has been made on the basis of
perspective demand assessment for 2016-17. There is every chance that actual demand may
vary from the projection, which in turn would determine actual production requirement from
captive blocks. Since these blocks will have additional production capacity, they are capable of
taking care of increasing demand accordingly. In addition of 123 blocks those have already
been allotted, more blocks will be allotted in coming years. In the event of retarded
demand,Captive blocks would be adjusting their production facilities in accordance to coal
demand/requirement. Therefore, by the end of XII Plan no gap between demand and
indigenous supply for non-coking coal is envisaged.
2.3 Break up of Metallurgical Coking & Non Coking coal, including coking used for Non-
metallurgical purpose is shown below:
49
(In Million Tonnes)
X Plan
XI Plan Period
Type of Coal (Antic)
06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12
Metallurgical Coking 17.90 18.29 20.34 23.70 25.55 27.65
Non Coking+Non Met. 414.60 442.21 479.66 526.30 584.45 652.35
Total 432.50 460.50 500.00 550.00 610.00 680.00
2.4 Fieldwise break-up
Coal fieldwise details of coal production are given in Annexure- 2.2.
From the Annexed table it may be seen that significant growth in production comes from
following coalfields/areas :
Coal Field Growth In XI Plan
Rajmahal 8.50
North Karanpura 23.80
Singrauli 18.00
Korba 11.42
IB Vally 20.00
Talcher 36.71
New Captive Blocks 86.53
Total in 6 fields & Captive Blocks 204.96
Major growths are envisaged in six coalfields in CIL and captive blocks. XI Plan
envisages growth of 205 Mt from these coalfields/areas out of total growth of 247.50 Mt
with contribution of 83 %.
2.5 Group-wise break-up
Envisaged group-wise break-up of coal production projection of CIL & SCCL are as
under:
Fig in Million Tonnes
2006-07 XI Plan XII Plan
Company Group (Antic) 2011-12 2016-17
CIL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 241.82 185.97 151.49
Ongoing Projects 102.41 165.31 181.59
New Projects 19.57 169.22 320.92
TOTAL 363.80 520.50 664.00
2006-07 XI Plan XII Plan
(Antic) 2011-12 2016-17
50
SCCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 29.641 18.855 6.98
New Projects 8.33 31.68
Total 37.50 40.80 45.00
CIL envisages taking up about 114 new projects during XI Plan with an ultimate capacity
of around 230 Mt. and expected to contribute about 70 Mt in the terminal year of XI Plan
from these new projects. SCCL projected to take up 39 new projects in XI plan envesiged
to build-up ultimate capacity of around 60 Mt.
Company wise details of Group wise production is given in attached Annexure- 2.1
2.6 Availability of coking coal:
2.6.1 Coking Coal Reserves:
Out of 253.30 Billion Tonnes of total geological coal reserves (as on 1.1.2006), the
proven reserves are only about 96 Billion tonnes (73.8 billion tonnes are within 300 m
depth and 22.2 billion tonnes are within 300-1200 m depth). The balance is under
indicated and inferred category. Further, coking coal geological reserves are only
about 32.1 billion tonnes. Out of this, proven reserve is about 16.5 billion tonnes.
Recoverable reserves are about 4 billion tonnes. The prime coking coal resources are
restricted to Jharia coalfield only. The medium coking coal is available in Jharia,
Raniganj, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Karanpura, Sohagpur and Pench-Kanhan coalfields and
the semi-coking coal is available in Raniganj, Ramgarh and Sonhat coalfields.
The average depth of operation in coking coalmines is about 150-200m. Going by the
current mining technologies, reserves up to the depth of 300m are being successfully
exploited economically. Exploitation of the reserves beyond 300m depths does not
appear to be economically viable at this stage. Available coking coal reserves up to the
depth of about 300m are to be reviewed for economic exploitation.
2.6.2 Measures to improve the availability of coking coal from the indigenous source:
During X plan period, coking coal production in the country is found to be almost
standstill. However, only about 60 - 65% of the coking coal produced could be used for
metallurgical purpose due to quality reason and the balance is used for non-
metallurgical purpose. Details of coking coal produced and used for metallurgical steel
sector during X plan period are furnished in the Table given below:
51
(Fig. in Mt)
Source/Company X Plan period - Performance
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 (Antc.)
ECL 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06
BCCL 5.05 4.30 4.13 4.23 4.30
CCL 6.01 6.40 6.10 4.79 5.50
WCL 0.59 0.70 0.76 0.93 0.75
SECL 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.17
CIL 11.86 11.61 11.19 10.15 10.78
TSL 5.92 6.14 6.36 6.36 6.24
IISCO 0.57 0.51 0.63 0.62 0.88
ALL INDIA 18.35 18.27 18.19 17.13 17.90
2.6.3 Company-wise Metallurgical Coking coal production during XI Plan period

as projected is as under:
(Fig. in Mt)
COMPANY COAL PRODUCTION (MT)
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
ECL 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
BCCL 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.80 5.00
CCL 5.70 7.65 10.30 11.40 12.30
WCL 0.76 0.66 0.67 0.72 0.72
SECL 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
CIL 11.09 13.04 15.80 17.15 18.25
TSL 6.50 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.50
IISCO 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90
ALL INDIA 18.29 20.34 23.70 25.55 27.65
From the above table, it may be seen that there is increase in coking coal availability /
production from the mines of BCCL & CCL. The availability / production from the mines
of WCL will decline marginally due to depletion of limited coking coal reserve.
Production from TSL also expected to increase in later stage due to projected opening
of a new block.
Company wise details of coking coal augmentation programme is appended below:
BCCL:
BCCL’s area of operation is mainly confined in Jharia coalfield which is only the store
house of prime coking coal in this country. Coking coal in Jharia coalfield is available in
seams IX – XVIII. In BCCL, prime-coking coal of Steel Grade I & II is also being
produced in mines of Chanch Victoria area such as Begunia UG mine. The production
programme in XI Plan Period is as follows:
52
SL. SCHEME / GROUP COAL PRODUCTION (MT)
NO. 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1. Existing mines. 1.195 0.990 0.790 0.840 0.84
2. Completed projects 1.425 1.436 1.700 2.150 2.030
3. Ongoing Projects 0.450 0.750 0.910 1.230 1.280
4. Hired HEMM Patches 1.330 1.324 1.200 0.580 0.400
5. Future Projects - - - - 0.450
Total 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.80 5.00
The reasons for increase or decrease in coal production from the mines / projects of BCCL
are appended below:
• Production from the existing mines will decrease due to closure of highly loss making
coking coal underground mines such as Balihari 5&6, Bhagabhand, Bhowra South &
North, Gopalichak, Jealgora, Jogidih, Joyrampur, Kankanee, Mudidih, North Tisra etc.
in phased manner.
• In case of completed projects, production increases from Moonidh, Murlidih and Block-
II OCP etc. However there is drop in production from Kusunda OCP by 2011-12,
closure of some OC mines, Katras Choitudih UG, Sudamdih, etc.
• Coal production increases due to coming up of projects like Damoda BJ OCP,
Chaptoria OCP and rising production from PB project.
• Coal production from Hired HEMM Patches increases during first 2-3 years of the plan
period and then drops due to depletion in coal reserves of the patches.
• In case of future projects, coal production will commence from the terminal year of the
plan period from Moonidih xv seam, Kapuria UG, Madhuband and Phularitand
expansion etc.
The availability of coking coal can be further improved by taking the following measures:
• Augmenting coking coal production in existing 12 mines i.e. Begunia u/g, Bhalgora /
Simlabad / Burragarh / Burragarh / Hurriladih u/g, Kharkharee u/g, Katras Choitudih
u/g, Loyabad u/g, Pootkee u/g, Pootkee Balihari u/g, Moonidih u/g, North Amlabad u/g,
Block IV (Coking) OCP, Godhur OCP / Block VII (Coking) and Bhatdee u/g.
• Release of reserve standing on pillars due to various constraints like surface structure,
land problem, water logging etc.
• Beneficiation of Coking coal Washery Slurries by re-washing the same through fine
coal benefication system for mixing with Clean Coking Coal.
CCL:
There is no prime coking coal available in CCL. Only medium coking coal is produced
from the mines of its East Bokaro & Ramgarh coalfield. The production programme of
CCL in XI Plan period is as follows:
53
SCHEME/GROUP COAL PRODUCTION (MT)
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Existing Mines 0.71 0.81 0.79 0.42 0.42
Completed projects 3.72 4.94 5.93 5.98 4.73
Ongoing projects 1.27 1.90 3.58 4.00 3.87
Future projects - - - 1.00 3.28
Total 5.70 7.65 10.30 11.40 12.30
The following new coking coal projects are scheduled to come up in the XI Plan Period
and its production programme is as given below:
S.N Project Capacity Production (MT)

(Mty) 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 DRD OC 2.00 - - - 0.50 1.00
2 Chano-Rikba OC - - - - 0.10
3 Godo OC 2.00 - - - - 0.50
4 Gose-Parsabera 2.00 - - - - 0.28
Integrated OC
5 Kedla EPR OC 2.00 - - - - 0.30
6 Parej West OC 1.00 - - - 0.50 0.50
7 Pichri/Pichri Extn OC 3.00 - - - - 0.40
8 Ramgarh-II West OC 1.00 - - - - 0.20
Coal Vision-2025 document has projected indigenous coal production of 621 Mt and 778 Mt in
the terminal year of XI Plan (2011-12) and XII Plan respectively. Against this, production
envisaged in this document by Coal Companies is 680 Mt.and 1055 Mt in 2011-12 & 2016-17
respectively which is about 60 Mt and 277 Mt more than what was envisaged in Coal Vision -
2025 document. Projected production projections of CIL and SCCL sources are more or less
attuned to Coal Vision - 2025 forecast. Taking cue from mine plans received, Coal Controller’s
Organization has projected production of 104 Mt from captive blocks in 2011-12 which may go
up to 331 Million tonnes by end of XII Plan.
*****
54
Chapter - 3
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
3.1 Demand projections for XI Plan are furnished in detail in Chapter- 1. Availability
projections for XI Plan are furnished in Chapter- 2. After examining different
projections Sub-group assessed total demand of coal in the terminal year of XI Plan
(2011-12) as 731.10 Million Tonnes, 662.60 Mt non-coking coal and 68.50 Mt coking
coal. Against this demand the production projection for the terminal year of XI Plan is
680.0 Mt out of which 27.65 Mt and 652.35 Mt would be coking and non-coking coal
production respectively. This leaves a gap of 51.10 Mt in 2011-12 comprising of
40.85 Mt of coking coal and 10.25 Mt of thermal coal.
Assessed demand vis-à-vis Indegeneous supply projection (Figures in Million Tonnes)

Demand Indegeneous Supply Gap(-) / Surplus(+)
Year Non- Non- Non-
Coking Total Coking Total Coking Total
Coking Coking Coking
2011-12 68.50 662.60 731.10 27.65 652.35 680.00 -40.85 -10.25 * -51.10
Note : The gap shown for non-coking coal is essentially arising out of indicative consumers’
preference. As it is, production potential of captive non-coking coal mines can be further
harnessed to bridge the gap, if situation so demands.
3.2 STEEL
Demand and indigenous supply source for steel sector are mostly concentrated in Eastern
Region. Out of seven integrated steel plants of the country, five of SAIL and one each of
RINL and TSL only two plants viz. Bhilai at Chattisgarh and Vizag at Andhra Pradesh are
out of Eastern Region. Similarly the entire indigenous coking coal reserves are available in
Eastern Region, mostly in Jharkhand State. Only a small reserve is available at Korea-
Rewa and Pench-Kanhan fields. Coking coal washeries, with the only exception of
Nandan, are situated only in Jharkhand State. A few steel plants are also projected to
come up out of the typical steel belt, particularly in coastal areas and would be dependent
totally on imported coal. One such plant is based on corex technology and would be using
imported non-coking coal to the extent of 3.8 million tonnes per annum.
55
Steel Plants, while indicating requirement of coal, have also mentioned their likely sources
indigenous or imported.
Demand-supply scenario for steel sector works out to:
2011-12
Demand 68.50
Indigenous supply Availability :
CIL 18.25
TATA STEEL 8.50
Others 0.90
Total indigenous supply 27.65
Gap(-)/ Surplus(+) (-) 40.85
3.3 Power (Utilities):
As per the demand projections power utilities would continue to be the most important
consuming segment. Against the projected total demand of 731.10 Million tonnes in 2011-
12, the demand of power sector utility alone accounts for 483 Million tones, i.e. about 66%
of total demand. The source-wise supply envisaged to meet this requirement of power
sector is as below:
2011-12
Demand 483.00
CIL 382.35
SCCL 29.40
Others /Captive Mines 65.95
Gap(-)/ Surplus(+) (-) 5.30
Some of the power stations are palnned to use imported coal and therefore, a notional the gap
is shown for power sector. Indigenous supply has potential to increase further attuned to
demand situation.
3.4 Power Captive:

Coal requirement of Captive Power Plants is projected at 57.06 mt in 2011-12. The source-
wise supply in 2011-12 is as under:
2011-12
Demand 57.06
CIL 35.49
SCCL 2.20
Gap(-)/ Surplus(+) NIL
56
3.5 Cement Sector:
Cement Sector demand at 31.90 mt in 2011-12 accounts for about 4.4% of total coal
demand of the country. The source-wise supply in 2011-12 is as under:

2011-12
Demand 31.90
CIL 21.45
SCCL 5.50
Gap(-)/ Surplus(+) (-) 4.95
3.6 Sponge Iron:
The assessed demand for sponge iron sector in 2011-12 is 28.96 mt tonnes and the
source-wise supply is given below:

2011-12
Demand 28.96
CIL 15.55
SCCL 0.40
3.7 Others:
The assessed demand for Others sector in 2011-12 is 61.68 mt tonnes and the source-
wise supply is given below:
2011-12
Demand 61.68
CIL 47.41
SCCL 3.30
57
3.8 Overall situation:
Sector-wise Summary for Demand and supply in 2011-12

(in Million Tonnes)
Coking
Non-Coking Coal
Coal
Source Total
Sponge
Steel Power (U) Power C Cement Others Sub - Total
Iron
Demand 68.50 483.00 57.06 31.90 28.96 61.68 662.60 731.00
Indigenous Availability :
CIL 18.25 382.35 35.49 21.45 15.55 47.41 502.25 520.50
SCCL 0.00 29.40 2.20 5.50 0.40 3.30 40.80 40.80
Others 9.40 65.95 19.37 0.00 13.01 10.97 109.30 118.70
Total
Indigenous 27.65 477.70 57.06 26.95 28.96 61.68 652.35 680.00
Availability
Gap (- ) /
(-) 40.85 (-) 5.30 NIL (-) 4.95 NIL NIL (-) 10.25 (-) 51.10
Surplus (+)
Note : The gap shown for non-coking coal is essentially arising out of indicative consumers’
preference. As it is, production potential of captive non-coking Coal mines can be further
harnessed to bridge the gap, if situation so demands.
a) Many of the consuming sectors have not furnished their import plan though import is a
regular phenomenon for all-important sectors at present.
b) Because of improved quality in comparison to indigenous coal, consumption /
requirement decreases in proportion to quantity of import.
c) Source-wise mis-match between demand and availability persists.
d) The surplus availability from captive blocks can be considered for matching the
demand indicated for consumers who are not yet granted linkage should the projected
demand materialise.
e). In addition to domestic production certain pit-head stocks would also be available for
augmenting supplies if the movement of coal is possible from these areas.
*****
58
Chapter – 4
BENEFICIATION OF COAL
4.1 Availability of Raw Coking coal as Washery Feed:
Only 60 % of total coking coal produced indigenously were used for metallurgical
purpose and the balance are used for non-metallurgical purposes due to inappropriate
quality and very high cost of washing to make it suitable for use in steel making.
Therefore, although the production figures of indigenous coking coal appear to be
somewhat impressive (About 32 Mts) yet the actual ground scenario is different. Due
to depleting reserves of good quality coking coal in the existing mines, the production
of good quality coking coal are declining year after year. Due to non-availability of
sufficient quantity good quality coking coal, there is a steep decline in washery
efficiency. Washery Yield, which is a ratio of total clean coal produced to total raw coal
feed into the washery, is very low as compared to international standard and utilization
of existing coking coal washeries is deteriorating day by day due to less supply of good
quality coking coal. Pattern of production and use of indigenous coking coal for
metallurgical and non-metallurgical use during previous five years are as under:
Year Total Coking coal Metallurgical Non metallurgical % of Coking coal suitable
production (Mt) use (Mt) use (Mt) for metallurgical purpose
2005-06 31.39 17.13 14.26 60.20
2004-05 30.22 18.19 12.03 60.20
2003-04 29.40 18.27 11.13 62.13
2002-03 30.20 18.35 11.84 60.78
2001-02 28.67 17.96 10.71 62.63
In addition to the above, measures for improving performance of the Coking Coal Washeries
has been taken as recommended by various Committees constituted by Govt. of India. At
present action plan for modernization / renovation of some coking coal washeries in BCCL,
CCL & WCL has been taken up.
To meet the demand of washed coking coal, CCL has initiated action to set up a washery at
Dhori with a throughput capacity of 2.50 Mty on turn key basis and at Parej with a throughput
capacity of 2.00 Mty under BOO Scheme. These two washeries are planned to be
commissioned by the 2nd year of the XI Plan Period.
59
4.2 Performance of washeries:
61 coal washeries are likely to be operative in the country by the end of X plan with a total
throughput capacity of about 130. Mty. Out of these, 16 are coking coal washeries with a
total throughput capacity of around 27.4 Mty. But the scenario is different in case of non-
coking coal washeries. 33 non-coking coal washeries with a total throughput capacity of
about 84 Mty are in operation and 12 washeries are likely to be added in 2006-07 with
capacity of around 19 Mty.
With the rising demand of washed non-coking coal, the capacity addition is about 60 Mty
(mainly in the private sector) in the X plan period to cater to the need of washed Non
Coking coal to thermal power stations, cement plants, sponge iron plants etc.
The washed non-coking coal production from CIL and private coal washeries during the X
Plan Period is furnished in the table below:
Washed Non-coking coal production (Mt.)

Company 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
(Target)
CIL 7.36 7.76 9.43 10.48 10.52
Private
9.76 13.08 16.93 28.33 44.72
Washeries
Total 17.12 20.84 26.36 38.81 55.24
The washed non-coking coal productions of CIL washeries from the above table, is seen
to be increasing steadily and in case of private washeries, the production has increased
rapidly. The demand for washed non-coking coal has grown up in view of MoEF’s
stipulation to use coal with ash content not exceeding 34 % in the specified TPSs and
growing concern over pollution of the environment.
The performance of the coking coal washeries in operation in the X plan period are
shown in the table in the next page. At present 16 coking coal washeries with a total
throughput capacity of 27.4 Mty are in operation in the country. CIL operates 11 coking
coal washery with a total capacity of 19.68 Mty (Barora and Lodna washery not in
operation and Madhuband converted to non-coking coal washery for non-availability of
required feed) and others including SAIL & TISCO operate 5 with a total capacity of 7.70
Mty.
60
Performance of coking coal washery:
Company Capacity Washed coking coal production (Mty.) Remarks

/ washery (Mty)
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
(Tar/ Ant)
CIL:
2.00 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.55 0.52
Dugda-II
Bhojudih 1.70 0.66 0.59 0.50 0.67 0.58
Patherdih 1.60 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.09
Sudamdih 1.60 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.27 0.24
Moonidih 1.60 0.41 0.47 0.54 0.49 0.58
Lodna 0.48 - - - - - Not in operation
Barora 0.42 0.04 0.01 - - - Not in operation
Converted to non
Madhuban 2.50 0.15 0.02 - - -
coking coal
Mahuda 0.63 0.31 0.30 0.33 0.24 0.32
Kathara 3.00 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.54 0.65
Swang 0.75 0.36 0.41 0.39 0.31 0.45
Rajrappa 3.00 0.89 0.99 1.09 0.84 1.10
Kedla 2.60 0.38 0.40 0.59 0.61 0.60
Nandan 1.20 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.40 0.32
Sub Total 19.68 * 4.63 4.54 4.85 4.98 5.45
SAIL:
2.04 0.52 0.56 0.65 0.65 0.67
Chasnala
Sub Total 2.04 0.52 0.56 0.65 0.65 0.67
TATA STEEL
LTD :
Jamadoba
5.66 3.05 3.10 3.28 3.09 3.09
Belatand
West Bokaro II
West BokaroIII
Sub Total 5.66 3.05 3.10 3.28 3.09 3.09
TOTAL 27.38 8.20 8.20 8.78 8.72 9.21
* Excluded Lodna, Barora & Madhuband washery.
The performance of the coking coal washeries of CIL is not satisfactory and the reason for its
low performance may be attributed to the following:
- Many of the washeries have outdated life long back.
- Depletion of good quality upper seam coking coal.
- Deterioration in raw coal quality.
To improve the performance of the coking coal washeries, various measures taken by CIL are
as follows:
- Reports / schemes have been prepared by CMPDI with respect to renovation /
modernization of 5 washeies of BCCL (Sudamdih, Bhojudih, Dugda-II, Patherdih &
Barora), 2 washeries of CCL ( Kathara & Swang) and Nandan washery of WCL.
61
- Action for implementation of various revival schemes in the coking coal washeries of
BCCL is in process.
- Action plan for modernization of some washeries of CCL has been taken up for
implementation.
- Action for renovation/modernization of Nandan washery of WCL has been taken up.
- Various jobs related to moderisation/ renovation of washeries are also either in
progress or completed in some washeries.
WASHED COKING COAL PRODUCTION PROJECTION – XI PLAN

(in Million
Tonnes)
Company 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
BCCL 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50
CCL 2.79 3.15 3.86 4.16 4.46
WCL 0.38 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.36
Total CIL 5.27 5.68 6.50 6.92 7.42
SAIL 0.83 0.95 1.25 1.25 1.25
TSL 3.09 3.09 3.29 3.49 3.89
Total 9.19 9.72 11.04 11.66 12.56
NON-COKING COAL
In the terminal year of XI plan ,about 96% of total coal production of the country would
be non-coking coal and around 2/3rd of this non-coking coal produced, would be of
high ash content (grade ranging between E to G). The mineral matter is highly
dispersed in coal matrix. For this reason, Indian non-coking coal is difficult to wash.
Effective combustion of this coal call for improving the quality of coal which can be
achieved mainly through beneficiation including finer crushing for higher liberation of
clean coal.
45 non-coking coal washeries of throughput capacity of about 103 Mt are likely to be

available by end of X plan. Out of these, 6 washeries are being operated by CIL
(capacity 19.72 Mty) and 27 are already in operation by private sector (capacity 64.6
Mty) for supply to the linked coal consumers. 12 Non coking coal washeries are likely
to be added by 2006-07.The performance of non-coking coal washeries in X plan
period is shown in the Table as below:
62
Non-coking coal washeries in India:
Sl. Washery / Company Capacity Washed Non-coking coal Production (Mty)
No. (Mty) 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
(Target)
1 Dugda-I, CIL 1.00 0.29 0.30 0.44 0.32 0.37
2 Lodna, CIL 0.48* 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00
3 Madhuban,CIL 2.50 0.00 0.42 0.36 0.63 0.77
4 Gidi,CIL 2.50 0.74 0.71 0.59 0.47 0.75
5 Piparwar,CIL 6.50 4.30 4.14 4.46 5.27 5.05
6 Kargali,CIL 2.72 0.71 0.74 0.71 0.82 0.90
7 Bina,CIL 4.50 1.25 1.43 2.85 2.96 2.69
(A) CIL 19.72 7.35 7.77 9.43 10.47 10.53
8 Dipka washery, Aryan coal beneficiation Pvt. Ltd 7.00 3.65 4.89 6.20 6.40 9.60
9 Chakabura Washery, -do- 4.00 0.76 1.44 1.92
10 Panderpauny Washery, -do- 3.00 1.22 1.39 1.45 1.60
11 Talcher Washery, Aryan Energy private Ltd. 2.00 1.40
12 Gauri Washery, -do- 2.00 0.80
13 Indaram Washery, -do- 2.00 0.35 0.46 0.80
14 Wani, Kartikay Coal washeries Pvt. Ltd.(Aryan) 2.00 0.64 0.80
15 Korba, ST-CLI Coal washeries Ltd. 5.00 2.82 2.22 2.57 4.85 6.00
16 Ramagundam, Gupta coalfield & washeries Ltd. 2.50 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80
17 Sasti, -do- 2.50 1.00 0.76 1.00 1.00
18 Wani, -do- 2.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60
19 Ghugus, -do- 3.50 0.50 1.00
20 Bhandara, -do- 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
21 Umrer, -do- 0.75 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10
22 Parasia, -do- 1.50 0.10 0.10 0.30
23 Bilaspur, -do- 2.00 0.30 0.60 0.60
24 Majri, United Coal Washeries Pvt. Ltd. (Gupta) 3.50 0.60
25 Talcher, Global coal Mining Pvt. Ltd. 2.80 0.07 0.07 0.62 1.25
26 Ramagundam, -do- 1.00 0.40 0.48 0.64
27 Wani, Bhatia International Ltd. 3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
28 Ghuggus, -do- 4.00 0.96 0.96
29 Raigarh, Jindal 6.00 1.00 0.93 1.12 1.90 2.28
30 Nagpur, Indo Unique Flame Ltd . 0.60 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03
& Nair Coal Services Ltd
31 Wani, -do- 2.40 0.05 0.06 0.67
32 Annuppur, -do- 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.01
33 Punvat, Wani -do- 2.40 0.01
34 Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Power 1.25 0.16 0.56 0.37
& Coal Benefication Ltd.
35 Rajnandan,Allied Minerals 0.94 0.75 0.75
36 Raigarh, MSP Steel & Power Ltd. 0.60 0.48 0.48
37 Angul, MP Ispat & Power Ltd. 2.50 2.00 2.00
38 Chandrapur, Sidhbali Ispat LTd. 0.25 0.20 0.20
39 Chandrapur, Solar Industries LTd. 0.25 0.20 0.20
40 Chandrapur, Anshul Impex Pvt. Ltd. 0.25 0.20
63
41 Chandrapur, Fuel Coal Washeries India LTd. 2.50 2.00
42 Chhattisgarh, Trumax Ispat LTd. 0.88 0.70
43 Jharia, Ranchi Casting Pvt. LTd. 0.88 0.70
44 Durgapur, Shyam Steel Industries LTd. 0.88 0.70
45 Ranigaunj, Chariot EXIMP Ltd. 2.00 1.50
(B) Private 83.08 9.76 13.08 16.93 28.33 44.72
Total (A+B) 102.8 17.11 20.85 26.36 38.80 55.25
*Lodna washery is not in operation and capacity excluded.
Washery-wise, year-wise performance during X plan indicating capacity vis-à-vis actual

production with % yield is given in Annexure 4.1
The demand for washed non-coking coal is increasing rapidly because of MoEF’s stipulation to
use coal with ash content not exceeding 34% in the specified 34 TPSs and environmental laws
becoming more and more stringent. At present the requirement of such coal in the MoEF
stipulated TPSs is about 109.00 Mty. To mitigate the environmental pollution and improve the
performance of the plants, consumers are opting for use of washed coal.
As per the projections given by CEA, out of 46,840 MW likely capacity addition during XI Plan,
about 27 % power plants of capacity 12735 MW would be located at more than 1000 kilometer
distance from pithead. Out of total projected coal requirement of 540.0 Mt , power stations
situated beyond 1000 kilometers and others within MOEF stipulation would be consuming
about 158.0 Mt of coal. Therefore, provision has to be made for another 49 Mt of coal of below
34% ash.
The total non coking coal production in the country has been estimated as about 650 Mt. in the
terminal year of XI plan which includes around 104 Mt from captive mining. The requirement of
the beneficiated non-coking coal by the turn of XI Plan period (2011-12) has been assessed as
under:
Type of coal Projected production Remarks

(Mty)
Superior grade 143 Need based

(approx)
Pithead TPS linked low grade coal 160 Need based
(approx.)
Coal from captive mining. 104 Captive consumption.
Remaining low grade coal 243
64
Since the present capacity can handle beneficiation of 103 MTY of coal, another around
140 MTY capacity has to be build-up in order to beneficiate the entire low-grade coal. This
capacity, of course would need to be operated at 100% capacity, which may not be
consistently feasible. Therefore, provision for another 40-50 Mt capacity addition may have
to be considered in subsequent phase.
The capacity of the washeries under development (construction and proposal stage) at
present is to the tune of about 106.5 Mty.
Internationally all coal follow the route of “mine-washery-consumer” but in case of India,
there are certain constraints in following this mode of supply of coal. These are:
• No. of mines is huge and located scattered across the country.
• The production capacity of the mines is very small as compared to international
standard.
• Most of the mines are supplying coal to different sector i.e. power or cement or sponge
iron when their quality requirement and quantity is varying.
• Most of the consumers are reluctant to pay the higher price for washed coal.
• Disposal of huge quantum of washery rejects that would be generated, in an
environment friendly manner.
Inspite of the above odds, Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Govt. of India has
notified some thermal power plants located in specified areas to use coal with ash content not
exceeding 34% considering environmental pollution aspects. The pollution control standard are
also becoming stricter day by day.
In view of above, Govt. of India is encouraging coal consumers to set up coal washeries for use
of washed coal in their plants. In this connection following measures have been taken to
comply with MoEF’s stipulation and also for setting up new washeries:
i) Supplying washed coal from CIL and non-CIL washeries.
ii) Encouraging the coal consumers/private entrepreneurs by CIL to set up non-

coking coal washeries for supply of washed coal to the linked consumers by
providing infrastructural facilities like land, railway siding, water, power as available
on lease/chargeable basis.
Two such washeries with total throughput capacity 12.5 Mty are in operation on
CIL’s land and CIL has also allotted land on lease for construction of 11.0 Mty &
3.5 Mty Washeries under BOO Scheme to its consumers.
MSEB is also being persuaded to finalise the draft agreement for supply of washed
coal from CIL’s proposed Dipka washery (6.0 Mty) under BOO Scheme.
65
iii) CIL has also initiated action to set up 2 non-coking coal washeries (8.0 Mty), one
coking coal washery ( 3.0 Mty) under BOO Scheme and 1 coking coal washery
(2.5 Mty) on turn key basis in Jharkhand state.
Under the Chairmanship of Member (Energy) - Planning Commission, a Working

Group with Members from Planning Commission, Ministry of Coal, Ministry of Power,
NTPC, BHEL, CIL and CMPDI has been constituted to look into the suitability of using
washed coal in thermal power plants with the objective to identify policies for promotion
of coal washing in the country. The Committee has found the following during the
Techno-Economic Study :
a) Techno-economically, Pithead TPSs with ROM coal has the least cost of energy. But to
optimize the plant cost and reduce O&M problems, the sized ROM coal in narrow GCV
band with proper de-shaling should be supplied to TPSs.
b) ROM coal with 44% ash and above, if it becomes the bulk supply to the power plants,
should only be used at Pit-head TPS without washing.
c) The washing of coal with a AFBC / CFBC plant for utilisation of washery rejects at pithead
is techno economically viable for load-centre power plants beyond a certain distance from
the pit-head. Use of 34% ash in coal produced from ROM coal with 40% ash given the
most appropriate solution.
d) For low performing power plants (where poor quality of coal has been identified as the
reason for low performance), any increase in the PLF with the use of washed coal will
result in higher break-even cost of washed coal. For such cases, use of washed coal upto
calculated break-even cost may be viable option for consideration.
The final report of the study is expected shortly.
. Expansion possibility of existing washery:
In case of existing new washeries, expansion in terms of capacity is possible. CIL has
no such plan for expansion of the capacity of existing non-coking coal washeries.
However, private washery operators have already expanded the capacity of some of
their washeries and are also in the process of further expansion.
. New Washery:
Non-coking coal washeries taken-up for construction and / or proposed to be taken-up

are as follows:-
Washery Capacity (Mty) Status

APGENCO 11.0 Under construction (BOO Scheme)
CIL 14.0 Proposed under BOO Scheme
PSEB 3.5 Proposed under BOO Scheme
66
Private Sector 78.0 Under construction / Proposed
Total 106.5
State Government’s assistance in creation of infrastructure facilities for washeries:
With a view to create about 140 Mty of additional coal washing capacity, huge
infrastructure facilities will be required to be developed which includes land, railway
siding, road, power and water. In this regard CIL is encouraging its consumers to set
up the washeries by offering land and other infrastructure facilities but gradually CIL is
finding it difficult to provide such facilities particularly like land because most of the land
acquired by CIL is in coal-bearing areas and with the rapid production expansion
programme, the existing land is found to be insufficient to cater to the need of the
proposed coal mining projects of CIL. To resolve the issues of land, road for setting up
the washeries etc., State Governments should provide necessary assistance.
*****
67
Chapter - 5
COAL MOVEMENT
5.1 The consuming points and producing points being in different regions, movement
matrix is an essential feature for planning coal supplies. The usual modes for coal
movement are Rail, Rail-Cum-Sea (coastal movement), Road, Merry-Go-Round, &
Other Modes (Belt & Ropeway systems).
5.2 The incremental demand, as assessed by Working Group for XI Plan (in comparison to
terminal year X Plan) is projected to be 271.10 Million Tonnes.
5.3 Taking into account the requirement placed by major users industries, and demand
assessed by the Working Group at 731.10 Mt, a matching supply plan of projected
available domestic coal has been drawn, which is projected to reach to the level of
680.0 Million during 2011-12 leaving a gap of 51.10 Million Tonnes between assessed
demand and domestic availability. Consuming sectors have not indicated their import
plan for XI Plan period.
5.4 Movement matrix for Terminal Year of XI Plan (2011-12) is being drawn excluding
requirement of imported coal at the level of supply of 680.0 Million Tonnes and is
placed in attach Annexure- 5.1..
From the attach movement matrix it may be seen that requirement of coal movement
(of raw coal) by Rail during 2011-12 would be 322.16 Million Tonnes. However,
actual movement increases to 699.5 million tonnes in terms of despatch of coal & coal
products and rail movement increases accordingly to 342.78 million tonnes with
corresponding wagon requirement of 36,728 Fwws/day @ 1 Fww=25.50 tonnes. This,
of course, includes coastal movement of 28.26 Million Tonnes.
5.5 Mode-wise transport of raw coal involved for movement of domestic coal are as
under:
Million Tonnes
Mode In raw coal term Coal & Coal Products
Rail 322.16 (47.4%) 342.78 (49.0 %)
Road 190.57 (28.0 %) 190.57 (27.2 %)
MGR 133.49 (19.6%) 133.49 (19.1%)
Belt/Rope 32.70 (4.8%) 32.70 (4.7%)
Colly.Consmptn 1.08 (0.2%)
Total 680.00 699.54
68
5.6 A substantial quantity has been projected for movement from captive mining blocks –
104.08 MT (15.3%). Movement plans of these blocks have been arrived at on the basis
of the location of the end-use plant and the position of the mining block. Wherever,
end-use plants are located far away from mining blocks, movement is construed to be
made by rail, which works out to 39.75 Mt. However, actual movement by Railway
would be dependent on development of railway infrastructure, like rake-fit loading
sidings, matching tracks etc. Moreover, once the golden quadrilateral would be opened
up for the entire stretch, many of the small blocks might prefer Road movement to
avoid multiple handling.
The pattern of mode-wise distribution of despatch in raw coal terms for earlier plans in
comparison to projected movement for XI Plan is tabulated below:
Period Percentage contribution of different modes

Rail Road MGR Belt/Others
2001-02 (IX Plan)-Actual 53.3 18.2 22.7 5.8
2006-07 (X Plan) Antic 47.1 25.0 23.2 4.6
2011-12 (XI Plan) Projected 49.0 27.2 19.1 4.7
Due to substantial increase in coal traffic as such, there would be major increment in
rail handling to the tune of 119.67 Mt in comparison to anticipated rail despatch in the
terminal year of X Plan, which accounts for increase in wagon loading to the extent of
36728 wagons/day from an anticipated level of 25317wagons/day in 2006-07. Field-
wise distribution of major incremental loadings is given in table below:
Wagons/day
Field 2006-07 (Antic) XI PLAN (2011-12)
Projection Increment
N.Karanpura 2166 3655 1489
Korba 1740 2307 567
IB Vally 2154 3148 994
Talcher 3342 5701 2359
Captive Blocks 780 4259 3479
5.7 The exponential growth projected in rail movement would be dependent on speedy
execution of pending infrastructure projects by railways, both in respect of
augmentation of line capacity and capacity addition of rolling stock.
5.8 Consuming sectors, particularly power stations would be required to develop matching
unloading facilities and necessary infrastructure to handle multiple types of wagons.
5.9 Mechanisation of loading facilities and rationalization of loading points would be
important tasks for Coal Companies.
69
5.10 Development of connecting roads from mines to railheads with all-weather bridges and
culverts would be another important issue for implementation of targeted movement.
5.11 Some of the important issues need special attention of railways to achieve the projected
wagon loading are as under:
a) Development of independent/dedicated freight corridor
Presently common tracks are used for passenger and freight traffic. With increase in
population, new passenger trains are being introduced in regular periodicity. The
common corridor has to accommodate halts for these increased numbers of passenger
trains as well. This takes away the previous line capacity and the throughput of freight
traffic has to face difficulties. Unfortunately coal-bearing areas as well as consumption
centers are predominantly located in these already congested trunk routes. Coal traffic,
as such face extreme operational difficulty in day-to-day movement even with present
level of traffic. Even a slightest dislocation in track operation by natural reasons,
accidents or agitation aggravates the predicament in movement of coal to further
extent due to shift in priority. Only dedicated freight corridor for coal could have
ensured uninterrupted movement as per plan. Railways have already been taking
steps for constructing freight corridor from Mumbai to Delhi and Sonenagar to
Ludhiana. A SPV is being created by Railways to execute these projects. Sonenagr to
Ludhiana fright corridor would definitely help moving coal from Karanpura to Up-
country destinations. The other corridor is essentially to handle container traffic.
b) Up-gradation of axle load in important routes:

Railways, of course have already taken initiatives to upgrade axle load in a few routes
from 20.5 tonnes to 25.0 tonnes. Up-gradation of routes would be effective only if the
design of the wagons is changed for increasing carrying capacity. While, up-gradation
of tracks along with augmentation of carrying capacity of wagons would help to haul
increased quantity of coal in one rake, this cannot provide relief from congestion
neither it would ensure faster movement of traffic. Unless a dedicated coal corridor is
developed, bettering turn around of rolling stock would not be possible.
c) Feeder lines from coal bearing areas to freight corridor:
Matching feeder lines connecting coal-bearing areas with freight corridor would be of
immense importance for optimum utilization of the corridors. Railways have already
decided to construct certain feeder routes, as under, which is expected to remove
bottlenecks to certain extent and would also help moving coal from Raniganj field to
up-country destinations.
1. Sonnagar – Garwa Road – Barkakana (311 Kms)
2. Patratu – Gomoh (including PD Branch Line) (128 Kms)
3. Sonnagar – Gaya – Gomoh (249 Kms)
4. Gomoh – Pradhankhunta (39 Kms) including Kusunda – Tetulmari (4.5 Kms),
Katrasgarh – Nichitpur, Pradhankhunta – Pathardih links (24 Kms)
70
5. Pradhankhunta – Asansol – Andal including coal branch lines (75 Kms)
6. Andal – Sainthia – Pakur (151 Kms)
7. Chandrapura – Dhanbad (36 Kms)
8. Bhojudih – Mohuda – Gomoh (44 Kms)
9. Aligarh – Harduaganj (15 Kms)
10. Kanpur – Paricha (198 Kms)
11. Mughalsarai – Unchahar via Janghai, Phaphamau (205 Kms)
12. Varanasi – sultanpur – Utratia – Rosa (558 Kms)
13. Zafrabad – Tanda (99 Kms)
14. Ludhiana – Beas – Govindwal Sahib (112 Kms)
15. Rajpura – Dhuri – Bhatinda (Lehra Mohabbat) (173 Kms)
16. Sirhind – Rupnagar – Nangal Dam (104 Kms)
17. Hissar – Bhatinda – Suratgarh (298 Kms)
Feeder routes undertaken in Western sector would primarily facilitate movement of

imported coal from Gujarat Coast to hinterlands.
d) Up-gradation of Terminal Management:
Railways would be required to upgrade terminal management as the present facilities

provide scope for wagons to actually move for only one-third part of a day.
e) Increasing volume of rolling stocks to match the upgraded axle load:

in major coal-bearing routes Railways have already increased axle load from 20.5
tonnes to 25.0 tonnes. However, volume of rolling stock remaining same capacity is
not being utilized and only idle freight movement is taking place, as Railways have
been increasing carrying capacity of wagons. This is definitely a national loss.
Railways, in XI Plan, should enhance volume of coal-carrying wagons in line with axle
load and bulk density of coal.
f) Development of Railway sidings/tracks in Ib valley, Korba & Karanpura fields
Major incremental loading of CIL would be coming from Karanpura, Korba and Ib
fields. Proactive actions are to be taken to develop infrastructure to cope up with the
evacuation needs. Following are the areas, where infrastructure development work is
to be undertaken on priority.
• KARANPURA
Construction of Tori-Shivpur-Hazaribagh BG Line. Railways, though have taken up the

work during X Plan period, because of land acquisition and law and order problem, the
project has been constantly getting delayed. Railways have to finish the job
expeditiously to ensure movement of coal to linked power stations as per plan during
XI Plan period.
71
• MAND-RAIGARH COALFIELDS
Due to poor infrastructure existing in this coalfield, the development has not picked up.
The production potential of the field is quite high with a reserve of 11 billion tonnes of
coal. Once this area is linked with trunk routes, both SECL and captive mining blocks
would be benefited for moving coal from this field. It should taken as a thrust area for
infrastructure development of Railways.
• KORBA COALFIELDS :
In Korba coalfields railway track extends upto Gevra Road Railway Station from where
it has been further extended upto Dipka project as a private siding/track. However, coal
are serves are also available in Saraipali and Budbud blocks and if this line is extended
towards Saraipali, coal from Saraipali and Budbud can also be evacuated through rail
for which railway assistance is required.
• CIC COALFIELDS :
Sufficient railway infrastructure is available in CIC coalfields with the exception of

Bisrampur-Ramkoloa Tatapani sections. As per the records available, the coal
reserves in Ramkola Tatapani Sections/blocks are to be extent of about 1.8 billion
tonnes. In addition around 0.3 billion tonnes of coal reserves have also been found in
Lakhanpur block. Evacuation of coal from these sections shall require development of
rail infrastructure including laying of new track. It is estimated that the around 50
kilometers length of railway track shall have to be laid.
The coal reserves in Jamuna OCM mines of J&K Area is on the verge of getting
exhausted and new OC/UG mines i.e. Amadand, Bakumuni etc. are coming up. These
mines are located opposite to the existing mines. Evacuation of coal from the new
block i.e. Amadand shall require extension of the already existing railway track from
Kotma Station to the new block.
• Ib-Valley
Ten mines, Gopalpur-Monoharpur Blocks, totaling capacity of about 40MTPA

production are coming up in this section. About 24 MTPA coal has to be evacuated
from this section through Railway system. There will be separate siding for each
project for dispatch of coal to MSEB, APGENCo, KPCL and other consumers. In order
to ensure connectivity of different projects, Railway line from Jharsuguda to Sarguda
would be needed.
5.12 From a level of about 32 Million Tonnes coastal movement of coal through ports (both
loading and unloading taken together), it is envisaged to increase coastal movement
through ports to a level of about 56 Million Tonnes. The entire coastal movement is
limited to east coast only. This essentially involves 3 load ports (Haldia, Paradeep &
Vizag) and 3 unload ports (Chennai, Ennore & Tuticorin) for the present. Kakinada
port is being developed and this could help moving coal from potential Ib/Talcher fields
to Andhra Pradesh and further hinterland up to Karnataka.
72
5.13 From the demand and indigenous availability position, discussed in earlier chapter, no
clear-cut picture emerges as to what would be the likely import of coking and non-
coking coal during XI Plan period. While, coking coal import is imminent to the extent
of 40.00 million tonnes, in case of non-coking coal the import would be primarily on
commercial and quality reasons as the projected gap of 10.25Mt can be bridged
through better utilization of production potential of captive blocks.
However, there have been some concrete indications available for import of non-
coking coal, which more or less corroborates with the gap worked out between
demand and supply in earlier chapter as under:
In Million Tonnes
Sector Quantity Remarks
Import based new power utilities 5.30 Import-based power plants
Steel Plants (Corex) 3.80 For Essar Steels/ Hazira
Cement Plants 4.95 Gap between envisaged demand and supply
Total 14.05
5.14.1 Port Movement:
From the above, it is seen that likely movement of coal through ports would be in the
order of 110 Million Tonnes as under:
Particulars Expected port handling quantity (Mt)

Non-coking Coal 14.0
Coking Coal 40.0
Coastal Movement of Domestic coal 56.0
(Load & Unload ports combined)
Total 110.0
The port infrastructure needs to be strengthened in order to facilitate rise in imports as

well as
coastal shipment. About 110 Mt of coal is required to be handled at the end of XI Plan
including coastal shipment implying a port capacity of about 120-130 Mt .by 2011-12.
*****
73
Chapter – 6
LIGNITE
6.1 Importance of Lignite in energy security
Occurrence of lignite in India is confined to States of Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan,

Pondicherry, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala where the coal is almost completely absent. In view
of rapidly increasing demand for energy, non availability of coal deposits for exploitation in the
states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan, problems faced in the transportation of coal from
far off coal fields and high transportation cost involved in transporting coal over a long distance,
it is considered necessary that the lignite deposits available in these states are exploited for
power generation which would be the best economic and viable option.
Keeping the above view, it is considered advantageous to develop many lignite mines in the
states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan and utilize them for generation of power as well
as for meeting the demand from other industries such as cement, textiles, chemical etc., where
coal was being used previously. Gradually lignite became one of the major alternate and
important source of energy in the country for thermal power generation.
6.2 Lignite resources in the country
The total Geological reserves of lignite in the country stands at 38,274.43 million tonne as on
1.4.2006 against 34605.05 million tonnes estimated as on 1.1.2001. State wise Lignite
resource in the country as on 1.4.2006 is given below:
State Proved Indicated Inferred Total

Tamilnadu 2831.00 16953.54 11137.98 30922.52
Rajasthan 560.91 2620.60 1053.84 4235.35
Gujarat 785.27 259.40 1618.08 2662.75
Pondicherry 0 405.61 11.00 416.61
Kerala 0 0 9.65 9.65
Jammu & Kashmir 0 20.25 7.30 27.55
Total 4177.18 20259.40 13837.85 38274.43
There is an increase of about 3669 MT of reserves during the last five years by active and
intense exploration taken by several agencies. Similarly the reserve brought under Proved
category has increased from 3696.62 MT as on 1.1.2001 to 4177.18 MT as on 1.4.2006 thus
making available more deposits for immediate exploitation. State-wise distributions of Indian
lignite shows that major part of the resources are located in Tamilnadu (30,922.53 M.t.)
followed by Rajasthan (4,235.35 M.t.), Gujarat (2662.75 M.t.), Pondicherry (416.61 M.t.), J&K
(27.55 M.t.) and kerala (9.65 M.t.).
74
6.3 Development of lignite sector in different Plan Period
Lignite production in the country first started at Neyveli in Tamilnadu in 1961-62 and then
started in the State of Rajasthan in 1997-98 and in the State of Gujarat in 1979-80. Lignite
production, which was 2.563 Mt at the end of Third Five Year Plan, has increased substantially
and reached a level of 24.814 Mt at the end of IX Five Year Plan.
Plan period wise lignite production trend and annualised growth rate are as under:
Plan Period Terminal Year Production in CAGR

Mty %
I Plan 1955-56 Nil -
II Plan 1960-61 Nil -
III Plan 1965-66 2.563 -
IV Plan 1973-74 3.32 3.29
V Plan 1978-79 3.30 -
VI Plan 1984-85 7.84 15.51
VII Plan 1989-90 12.36 9.53
VIII Plan 1996-97 22.64 7.21
IX Plan 2001-02 24.814 1.85
6.4 Performance during IX Five Year Plan
In Tamilnadu, Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) Limited, a Public Sector Undertaking, is the
only agency engaged in the exploitation of lignite. The lignite produced from the mines of NLC
in Tamilnadu is mainly consumed for power generation and a small quantity is sold to a few
small private consumers.
In Gujarat only GMDC and GIPCL are engaged in mining of lignite in the state. The Production
of lignite from mines at Panandhro and Vastan is utilized for power generation and production
from other mines is utilized for other sectors namely cement, textiles etc.
In Rajasthan, Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited, a state sector undertaking is the only
agency engaged in the exploitation of lignite and Giral in Barmer district is the only mine
operating at the end of IX Plan. All the lignite produced in the Rajasthan State till the end of IX
plan is being consumed by various small Industries.
Against the anticipated lignite production of 174.10 MT of during the IX Plan, the actual
production was only 118.184 MT which is mainly due to delay in commissioning of mines in
Tamilnadu, Gujarat & Rajasthan and non-starting of certain mines in Tamilnadu & Rajasthan.
However the lignite demand from different sectors projected at 24.385 MT at the end of IX Plan
i.e. 2001-02 has been fully met by the coal companies by dispatching about 24.578 MT of
lignite in 2001-02. The total installed lignite based power generation capacity, which was only
600 MW in the year 1962-63 has increased to 2535 MW at the end of IX plan because of the
efforts taken by the states of Tamilnadu and Gujarat in installing more lignite based power
stations to meet out the growing demand in power.
75
6.5 Performance during X Five Year Plan
6.5.1 Lignite production:

The lignite production as projected in X Plan document in the country was
208.80 MT during the X plan. Against this, the actual production was only 145.96 MT leaving a
shortfall of about 63 MT. Similarly the projected target of lignite production at the terminal year
of X Plan was 55.96 MT (Tamil Nadu 33.68 MT; Gujarat 15.80 MT; Rajasthan 6.48 MT),
against which the anticipated production is only 31.57 MT (Tamil Nadu 20.40 MT; Gujarat
10.10 MT; Rajasthan 1.07 MT), leaving a shortfall of about 24.39 MT. This shortfall was mainly
due to non-starting of several mines under Private & State Sector and due to delay in
commissioning of certain mines under the Central Sector. The year wise and state wise lignite
production during the X Plan period is as under.
Year/Plan Tamilnadu Gujarat Rajasthan Total

Projected 131.72 64.10 12.98 208.80
target
Actual Production
2002-03 18.624 6.921 0.473 26.02
2003-04 20.556 6.724 0.678 27.96
2004-05 21.567 8.222 0.548 30.34
2005-06 20.435 8.944 0.687 30.07
2006-07 20.400 10.100 1.070 31.57
(Anticipated)
Total X Plan 101.582 40.911 3.456 145.96
6.5.2 Lignite Productivity:
Trend of Man Productivity (OMS) of NLC during X Plan period is as under:
(in tonnes)
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Target 9.16 9.81 9.43 8.91 8.66
Actual 9.24 9.83 10.41 9.84 9.55 (Up to
Aug.’06)
Productivity in NLC, in terms of output per man per shift has steadily increased during the first
three years of X Plan period and decreased in the year 2005-06 and however improved in the
terminal year and expected to further improve in the coming years.
6.5.3 Lignite Demand:
The demands for lignite comes mainly from power sector and to some extent from other sector
viz. cement, textiles, chemicals, paper industries etc. The lignite demand as projected in X Plan
document in the country at the end of X Five year Plan (2006-07) period is 57.786 MT ((Tamil
Nadu 35.86 MT; Gujarat 16.27 MT; Rajasthan 5.65 MT, (Power Sector – 49.34 MT and Other
76
sector – 8.45 MT)) against which the actual demand was only 32.40 MT (Tamil Nadu 20.24 MT;
Gujarat 11.09 MT; Rajasthan 1.07 MT). The shortfall in demand was mainly from power sector
due to non-starting of the following lignite based power stations in all the three states in
Tamilnadu, Gujarat & Rajasthan.
Non-starting of both the Jayamkondam and Srimushnam projects in Tamilnadu under private
sector and delay in commissioning of NLC’s Second TPS expansion project.
(a) Non-starting of GPCL’s Ghogha power plant and GIPCL’s expansion project at
Mangrol in Gujarat.
(b) Non- starting of the power stations listed below in Rajasthan.
1. 2X250 MW power station at Barsingsar in Bikaner District
2. 1X125 MW power station at Giral in Barmer District
3. 1X125 MW power station at Hadla-Raneri in Bikaner District
4. 1X50 MW power station at Matasukh in Nagaur District
Against the projected installed capacity of 6380 MW at the end of X Plan, the capacity available
at the end of X Plan is only 3594 MW. Lignite based capacity addition in power sector
envisaged by Ministry of Power as per X Plan document Ministry of Coal is 2285 MW {TN –
960 MW (NLC-710 MW, STCMS-250 MW), Gujarat – 825 MW, Rajasthan –250 MW}
Against this, the actual addition is only 835 MW {TN – 460 MW (NLC-210 MW, STCMS-250
MW), Gujarat – 250 MW, Rajasthan –125 MW}. Due to the shortfall in lignite demand, the
shortfall in production has not caused any major impact.
6.6 Lignite Demand Perspective (XI & XII Five year Plan):
After reviewing the performance of lignite sector during the X plan and considering the need to
increase the share of lignite based power generation capacity in the country, the Working
Group has critically examined the possibility of adding additional power generation capacity,
increasing the lignite productivity and increasing the lignite production by developing new
mines in the states of Tamilnadu, Gujarat & Rajasthan under Central, State and Private sectors
during the XI plans & XII plans. The Working Group has estimated the anticipated installed
capacity of lignite based power stations at 5819 MW at the end of XI plan and 9569 MW at the
end of XII plan against the installed capacity of 3594 MW at the end of X Plan. Of the 5819 MW
estimated, shares of Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan are 3240 MW, 1554 MW and 1025 MW
respectively. While 1000 MW will be added by NLC, RVUNL will add about 400 MW and the
balance about 825 MW will be added by GEB, GIPCL & GPCL in Gujarat. The state wise
anticipated additional installed capacity during XI and XII Plans is as under.
INSTALLED LIGNITE BASED POWER CAPACITY IN MW

State At the Projected At the Projected At the
end of X Addition end of Addition end of XII
Plan during XI XI Plan during Plan
Plan XII Plan
Tamil Nadu 2740 500 3240 2000 5240
Gujarat 729 825 1554 1250 2804
Rajasthan 125 900 1025 500 1525
Total 3594 2225 5819 3750 9569
77
With the above projected installed capacity and anticipating increased demand for lignite from
other sectors, the Working Group has projected the total lignite demand at 231.30 MT for XI
plan. The demand projected at the terminal year of XI Plan and XII plan are 55.926 MT and
87.934 MT respectively. The state wise and sector wise details are as under
Fig. in MT
XI PLAN XII PLAN
State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Tamil Nadu 20.407 21.398 24.288 24.577 24.516 38.096
Gujarat 13.300 15.450 17.410 19.750 23.730 37.830
Rajasthan 2.130 4.052 5.960 6.652 7.680 12.008
Total 35.837 40.900 47.658 50.979 55.926 87.934
Fig. in MT
XI PLAN XII PLAN
Sector 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Power 27.557 31.350 36.898 38.949 42.456 68.264
Others 8.280 9.550 10.760 12.030 13.470 19.670
Total 35.837 40.900 47.658 50.979 55.926 87.934
Details of lignite based power projects planned for capacity addition along with their lignite
requirement are detailed in Annexure-6.1.
6.7 Lignite Production Perspective (XI & XII Five year Plan):
Having estimated the lignite demand, the Working Group has estimated total lignite production
at 223.993 MT for the entire XI plan and the availability at the terminal year of XI plan and XII
plan are projected at 54.203 MT and 89.58 MT respectively. The state wise projected lignite
production during XI Plan and at the terminal year of XII Plan in the country i.e. in the states of
TamilNadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan is given below:
Fig. in Mt.
XI Plan XII Plan
State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Tamilnadu 20.05 21.20 24.225 24.225 24.225 37.82

Gujarat 11.35 14.10 16.40 19.27 22.26 32.06
Rajasthan 19.69
1.90 4.20 6.185 6.685 7.713
Total XI Plan 33.30 39.50 46.810 50.18 54.203 89.58
The incremental Lignite production projection in XI Plan is 24.283 Mt. and in XII Plan is 35.377
Mt. The mine wise anticipated lignite production during XI Five Year Plan and at the terminal
year of XII Plan in the states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan is given in Annexure-6.2.
The projected availability is just sufficient to meet the anticipated demand at the terminal year
of XI
78
Plan. To achieve the projected availability, new lignite mines in all the three states are
planned.
6.8 Capital Investment in Lignite Sector:
After assessing the anticipated lignite demand and production the Working Group has also
assessed the investment required to be made by the developers to undertake the projected
proposals. As per the assessment made, a total of about Rs.21678 crores is required to
implement the planned projects during the XI five year plan. Of Rs. 21678 crores, the on-going
projects of NLC require about Rs.3546 crores and balance Rs.18132 crores is required for the
remaining new/expansion projects. Of 21678 crores, the equity/Internal resources requirement
is Rs.7151 crores and balance Rs.14527 crores is loan component. The share of NLC, PSUs of
Gujarat and Rajasthan in the total investment are Rs.14868 crores, Rs.4911 crores and
Rs.1899 crores respectively. The share of mining sector and power sector are Rs.3751 crores
and Rs.17927 crores respectively. The state wise and project wise details of investment
required for undertaking various mining and lignite based power projects are given in
Annexure-6.3.
Additionally NLC has assessed an amount of Rs.176 crores requirement towards Mine IA, TPS
– I Expansion, Science & Technology, Geological Investigation and others spill over payment
(land) etc. during the XI Plan. Including this, the investment required by lignite sector during the
XI Plan is Rs. 21854 crores.
6.9 Bilateral Collaboration:

There is no proposal for Bilateral Collaboration in Lignite Sector.
6.9 New Development In Lignite Sector:

• Coal Bed Methane:
The target areas for CBM are mostly deep lying deposits containing higher rank coals which provides
conducive condition for generation / storage of methane. However, successful recovery of methane in
Powder River Basin in USA from thick extensive lignite to sub-bituminous coal deposits occurring at
shallow depth has given new dimension to exploration strategy. The lignite deposits of
Tamilnadu/Pondicherry, therefore, can be considered under such category for taking up further
investigation for methane potentiality. Since documented information is limited to only Powder River
Basin, how best a Lignite deposit qualifies for methane exploration is largely dependent on the extent
that deposit is comparable to methane producing Powder River Basin Comparing Neyveli Lignite with
Powder River Basin, many similarities exists in respect of several vital characteristics suggesting
possible presence of methane in the Neyveli deposit. In this regard detailed analysis and exploration
programme are necessary before arriving the suitable decision.
• Under Ground Gasification:

NLC is also actively considering exploiting the lignite deposits which are constrained by various
techno economic feasibility factors, through alternative/clean coal technologies such as Underground
coal Gasification and Coal Bed Methane. NLC has already taken up a UCG project under funding
from Coal S&T and Department of Science and Technology (DST) grant. A suitable lignite block in
Rajasthan is being selected for under ground gasification.
79
6.11 Emerging issues in the development of lignite in the XI plan:
• As on 31.3.2006 only 10.9% of the total lignite reserves are brought under proved category which
could be taken for projectisation while the balance are still under the inferred and indicated
category. There is an urgent need for expediting the process of exploration with the participation
of private sector for development and exploitation.
• The states where lignite is available are devoid of coal deposits. Further, no lignite based power
station in the country has so far starved for want of lignite and there remains still unsatisfied
demand. In the case of coal, there were instances where power units starved during the critical
period for want of adequate supply of coal. Hence a policy decision to install more nos of lignite
based power stations in comparison to coal based stations. This would increase the usage of
lignite to avoid unnecessary transportation of coal over long distances which otherwise cause
strain on the existing transportation system and increase the price of end product.
• Only pithead power stations may be recommended since transportation of lignite over long
distances is difficult.
• The lignite available in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat to a larger extent and to some extent
in Tamilnadu has higher sulphur content, which forces to go for some environment friendly
technology boilers because of environmental stipulations. Presently only one technology i.e.
Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion technology is available to take care of higher SO2
emissions. More R&D efforts to be taken to explore alternative and cost effective technologies to
combat SO2 emissions in lignite based boilers.
*****
80
Chapter – 7
INVESTMENT INCLUDING FOREIGN DIRECT

INVESTMENT
7.1 The NDC had approved capital outlay of Rs.31591.00 Crs. For Ministry of Coal for Xth
Plan period. During the Mid Term review, the overall outlay of the Ministry of Coal has
been revised downward to Rs.18652.20 Crs Fund allocation and actual expenditure
including departmental schemes, in IXth Plan and approved outlay of Xth Plan as per
original document & MTA are as under :
Ninth Plan Tenth Plan

Sector Approved Actual Approved Revised in Mid
Outlay Expenditure Outlay Term Apprisal
(MTA)
• Coal & Lignite * 17975.23 12549.66 23583.36 15659.29
• NLC (Power) 1866.36 1055.30 8007.64 2992.91
Total MOC * 19841.59 13604.96 31591.00 18652.20
Note : * Including Departmental Schemes of MOC
Company-wise details are as under :

Rs Crores
Company Ninth Plan Tenth Plan
Approved by Actual Approved Revised in Anticipated
NDA Expenditure Outlay Mid Term Expenditure
Appraisal
(MTA)
• CIL 12401.00 8632.19 14310.00 10975.13 7100.00
• SCCL 1635.00 935.79 2113.00 1550.00 1579.05
• NLC – Mines 2581.80 2097.14 6125.84 2130.26 1113.73
• NLC – Power 1866.36 1055.30 8007.64 2992.91 1067.85
TOTAL NLC 4448.16 3152.44 14133.48 5123.17 2181.58
• Dept.
757.43 884.54 1034.52 1003.90 NA
Schemes
TOTAL MOC 19841.59 13604.96 31591.00 18652.20
81
Company-wise capital expenditure made during IX & X plan is given below:
Fig Rs Crores
IX Plan X PLAN
Company Actual Approved Mid Term
Antic. Expenditure
Expenditure by NDA Appraisal
ECL 650.10 1460.00 1363.17 650.00
BCCL 555.40 1300.00 995.39 750.00
CCL 973.93 1250.00 1620.00 1300.00
NCL 2121.43 2750.00 2325.00 1320.00
WCL 1307.73 1435.00 977.85 1020.00
SECL 1726.14 3520.00 1859.33 1240.00
MCL 1233.70 2500.00 1650.00 780.00
NEC/CIL/ CMPDIL 63.76 95.00 184.39 40.00
OVERALL CIL 8632.19 14310.00 10975.13 7100.00
935.79
SCCL 2113.00 P 1550.00 1580.00
2097.14
NLC- Mines 6125.84 2130.26 1113.73
1055.30
NLC-Power 8007.64 2992.91 1067.85
Total NLC 3152.44 14133.48 5123.17 2181.58
*Note : Source: Mid-term appraisal of Xth Five Year Plan
7.2 Coal India Limited
Estimated projection of incremental coal production from CIL is 156.70 Mts in XI Plan
as against anticipated increase of 84.15 Mt in X plan and 29.02 in IXth Plan. Company
wise tentative capital investment estimation with part outsourcing assumptions are as
under:
Company Total XI Plan (Rs Crs)

ECL 1850
BCCL 1250
CCL 1990
NCL 4000
WCL 1375
SECL 3085
MCL 2125
NEC/ CMPDIL/DCC/CIL(HQ) etc. 200
Overall CIL 15,875
82
Bilateral Collaboration :
No project has been identified for Bilateral Collaboration in CIL.
Foreign Exchange Components
Foreign exchange component of above investment proposal of CIL estimated by

following companies are as under :
ECL : For 3 continuous miners sets at 3 projects Rs.145 Crores

(Jhanjra, Sarpi & Khottadih)
For PSLW face at Jhanjra project Rs.235 Crores
BCCL : For continuous miner at Block-II UG mine Rs. 35 Crores
2 PSLW sets at Moonidih project Rs.165 Crores
SECL Dipka Expansion Rs 250 Crores

Gevra OC Rs 550 Crores
7.3 SCCL - To achieve an increase of production to 40.80. Mt. in the terminal year of
Eleventh plan (2011-12), SCCL has projected investment requirement of Rs.3340
Crore during XI plan and year wise break-up is as under:
Year Amount (Rs Crores)

2007-08 570.50
2008-09 665.00
2009-10 580.50
2010-11 632.00
2011-12 892.00
Total XI Plan 3340.00
Bilateral Collaboration and Foreign Exchange Components:
No project has been identified for Bilateral Collaboration. However, certain equipment
will be imported which will entail Foreign Exchange Outgo. The foreign exchange
component of such investment has been estimated at Rs.560 crore.
7.4.1 A total amount of about Rs.21678 crores is assessed during the XIth five year plan.
For on-going projects Rs.3546 crores and Rs.18132 crores for New/expansion
projects. The share of NLC, PSUs of Gujarat and Rajasthan in the total investment are
Rs.14868 crores, Rs.4911 crores and Rs.1899 crores respectively. The share of
mining sector and power sector are Rs.3751 crores and Rs.17927 crores respectively.
Additionally NLC has assessed an amount of Rs.176 crores requirement towards Mine
IA, TPS – I Expansion, Science & Technology, Geological Investigation and others spill
83
over payment (land) etc. during the XI Plan. Including this, the investment required by
lignite sector during the XI Plan is Rs. 21854 crores.
Agency wise Investment
NLC Ltd. Rs 14,868 Crs.
(+176 crores for completed projects & others)
Gujarat (other than NLC) Rs 4,911 Crs
Rajasthan Rs 1,899 Crs
Financing pattern – An amount of Rs.7151 crores will come from internal resources
and balance Rs.14527 crores from commercial borrowing.
7.5 Capital investment requirement for other schemes of coal sector:
For implementation of various schemes, XI Plan capital requirement are summarised

as under :
Information Technology
CIL
o Set-up of IT infrastructure : Rs.224.50 crores
o Extension of coal net application : Rs. 67.56 crores
o Introduction of GPS based TDS : Rs.210.00 crores
o Environmental monitoring and control Rs. 20.00 crores
o IT application for mine safety : Rs.139.00 crores
o Other IT activities : Rs. 58.80 crores
Total Rs.719.86 crores
SCCL : Rs. 66.00 crores
NLC : Rs. 78.00 crores
Grand Total (to be funded by Company) : Rs.863.86 Crs.
Research and Development

o S&T projects of coal sector : Rs.176.00 crores
o S&T projects of Lignite sector : Rs. 43.17 crores
(MoC – 38.40, NLC- 4.77)
Grand Total : Rs.219.17 Crs.
(to be funded by MoC –Rs 214.40)
Implementation of safety measures

o For coal sector : NA :
o For Lignite sector : Rs.17.40 crores
Grand Total : Rs. 17.40 Crs
(to be funded by Company)
Environmental management
o CIL : Rs.676.50 crores
o SCCL : Rs. 25.07 crores
84
o NLC : Rs.191.87 crores
Total (to be funded by Company) : Rs.893.44 Crs.
Exploration of coal and lignite

o Promotional exploration : Rs.383.50 Crs.
o Regional exploration : Rs.195.00 Crs.
(to be funded by Ministry of Mines)
o Detailed exploration
to be funded by MoC : Rs.1269.69 Crs
(Non CIL coal block – Rs.1236.95 crores including coal core analysis
capacity creation of Rs 3.50 crs) (Non NLC lignite block-Rs.33.00 crores)
To be funded by Mining Companies
Exploration in Coal blocks : Rs.409.93 Crs.
Exploration in Lignite blocks : Rs. 44.00 Crs.
Grand total : Rs.2302.12 Crs.
Rehabilitation and control of Fire and Subsidence : Rs. 4622.00 Crs.

Schemes under CCDA : Rs 1665.60 Crs
( Stowing & Protective works Rs 692.95 crs
Road & Rail infrastructute Rs 972.65 Crs)
Grand Total
Departmental schemes of MoC : Rs. 7702.00 Crs
(to be supported through domestic budgetary support)
to be funded by Mining Companies : Rs. 2233.40 Crs
( included in the proposed PSU investment proposal)
The capital outlay projected for the XI Plan is summarized as under: -
Sl. No. Company Amount (Rs. Crores)

1. Coal India Limited 15,875
2. Singareni Collieries Co. Limited 3,340

3. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited – Lignite Mines 2801
- Coal Mines 25
4. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited – Power(Lignite) 7948
NLC Coal Based Power 4094
X Plan Spill over payment 176
NLC – TOTAL 15,044
TOTAL PSU 34,259
5. Dept. Schemes of MoC ( to be funded through domestic 1200
budgetary support)
Exploration – Rs 1653.44 Crs, R&D – 214.40 Crs,
EMSC/Jharia Action Plan – Rs 4622 Crs, CCDA- Rs
1665.60 Crs
Total Rs.35459 Crs
85
The proposed Public Sector investment for the XI Plan for supporting their production plans is
Rs. 34.259 crore (CIL Rs.15,875 crore; SCCL Rs.3340 crore; NLC Rs. 15,044 crore (including
Rs. 176.00 Crs. for the ongoing projects – NLC Mines Rs.2,993 crore; NLC Power Rs. 12,051
crore). The outlay proposed for coal PSUs for the XI Plan is about 115% more than the X Plan
outlay (MTA) of Rs.15835.15 crore.
The proposed outlay for departmental schemes to be supported through domestic budgetary
support is Rs. 7702 crore (Promotional Exploration Rs.383.50 crore; Detailed Drilling in non-
CIL blocs Rs.780 crore; Detailed Drilling in non-NLC blocks Rs.33 crore; Coal Core Analysis
Capacity Creation Rs.3.5 crore; (total exploration outlay Rs.1200 crore); R&D Rs.214.40 crore;
EMSC/Jharia Action Plan Rs.4622 crore; and schemes under CCDA Rs 1665.60 crore -
comprising of Rs. 692.95 crore for stowing and protective works and Rs. 972.65 crore for road
and rail infrastructure).
Thus the total plan outlay proposed for MOC for the XI Five Year Plan is Rs. 41961 crore (Rs.
34259 crores for PSUs+ Rs. 7702 crores for Departmental Schemes through domestic
budgetary support).which is 125% more than the X Plan outlay (MTA) of Rs. 18652.20 crore.
7.5 Projected Resource Position for XI Five Year Plan (2007-2012)
The estimated internal and extra budgetary resource (IEBR) position of the PSUs under
Ministry of Coal for the XI Plan Period is tabulated below:-
(Fig. in Rs.
crores)
Companies IR EBR IEBR Plan
Outlay
CIL 51241.55 301.00 51542.55 15875.00
SCCL (-)1347.20 4687.50 3340.30 3340.00
NLC 4636.43 10407.49 15043.92 15044.00
Total 54530.78 15395.99 69926.77 34259.00
Against the estimated IEBR position of Rs. 69,926.77 crore the proposed plan outlay of PSUs
is Rs.34,259 crore. While the resource position of SCCL and NLC is just sufficient to meet the
plan outlay there is a huge surplus in the resource position of Coal India Ltd. and the
company has to consider productive investment of the surplus resources through feasible
diversification plans.
Besides, the above investment projection for Public Sector and Departmental schemes of
MOC, additional investment is required in coal sector for development of captive blocks and
washeries. So far,123 blocks have already been allotted in coal sector. It is expected that about
60 of these blocks would start production and projected production in the terminal year from
these blocks is 104 Mt. From the present trend of investment pattern, it is expected that
around Rs.10,000 Crores would be required for development of these blocks. Further, an
investment of Rs 2200 Crs would be required for establishing the envisaged addition of about
140 Mty washing capacity.
*****
86
CHAPTER- 8
COAL, LIGNITE AND COAL BED METHANE EXPLORATION
8.1 STAGES OF EXPLORATION
Exploration for coal and lignite in the country is taken up in stages. In Preliminary
Exploration, geological surveys are undertaken to identify potential coal / lignite areas.
During Regional / Promotional Exploration wide spread drilling is undertaken to
establish broad frame-work of the deposits. The potential blocks are selected for
Detailed Exploration to provide data for mine projectisation. After start of mining,
Developmental exploration is undertaken to aid mining.
It is desirable that the results of Detailed Exploration are available about 10 years in
advance of the production needs to allow projectisation and mine development.
Regional (and Promotional) Exploration, accordingly, is needed to be taken up by 4-5
years in advance to allow planning for detailed exploration.
8.2 REVIEW OF COAL AND LIGNITE EXPLORATION IN X PLAN
Regional / Promotional Exploration: Against a target of 2.04 lakh meters for Regional
Exploration, 1.69 lakh meters (82%) of drilling is expected to be achieved and 11.77 Bt of
coal resources and 1.36Bt of lignite resources are likely to be established. In Promotional
Exploration, against a target of 6.00 lakh meters (revised to 6.90 lakh m) of exploratory
drilling, 6.88 lakh meters (99%) is expected to be achieved, establishing 19.78 Bt of coal and
17.53 Bt of lignite resources. The established resources include the resources which have
been re-categorised to enhance the confidence level.
Detailed Exploration: Against a target of 6.18 lakh meters in CIL areas, 5.14 lakh
meters (83%) of exploratory drilling will be achieved and 8.00 Bt of reserves are
projected to be 'Proved' during X Plan. In SCCL area, 2.35 lakh meters of drilling
(87%) will be achieved against a target of 2.70 lakh meters, establishing 0.91 Bt of
reserves. In Non-CIL areas, 2.83 lakh meters of drilling against a target of 2.83
(revised) is envisaged to be carried out establishing 7.06Bt of coal reserves by the end
of X Plan. In addition 0.48Bt of resereves are envisaged to be 'Proved' by different
agencies in their own blocks against exploratory drilling of 1.0 lakh m.
A summary of the Programme and Progress of work during X Plan is given in

Annexure- 8.1.
About 19Bt of coal resources have been accredited to the inventory and almost 8.5Bt
of resources have been brought to ‘Proved’ category during the first 4 years of the X
Plan.
8.3 REVIEW OF INTEGRATED COAL AND LIGNITE RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM
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The Net-accessible coal and lignite resource database structured on the UNFC pattern
approved in Oct’2004 are under progress at different data centers in CMPDI/ Singareni
/NLC. The projects need to be continued into XI plan with enhanced outlays for
successful completion, maintenance and regular up dating.
8.4 REVIEW OF CBM EXPLORATION
On approval in Oct, 2004, the desorption studies were taken up and 30 boreholes are
likely to be tested for CBM during X Plan. The study will continue in XI Plan.
8.5 ALLOCATION OF FUNDS DURING X PLAN
Regional Exploration: The funding of Regional Exploration for coal and lignite was
not covered in the X Plan by the MoC and hence, the same is not being reviewed here.
Promotional Exploration: During Mid-Term review of X Plan, the financial outlay of

the scheme was revised to Rs 261.55 crores against the originally approved
expenditure of Rs 275.80 crores. The cost of Coal data base project was revised
(lowered) due to free supply of data by GSI. However, the drilling meterage was
revised from 6.0 Lakh m to 6.90 lakh metres. A sum of 10% of the above estimates is
required for NE region and is likely to be deducted. Against Rs 183.79 crores released
by MoC till August, 2006, a sum of Rs 165.62 crores have been utilized.
Detailed Exploration in CIL/SCCL: An estimated expenditure of about Rs416.89

crores will made by CIL and SCCL towards Detailed Exploration in X Plan. The details
of expenditure in respect of private coal companies are not available
Detailed Exploration in Non-CIL Blocks : MoC approved the expenditure of

Rs.70.66 crores for undertaking 2.13 lakh metre of Detailed Drilling in Non-CIL blocks.
There was spurt in demand of drilling in Non-CIL/Captive Mining blocks and a revised
cost estimate of Rs.93.84 crores was submitted and approved for conducting 2.83
lakh m of drilling. A sum of Rs 76.71 crores have been utilized so far and the balance
will be consumed in 2006-07.
8.6 STATUS OF PROJECTISATION AND MEETING OF PRODUCTION NEEDS OF X PLAN

AND SUBSEQUENT PLANS.
The Coal Resource Status: The summary of the Inventory of coal reserves as on
1.1.2006 incorporating exploration results of 4 years of X Plan is given below and
coalfieldwise details are given in Annexure- 8.2.
Prognosticated Approximate Approximate Proved Indicated Inferred Total

Potential area Area covered Area (Mt) (Mt) (Mt) (Mt)
(sq km) by Regional covered by
Exploration Detailed
(sq km) Exploration
(sq km)
17303* 11992 5568 95866 119769 37666 253301
*Tentative estimates
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The Lignite Resource Status: As on 1.04.2006 the inventory of lignite resources
stands at 38.27 Bt with 4.476 Bt in ‘Proved’ category. The details are provided in
Annexure- 8.3.
8.7 THE DEMAND FOR COAL AND LIGNITE AND THEIR SUPPLY
The Expert Committee on Integrated Energy Policy has projected coal requirement at
the end of different plan periods which is as follows:
Demand for Non-

Demand for Total
Terminal Year of Power Coal* Remarks
Power Coal (Mt) (Mt)
(Mt)
XI Plan (011-012) 493 164 657
XII Plan (016-017) 656 221 877 *Includes coking
XIII Plan (021-022) 814 299 1113 coal
XIV Plan (026-027) 1133 408 1541
XV Plan (031-032) 1478 562 2040
The exploration requirement for the production needs of non-coking coal during XI and
XII plans have almost been met. For the XIII Plan, however, Detailed Exploration in XI
Plan in Non-CIL blocks will be required to fill in the gap of production requirement.
The production of coking coal will, however, will remain short of the demand.
The Detailed Exploration in CIL and SCCL areas will be required during the XI Plan
period for meeting the production demand of the XIII Plan and beyond.
The Regional and Promotional Exploration will require to be continued in the XI Plan to
provide identification of potential coal bearing areas for Detailed Exploration in the
subsequent plan periods to meet the requirement to sustain the desired level of
production.
The Detailed Exploration in lignite in XI Plan will contribute for the production
requirement of the XI & XII plans.
8.8 EXPLORATION PROGRAMME FOR XI PLAN FOR COAL AND LIGNITE
Regional Exploration : The programme for Regional Exploration with 1.94 lakh
meters of drilling in coal and 0.10 lakh meters of drilling for lignite by GSI has been
drawn up. GSI will be able to establish resource base of about 9.90 Bt in coal and
0.15Bt in lignite.
Promotional Exploration : A programme comprising 4.0 lakh meters of drilling in coal

and 3.5 lakh meters in lignite has been drawn up. About 1720 sq.km. area will be
covered in coal and a resource of about 20.0Bt is likely to be established. In lignite,
4.06 Bt of resources will be established covering an area of 2600 sq km.
89
Detailed Exploration : Keeping the production requirement beyond the XII Plan in
view, programme has been drawn up with 5.0 lakh meters of drilling, each in CIL and
SCCL areas. It is expected that 14.0 Bt of coal reserves will be established through
Detailed Exploration. Similarly, a programme for Detailed Exploration for lignite
involving 1.33 lakh meters of drilling has been drawn up for XI Plan.
10 lakh metre of exploratory drilling has been assessed in 32 Non-CIL blocks to be

undertaken during XI Plan to bring around 10.75 Bt of coal resources under 'Proved'
category. Due to limited capacity available only 0.90 lakh m of drilling in blocks under
exploration/partly explored will be taken up by CMPDI and remaining 9.10 lakh m to be
outsourced.
In addition 41 unexplored blocks 'de-reserved' by MoC for allotment to private

agencies, with around 11.5 lakh m envisaged exploratory drilling, are to be explored in
detail by alottees as per stipulations of MoC. 28 blocks identified by MoC for allocation
to Govt. PSUs / State Govts will require almost 21.3 lakh m of exploratory drilling. Only
around 3.36 lakh m of drilling in the blocks identified for Govt. PSUs / State Govts
may be taken up by CMPDI and the rest of the drilling will have to be arranged by
PSUs / State Govts from other sources. There is a need for scheme of detailed
exploration in non-NLC areas. 1.0 lakh m. of drilling is proposed in 8 Non-NLC blocks
which can be considered for immediate exploitation by agencies other than NLC.
Developmental Exploration : Programme for 3.27 lakh meters of Developmental

Exploration has been drawn up in CIL, SCCL, NLC and other areas.
A table giving the details of the proposed Exploration Programme during XI Plan is
given below:
Exploration Agency Area Coverage Projected Resources to be
stage (Sq km) Drilling in XI be Established in
Plan (Lakh m) XI Plan
( Bt)
Preliminary GSI No requirement of Drilling & no resource to be established as per nature of work
GSI Coal 758 1.94 9.9
Regional
Lignite 150 0.10 0.15
GSI, MEC & CMPDI Coal 1717 4.00 20.0
Promotional
Lignite 2606 3.50 4.10
Total Coal 2475 5.94 29.9
Regional + Promotional Lignite 2756 3.60 4.25
CMPDI CIL Areas 409 5.0 11.8
SCCL SCCL Area 166 5.0 2.2
CMPDI/Outsourcing Non CIL 261 10.0 10.75
Detailed (Coal)
Allottees Blocks de-reserved 416 11.48 13.0
CMPDI/St. Govts Identified for
404 21.28
St.Govts/PSUs
Total Detailed Coal 1656 52.76 46.95
NLC Own area NA 1.06
Detailed
RSMML Own area NA 0.27
(Lignite)
Outsourcing Non-NLC 255 1.00 1.11
Total Detailed Lignite 2.55 2.33
Developmental CIL Areas 1.03*
SCCL Areas 1.5
NLC Areas 0.55
Note : *Included in Detailed Exploration in CIL Blocks. Areas will be identified as and when required
90
8.9 CAPABILITIES OF EXPLORATION AGENCIES AND PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
Detailed interaction with the existing exploration agencies viz. GSI, MEC, CMPDI,
SCCL etc., all in the Govt. and Public Sector, indicates that these agencies have the
full range of geological, drilling, geophysical, coal petrographic, geochemical, remote
sensing, computer modeling and other capabilities. Although drilling is the most
important activity involved, it can not be considered the beginning and the end in itself
as proper conceptualization and modelling of the resource is essential to present a
sound base for efficient and optimal exploitation with due consideration to conservation
of this precious non renewable energy source.
However, the capacities are adequate only to meet the present level of coal/lignite
exploration. Therefore, the manifold increase in detailed exploration in areas other than
CIL will require outsourcing of jobs. The available capacities in private sector, however,
lack adequate technical environment and facilities. The outsourcing of exploration to
these agencies will, therefore, need close coordination and supervision by established
exploration agencies in Govt. sector.
8.10 NEED FOR ENHANCEMENT OF CAPACITIES IN GOVT. PSUs

The agencies in Govt. Sector need to enhance their own capacities, particularly, in
technical support system to cope with proposed enhanced exploration activities.
The available manpower with CMPDI, which is the nodal agency for detailed
exploration for coal in the country, is not even adequate to meet the present work load.
There is urgent need for substantial increase in geological manpower for technical
support and supervision of exploration by other agencies
It is proposed to enhance capabilities of Geophysical surveys, such as, Seismic, magnetic,

electrical and gravity, to help in assessment during XIth plan. Presently, there is no system of
correlating these surveys vis-a-vis resources established, as they only assist in optimizing
exploration through drilling.
8.11 MODERNISATION OF DRILLING FLEET BY CMPDI

CMPDI proposes to purchase of Hydrostatic drills with likely productivity of 1000m per
month as against 330m per month of presently deployed machines. Replacement of
old fleet is also planned. Qualified drilling manpower will be prerequisite for this attempt
on revamping the drilling activities of CMPDI.
8.12 NEED FOR ENHANCING ANALYTICAL CAPACITIES
The existing capacity of laboratories for undertaking chemical analysis of coal cores is
just sufficient to meet the present level of exploration. The quantum jump in the
detailed exploration will require immediate enhancement in the existing capacities and
development of additional facilities. CMPDI has proposed to enhance its capacity from
5,000m to 15,000m of coal core analysis in phased manner which will be of help only
in a very limited way. For balance load, additional labs are required to be established.
91
8.13 EXPLORATION IN NORTH-EASTERN INDIA
The Coal deposits in the North-Eastern India occur in widely separated belts in the
states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, and Meghalaya. The Tipong and
Honju-Yongkhuk to Haflong-Disang Thrust in Makum Coalfield of Assam, area
between Karnoi-Mahadeo rivers in Balpakram-Pendenguru Coalfield, areas between
Rengdim-Rongkhai rivers and Nong- Nirang along the Wah river, areas west of Umleh
river and around Liasang in Mowlong-Shella coalfield, and area south of Ghingpo
along KuwenBurn in Namchik-Namphuk coalfield may have potential for future
exploration. However, the terrain and forest cover imposes serious constraints in taking
up these areas for exploration.
8.14 NEED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PROGNOSTICATED & EXPLORED AREAS
The generation of voluminous geological data in different basins over many decades
necessitates an in-depth basin-wise reappraisal of the coverage of exploration through
a comprehensive joint exercise involving exploration agencies of Central and State
governments. A document of this exercise needs to be brought out for future planning
and reference, which must include a write-up indicating basis of computation and
supporting plans. This exercise may be taken up under a specific scheme during the XI
plan period.
8.15 NEED FOR SCHEME OF DETAILED EXPLORATION IN NON-NLC AREAS
There are 56 mineable lignite blocks, having 7500 Million tonnes of geological
resources in various categories. Out of these, only 3320 MT reserves have been
proved. Presently 29 blocks are being mined, are under implementation or have been
identified for future development. From the remaining blocks of lignite within 150 m
depth, 8 blocks with a total of 1.0 lakh metre of drilling are proposed for detailed
exploration in under MoC funding.
8.16 ASSESSMENT OF CBM RESOURCES
The programme for XI Plan envisages CBM related test in 30 boreholes by CMPDI,
apart from 15 boreholes spill over from X Plan. Similarly, GSI will take up 20 boreholes
for CBM studies.
8.17 FINANCIAL OUTLAYS OF EXPLORATION PROGRAMME FOR XI PLAN
The total fund requirement of Preliminary/Regional, Promotional and Detailed

Exploration in different coal, lignite and CBM prospects for XI Plan has been estimated
at Rs.3195.07crores, including Rs 195 crores to be funded by Ministry of Mines for
Regional Exploration to be conducted by GSI. Ministry of Coal is to provide
Rs.1200.00 crores for Promotional Exploration and Detailed Exploration in Non-
CIL/Non-NLC Blocks. A fund of Rs.209.93 cr. is required from CIL for Detailed
Exploration in CIL blocks whereas SCCL will provide about Rs.200 crores for their
blocks. NLC and RSMLL will spend about Rs.44 crore for detailed exploration.
92
The total fund requirement assessed for all Exploration activities during XI Plan is
given below:
Sl. Item Scheme Fund Proposed

No (Rs.Cr) Source of
Funding
A. To be Funded by Govt.
1. Promotional Exploration
a) Coal Exploration Promotional Expl. 184.86 MoC
b) Lignite Exploration - do - 124.95 MoC
c) Coal data base - do - 16.21 MoC
d) Lignite data base - do - 8.98 MoC
e) CBM Studies - do - 10.15 MoC
f) 10% for NE region - do - 38.35 MoC
Sub-Total 383.50
2. Regional Exploration Regional Expl. 195 MoM
a) Coal & Lignite (Aprox)
Sub-Total 195
3. Detailed Exploraion of Coal in Non-CIL Blocks Detailed Exploraion
in Non-CIL Blocks 780 MoC
4. Detailed Exploraion of Lignite in Non-NLC Blocks Detailed Exploraion
in Non-NLC Blocks 33 MoC
5 Enhancement of capacity for coal core analysis 3.5
Total of A: Funded by Govt.
a) MOC 1200
b) MOM 195
Total of A 1395
B. To be Funded by Coal/Lignite Companies/St Gvts,PSUs, Allottees
1 Detailed Exploration in Coal
a) CIL 209.93 CIL
b) SCCL 200 SCCL
c) State Govts/PSUs (Aprox.) St.Govts/PSUs
d) Allottees 1346.14
NA
Sub-Total 1756.07
2 Detailed Exploraion in Lignite
a) NLC 35(Aprox) NLC
b) RSMLL 9(Aprox) RSMLL
Sub Total 44(Aprox)
9999Total of B 1800.07
Grand Total of A and B 3195.07
MOC : Ministry of Coal, MOM : Ministry of Mines
T. L. Shankar Committee has recommended for a rolling fund of Rs 500crores for the
purpose of undertaking detailed exploration in Non CIL Blocks. However considering
the anticipated quantum of work the requirement has to be much more. Moreover the
concept of revolving fund may not be practical as exploration cannot be a self
sustaining activity. As such a policy decision for continuous funding for detailed
exploration in Non CIL blocks will have to be taken.
8.18 THRUST AREAS
Promotional Exploration: Promotional Exploration for coal and lignite has been
demonstrably effective in increasing the national Coal and Lignite Inventory at a faster
93
rate and should, therefore, continue till the coverage of coal/lignite fields is broadly
completed.
Detailed Exploration in the Non-CIL blocks and its outsourcing: For expeditious
allocation of coal blocks to captive users, the Non-CIL blocks need to be explored in
details on priority at faster pace. This has also been highlighted by High Power
Committee (Headed by Shri TL Shankar). The increase in detailed exploration will
require outsourcing of jobs.
Continuation of ICRIS and ILRIS Projects: The creation of a coal/ lignite resource
data base to provide Net-accessible resource information structured on the UNFC
pattern needs to be continued for their successful completion.
Detailed Exploration in the Non-NLC blocks: In view of the efforts needed to bridge
the gap between the lignite demand and supply in the XII Plan and later, Detailed
Exploration is envisaged in 8 Non-NLC blocks located in the states of Tamilnadu,
Rajasthan and Gujarat with funding from MoC and technical supervision of NLC.
Developmental Exploration: It is recommended that Developmental Exploration in
working mines should be given adequate attention and organization to help reduce
surprises and, thereby, the cost of mining.
CBM Exploration: The assessment of CBM resources needs to be continued in XI Plan.
Exploration in Forest Areas: More and more coal / lignite bearing areas remaining to
be explored in future are likely to fall below forest land. There is a need to identify
forest areas as 'Yes' and 'No' zones for exploration, if the nation is ready to sacrifice
the coal/ lignite resources lying below so called 'No' zones. The exploration in 'Yes'
zones may be facilitated with faster clearances.
Exemption from the need for 'Prospecting License: CMPDI, SCCLand NLC are
premier organizations in Detailed Exploration of coal / lignite. Hence they may be
included in the list of organisations exempted from seeking 'Prospecting License' as is
the case with GSI/MEC.
Exploration for Coal in Identified CBM Blocks: A total of 21 blocks have so far been
identified for CBM exploration and exploitation, covering an area of about 8800 sq.km.
Majority of these blocks are available in the deeper part of different coalfields which
have not been covered by Regional and Detailed exploration. In view of the fact that
some of the CBM blocks have already been offered and the remaining are in the
process of offering, a policy decision needs to be taken whether Regional Exploration
and Detailed Exploration can be taken up in such identified CBM blocks to assess the
national inventory.
Modernisation of Drilling Fleet: Drilling is the most important single input for mineral
exploration work and there is a continuous need for its modernisation. For this
purpose, hydrostatic and reverse circulation drills need to be selectively deployed,
routine maintenance practices adhered to, spares stocking planned and training of
personnel needs to be strengthened.
Need for Flow Information from Block Allottees: With the allotment of a number of
regionally explored coal blocks to private entrepreneurs, it has become necessary to
94
evolve a mechanism of data flow from these entrepreneurs to the GSI through CMPDI
(which is the nodal agency for detailed coal exploration in the country, other than
SCCL areas) in respect of exploration activities undertaken by these entrepreneurs to
upgrade the resources for updating of the national inventory of coal.
Revolving Fund: T. L. Shankar Committee has recommended for a rolling fund of Rs

500crores for the purpose of undertaking detailed exploration in Non CIL Blocks.
However considering the anticipated quantum of work the requirement has to be much
more. Moreover the concept of revolving fund may not be practical as exploration
cannot be a self sustaining activity. As such, a policy decision for continuous funding
for detailed exploration in Non CIL blocks will have to be taken.
*****
95
CHAPTER-9
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
To meet the information needs, Coal India and its subsidiaries have progressively and steadily
used computers to meet the data processing needs for the individual organization. During 10th
Plan, CIL took initiative to design, develop and implement customized ERP solution by way of
Integrated CoalNet Application Software for uniformity and standardization across CIL. The
Software has been implemented in CIL and subsidiary Hqs and under implementation in Areas.
WAN has been established between CIL and subsidiary Hqs through VSAT. CIL has taken
initiative for introduction of GPS based TDS System in 8 large O.C Mines and its procurement
process in progress. Though considerable steps taken during 10th Plan, still more is required
to bring state of the art technology up to colliery / project level.
SCCL has implemented various IT applications during the X plan as below:
a) Employee personnel data – all transfers, promotions are through software.

b) Minex – for Mine Planning.
c) Auto CAD for maintenance of Mine Plans.
d) Coal marketing and movement – Coal dispatch and production reports.
e) Online material management: The transactions at all the stores are online. The
internal purchase process is computerized. SCCL also started E-procurement on the
Portal arranged by AP State Government.
f) The software for preparation of Civil Bills developed in-house is implemented in some
areas.
g) Hospital management software is in implementation.
h) Additionally, number of department specific stand along local applications is operative.
With establishment of connectivity, steps are in progress to integrate these
applications.
• Online payroll, Financial Accounting System, Provident Fund accounting system,
Personnel Information System and MIS have been implemented using Oracle
Database and using Fibre Optic Network.
• Computerized Attendance Monitoring System is implemented.
NLC has implemented various IT applications during the X plan as below:
• Implemented Integrated Voice and Data Fibre Optic Network (IVDFN) .

• Online Integrated Material Management System (OLIMMS) has been
implemented.
• NLC website is hosted at NLC Web Server.
9.1 COAL INDIA LIMITED
Coal India is a holding company consisting of eight subsidiaries located in a

geographically & widely distributed rough terrain. It operates around 480 collieries in
remote forest area, sells over 280 million tones of twenty different grades of coal and
makes an yearly transaction of above Rs 30000 crores. To meet the information needs
and proper management of various functions of the organization, Information
96
Technology with state-of-the-art-facilities needs to be introduced at various levels i.e.
from corporate level down to colliery/ project levels.
9.2 IT THRUST AREA IN 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN
In view of Coal demand of 469 million tonne by the terminal year of 11th Plan (2011-12)
a proper IT infrastructure needs to be established up to colliery/project level. Under the
background, following thrust areas have been identified for introduction of IT in 11th
five-year plan:
1. Infrastructure upto Colliery / Project Level: CIL has adopted Top Down approach
of computerization of its various business functions and in the process IT infrastructure
has been laid at subsidiary Hqs and has been extended / being extended up to area
level. In order to capture Information / data at source i.e. where it is generated, proper
IT infrastructure needs to be laid down at colliery/project level. This will require
establishing LAN, providing Nodes of area servers at various points (including weigh
bridges, work shops etc) servers and WAN for connectivity with area servers. It is
proposed to provide “Internet Technology” in each colliery/projects. This system will
provide information about outside industry through browsers like new technology of
mining, mining equipments and their technical details, price of product, cost of
production, government polices and other information etc. worldwide along with e-mail
facilities.
2. Integrated CoalNet Application Software: The Software has been implemented

in CIL, subsidiary Hqs and under implementation at 36 Areas of Coal India. This has
introduced Uniform data and file structures, enhancement in MIS etc. For uniformity
across Coal India, the software is proposed to be introduced in balance areas of CIL
and to be extended to mine / project level. This Software is to be enhanced / enriched
by providing support through standard ERP solution so that it could function as
Decision Support System for the organization. The implementation of the software at
mine / project level should be extension of the system from respective areas through
redundant data communication system.
3. GPS Based Truck Despatch System: It is TOOL used world wide for maximizing
equipment utilization/productivity. CIL has introduced the system in one of large O.C
mines and is introducing the system in additional 8 large Open Cast Mines (above 5
mtpy). The procurement process is under progress. Equipment utilization in Open Cast
mines is considerably low (36% for Dumper, 48% for Shovel) which is cause of
concern and criticism. There being considerable scope of improvement in operational
efficiency of HEMM, it is proposed to introduce the system in mines producing 2mtpy
and above. There will be around 21 mines above 2 mtpy. GM (Systems), SECL
informed that procurement of Truck Despatch system for two projects in SECL is under
process.
4. Geographic Information System (GIS): Mapping, spatial concepts, and time/space

operations technology is absolutely essential to effective mining. GIS technologies
create efficiency and productivity opportunities in all aspects of mineral exploration and
mining. GIS enables a mineral exploration geologist and mine operator to mine
intelligently, efficiently, competitively, safely, and in an environmentally compatible
97
manner. GIS can be introduced in the areas of Mine Planning, Mine Management,
Social and Environmental Management. This will provide storage of all mine maps in
digitized format making updation of the map easier, easy location/access of various
installations and its shifting, Social Impact Assessment at Coal Mines like Resettlement
and Rehabilitation, Provision of basic infrastructure in resettlement villages, General
guidance on Environmental monitoring etc. It is proposed to introduce GIS Centre in
each area of the subsidiary companies.
5. Integrated Safety, Production &Environment Monitoring and Control in Under
Ground Mines : So far IT application has not been introduced in Under Ground mines.
It has been used for Voice communication only. A computerized system in mines to
provide monitoring of Safe level of Hazardous Gases, Water level in Sump and
Pumping System , running of Idle Conveyors, level of Coal Stock in the bunker, Health
Monitoring of UG equipments, monitoring of SDL/LHD, Long Wall and Continuous
miners etc. are required to be introduced in these thrust areas so as to monitor and
control these aspects of safety and production, from the pit head. It is proposed to
introduce the system in twenty large selected Under Ground mines in different
subsidiaries of Coal India to start with.
6. Centralized Mail / Messaging System : At present there is no standardized

mail/messaging system in CIL and subsidiary companies. Some users are created on
rediff, yahoo, hotmail etc. There is no company identification associated with these e-
mail addresses and it suffers various problems due to lack of security, no possibility for
introduction of digital certification etc. Coal India Ltd has been allotted a domain name
as coalindia.gov.in . It is proposed to implement standardized Mail Messaging System
for Coal India as well as subsidiary companies on Coal India Domain with a uniform
user name identification. All the subsidiary companies will be able to utilize the Mail
Server for external as well as internal Mail.
7. Employee Welfare : As on date Identity Card with photo, Name, Employee No.,
Designation are issued to employees of Coal India and subsidiary companies. It is
suggested to provide multipurpose Electronic Digital Card (Smart Card) to each
employee with Biometric Identification. It will contain information such as Employee
Personnel Details, Contribution towards Social Security, Salary Earnings and
Deductions, Leave Details, Health Information etc. The card will be updated on regular
basis and will be utilized for Attendance Recording, Personal Identification, Availing
Medical Facility, Settlement of Terminal Dues, Identification for CMPF Settlement etc.
For this Card Reader/ Biometric Sensors would be installed at CIL, subsidiary Hqs,
Area, Projects/Collieries etc.
8. E-Governance : Though CIL has taken initiative towards e-governance by way of

implementing sales and marketing through e-auction, corporate e-banking( in some of
the subsidiaries), e-tendering etc. it is proposed to enhance the activity towards better
and transparent customer/vendor relationship. The areas to be covered are
introduction of e-banking for all payments, e-procurement, e-auction for Rail and Road
Sales, Introduction of Document Management System for proper storage and quick
retrieval of information / data.
Considering the above IT Applications estimated expenditure has been given at
Annexure-A and summerised here under:
98
Sl. Items Cost in Rs.Crore
No.
1 Infrastructure Development at Colliery/ Projects and 224.49
Area
2 Integrated Coal Net Application Software 48.40
3 GPS based TDS System 210.00
4 GIS center in each area 80.00
5 Integrated Safety, Production &Environment Monitoring 20.00
and Control in Under Ground Mines
6 Centralised Mail Messaging System 10.00
7 Employee Welfare 10.00
8 e-Governance 10.00
9 Total 612.89
9.3 SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITED
I. Future Strategy:
1) Elimination of conventional preparation of mine plans and complete use of

Auto CAD software.
2) Advanced mine planning software “MINEX” and “AutoCAD” software will
replace the conventional preparation of Feasibility Reports.
3) Digitization of all old Feasibility Reports, Mining Plans and other reports and
storing them in electronic form.
II. IT activities proposed:
1) Mine Planning:
a) Establishing CAD and special Mine Planning Software in all big Opencast
Mines (+2.0 MTPA) and also in the Project Planning Department of SCCL.
b) To establish latest software facility for Exploration and Survey Departments.
2) Mine Management:
a) To implement UGMMS package developed in-house in major mechanized UG
mines.
b) To implement OCMMS package in all remaining Opencast Mines.
c) OITDS (Operator Independent Truck Dispatch System), which is implemented
at one opencast mine to be implemented in other selected opencast projects.
3) Personnel:
Employee personal data is stabilized. All transfers, promotions are being done
through software. It is planned to extend the software to all the transactions
with the employees.
4) Safety:
Web based software developed for capturing accident data from mines and it
will be stabilized during the next 2 years.
5) Communication and Data transmission:
99
a) To establish LANs in all the mines for online communication between mines
and offices of General Managers in each Area.
b) To establish WAN connectivity from all the mines to GM offices.
6) Quality:
In Stream automatic sampling in CSP with required computers with on-line
linkage, if necessary, to Areas / Corporate Office.
7) ERP:
As a long term strategy to implement ERP to meet its IT requirements for
some of the important modules like FI (Finance Accounting), MM (Material
Management), SD (Sales and Distribution), Marketing and HR (Human
Resources).
ALLOCATION OF FUND FOR IT FOR XI PLAN

(Rs. In Crores)
2007-08 2008-09 2009-2010 2010-11 2011-12 total
20.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 66.00
9.4 NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION LIMITED
The following areas are identified for introduction / enhancement of IT and e-

Governance related activities:
1. LAN & WAN Network to New Project Sites:

NLC is involved in opening up New Lignite Mining Projects and Power
Generation Projects in various parts of India. NLC has been identified as the
Nodal Agency for the Lignite Deposit related activities in India by GOI.
2. Maintenance Management System for Plant & Machineries:

The system will improve the availability of the plant and equipment for the
production activities and hence it has got direct impact on the productivity of
the organization.
3. Integrated Hospital Management System:

The various modules of the Hospital Management System including Drug
Inventory, Referral System, Inpatient Monitoring System, LABs, Billing and
Accounting, Health Recording System, Industrial Health System, etc. are to be
implemented.
4 Biometric based Attendance Management System & Access Control

System:
It is planned to introduce advanced features including finger prints, hand
geometry, etc. in the Attendance Monitoring System and Access Control
Systems. Smart cards with employees details, blood group details, salary
details, biometric details of the employees, eligible subsistence allowances,
Hospital facilities availing limits, canteen usage limits and any other relevant
data for the implementation of Smart Card based applications for effective
administration of facilities as a part of e-Governance implementation. All
possible activities will be taken up.
100
5. Central Data Centre Formation with DR Facilities, Portal implementation
and Public Information Kiosk deployment :
Data are to be captured at the source on origination and organized in a
database. Data redundancy is to be eliminated and accuracy of the data is to
be assured. The database level and application level integration is to be
carried out with necessary portal implementations. E-Tendering, e-
Procurement, e-payment, e-recruitment, etc. are to be added to enhance the
flexibility of the system. Suitable Disaster Recovery sites will be identified for
implementing high secured IT implementation.
Security policy formulation is to be revised periodically in response with the

threats and dangers sensed. Security policy administration has to be taken up
with the latest well established security products contemporarily deployed in
similar implementations.
6. Development of an Integrated R&D Online System:
7. Online safety Management:
8. E-Governance implementation:
NLC has been making longer strides in e-Governance implementation in the
field of fast advancements of IT field. NLC is planning to move towards the
paperless office by implementing Office Automation Systems.
The system has to cater to the needs of the employees of the organization,
general public, concerned Ministries, Government Organisation, etc. for
speedy services, easy accessability, affordability, and user friendliness with
necessary interactivity. A trusted working environment has to be established
with convenience, cost and time savings.
9. Mine Planning, Afforestation, Land reclamation and Ground Water

Management System - Lignite database implementation, maintenance,
operation and administration:
NLC has been identified as a central nodal agency to look after the exploitation
of Lignite reserves for the efficient use and power generation purposes in all
parts of India. The Lignite database is to be updated and revised with every
new input and it should be made available to the various Mines at national
level as per Government guidelines. The lignite exploration data from the
concerned agencies relating to various zones and deposits will be taken up in
the Lignite database formation. The Mine Planning activities for each Mines
and integrating for all Mines in a particular Lignite Deposit has to be carried out
with the latest IT support tools and facilities. Centralized Mine Planning
activities with concentration on land reclamation, rejunevation and
afforestation has to be taken up and carried out as per Ministrial guidelines.
GPS System has to be integrated with the Mine Surveying Model.
101
COST ESTIMATES
Rs. In Lakhs
Sl. Item 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
NO.
1 LAN & WAN Network to New 300 200 200 200 200 1100
Project Sites
2 Maintenance Management 500 - 300 - 200 1000
System for Plant &
Machineries
3 Integrated Hospital 100 50 50 50 50 300
Management System
4 Biometric based Attendance 200 100 100 100 100 600
Management System &
Access Control System
5 Central Data Centre 700 200 200 200 200 1500
Formation with DR Facilities,
Portal implementation and
Public Information Kiosk
deployment
6 Development of an Integrated 30 20 10 10 10 80
R&D Online System
7 Online safety Management 10 - - 10 - 20
8 e-Governance implementation 500 500 300 300 500 2100
9 Mine Planning, Afforestation, 100 150 150 150 150 700
Land reclamation and Ground
Water Management System –
Lignite database
implementation, maintenance,
operation and administration
10 Technical Support 400 - - - - -
TOTAL 2840 1220 1310 1020 1410 7800
*****
102
CHAPTER-10
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
10.1 The three pronged approached for Research and Development in coal viz coal S&T
Programme under the Standing Scientific Research Committee (SSRC), inhouse Research and
Development programmes of Coal Companies and Inter-Sectoral Research Technology
Advisory Committee (IS-STAC) has been adopted during the X Five Year Plan. R&D in coal is
carried out under four broad areas namely production, productivity and safety; coal
beneficiation; coal utilisation; and environment and ecology. The major thrust areas identified
for R&D in the X Plan have been coal gasification, coal washing, beneficiation low volatile
coking coals, coal liquefaction, fluidised bed combustion, sequestration of carbondioxide etc.
Despite the thrust laid on coal S&T the progress has not been satisfactory both in taking up
new projects or in utilising the outlays provided to various projects. Some of the high value
projects like pilot project for washing, low volatile medium coking coal, demonstration project
for coal bed methane exploitation and utilisation assisted by UNDP/GEF have not been
progressing satisfactorily.
10.2 However, some progress has taken place in formulating an R&D Project on capacity
creation for CMM activity by CMPDIL which is proposed to be funded through CIL R&D Board.
Regarding coal beneficiation the earlier sanctioned pilot washery for LVMC coals has been
dropped due to cost implications. Coal India, SCCL and NLC have entered into MoU with
ONGC for developing underground coal gassifcation. ONGC in turn has a tie up with SIT
Moscow for technical assistance. NLC has taken up an R&D project for gasification of lignite
seams in Rajasthan.
10.3 Some of the other areas where progress has been achieved through R&D efforts are as
follows:
• Cable bolting for extraction of thick coal seams (5 to 8 m).

• Rock mass rating (RMR) for underground roof support design.
• Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) for detection of old waterlogged mine workings
(under upgradation).
• Controlled blasting in opencast mines near surface structures.
• Mine Fire Model Gallery for study of fire suppression techniques.
• Development of different types of steel props/chocks.
• Studies on strata behaviour leading to large-scale adoption of roof bolts.
• Development of Microprocessor based controller for coal haulers.
• Minimizing the loss of fines through optimization of circuits of fine coal beneficiation.
• Beneficiation of non-coking coal for power generation.
• Oil agglomeration for beneficiation of the fine coal and beneficiation of difficult to
wash coal.
• Coal agglomerates for low rank, low grade, slack coal for domestic use.
• Humic acid from lignite for use as fertilizer.
• Use of fly ash as fertilizers.
• Bio-restoration of mined out opencast areas through microbial technology.
• Leaching effects Leaching effects of fly ash as mine fill on underground water.
103
10.4 Status of X Plan Projects
Sl. No. Details Nos.
1 Projects completed before June 2006 13
2 Projects likely to be completed before the end of X Plan 6
3 Projects spilled over to XI Plan 5
Total 24
10.5 Status of S&T projects taken up during IX & X Plans:
Particulars Plan
IX Xth
Upto 31.3.06 Anticipated
Projects completed 48 41 51
BE ( in Rs. crores) 88.73 80 100
RE (in Rs crores) 40.60 46.81 61.81
Total fund utilized (Rs. in crores) 24.97 43.33 58.33
* mid term appraisal of Xth plan : Rs. 72.93 crores
10.6 Future research projects :
The following areas have been identified for research activities -

Underground Mines:
• Mapping of UG old unapproachable abandoned mine workings
• Hard roof management by induced caving
• Development of mining method for thick, flat & inclined seams
• Support system for weak/clay roof strata
• Method of mining for deep seated seam under built up areas
• High capacity pre-tensioned roof bolts to create artificial breaker line during multi seam
working by continuous miners
• Method of mining for multi seam workings
• Method of mining with fly ash stowing under built up areas
Coal Preparation:
• Application of multi gravity separator
• Development of simulation software for control of jigs to achieve optimum yield at
desired ash level
• Development of zero emission coal combustion technology
Environment:
• Methodology for prediction of mine water quality
• Base line measurement of GHG emission in mine fire areas
• Use of tissue culture for conservation of plant species
• Software development for air quality prediction
104
Opencast :
• Studies on dump and high wall stabilities in opencast mines
• High Wall Mining
Safety:
• Communication system in case of miners trapped in underground mines
• Development of predictive models to determine the progress of fire in mine fire areas
• Establishment of integrated survey systems for UG and OC workings and OB dumps
New emerging areas:

• In-situ coal gasification
• Liquefaction of coal
• Carbon sequestration
• Underground gasification of coal after coal bed methane recovery from deep seated
seams
• Coal Bed Methane reserves estimation.
10.7 Expansion of Research Base

In order to have wider involvement of institution in Coal R & D it is suggested to consider
the followings -
• Invitation of expression of interest by open advertisement
• To involve private sector participation in R&D work
• To involve overseas institutions for R&D
• Need to encourage and to be brought out R&D activities in coal mining / beneficiation
of other public and private sector organizations.
• It is suggested that the research scholars/ academicians/ coal sector employees
persuing Ph.D. in the emmerging areas of mining and granted full financial assistance
to help development of such practices in the coal and lignite sectors. This effort will
supplement the reseach and development being undertaken by various agencies in
coal and lignite sectors.
A. In-Situ Coal Gasification

The Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a process by which coal is converted in situ
to a combustible gas that can be used as a fuel or chemical feedstock. UCG offers a
potential economic means of extracting energy from deep-seated deposits, which will not
be amenable for conventional physical extraction economically at present. The medium Btu
gas can be used for power generation and can as well be used as a feedstock in the
manufacture of methanol/ gasoline etc. CIL’s vision for 2025 is to perceive underground
coal gasification as technologically and economically viable eco- friendly method of
extraction of energy from isolated and uneconomic coal deposits to augment the energy
need from coal sector.
B. Coal liquefaction
1. Introduction:
Coal liquefaction involves conversion of coal into oil. Coal can be converted into liquid
fuels like gasoline or diesel by several different processes.
105
There are following routs of converting coal to liquid fuel, extensive work has been
done globally on –
i. Indirect liquefaction by coal Gasification and subsequent conversion of
synthesis gas to liquid products through Fischer-Tropsch process.
ii. Direction liquefaction of coal by catalytic hydrogenation of coal based on
Bergius-Pier process. This method has not yet been commercialized.
2. Status of Coal Liquefaction Project in India :

Several Expert Committees were constituted by the Government earlier in the 1970s
and 1980s under the chairmanship of eminent Scientists and academicians to advise
and recommend on the issues of coal to liquid fuels in the country. However, no further
action could be taken.
3. Feasibility Study Report under UNDP :
In 1985, a Techno-Economic report was prepared by Fluor Engineers Inc.,

California under UNDP/UNIDO project for a plant size of 1 million tonne/year of liquid
product based on indirect coal liquefaction technologies.
Two coal sources from Raniganj and Singarauli were found to be suitable. The
feed coal analysis indicated in the report is as follows:
Moisture: 6%, Ash: 25%; VM: 30%; FC: 39%; Hydrogen: 3.97%
As per this report, about 6.6 tonnes of coal is required for production of 1.0
tonne of liquid fuel.
Direct Coal Liquefaction Technology: R & D Effort/Programme of Oil India Limited

(OIL)
Oil India Limited (OIL), in pursuit of alternate source of energy commissioned in 1999
its 25 kg/day processing capacity coal conversion pilot plant at Duliajan, Assam
in collaboration with Axens NA of USA.
As per the study carried out by Axens NA, about 1.5 tonne of Assam coal shall be
required to produce 1.0 tonne of liquid fuel.
Though results of the pilot plant studies with Axens NA’s Technology have been found
very promising, it is considered necessary to carry out studies with other contemporary
technology more suitable to the North East coal with better economics.
Accordingly, OIL is also considering taking up Techno-Economic Feasibility Studies

for a commercial plant for converting Assam coal to liquid fuels based on technology of
M/s HTI (Hydrocarbon Technologies Inc.) USA. For this purpose, desired coal quality is
indicated as:
Ash: 5-10%; VM: 40-45%; Moisture: 2-3%; Sulphur: 1.5-6%; FC: 47% (approx). Such
type of coal generally contains Hydrogen in the range of 5.4-6.3%.
4. Action Taken by MOC/CIL on Coal Liquefaction

Consequent to the visit of an Indian delegation to South Africa in January 2000, and in
order to explore the possibility of setting up Coal Liquefaction Plant in India, a global
106
tender was floated in 2001 by CMPDI for setting up a coal liquefaction plant in India
based on high ash Indian coals for a nominal capacity of one million tonne of liquid and
gaseous products per year. No response was received consequent to the global
tender.
On a separate enquiry with M/s SASOL Technology (Pty.), South Africa, it could be
ascertained that they are interested to consider possible cooperation on joint venture
or equity participation basis. On further interaction, SASOL agreed to test a sample
only for its suitability for gasification, which was not considered sufficient to evaluate
the coal for conversion to liquid fuels.
In reference to the request of OIL, a study was take up by CMPDI at the instance of
Coal India Limited for assessing the availability of coal from NEC to meet the
likely requirement of coal for commercial direct liquefaction project to be set up
by OIL. The total production envisaged in this report is 3.50 Mt, from 2014-15 against
OIL’s requirement of 4 to 5 Mt, meeting about 70% of the requirement of 100%
capacity utilization. At 85% capacity utilization, production will be 2.98 Mt.
Further interaction between CIL and OIL is going on the business initiatives of
coal liquefaction project by way of creating a ‘Joint Task Force’.
C. Carbon Sequestration
1. Preamble
The global climate change, as a result of environmental pollution, has been a major
concern worldwide. The options for mitigating the risk of global climate change have so
far focused on reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other green house gases
(GHGs). Much less attention has been given to the potential for storing (or
“sequestering”) significant amount of carbon in forests and other eco-systems as an
alternative means of offsetting the effect of future emissions on GHG concentration in
atmosphere. It is now being realized that tendency to overlook sequestration
opportunities can lead to incorrect and overly pessimistic conclusions about both the
cost and feasibility of addressing global climate changes in future.
◊ Environmental Significance of GHGs: The Earth’s atmosphere contains carbon-

dioxide (CO2) and other green house gases (GHGs) that act as protective layer,
causing the planet to be warmer than it would otherwise be. If the level of CO2 rises,
mean global temperatures are also expected to rise as increasing amounts of solar
radiation are trapped inside the “greenhouse.” The level of CO2 in the atmosphere is
determined by a continuous flow among the stores of carbon in the atmosphere, the
oceans, the earth’s biological system and its geological materials. As long as the
amount of carbon flowing into the atmosphere (as CO2) and out (in the form of plant
material and dissolved carbon) are in balance, the level of carbon in the atmosphere
remains constant.
Human activities–particularly the extraction and burning of fossil fuels and the
depletion of forests – are causing the level of GHGs (primarily CO2) in the atmosphere
to rise. The primary source of the slow but steady increase in atmospheric carbon are
fossil fuel combustion, which contributes approximately 5.5 gigatones (billion metric
tones) of carbon per year, and land use changes, which account for another 1.1
gigatones. In contrast, the oceans absorb from the atmosphere approximately 2 more
107
gigatones of carbon than they release, and the earth’s eco-systems appear to be
accumulating another 1.2 gigatones annually. Overall, the atmosphere is annually
absorbing approximately 3.4 gigatones of carbon more than it is releasing.
◊ Environmental Significance: While the annual net increase in atmospheric carbon

may not sound large compared with the total amount of carbon stored in the
atmosphere i.e. 750 gigatones - it adds up over time. It is estimated that if the current
rate of carbon accumulation were to remain constant, there would be gain in
atmospheric carbon of 25% over the next 50 years. In fact, the rate at which human
activity contributes to increases in atmospheric carbon is accelerating. An emission
from land use change has been growing at the global level, though not nearly as
rapidly as emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
◊ Addressal of the problem: It may be possible to increase the rate at which
ecosystems remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store the carbon in plant material,
decomposing detritus, and organic soil. In essence, forests and other highly productive
ecosystems can become biological scrubbers by removing (sequestering) CO2 from the
atmosphere. Much of the current interest in carbon sequestration for mitigating
significant shares of annual CO2 emissions and related claims that this approach
provides a relatively inexpensive means of addressing climate change.
The cost of carbon sequestration are typically expressed in terms of monetary amounts
(dollars) per tone of carbon sequestered i.e. as the ratio of economic inputs to carbon
mitigation outputs for a specific programme. The denominator, the carbon
sequestered, in case of forest based programme, is determined by forest management
practices, tree species, geographic location and characteristics, and disposition of
forests etc.
2 Global Practices
A number of projects on carbon sequestration have been taken up in Australia, USA,
Canada and China. Initially, the thrust had been on the forest based carbon
sequestration. The development & commercialization of next generation technologies
has provided another alternative called geological sequestration and mineral
sequestration etc.
● Forest Based Sequestration: The forests are one of the major resources for carbon
sequestration. A thought may be given for increasing the forest resources to enhance
carbon sequestration. This may include afforestation on agriculture lands, reforestation
of harvested or burnt forest land and also the modification of forest management
practices. Forest based sequestration studies have been taken up in USA. The
modification of forest management practices may consist of:
• Modification of forest composition to enhance carbon sequestration
• Adoption of low impact harvesting methods to reduce carbon release
• Lengthening of forest rotation cycles
• Preservation of forest land from conversion to alternate uses
● Geological Sequestration: Injection of CO2 into the earth’s subsurface offers

potential for the permanent storage of very large quantities of CO2 and is the most
108
comprehensively studied storage option. The CO2 is compressed to a dense state,
before being piped deep underground into natural geological reservoirs. An obvious
site for geological sequestration is depleted oil & gas reservoir.
● Saline Aquifers: Storing large amount of CO2 in deep saline water saturated
reservoirs rocks also offers great potential. One major project is already being
conducted by the Norwegian company Statoil. This is at the Sliepner field in the
Norwegian section of North Sea where about 1 million tonnes a year of CO2 are being
injected at a depth about 800-1000 m below sea floor.
● Mineral Carbonation: It is a process whereby CO2 is reacted with naturally
occurring substances to create a product chemically equivalent to naturally occurring
carbonate minerals. The weathering of alkaline rocks is a natural form of CO2 storage
which normally occurs over long periods of time. With this natural process, mineral
storage speeds up the reactions and turns CO2 into a solid, environmentally benign
mineral. This process is still at the stage of laboratory development.
● Enhanced Oil Recovery: CO2 is widely used in the oil industry to increase oil
production – the CO2 helps pumps oil out of the underground strata, so increasing the
level of recovery from the field. Without such methods of enhanced production, many
oil fields can only produce half or less of the original resource.
● Enhanced Coal Bed Methane: This is a potential opportunity for storing CO2 in
unmineable coal seams and obtaining improved production of coal bed methane as a
valuable by-product.
3 Indian Scenario
The issue of carbon sequestration in our country is in conceptual stage. The issue
requires detailed investigations for application in various areas.
4 Road Map for Carbon Sequestration
• Constituting a National Level Task Force comprising members of Planning

Commission, concerned ministries like Ministry of Coal, Ministry of Power, Ministry
of Environment & Forests, Geological Survey of India and concerned industries
etc.
• Identifying the areas for carbons sequestration and carry our the feasibility of the
identified practices.
• Assignment of the activities to various stakeholders for the carbon sequestration
• Implementation.
• Monitoring. and
• CBM/CMM Reserve Estimation.
5 Company level R & D Programme

CIL, SCCL and NLC have in-house R &D Budget to take up S & T Projetcs related to
various areas of mining operation.
109
Projection for XIth Plan
Particulars No. of projects Provision required

(Rs. in crores)
Spill over projects from Xth plan 35 24.0
New projects-Coal 20 76.0
-Lignite 13 38.4
High value (Rs 5 to 10 crores) 5 40.0
Medium value(Rs 2 to 5 crores) 5 20.0
Low value (upto 2 crores) 5 8.0
*****
110
CHAPTER-11
SAFETY & WELFARE

11.1 Safety
Safety in coal mines is governed by the Mines Act, 1952 and the rules and regulations
framed thereunder. The Mines Rules, 1955, The Coal Mines Regulations, 1957, The
Mines Rescue Rules, 1985 are some of the major statutes framed under the Mines
Act. The Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), under the Ministry of Labour &
Employment has been empowered to enforce the statutes relating to mine safety.
The Mines Act or any rule or regulation framed thereunder is amended from time to
time as per necessity as deemed fit by the DGMS, in view of any recommendation of
any Court of Inquiry into any major accident or otherwise. However from time to time
circulars are issued by DGMS on safety issues for adoption in mine operation
At present the Mines Act and the Coal Mines Regulations are in the process of being
amended.
There is a Standing Committee on Safety in Coal Mines which is chaired by Minister in

Charge of Coal. This meeting is attended by officers from Ministry of Coal, Ministry of
Labour & Employment, DGMS, representatives of Trade Unions, Coal companies (All
PSUs & Private companies), State Mines & Mineral Development Corporations. The
Committee meets biannually to take stock of the safety situation in coal and lignite
mines and suggests measures for bringing further improvement in the field of safety.
11.2 Accident Scenario In Indian Coalmines

From the accident statistics since 1950, the safety status of Indian Coal (including
lignite) Mines may be summarised as follows:
In coal mines, there has been a sharp decrease in the yearly average figure of 295
fatalities from 223 accidents during 1951-60 to 170 fatalities from 140 fatal accidents in
1991-2000 and the annual average figure in the first decade of the new millennium
(upto 2005) is 115 fatalities from 92 fatal accidents.
Yearly average of fatality rate due to accidents per 1000 persons employed has also
come down from 0.91 during 1951- 60 to 0.32 during 1991-2000 in coal mines but
remained more or less static in the current decade which is a matter of concern.
Main factor behind this achievement is shift of production technology from conventional
to mechchanised/semimechanised underground mines and mechanised opencast in
coal mines.
In coal mines, major concern is the occurrence of disasters at regular intervals in

underground mines. The frequency of disasters due to inundation/explosion has been
alarmingly increased in the recent past. There have been five disasters in the last five
years, out of which three disasters were due to inundation.
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For fatal accidents involving four or less fatalities per accident, roof fall in underground
mines continues to be the area of major concern followed by accidents caused by
dumpers in opencast mines.
11.3 Changing Scenario of Indian Mining Industry – Some Critical Issues
With the liberalization of Indian economy, the whole industrial society is facing certain
challenges and mining industry is no exception. The critical & emerging issues relevant
to mine safety are as follows:
• Quantum Jump in coal production,

• Complex geo-mining conditions,
• Privatisation and outsourcing – entry of private and multinational players:
Mining industry has been made open to the private entrepreneurs and lots of mines are
being opened and operated by private operators. 148 coal blocks have been identified
for allotment for captive mining out of which 123 coal blocks have so far been allotted,
most of them to companies under the private sector. Lot of multinational companies
are also entering in to the Indian mining industry for extraction of mineral. Outsourcing
of certain operations and equipment is also becoming quite common in the large Public
Sector or Private mines. But this is also adding some new dimension to the health and
safety aspects of mining industry. These are:
o Use of contractors has brought into sharp focus the suitability and effectiveness of
existing mine management structures to control the interfaces for health & safety
matters.
o Big contractors award parts of the job to petty sub-contractors not having adequate
capacity or concern for safety.
o Large percentagev of contractors’ employees are purely temporary or migratory in
nature who are not well conversant with mining activities or laws.
o Contractor’s workers are having more risk taking attitudes as earnings are directly
connected with output.
o Contractors have very little commitment for ensuring safety and health conditions
of the work persons.
o Privatisation and outsourcing can not be overruled in today’s context. But these
issues need special attention at the initial stage so that it does not bounce back to
the objective of the mining industry. A suitable well defined & structured interface is
to be established between the principal employer and the contractor, defining the
responsibility in terms of maintaining safety and occupational health of the
contractor’s workers.
11.4 Safety Monitoring
In coal Companies implementation of safety norms is monitored at various levels as

given below :
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1. Line Management : The line management in the collieries constantly monitors safety
at the work place in each mine through supervisors like Mining Sirdars and Overmen ,
the Assistant Manager in charge of the shift/ mine, the Colliery Manager, the Agent/
Sub-Area Manager/ Project Officer under the overall supervision guidance and control
of the Area CGM/ GM.
All supervisors and Under Managers/ Asstt. Managers/ Managers possess statutory
certificates of competency issued by DGMS and have statutory safety responsibilities.
2. The Internal Safety Organisation (ISO) : A structured multi-disciplinary ISO exists at

the apex level as well as at the subsidiary company level with representation in each
Area/group of mines. The Internal Safety Organisation (ISO) of each subsidiary
company, as well as at the apex level, inspects mines and reviews safety and advises
the line management on safety related matters. The head of the ISO reports to a
technical Director of the company.
3. Safety Audits : A Safety Audit of the mines conducted by mostly by external experts.
4. Worker’s Participation in Safety :
a. Workmen’s Inspectors : Statutory Workmen’s Inspectors, nominated in

consultation with the Trade Unions as laid down in the Mines Rules, inspect mines
and make recommendations which are implemented.
b. Safety Committee : Safety in every mine is reviewed every month by the statutory
Safety Committee, comprising five representatives of Trade Unions and five
representatives of the management.
c. Area level committees : Area level Committees where Trade Union
representatives participate also monitor safety in the mines in the Area.
d. Subsidiary Company level Tripartite Committees : Tripartite Committees
comprising Trade Union representatives, DGMS representatives and management
representatives also monitor safety in the mines of the company.
e. The CIL Safety Board : The CIL Safety Board, where Trade Union
representatives, the DGMS, representatives of the management participate also
reviews safety in coal mines of CIL bi-annually.
5. CMDs meets & Board of Directors of CIL : Safety is regularly reviewed in

meetings of CMDs. The Board of Directors of CIL is apprised of the safety status from
time to time.
6. A Sub Committee to monitor safety parameters of provite coal companies has been set
by Ministry of Coal under the Standing Committee on Safety in Coal Mines.
7. In short term, Independent audit of safety matters of mines needs serious

consideration. In medium to longterm, introduction of insurance of mines needs serious
consideration for protecting property and improving safety standards of workings there
by reducing accident proneness. Insurance companies may promote independent
safety audits as per their requirements.
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11.5 Safety Measures Being Adopted In Coal Companies
Coal India Limited
In addition to compliance with the requirements of mine safety laws CIL and its subsidiary
companies are taking following measures to make mining operation more safe.
a. Phased replacement of timber support by steel support.

b. Mechanisation of loading operations to reduce explosure of workers to hazardous
areas.
c. Undertaking corelation survey to to check the distance of the barrier against
waterlogged workings.
d. Regular monitoring of mining environment for detecting inflammable and noxious
gases.
e. Thrust on training and retraining of workforce to increase safety awareness.
f. Workers participation in safety through various bodies from mine level to CIL
Headquarter level.
g. Regular safety audits of mines by experienced personnel and implementation of the
recommendations.
Singareni Collieries Company Limited
a. Application of advance technology in surveying and digitization of mine plans.

b. Increasing mechanisation wherever feasible.
c. Wider application of Roof Bolting
d. Introduction of Man-riding systems in more number of mines.
e. Steps taken to improve the safety standards in opencast mines.
f. Better lighting through mobile towers with a cluster of lamps are provided in major
opencast mines.
g. Deployment of large capacity equipment to reduce traffic congestion.
h. Preparing Risk Management Plans:
i. Carrying out Geo-technical Investigations and analysis through expert national and
international agencies for successful operation of Longwall panels.
j. Upgradation of Rescue Services:
Neyveli Lignite Corporation
a. Safety Working Procedures / Code of Practices are also enforced on the contractors to
adhere to safety norms by their employees as per statute. The contractors are warned
and counseled and penalized in case of any serious lapses observed.
b. NLC conducts Internal Safety Audit once in a month and external audit once in 2 years,
keeping up the regularity at uniform interval of time.
c. Inter Unit Safety Assessments are also being carried out for every quarter to assess
Safety Standards maintained as per statute.
d. ‘Structured Training’ is being imparted for development of Safety Awareness and
increasing effectiveness of Emergency Response amongst Miners / Front Line
Supervisors / Executives.
e. Safety Performance Appraisal is being submitted to the NLC Board every quarter as per
recommendation of the IX Safety Conference.
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11.6 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Concept of workers participation in Safety management was introduced through Safety

Committee and workman’s Inspector. Now the present safety management system
consists of three basic components, viz. Mine Operators, Regulatory Authorities, and
National level Tripartite Committees.
• Mine Operators: For ensuring compliance of the statutory requirements and to

maintain the desirable standard of OSH in mine, all the mines are placed under the
control of a qualified Mine Managers assisted by numbers of qualified statutory
persons. For coordinating the activities of mine level with corporate level, Agents are
appointed with specific responsibilities. Owner of the mine is responsible for providing
all facilities & assistances to mine level operators. Internal Safety Organisation (ISO)
acts as a link between the corporate level and mine level operators exclusively on
safety issues.
• Enforcement authority: The other important component of safety management
system is the regulatory / enforcement authority overseeing compliance of minimum
regulatory requirements in OSH aspects of mining. The DGMS is the regulatory body
in mining in India.
• Tripartite Bodies: The third component of the safety management system is the
Tripartite Committees involving all stake holders viz, mine management, regulatory
organization and workers’ representatives at various level to oversee the compliance of
OSH aspects in a broader perspective and for strengthening the existing safety
management system.
• Constraints in the existing system in operator level: Though there is a structured

system and set up of safety management in the operator’s level with specific
responsibilities at various levels the outcome in terms of OSH standards in mines in
India is not upto the desired mark. Some of the areas, which need attention, are:
• Authority of mine manager: Though mine managers are the key person in safety
management system, their authorities have been reduced to a great extent over the
years particularly in the nationalized coal sector.
• Effectiveness of ISO: The Internal Safety Organisation (ISO), a critical link between
the corporate level and operators’ grossly suffer from lack of organization,
infrastructure and authority. In organized sector, unless this organization is put in the
line function, with certain authority and responsibility, with scope of career growth, their
efficiency cannot be improved, as the members of this organisation do not feel any
motivation in serving this organization.
• Training: Most of the training centers provided under Mines Vocational Training Rules
1966 are lacking in infrastructure and competent trainers/ Instructors. The scenario in
the unorganized sector is far below the expectation.
• Lack of mechanization: To improve the safety and health standards of the workforce,
exposure of human being to hazardous areas need to be reduced. Suitable man riding
system may be introduced for transportation of work persons to and from the working
places in case of below ground mines to reduce fatigue and undue stress.
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• There is a proposal to setup a National Board for Accreditation and Certification of
institutionons, professionals and services in occupational safety and health, which is a
step forward in proper assessment risks involved.
11.7 Strategies for Action
In view of the anticipated changes in the technology & work culture, some of the
important changes in the strategy for management of OSH in the coming decades are
outlined below:
• Conceptual change: The concept of self-regulation need to be introduced gradually
through risk management, including reducing dependence on external supervision to
self supervision. Present system of External Supervision may need to be
supplemented by the concept of Self Supervision and necessary skill up gradation for
work place supervision by all classes of work person has to be taken up by a proper
mechanism of training and retraining.
• Development of Legislation: With the fast changes in the mining technology and
changing socio-political and socio-economic environment in the country, thrust may be
given on development of guidelines, safe operating procedures and code of practices
to bridge the gap between existing statutory provisions and emerging safety & health
standards.
• Planning & Technology: Reducing exposure in high risk areas, including face
operations in below ground mines, may be taken up on priority. This will include
elimination of manual loading.
• Development and Extraction Plans have to be systematic with a long term objective
keeping in mind the need for environment management and management of RRR
(Reclamation, Rehabilitation & resettlement).
• In the context of import of equipment and machineries preference shall be given to
safe, user-friendly and environment-friendly designs having in-built fail-safe
mechanism.
• In view of possible import of technology and equipments, development of testing
facilities of international standard (for all types of equipments) will be required to be
developed in the country to test the performance under Indian operating condition.
• Emergency Response & Disaster management:
Emergency response system based on scenario planning, establishment of adequate
infrastructure, training and motivation should be part of disaster management plan.
• Human Resource Development: Structured training and retraining at predetermined
interval to upgrade the managerial and technical skills and OSH standards through
better infrastructure, aggressive training programme, delivery and evaluation should be
given due focus. Competence of managers and key supervisors need to be upgraded
by strengthening the system for grant of competency certificates. This will call for
review of curriculum of Degree/Diploma courses in mining. Special certificate courses
in OSH need to be introduced for competent persons who do not require competency
certificates.
• R & D effort:
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There is a strong need to prepare accurate mine plans through application of
Geographical Information System and connecting all of them with the National Grid for
proper correlation so that the dangers from adjacent mines can be assessed properly
to prevent transfer of dangers from one mine to other.It is also essential to evolve a
suitable technology for identification of sub-surface water bodies and their extent with
respect to the present mine workings to take suitable measures to prevent accidental
connection. Modern analytical laboratories with facilities like, Gas Chromatograph must
be established at least at each Area for analysis of mine air accurately and quickly for
correct assessment of mine fire and for calibration of different gas detectors.
• Other Measures
o Safety management through risk assessment
Existing safety management practices shall be supplemented by applying risk
assessment techniques for hazard identification and corrective actions and also for
monitoring them at regular intervals. This approach will integrate safety with the
primary objectives of the organisation.
o Increasing awareness in the field of OSH:

Awareness of the grass root level workers of the mining sector needs to be increased
by publicity and propaganda. A suitable scheme may be designed to extend the
awareness in the field of OSH beyond the mining sector also.
o Introduction of a certificate course in Occupational Safety Engineering in

mining
Safety engineering is a new subject where modern techniques of safety management
is taught. Although there is competency examination for mine mangers who are to
some extent exposed to the subject of occupational health and safety. But other
officials like engineers, medical officers engaged in the mining industry are not so
exposed. It is suggested that a certificate course on safety engineering in mining
should be started for the officials engaged in the mining industry.
O Making Internal Safety Organisation (ISO) Effective

The internal safety organisation is existing in most of the organized mining sector.
However, it is observed that the system of working of the organisation has not yielded
the desired result. The common deficiencies found in the organisation is the lack of
association and interest with the work assigned. Since no responsibility or any
authority has been practically bestowed at every level of the organisation, its
effectiveness is invisible. The responsibility of ISO need to be well defined and
appropriate authority (administrative and financial) shall also be bestowed to make the
organisation more effective. The selection criteria as well as the promotional
procedures should be framed in such a way to make this cadre more attractive by
bringing them under line of organizational structure. It is essential that the Internal
Safety Organisations are suitably strengthened with adequate responsibility coupled
with required authority. The persons working in ISO should invariably be exposed and
trained on the subject for which he is deputed.
o Dissemination of information:
The lessons learnt after all the accidents need to be disseminated to all the mines so
that proactive measures can be taken to avoid recurrence of such accidents. In
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addition, any good practice or bad practice in any part of the industry also needs to be
circulated to all.
o Safety Audit
Safety audits have proved to be a very effective tool for assessing and eventually for
improving safety and health conditions in mines. A system of Safety Audits by
accredited mining experts should be developed who will help the mine management in
the area.
o Maximum possible investment should be made to ensure safety and welfare of the
workers.
11.8 Identification Of Areas Of Application Of Information Technology In Safety
The following areas are proposed for application of Information Technology in Safety :
• Computerised Telemonitoring of Mine Environment & Water Danger :

Thirty eight fiery and degree III gassy mines have been identified for installation of
Computerised Environmental Tele-Monitoring Systems (ETMS) with sensors for
CO and CH4 and these have been installed and are operating in 13 mines. It is
proposed that such systems be introduced in all degree III & degree II gassy
mines.
Additionally, it is proposed that mines attended with water-danger from
underground sources be Identified for installation of flow-meters near barriers
against waterlogged workings with suitable recording and alarm devices at surface
office of mines.
• Digitisation of Mine Plans –This programme may be taken up in the 11th Plan
period. This will benefit the cause of safety enormously and be of great help in
preventing major accidents due to in-rush of water.
• Electronic/Computerised Bio-identication enabled Attendance Systems for
Contractor’s Workers : This is essential for prevention of engagement of
contractor’s workers in two or more shifts continuously, which would go a long way
towards reduction of fatal accidents due to trucks and dumpers involving
contractor’s workers.
• On-line roof-behavior monitoring systems - Considerable sophistication in roof-
behavior monitoring instrumentation is already available. These may be integrated
into on-line systems, with provision for on-site as well as off-site audio-visual alarm
systems, for installation in all longwall/depillaring districts.
• Incorporation of Safety into the Integrated Coalnet Application Software &
LAN with Internet/Intranet facilities :
Safety requirements for workers and policy measures for the same
• Revamping the Rescue Organisation – The existing Rescue Organisation
needs to be reviewed and revamped with state-of-the-art Rescue Equipment to
cater to the additional requirements of new private coal mining companies.
• Central Storage & maintenance of Emergency Equipment – Equipment to be
required in Emergency, high head/high capacity pumps, electricals, piping, fittings,
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Emergency Winders, Large Dia Boring Machines, etc. should be maintained at a
central location in each coalfield. Dedicated officials should be given responsibility
for maintenance of the same. Inventory of the equipment and phone nos of the
officials responsible for the same should be maintained at Control Rooms as
required under the national Crisis Management Plan.
The Rescue Organisation and Emergency Stores should be connected by fail-
proof communication systems and Coalnet WAN.
• Revamping of Vocational Training Centres - Vocational Training Centres
may be reviewed and revamped. External globally reputed training organizations
may be utilized for imparting quality training to workers, including large numbers of
contractor’s workers for prevention of mine accidents.
These institutes could be utilized for imparting training to workers of new private
coal mining companies, for a fee. Also, these institutes could be utilized for
imparting training in different trades to Project Affected People as a Corporate
Social Responsibility. Additional funding for upgrading the VT Centres / Group-
VTCs/CETIs may be provided.
• Periodical Medical Examination of workers: Periodicity of Medical
Examination may be increased to 3 years from the present 5 yrs. The scope of
medical examination may be broadened to include other occupational disease.
Record keeping of PME and IME should be computerized and linked in data
transfer systems.
• Safety in new mining projects/blocks : It should be made mandatory to
incorporate a Long Term Safety Plan for the life of the Project for all new projects.
Similarly, safety of coal mining operations by operators working new coal blocks
should be monitored by government.
• Mechanised Roof-bolting: Roof-bolting systems have mostly been implemented.
However, in view of the fact that 80 % of all fatalities in roof-bolting districts in 2005
took place during installation of roof-bolts or while drilling for roof-bolting/dislodging
weak roof, and also for improving the quality of remote operated roof-bolting
mechanized roof-bolting may be taken up as a thrust area in the 11th Plan period.
This would reduce exposure of men to the treacherous green-roof area even
further.
• Man- riding Systems: With view to reduce fatigue of workmen, Man-riding system
is to be provided at below ground mines Where gradient of the seam is more than
1 in 4 and traveling distance is more than 1.5 km Where gradient is less than 1 in 4
but traveling distance is more than 3 km.
Suggested safety measures
• Technological assistance: Areas, wherever mining technological assistance is
required, are to be identified and provisions are to be made accordingly.
• Conversion of underground mines into Opencast Mines wherever feasible.
• Introduction of Surface Miners to eliminate blasting operations.
• Risk assessment and Safety Audit of the mines by external agency.
• Hiring the services of scientists from NIRM / CMRI on long term basis including
deputation to give extra push to the existing Strata Management Cells.
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• Scientific studies for Induced Blasting in massive sand stowing strata with deep
holes more than 2.7m and use of explosives more than 1 KG, which is presently
permitted.
• Introduction of light weight modern cap lamps and suitable belts to avoid fatigue
and lower back injuries during incidental fall.
• Establishment of Meditation Halls to impart training on Yoga and Meditation in coal
fields.
• It is proposed to impart specialized Training on Intensive Fire Fighting (30 days
continuous program) on Fire Prevention / Fire Fighting Techniques for key and
positional persons and also for other employees working in Fire Accident Prone
Production Areas in NLC in a phased manner.
• It is proposed for the Procurement / Installation of additional fire protective System
– Smoke detectors, Linear Heat Sensors / Fire Hydrant facilities etc. for the
improvement of fire protection system at Thermal Power Stations.
• In order to improve the Overall Safety Monitoring of Mining Machineries,
Conveyors, Operational Areas, Dumping Yards, Subsidence checks etc., it is
proposed to install Safety Monitoring System at the above functional areas under
the Safety Management Plan.
• It is proposed to augment the ‘Occupational Health Services’ at NLC with the
Modern / Latest Medical Equipments in accordance with ILO classification.
• Seismological studies/ monitoring system at NLC Mines.
11.9 Coal Mines (Conservation And Development) Act 1974
In a country like India with scarce energy resources and on an ascending curve of
economic growth, conservation of a non-renewable source of energy like coal
constituting only 0.8% of global reserve has been of paramount significance. Coal
Board established in 1952 principally for promoting such efforts was dissolved after
nationalization of coal mines. A new Act called Coal Mines (Conservation &
Development) Act, 1974 came into being. Subsequently, Coal Mines (Conservation &
Development) Rule, 1975 also came into force.
Objective:
The principal objectives of the Act seem to be providing some subsidy for carrying out
stowing of voids in underground mines and various protective measures – all aimed
towards conservation of coal. Additionally, the Act also seeks to offer some assistance
towards development of roads and railway infrastructure in coalfields, application of
new technologies, research and development activities, coal utilization etc.
Mode of Assistance:
• Assistance is given principally through the following stages:

• Collection of the stowing excise duty (SED).
• Disbursement of the funds created towards actual claims.
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Collection of SED
Under Section 6 of the Act, excise duty (commonly termed as Stowing Excise Duty or
S.E.D) is levied on the coal companies against coal despatched at rates, not
exceeding Rs.10 per tonne, as may be fixed from time to time by notification. Current
rate ( effective from 26.06.2003 onwards) of such excise duty is Rs.10.00 per tonne of
coal both for coking and non-coking. SEDs are realized from the consumers along with
the coal sale bills raised by the coal companies. Within 90 days from the closure of the
month during which despatches are made, the payment of excise duty needs to be
made, followed by a statutory return within 30 days of such payment, to the Coal
Controller. Final assessment is done by the Coal Controller after taking into
consideration all relevant documents and accordingly short/excess payment is
adjusted.
Disbursement of SED
In each financial year, SED so collected is disbursed by the Central Government to

different coal companies for undertaking stowing, protective works and infrastructure
development jobs. For the purpose of determining the procedure for the disbursement
of the SED proceeds, the Central Government constituted an Advisory Committee
called “ Coal Conservation and Development Advisory Committee” (CCDAC) to advise
the Government regarding the formulation and implementation of National policy in
relation to “ Coal Conservation & Development Activity ” (CCDA) and scientific
utilization of coal seams of the country apart from recommending class and grade of
coal, rates of SED, disbursement of SED proceeds to different coal companies etc.
Till 2005-06 the disbursement of funds under CCDA used to be through revenue
budget of MOC. However, Ministry of finance has directed that the schemes of CCDA
need to be considered as Plan schemes. Accordingly, the schemes under CCDA under
two broad categories namely, Stowing & Protective Works and Road & Rail
Infrastructure have been takenup as Plan schemes for consideration of competent
authority.
The performance in terms of assistance already released during the past four years of
X th five year Plan vis-à-vis the anticipated demand during its last year i.e. 2006-’07
(up to September’06 is nearly Rs. 180 crores which includes the resultant spill over of
Rs. 74.71 crores of 2005-06) and the five years of XI th Five Year Plan under sand
stowing / protective work combined head is as under:
Figures in Rs. crores
X th Five Year Plan 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 5 years’ total
Approved Demand 99.82 77.85 87.45 105.78 148.02 518.92
Under X th Plan
Assistance Released 66.05 64.00 100.03 66.11 0.00 296.19
XI th Five year Plan 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Projected Demand 131.89 136.17 138.70 141.68 144.51 692.95
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The above projected demand during XI th Five Year Plan can be met through available
resource e.g. SED collection during XI th Plan period. Year-wise anticipated collection
of SED during 2007-2012 based on XI th Plan period production/despatch is as under:
XI Plan Period 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
Production/Despatch (Mt) 466.00 510.00 565.00 620.00 670.00 2831.00
Mobilization of fund from 466.00 510.00 565.00 620.00 670.00 2831.00

adequate resource available
through SED collection on
dispatched coal.
Total projected demand on 331.48 382.36 397.30 303.86 250.60 1665.60
ST/PW works & Road/Rail
Infrastructure Dev.
It is to mention that during the past years, the accumulated corpus in Govt. A/C
collected as SED but left undisbursed is about 1400 crores. Further it has been
decided that a sum of Rs. 80 crores per year from Rs. 400 crores already accrued shall
be given to CIL for Jharia-Raniganj coalfields under a Master Action Plan besides
allocating Rs. 120 crores each year from current SED collection.
11.10 Welfare
Today, India is the third largest coal producer and CIL the largest coal producing
company in the world. CIL started off with a modest production figures of 79 million
tonnes which is poised to grow to 504.10 million tonnes by the end of the XIIth Plan
period of 2007-2008 to 2011-2012.
CIL also has the distinction of being the largest corporate employer in the world with a
workforce of nearly 4.50 lakh. General Motors, USA is second with a workforce of
around 3.22 lakh employees.
Despite the many impediments, CIL continues and shall continue to focus on improving
the Quality of Life of its employees in the coal fields . Apart from following all Central
Acts in letter and in spirit, over the years seven National Coal Wage Agreements have
been signed with five Central Trade Unions which provide complete coverage of
welfare activities for employees of CIL. The statement indicating the Actual Capital
Expenditure of CIL and with its subsidiary companies for consecutive five years from
2000-01 to 2004-05 and projected expenditure of XI Plan as being started from 2007-
08 to 2011-2012 is at Annexure-11.1. Major features of welfare activities are :
11.11 Health
Table below shows the remarkable progress that CIL has made over the years :
SUBJECT AT THE TIME OF AS ON 01/07/2006

NATIONALISATION
No. of Hospitals 49 86
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Dispensary 197 430
Hospital Beds 1482 5875
Doctors 444 1618
Ambulances 42 674
In addition, traditional medicine has also been recognized by having 12 Ayurvedic

Dispensaries and Ayurved Vaidyas.
Similarly, to extend medical facilities to remote village areas to attend tribal people and
persons belong to BPL, 10 fully equipped mobile medical vans are operational.
CIL
• CIL is aware of its social responsibility as a number of people in and around the
mining complex get affected by mining projects. CIL has formulated its own R&R
Policy to address the problem of project-affected persons.
• All the project affected persons gets properly rehabilitated and resettled in order to
minimize the hardship caused by setting of the project.
• CIL also takes up community development schemes to improve the environment in
and around the habitat location around the mining complex.
SCCL
• SCCL believes that the stake holders of organization include among others, the
community around the Company.
• SCCL has launched an innovative programme called ‘Surrounding Habitat
Assistance programme (SHAPE)’. The programme includes funding for
development of roads, drainage schemes, protected drinking water supply
including its distribution, educational infrastructure, community buildings and
improvements to public health centres, street lighting, clean & green programme,
water harvesting & conservation programmes, literacy and awareness programme
against social evils etc. Expenditure details are given below –
2003 – 04 : Rs. 48.00 Crores.
2004 – 05 : Rs. 14.26 Crores.
2004 – 05 : Rs. 15.40 Crores.
• SCCL has formed a registered society i.e Singareni Sewa Samithi (SSS) for
implementation of community development activities such as imparting vocational
training to children of SCCL employees/ex-employees/youth of surrounding villages
and training for recruitment in Army/Police/Para-military forces.
• Mega medical and health camps are organized for the benefit of villagers around the
mining projects. Mobile medical camps are also being organized.
• Voluntary services are provided through Bharat scouts and Guides association of
SCCL, to provide assistance at Eye camps, Health camps, Pulse polio programmes
etc.
Corporate Social Responsibility and welfare proposals of Coal India

Limited
Medical Services :
123
The medical services are to be restructured to ensure quality services to the employees.
Keeping this in mind it has been proposed that 5 (five) central hospitals will be developed
as referral/super specialty hospitals of CIL.
These are -
1) Central Hospital, BCCL - to be developed as specialist center for Neurology,
Neuro-Surgery and Opthalmology.
2) The Central Hospital, CCL will be developed as a center for Gastroentology and
Nephrology,
3) TheCentral Hospital, ECL, shall be developed as advanced Orthopaedic centre
4) The Central Hospital, MCL, Talcher shall also be developed for Urology
5) The Central Hospital, NCL At Singrauli shall be developed for Urology and
Lithotripsy.
EDUCATION :
Table below shows the progress that has been made in providing education:
Particulars As on 01.07.2006
No. of project schools fully financed by company (total 60
expenditure minus income of school
No. of Project Schools for which company provides infra- 27
structure
Privately managed schools getting recurring grants 298
In addition, meritorious wards of employees are paid scholarship to help their career
development.
Water Supply:
Clean water supply a basic necessity for good health is given utmost priority in CIL. Thus, as
compared to only 2.27 lakh population having access to potable water at the time of
nationalization, at present, 22,82 lakh have been covered under the water supply scheme.
Housing :
There were only 118366 dwellings available for the workers at the time of Nationalization with
housing satisfaction of only 21.07 %. The figure today as on 01/07/2006 is 412176 with a
housing satisfaction percentage of 91.62 .
Co-Operatives And Banking:
CIL has helped in the formation of Co-operatives. There are 336 workers Co-operative
Societies functioning very satisfactorily in different parts of the country.
Similarly, Banking services are now widely available which have brought radical changes in the
lifestyle of workers. There is considerable increase in savings and traditional money lenders
are fleeing the coalfields. As on 1/7/2006, 389 bank branches are functional. Almost 90% of
the 4,50,000 employees are paid wages through banks.
Ecology and Environment:
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Coal India is fully aware of its social responsibilities, specially towards improvement of ecology.
As many as 2714000 saplings were planted during the last financial year alone. To improve
environment, LP Gas is issued to free of cost instead of coal for domestic use.
Community Development:
A comprehensive Community Development Policy has been formulated to fulfill the objectives
of Community Development. However, care is taken in the process to include the Special
Component Plan (SCP) for benefit of the Schedule Castes, Tribal Sub Plan(TSP) for benefit of
the tribal groups and Community Development Plan (CDP) for benefit of the Community at
large. Coal India has experience of implementation of World Bank aided Environmental &
Social Mitigation project in 25 opencast mines.
These community development activities are over and above the regular welfare measures
provided for the employees of CIL and its subsidiaries. These activities are also in addition to
schemes adopted by the subsidiaries for rehabilitation and resettlement of the project affected
people in the mining areas being taken up as per the R&R policy of the company.
The key areas of activities under this scheme are –
1) Creation of community assets (infrastructure): like provision for drinking water, construction
of school buildings, check dams, village roads/ linked roads & culverts, dispensary & health
center, Community centers, market place, etc.
2) Skill development & capacity building: like vocational training, income generation
programmes, entrepreneurship development programme, literacy programme, adult education,
assist formation of VWG, Mahilamandal. etc.
3) Awareness programme and community activities : like health camp medical aides, family
welfare camps, AIDS awareness programme, immunization camp, Sports & cultural activities,
plantation etc.
The beneficiaries of the Community Development plans are the inhabitants living in the
periphery, normally within a distance of 8 K.M. from the mine boundary or any other location as
decided by the Committee constituted for the purpose. The beneficiaries will include all
communities including employees & non-employees, SCs & STs and all other communities
living in the villages under consideration.
The fund for the CD activities is allocated by the corporate headquarters to different areas
based on requirement proposed by the Area duly screened by the Welfare Board. To help the
companies create a dedicated fund for the purpose, a sum of Re. 1 per tonne of coal produced
will be set aside by all the subsidiaries. The loss making (BIFR) subsidiaries will be given a
grant by CIL at the rate of Re. 1 per tonne of coal produced.
Efforts have been made to develop and harness the talents of the wards of the workers by
providing scholarships to them so as to encourage literacy.
It has been CIL’s constant endeavour to fulfill its social obligations with regard its employees to
the best of its ability. This could be illustrated by the actual expenditure figures of Rs. 848.18
crores spent on welfare like buildings, roads, water supply, medical factilites education, co-
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operatives and on female education during 2004-05. As against this Rs. 903.16 crores were
provided in the year 2005-06 for these expenditures.
The stride towards progress will continue during the XI Five Year plan also to meet the
corporate social objectives.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND WELFARE PROPOSALS OF SCCL
SCCL is always in the fore-front regarding welfare measures for its employees and corporate
social responsibility.
The quarters available as on 31.03.2006 are 47656 with a satisfaction level at 58.06%. During
2004-05 tenders have been awarded for construction of 4057 Quarters at a cost of Rs. 186.35
Crores. During 2005-06 tenders have been awarded for construction of 460 Quarters at a cost
of Rs. 30.27 Crores. The quarters are anticipated for completion in a phased manner by end of
31.03.2007.
Contribution of SCCL in development of social infrastructure in coal belt areas during

2005-06: -
About SHAPE programme:
SCCL has formulated Surrounding Habitat Assistance Programme (SHAPE) for development
of Drinking water-supply, Education and Infrastructure development in the coal belt areas.
The programme was envisaged during the year 2003-04. Allocation of funds was made for
three consecutive years (2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06).
Measures taken for improving civic amenities and townships :
Civic maintenance works like garbage lifting, cleaning of drains, sweeping of roads, cleaning of
sewer lines etc., are offloaded by dividing the townships into 34 segments at an approximate
annual revenue cost of Rs. 250.00 Lakhs.
The 47656 Nos. Company’s quarters existing are repaired comprehensively at the rate of 20%
per year since 2003. So far 20482 quarters are repaired.
The fly-ash generated from the power houses in the area is utilized for manufacture of fly-ash
bricks. The traditional clay bricks are replaced with fly-ash bricks for construction purposes. On
an average 1.09 Crore numbers of fly-ash bricks are used during 2005-06. The company was
adorned with the “National Award” for the ‘Exemplary Work’ done towards utilization of fly-ash
bricks / products in construction activities.
De-silting of tanks and construction of summer storage tanks taken up to pond water for
domestic use and as also to raise the water table levels.
Sulabh toilets are constructed and maintained for better environment. 202 toilets are
constructed at townships. The maintenance of each toilet complex is taken up by the company
at a cost of Rs. 4000.00 per month per complex.
32 Parks in colonies are planned and developed.
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74 Gardens in various areas are planned and developed.
Disposal of Garbage, cleaning of drains, sweeping roads, cleaning sewer lines etc., is taken up
to maintain the hygienic conditions within the townships.
Community Buildings / Centres / Sports facilities.
In order to provide recreation / facilities, the company has constructed recreation clubs and
community halls in the coal field areas.
No. of Community halls : 10

No. of Recreation Clubs : 32
No. of Play grounds : 10
No. of Stadiam : 08
No. of Swimming Pools : 14+01under constn.
Banking facilities are available in every area and ATMs are provided in every Bank. Workmen
salaries are paid through Banks and 80% of the salaries are withdrawn through ATMs only.
Area level, Regional level, Company level sports and games are being regularly conducted by
SCCL.
SCCL Teams have participated in All India Public Sector Tournaments in Football at Allahabad,
Cricket at Pune and Table Tennis
Women’s welfare:
In order to create awareness of the company as well as of the outside the world among
workmen and their families about savings habit, health and hygiene, literacy, children’s
education, safety, post retirement planning etc, an association called “Singareni Employees
Wives Association” (SEWA) has been constituted in all the Areas with the active participation
of Wives of employees.
Literacy Programme IN SCCL:
SCCL took up literacy classes in coordination with the concerned District Literacy Mission to
make the illiterate workmen literate on time bound basis. Status about literacy of employees:
No. of illiterate-employee identified No. of persons who became No. of employees to be

initially literate literate
33835 30318 3517
Status about literacy of employees’ spouses:

No. of illiterate employee No. of persons who became No. of persons No. of persons
spouses literate to be literate under training
41310 6271 29557 5482
Medical & Health :
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Every worker seeking employment in the Company is subjected to thorough medical
examination at the time of initial employment. Thereafter, he undergoes Periodical Medical
Examination once in a block of every 5 years.
SCCL is having 6 Area Hospitals, 1 Main Hospital at KGM and 40 Dispensaries having 1008
beds and 36 nos. (3+33) of ambulances provided.
Wherever specialized treatment is required either for the employees or their dependants, they
are referred to Super Specialty Hospitals outside the Colliery areas.
Educational Facilities:
No.of High schools and Upper Primary Schools

run by S.C. Educational Society : 17
No. of Degree Colleges (Women) : 1
No.of Junior Colleges (Women) : 1
The above educational institutions are run by S.C. Education Society.
Grant of Scholarships to merit students, who are children of employees:
In order to encourage the sons and daughters of employees (NCWA / Executives) to excel in
their studies and to seek admission in Engineering and Medical courses, a Scholarship of
Rs.6000/- every year for the son / daughter of SCCL employees (NCWA employee / Executive
cadre) is being sanctioned from the year 1998 in the event of he or she securing admission in
the engineering and medical courses by getting a rank below 2000 in the EAMCET / IIT for a
period of 4 / 5 years.
Free Supply of LPG to the Employees:
It has been made mandatory that all employees of SCCL including workers should go for LPG
connection for their domestic use for which SCCL will reimburse the cost of 12 L.P.Gas
cylinders in a year. Thus, the use of coal for cooking purposes in households is banned by not
supplying coal to the SCCL employees. The SCCL arranged 19 Nos. LPG Distribution Points
in all over the Collieries Areas for the benefit of the employees through Singareni Super Bazar.
Vocational Training for employees’ children:-
Singareni Seva Samithi (SSS) being registered under Andhra Pradesh Public Societies Act
shall take up all Educational Training Programmes, Self-employment Schemes, help for Army
Recruitment etc., and other Educational Training programmes for the children of employees
who have died in harness and unemployed youth which includes daughters and sons of
employees & Ex-employees and also to spouses of Ex-employees only.
Corporate Social Responsibility and welfare proposals of NLC Limited
While emerging as a socially responsible Corporate Citizen and playing an active role in the
society, NLC has contributed towards providing communication access, democratic
development, educational opportunities, food, potable water, security and health opportunity.
Peripheral Development
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As part of social responsibility of business, NLC has also been contributing to peripheral
development in the adjoining villages with annual budgetary allocation.
NLC is implementing various welfare activities and need based (Peripheral Development)
programmes such as providing drinking water, health care and basic educational facilities are
carried out in a planned manner choosing needy villages situated within 8 km. radius of NLC
complex based on the recommendations of Collector, Cuddalore Distt., with separate
budgetary provision of Rs.100.0 lakhs annually for this purpose.
Surplus water from Mines is diverted to meet the water needs of both irrigation and domestic
purposes of the villages. Several boreholes were also drilled in the nearby villages to meet the
drinking water needs of the surrounding villages.
The Corporation has opened community welfare centre in the hutment colonies. These centres
are well maintained with reading rooms, children parks, playgrounds, Radio and Television
sets.
R&R Policy:
The government approved RAP envisages the following Resettlement and Rehabilitation
measures to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs), over and above the disbursement of legal
compensation for land and the related fixed assets.
¾ Development of well connected and conveniently located Resettlement Centres(RCs)

with provision of infrastructure, amenities and services in the RCs
¾ Allotment of alternate house site to the Project Affected Families(PAFs) and payment
of exgratia towards structure value to PAFs shifting from Government lands. All the
PAFs are allowed to retrieve the re-usable materials, even though they have been paid
with the value of structures. Payment is made as resettlement allowance towards the
dismantling, transportation and re-erection charges. Over and above the legal / RAP
entitlements for compensation and Resettlement, the RAP also envisages livelihood
assistance.
¾ 60% of the vacancies arising in the unskilled category has been earmarked for PAPs.
More than 40% of labours employed by contractors engaged by NLC Ltd are PAPs and
hailing from nearby villages
¾ Every year special apprenticeship training at ITI, Diploma, Degree levels and under
Medical Lab Technician Training Scheme is provided to PAPs/wards of PAPs. NLC is
also imparting entrepreneurship Training for PAPS every year in batches in
collaboration with Gandhi Gram Rural University
¾ Subject to meeting overall tender conditions, preference is given to PAPs Societies

and PAP contractors registered under LA Scheme on a preferential basis with
concessional terms in order to provide self-employment opportunities to the members
of PAFs in awarding contracts.
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¾ Besides, market Guaranteed Income Generating Scheme of cleaning material
production & supply is in operation and three more Schemes – namely, canteen
supplies, office supplies, construction material production and supply are
contemplated.
The R&R policy is under discussion for quite sometime. In the meeting of the Standing
Committee a view had emerged that R&R policy for coal mining or for that matter mining in
general needs to be different from the R&R policy for land acquisition in other sectors. A final
view needs to be taken on the matter. The absence of an acceptable R&R policy is proving to
be a major impediment in acquisition of land in most of the coal companies. It is imperative
that a consensus view in the matter emerges at the earliest.
*****
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CHAPTER - 12
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
12.1 Introduction:
All mining and allied activities related to both opening of new mines and expansion of
operating coal mines are associated with both positive and negative impacts on
environmental attributes including wide spectrum of the social aspect. On the positive side
coal industry in order to ensure supply of coal to the nation, create infrastructure in remote
areas, and generate much desired employment opportunities in the country besides
creating other business opportunities. On the negative side, it has impact on land use, air
quality, water quality, water availability, bio-diversity, forest cover and animal habitat. On
the social front, it may lead to displacement of population, loss of lively-hood etc. Since the
nation need to exploit its own coal resource, for industrial and economic growth, there is
need to strike a balance between the negative and positive impacts of coal mining and
ensure a harmony between the coal mining and preservation of environmental quality.
This balance is envisaged to be achieved through taking appropriate measures at different
steps of coal cycles i.e. exploration, planning, coal mining and post operational stage.
The environmental and social issues in Indian context are of special concern as coal
reserves are located in river basins i.e. Damodar – Barakar, Sone, Wardha, Bramhani-
Mahanadi, Hasdeo etc. which are rich in forest cover and they are habitat for tribal people
and wildlife. The magnitude and significance of environmental impact due to coal mining
depends on the method of mining, beneficiation, scale and concentration of mining activity;
geological and geomorphologic setting of the area; nature of the deposits; land use pattern
before the commencement of mining operations; and the natural resources existing in the
area. Opencast mining operations disturbs the terrain much more than underground
mining. Due to high density of population, acquiring large tracts of land required for
opencast mining is difficult and the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation of people gains
immense significance.
Land is very important input mainly for opencast mining. Coal companies are required to
excavate land in large measure for removal of overburden and coal. As a result the land
is degraded substantially. On completion of mining it is necessary that such land is
progressively restored to its original shape. Thereafter the land may be used for
rehabilitation and resettlement of people displaced from acquisition of land elsewhere
and/or for commercial plantation, creation of large pond for fish cultivation, etc. Through
such means it would be possible to not only resettle the displaces but also rehabilitate
them through adequate income generation and avoid at the same time giving direct
employment.
For every new coal project and expansion of the existing one, environmental clearance
from MoEF is essential. For this purpose, EIA/EMP document need to be prepared and
submitted to MoEF. Once the environmental clearance is accorded by MoEF, the project
need to comply with environmental clearance conditions and also other conditions
stipulated by various regulatory bodies like ‘consent to operate’ etc. For meeting the
environment related requirement of the coal sector, the future approach is suggested
below.
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12.2 Activities Involved in EMP
Baseline data Generation, subsidence prediction and solid waste management
• Baseline data is generated for proposed projects to study the pre-mining

Environmental scenario. EIA/EMPs are prepared for all the new projects and
Environmental Clearance (EC) is being obtained from MoEF.
• As per MoEF notification dt. 27.03.2000, subsidence prediction by 3D numerical
modeling is being carried out for all the underground mines falling under forest land.
• Solid waste management reports are prepared for opencast mines involving diversion
of forest land.
Post project Environmental Monitoring
CIL
• Post Project Environmental monitoring to study air quality, water quality and noise level
monitoring is carried out comprehensively covering mines and allied activities in CIL.
• Presently, about 240 projects have been covered by CMPDI for monitoring of the
environmental attributes.
• Land usage changes will be monitored through satellite imageries for new projects as
stipulated by MoEF in EC conditions of CIL projects.
SCCL
• Post Project Environmental monitoring to study air and water quality monitoring is
carried out comprehensively covering mines and allied activities in SCCL.
• Presently, 107 ambient air quality monitoring stations and 157 water quality monitoring
stations are identified for monitoring in SCCL.
• Land usage changes are being monitored through satellite imageries for new projects
as stipulated by MoEF in EC conditions of SCCL projects.
NLC
• The post project Environmental monitoring to study air and water quality and noise
level monitoring are carried out covering the Mines and Power Plants. Presently eight
Ambient Air Quality Stations are in service for monitoring air quality on 24 hours basis
using High volume air samplers. Five more AAQ Stations are being commissioned
taking into account the Expansion Projects.
• Land usages changes are monitored through satellite imagery studies as stipulated by
MoE&F in its E.C. Conditions of N.L.C. Projects.
• Periodical monitoring of AAQ and stack emission by State Pollution Control Board are
also being carried out to review and for any corrective action if necessary.
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Plantation
• Plantation is being carried out on external dumps, vacant areas, office premises along
approach roads and Townships in CIL and SCCL.
• Activities like development of flora and fauna and artificial lakes are also taken up in
the mines to bring the mining area near to original habitat.
• Raising of Bio-diesel plantation is being given emphasis in SCCL & NLC.
• In N.L.C., mass tree plantation in the left out barren lands in Township as well as in the
reclaimed area of Mines are being taken up regularly.
Reclamation of overburden dumps
CIL
Appropriate physical and biological reclamation of OB dumps will be taken up and

indigenous plant species should be used for plantation. In all the mines, a system will be
introduced for energy conservation. Waste recycling and its reuse will be encouraged and
appropriate subsidence management system will be implemented wherever required.
SCCL
The Company has initiated Biological Engineering techniques for stabilization of

overburden dumps. These techniques have yielded positive results by way of stabilization
of slopes, greening / land-scaping and preventing soil erosion. The company will continue
to follow these techniques for effective stabilization of dumps. Such techniques will be
replicated in other opencast mines also.
NLC
Back filled area reclamation, afforestation and cultivation is continuously being carried out
in Mines of N.L.C. The Company is having collaboration with Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University for 2 major Projects in its Mines namely `Integrated Farming System’ and `Slope
Stabilisation Programme’ in the reclaimed area and external dumps which are now under
progress. Its annual plan for reclamation and afforestation is charted out regularly and
being communicated to the Ministry.
Ground water monitoring and Rain water harvesting structures
CIL
• Quality of borewells and openwells around the mines are being monitored to have data
of the impact of the mining activities on the ground water.
• The sump water is being utilized for domestic and industrial water requirement.
• Treatment and reutilization of the waste water is being practiced to reduce drawal of
ground water.
SCCL
• In order to assess the impact of mining on Ground water regime, monitoring of phreatic
levels in Pre-monsoon (May/June) and Post-monsoon (October) periods is being done
133
through 259 observation wells located in and around the coal mining areas on long-
term basis.
• The piezometric suface is being monitored 4 times in a year through 55 wells in and
around the mines.
• Ground water studies are being conducted through A.P. State Ground water
department for obtaining clearance for the proposed/existing projects from ground
water point of view.
• Rain water harvesting structures are constructed for conservation of rain water. Till
date 641 structures have been constructed.
NLC
• Ground water monitoring is being carried out for water table and quality in and around
Neyveli to the extent of 3000 Square KMs with 150 Nos. of Dug wells and 100 Nos. of
Tube-wells in service.
• Observation wells are drilled along coastal area and being monitored regularly to check
any sea water intrusion.
• Rainwater harvesting systems are almost completed in the Mines, Power Plants and
Township.
• Check dams are constructed in the major nallas in the Township and facilities are
provided for recharging of the sub-soil aquifers.
• Artificial recharging of groundwater in the catchments area are also taken up and are
found very effective and purposeful. Further studies are under progress.
Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)
CIL
• The effluent treatment and sewage treatment facilities have been installed for major
projects.
• The treated effluent is being utilized for industrial and horticulture purpose.
SCCL
• SCCL has commissioned 14 ETPs and 2 STPs for treatment of effluents containing oil
and grease in workshop effluents and domestic sewage from townships respectively
and treated effluent from ETP is re-circulated for washing of HEMM. Effluent from STP
is used for plantation.
NLC
• A modern Sewage Treatment Plant of 30MLD capacity for the entire Township has
been completed and is in service.
• The Effluent Treatment Plants are installed and in operation in Thermal Power Plants
and in the Mines including Workshop, Auto Yard and Industrial Canteen and treated
effluent is being used for green belt development.
Environmental Awareness and Education
134
CIL
• Environmental Awareness is brought amongst the employees by observing World
Environment Day and other days on Environmental related themes
• Special lecture by eminent faculty are frequently organized to make the people
environmentally aware.
• Pamphlets, slogans, sign boards etc. are widely used with an aim to enhance
awareness on protection of environment among one and all.
SCCL
• Environmental Awareness is brought amongst the employees by observing World

Environment Day and other days on Environmental related themes and
Vanamahostavams etc.
• Two multi-disciplinary Corporate Teams inspect the Mines and Units and select the
Best Mines / Units during ENVAW celebrations. The Winning Mines / Units are
awarded Prizes on Republic day by The Chairman & Managing Director.
• Environment has been introduced as a part of curriculum in the 22 schools managed
by the Company. SCCL is perhaps the only PSU to have introduced Environment as
part of curriculum in its Schools.
• Environment education has been introduced in the schools of the Company with the
help of WWF, Bird Watchers Society of India and A.P. Forest Department covering
7000 students. As part of the Environmental Awareness Week (ENVAW), quiz
competitions are held for students of SCCL schools. 98 Teachers were imparted
training in environmental education. 17 Nature clubs have been formed in the SCCL
Schools for which the Company has paid Rs. 40,000 towards membership fee for the
students.
• Pamphlets, slogans, exhibition vans and other media with annual competitions are
widely used with an aim to enhance awareness on protection of environment among
one and all.
NLC
• World Environment Day and Environment Week are being observed every year. All the
educational Institutions in Neyveli are also being involved by conducting various
competitions and awareness programmes along with this for the benefit of students
and Neyveli community.
• Besides this, N.L.C. is participating in various National level Seminars, Exhibitions,
Workshops, etc. for propagating the various activities undertaken by N.L.C.
Training
CIL
• The employees of the CIL are sent on routine basis to various seminars and training
programmes to get exposed to various facets of environmental management. For this
purpose, training both internal and with external agencies are oragnised.
• The employees are also exposed to best management environmental management
pratices abroad.
135
SCCL
• Besides the various environmental training & seminars, the Company Environmental
officers of the company shall visit other companies/places in the field of Environment
Management to study the best practices being followed in that company.
• Managers, Project Officers and Environmental Officers have been trained in External /
In-house training programmes on Environment Management is as follows:
i) External Training Programmes .. 054

ii) In-house Training Programmes .. 121
NLC
• N.L.C. is conducting in-house Training programmes exclusively on Environmental
Management and Pollution Control measures. Separate programmes on
Environmental Management System, EIA/EMP, Municipal Solid Waste Management,
CDM, Bio-medical Disposal, etc. are being conducted both with the external faculties
as well as internal faculties. The programmes are conducted to cover the entire
Executives, Staff and workmen in the Organisation.
• Related employees in the respective areas are also being deputed to various external
Seminars, Exhibitions and Training Programmes.
12.3 The Future Approach
The coal industry is committed to ensure supply of coal in required quantity and of desired
quality with minimum short and long-term impact on environmental and socio-economic
profile of the area. The coal industry envisages to take various steps for achieving the
desired goal that include following.
(A) Change in Approach to planning: The current practice lays stress on environmental
planning of individual mines. This approach is associated with a limitation of neglecting
the cumulative impact of other industrial and mining activities in the vicinity. This
results into high environmental degradation in coalfields that are not anticipated at
project planning stage. To avoid this situation in future, coal industry will take up an
environmental planning at macro level i.e. coalfield level which will take stock of
natural resource base of the area, and assess the environmental and social impact due
to all mining and developmental activities projected in the area.
Based on such impact assessment, an optimal developmental plan will be evolved that
will ensure balanced growth in all sectors of economy and also maintain environmental
quality.
This regional plan will lay down series of recommendations and action plan for
environmental protection that have to be rigorously implemented. Coal industry will
prepare such regional environmental plan, for all coalfields in phases.
(B) Capacity Building: Environmental planning of mines and implementation of

environmental conservation measures would require capacity building in terms of
highly skilled, dedicated, experienced and qualified manpower, environmental labs and
remote sense mapping facilities. The coal industry has already established network of
its own environmental labs, employed and trained the manpower at various level
136
competent to plan and operate the mines in environmentally safe manner. In future, lab
facilities will be modernized and continuously upgraded to take up growing
requirements and training shall be provided to the concerned personnel on advances
in analytical techniques. Employment of environmental engineers in coal companies is
to be taken up for capacity creation.
Similarly the manpower is being continuously exposed to new environmental
technology through organizing trainings, workshops and seminars. The manpower will
also be exposed to best practice environmental management in coal mines in some of
the advanced countries of the world.
The coal industry will establish MOU with major scientific and research organizations in
India and abroad to seek continuously technical innovations in the area of
environmental mitigation measures appropriate to coal mining in India. The coal
industry shall also develop best mining practices appropriate to coal mining industry.
(C) Research Support : The environmental and ecological implications of coal mining
activities in Indian context are being studied through a number of R&D projects
undertaken by established research institutions and universities in the country &
CMPDI. This helps in understanding the effect of mining on ecology and other
environmental attributes and also evolving new technology and mitigation measures
to assess the impact and to prevent and control environmental pollution, restore
hydrological balance and land productivity, restore the faunal habitats etc. These
efforts are to be continued and encouraged to cover emerging areas that are relevant
to Indian coal mines.
(D) Reclamation of old worked out areas & control of mine fire : The coal mining
activities in India has a history of about 200 years. The early phase of coal mining
(upto early seventies of last century) witnessed an unscientific mining that led to fires in
coal seams. Land subsidence, degradation of land, air and water pollution mostly in
Jharia & Raniganj coalfield is require utmost attention. The CIL has drawn an
ambitious master plan for control of mine fires and land subsidence, reclamation of
degraded land, prevention of environmental pollution and relocation and rehabilitation
of population living in endangered areas. These measures will release coal reserve for
mining that is otherwise locked and not available for mining.
(E) Eco Zoning : Coal reserve in India are located over forest land, National Parks, Bio-
reserve and other eco-sensitive zones. Current regulations restrict coal mining in such
identified areas. This coal reserve occurring over such areas are not available for
mining. In order that a realistic assessment of coal reserve available for mining, there
is a need to identify and assess such coal reserves that are located in eco-sensitive
areas. The coal industry will take-up an exercise to prepare a comprehensive plan
showing the eco-sensitive areas and superimpose over it the coal reserve map. This
will facilitate in identifications and assessment of coal reserves occurring over the
restricted areas that will attract amendment of the existing Forest Conservation Act for
coal mining in these areas.
(F) Mine Closure Plan : In course of coal mining, number of facilities are created to
facilitate coal mining, coal processing, dispatch etc. A number of such facilities also
generate environmental pollution and disturb hydrological pattern of the area and they
may also pose safety hazards. Appropriate measures have to be taken so that once
the mine operators complete the mining operation and withdraw from the site, such
137
facilities, do not pose safety hazards and are non-polluting. The land disturbed by
mining are to be properly reclaimed. For this purpose appropriate mine specific Mine
Closure Plans will be prepared for all coal mines to address the above issue.
(G) Green House Gas Abatement: Methane gas emission takes place due to burning of
coal, generation of Carbon dioxide and its release to atmosphere. Also change in land
use pattern and degradation of forest cover reduces the natural carbon sink and
thereby affects the CO2 balance in atmosphere. Coal industries will take-up different
projects that would aim at reduction of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere and also
creating carbon sink for capturing atmospheric CO2.
(H) In this context coal industry would explore possibilities for taking-up projects for Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and promote clean coal technology.
The environmental measures that are envisaged to be integrated with mining

operations are likely to achieve the goal for eco-friendly mining of coal coupled with
optimal utilization of natural resource and harmony with people living in the vicinity
sharing the fruits of development.
(I) Emphasis should be given on the reclaimation of old workings. Builders may be
encouraged to develop townships on such reclaimed lands.
12.4 Proposed Action Plan For XIth Plan Period:
1. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
The Environmental Impact Assessment & Environmental management Plan is required

for all the coal project since they generally have lease area more than 5 hectares. Since
coal mining is site specific in nature, site clearance from MoEF is taken.
2. Financial out lay for Environment management
Name of the Expenditure in X plan (Rs. Budget for XI plan (Rs.

company Crore) Crore)
CIL - 676.50
SCCL 8.85 25.07
NLC 111 191.87
3. Environment Management
Preparation of EIA/EMPs and Environmental clearances (For new projects & existing
projects in XI plan )
a. CIL projects-
EIA/EMPs XI plan
Mines 115
b. SCCL projects –
138
Sl. Description Year
No. 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 EIA/EMPs New Projects 7 4 5 7 4
Existing (Expansion) Projects -- -- -- -- --
2 Environmental New Projects 10 7 4 5 7
Clearances Existing (Expansion) Projects 35 -- -- -- --
b. NLC projects-
EIA/EMPs XI plan
Mines 4
Thermal power plants 4
2.5 Environmental Management System
In order to improve the implementation of environmental management systems, the

following measures are suggested fort the XIth Plan period.
• The system of environmental planning, implementation and monitoring shall be

strengthened.
• Appropriate capacity building to address the emerging issues of mine
environmental management, monitoring and mine closure.
• International exposure to best mining environmental management practice
• Develop in house capability to take up EIA/EMP studies
• General awareness programme amongst mine workers through various
programmes
• Observance of “Environment Week”
• Earmarking of exclusive fund for environmental measures and allotment of
separate cost code is in practice. Environmental Management System (EMS) will
be introduced in phased manner.
• SCCL has obtained ISO – 14001 certification, 9001 certification and OHSAS
18001 series for Manuguru Opencast Project – II during 2005.
• SCCL received “Golden Peacock Innovation Management Award” from World
Environment Foundation for the year 2005.
• SCCL received national level award for the year 2004-05 For Environmental
Excellence from The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) on 26th June, 2006 in
New Delhi.
• SCCL received “National fly ash utilization Award” from Department of Science &
Technology and Ministry of Environment & Forests, GoI in 2005.
• NLC has been formulating several projects outside Neyveli towards its expansion
activities during XI-Plan for which separate budget of Rs.109.60 Crores has been
allocated towards EIA/EMP reports/consultancy, Environmental measures like
AAQ monitoring stations, Coal washeries plant installation, Green Belt
development etc.
12.6 Scientific studies
The following are proposed –
139
CIL
• Development of Conservation Plan for floral and faunal species in the mining
complexes.
• Quantification of environmental impacts of the mining projects
• GIS based environmental planning in the mining complexes
• Eco-restoration study in the mining areas
• Promoting technologies for carbon di-oxide capture and storage to ensure that
development and security benefits of coal are delivered with near zero emissions.
Development of such technologies will be taken up as a demonstration project.
SCCL
• The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and the SCCL
forestry department are exploring to develop a mitigation project case study to
understand carbon sequestration potential and cost effectiveness of industrial
plantations.
• SCCL & CMRI, Dhanbad has jointly taken up an S&T project funded by Ministry of
Coal, GOI to study the impact of mining operations on hydrological cycle, Flora &
Fauna and Forest Cover through out SCCL.
NLC
• Development and use of fly ash based pesticides.
• Survey and ecological conservation of NLC Environment through Bio-remediation
with tree species.
• CO2 Sequestration by biological methods.
• Production of Bio-Diesel from Jatropha
• Coal mine methane.
• Development of recharge area in Neyveli basin.
12.7 Mine Closure

CIL
• The drawl of mine closure plan both progressive and final has been made a
requirement in Environment clearance of new projects. The fund for mine closure
at Corporate Level has already been created by CIL. A sum of Rs 1/- per tonne of
coal produced is being collected and deposited in the above fund for mine closure.
Upon closure of the mines, suitable mine closure activities for making the site
secure and environmentally compatible will be taken up in the XI Plan period.
SCCL
• Mine closure plan forms part of EMPs and is approved by MoEF. A detailed mine
closure plan for each mine will be prepared five years in advance of closure with
financial provision and is proposed to be submitted to MoEF.
NLC
• Mine closure plan prepared for all new mine projects as applicable under Act will
be implemented as per schedule. However, during XI plan NLC has no plan for
closure of Mines except the continuous back filling operation in the Mines.
It is now mandatory to prepare mine closure plan (progressive and final) for all coal
and lignite sector projects. In many projects multi-seam reserves are planned to be
extracted. During planning of such mines, the mine planners should plan in such a
140
manner that maximum amount of geological/mineable reserves are recovered with
available mining technologies.
While preparing EIA, mine closure plan should be prepared taking into consideration of
maximum possible extraction with available technologies.
12.8 Thrust areas for XI plan

CIL
The following thrust areas have been identified for the XI Plan period:
• Strengthening of Environmental Engineering Cadre
• Capacity building of the personnel working in environmental discipline including
exposure to best environmental management practice
• Preparation of Regional Environmental Impact Assessment reports for 6 major
coalfields
• Preparation of EIA/EMP document for new projects
• Quantification of environmental impacts for preparation of EIA reports.
• GIS based environmental planning in the mining complexes
• Water & energy conservation
• Installation of effluent and sewage treatment facilities in projects
SCCL
• Implementation of Biological Engineering techniques for stabilization of overburden
dumps and reclamation in all opencast mines.
• Construction of STPs in all major SCCL townships.
• Green house gas abatement through extensive plantation.
• Raising of Bio-Diesel plants on large scale for production of Bio-Diesel.
• Energy conservation measures.
• Water conservation measures.
• Bringing about social awareness among employees, school children and general
public on environment protection
• Effective implementation of R&R plan for project affected persons (PAPs) in
proposed mining projects.
• Implementation of Environmental management system in all SCCL mines in
phased manner.
• Systematic way of handling and disposing of Bio-Medical waste and other wastes
including plastic are also planned in the Hospitals and Townships.
NLC
• Mines: Improving and maintenance of the dust suppression systems being
operated in the mines.
• Slope stabilization and afforestation to be completed in a phased manner.
• Development of flora fauna in all the Mines.
• Cultivation of jetropha in the reclaimed areas of mines.
Thermal Power Plants:

• Installation of modern Dry Ash Collection System with Silos in the existing Power
Plants.
• Treatment of Mines storm-water for the industrial use of the Power Plants
• Various promotional schemes for 100 % Fly Ash Utilisation
141
• Utilisation of Pond Ash for construction purposes and enhancing the capacity of
existing Ash Ponds by raising the bund heights and inter-linking of ash ponds etc.
12.9 Major Policy Issues requiring attention during XI Plan Period
Substantial increase in coal production is envisaged during the XIth Plan period to meet
the requirement of coal by various sectors. The factors which may affect the opening of
new projects are forestry and environmental clearance of the projects. In addition, the
capacity of the existing projects may be enhanced to meet the planned quantity of
coal. This will further require forestry clearance (in case forest diversion is involved) as
well as environmental clearance. The situation call for streamlining the forestry and
environmental clearance related issues to facilitate opening of new projects in time.
The following may be considered for the purpose:
A. Forestry Clearance:
The Nodal Officer of the State Government should be empowered to forward
proposal related to forest diversion directly to MoEF after receipt of finding from
Divisional Forest Officer.
Once the completeness of proposal has been examined and the same has been
accepted, no fresh queries should be raised further.
The movement status of proposals for forest diversion should be posted on
website to provide information and transparency to the project proponent.
A Tripartite Committee (comprising of user agency, concerned State Forest
Department & monitoring cell of MoEF) may be constituted to resolve the reasons
for delay. As and when requested by coal companies.
In case where appropriate records in respect of forest land, jungle jhari etc. are not
available, proposal for forestry clearance may be considered based on the
information available. The NOC from District Collector should not be stressed
upon.
For exploration of coal, CMPDI has to apply for forestry clearance in prescribed
format. This delays the start of the exploration activities. Since the data regarding
availability of coal is available with Ministry of Coal, MoC & MoEF may take a
decision for exploration in such areas in consultation with MoC. This will help
reduce the delays in commencement of exploration activities.
In order to avoid infructous investment on drilling, MoEF may identify the areas
where mining can not be carried out.
A provision of drilling of drilling 15 BH/sq km for coal proving operation may be
agreed upon by MoEF to keep proper assessment of coal reserve, structure,
quality and its exploability.
Limit of 40 Ha for forestry clearance at Regional Office of MoEF, be raised to 150
Ha.
As per F (C ) Act, 1980, the test drilling upto 10 boreholes of maximum 4-inch (101
mm) diameter per 100 sq kms without felling of trees shall not attract the
provisions of the Act.
B. Net Present Value

An Expert Committee under the chairmanship of Professor Kanchan Chopara,
Director, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi has been constituted to examine the
issues related to Net Present Value. This was in compliance to Hon’ble Supreme
Court Directive dated 26th September, 2005 in IA No. 566 of 2000 in Writ Petition
142
(Civil) (200 of 1995). The basic issue was that NPV for forest land diverted for non-
forest use should be worked out on economic principle. The Hon’ble Supreme
Court has observed that the amount of NPV is required to be used for achieving
the ecology plans and for the regeneration of forests and maintenance of
ecological balance and eco-system. The payment of NPV is for protection of the
environment and not in relation to any proprietary rights.
C. Environmental Clearance
As per the current practice, all the new coal projects and expansion of the existing
ones require environmental clearance. The following are suggested to streamline
the environmental clearance process:
• The capacity of the coal projects should be defined as total excavation and
coal and overburden (OB)
• Based on the geological condition, the extraction of coal keep on varying. As
such, fresh environmental clearance should not be insisted upon for increase
in say 15% of the planned capacity of the projects.
• Fresh environmental clearance for expansion and/or modernization of projects
should be called for only if the pollution lead is likely to cross beyond the
acceptable limits. The assessment of which would be drawn on the basis of
the regional Environment Impact Assessment
• As per the Draft Final EIA Notification, TOR for preparation of EIA/EMP
document should be finalized by EAC/SEAC. In order to save time, a
Committee may be constituted to finalize the TOR for opencast and
underground projects.
• For inter-state or inter-district projects, public hearing should be conducted in
the state or district wherein larger portion of the project lies.
• For UG mines, a rational criterion may be fixed as 1000 Ha for seeking
environmental clearance as it does not affect surface land usage.
• For environmental clearance, the environmental entities within 10 kms radius
should be considered as per the prevalent practice.
D. Introduction of Green Credit System (Social Forestry)-
Mining companies while opening new projects in forest land, they have to show
equivalent CA land and charges for its afforestration. It is proposed to have Green
Credits for green belt development by individual or community as social forestry.
These Green Credits can be purchased by mining companies in lieu of CA land
and its afforestration at market price, which should be remunerative.
12.10 Budget for Environmental Management
CIL
A budget estimate for environmental management in different subsidiaries of Coal
India Limited has been drawn. The break-up is as under:
143
Sl Particular Phasing of the budget (Rs. in crores)
No.
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 Preparation of 5.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 25
EIA/EMP
2 Regional EIA/EMP 130 65 65 65 65 390
(6 areas)
3 Training 50 30 25 25 20 150
4 Expansion & 1.50 1.50 1.0 0.5 0.5 5.0
modernization of
environmental labs.
5 Development and 30 20 15 20 15 100
implementation of
environment
management
system
6 Environmental 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0
Monitoring
7 Environmental 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.5
Statement
Total 217.8 127.8 112.3 113.8 104.8 676.5
SCCL
SL Description of activity Budget requirement for XI plan period (Rs. crores)
No. 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
1 Establishment of Envt Lab 1.00 2.00 3.00
2 Post Project Environmental 0.15 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 1.85
Monitoring
3 Environment Awareness & 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.62
Education
4 Plantation 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.00 8.80
5 Environmental Studies 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 8.00
6 Construction of ETPs and STPS 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 10.00
Total 3.75 5.55 4.47 5.34 5.96 25.07
NLC
SL Description of Budget requirement for XI plan period (Rs. crores)
No. activity 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
1 Mines 5.4050 5.3050 5.1950 5.2350 5.2750 26.4150
2 Thermal Power 18.7007 3.1500 4.3500 4.3500 4.3500 34.9007
Stations
3 Township 7.0700 1.6170 1.1400 1.1400 1.3000 12.2670
4 General 1.6150 2.8700 1.4900 1.5800 1.6700 9.2250
5 NLCs Expansion 1.80 12.80 12.82 40.82 40.82 109.06
projects outside
Neyveli
Total 34.59087 26.7420 24.9950 53.1260 53.4150 191.8677
*****
144
CHAPTER- 13
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
13.1 This chapter deals with the requirement of infrastructural facilities other than those
required for coal movement which have been discussed in Chapter-5. The major facilities that
go into production build up are land requirement, power requirement, water requirement etc.
The projected requirement of these critical inputs is discussed below:
A. CIL
The basic infrastructural facilities to realise the projected production plans of the Coal
Companies of CIL during the XI Five Year Plan are tabulated below:-
Sl No. Subsidiary XI Plan Proposals for

Land Power Water
Area (Ha) Max Demand Demand
(MVA) (MLD)
1 ECL 3924 26 --
2 BCCL 338 -- 1.00
3 CCL 5566 63 --
4 WCL 3918 19 2.80
5 SECL 2302 60 3.80
6 NCL 2325 85 13.80
7 MCL 22921 154 21.50
CIL (Sub-total) 41294 407 42.90
B. SCCL
SCCL is operating 47 UG mines and 11 OC mines as on 01-04-2006. To meet the future

increased demand, SCCL will be expanding its operations. During th XI plan and later years the
likely requirement of forest land is around 8847.87 Ha. (for completed new projects to be
grounded, projects formulated and yet to be formulated).
Simplification of forestry clearance is urgently required as considerable time is being lost

in obtaining the forestry clearances and there is a need for acquiring significant amount of
forest land during the XI Plan.
SCCL’s target production during 2006-07 is 37.5 MT this will go upto 40.8 MT 2011-12. The
power consumption during the X Plan is as follows.
Year Contract Maximum Total power consumption

Demand (CMD) MKWH
KVA
2002-03 124,600 577.26
2003-04 126,150 601.45
2004-05 128,130 605.71
2005-06 127,630 623.15
2006-07 127,630 656.25
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As on date around 12 % of the total annual power requirement will be met by Captive Power
Generation and the remaining 88% is being purchased from APTRANSCO/NPDISCOM. The
total capacity of the captive power plants is 31.7 MW. This is de-rated to 21 MW due to ageing,
as they have completed 40 to 50 years of life. They are due for Renovation and Modernisation
as per the Power Policy to be formulated for SCCL.
Consultancy work was awarded to M/s Power Finance Corporation to prepare the power policy
for SCCL. The following are the terms of reference.
1) Captive generation
2) Joint Venture with NTPC/APGENCO
3) Power purchase directly from NTPC and APGENCO or other independent power
projects.
XI PLAN EXPECTED POWER CONSUMPTION DETAILS

Year CMD Total power consumption
KVA MKWH
2007-08 155,000 694.16
2008-09 165,000 736.68
2009-10 165,000 795.48
2010-11 170,000 819.58
2011-12 169,000 814.76
C. NLC
Requirement of Land, Water and Power during XI Plan is summarised below.
Description Name of The Projects

BITHNOK RIRI GUJRAT JAYAMKONDAM MINE-III
Land (Ha) for Mines & Power station 1580 3010 4210 4210 4210
Water (cft/sec) 40 40 40 to 50 40 to 50 40 to 50
Construction Power/MVA 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5
*****
146
CHAPTER –14
MINING TECHNOLOGY
14.1 INTRODUCTION
As per the terms of reference, this chapter covers the topics – measures for alternative
technologies for extraction of resources in geologically disturbed areas and deep seated
coal resources; Underground Coal Gasification (UCG), Coalbed Methane (CBM)
extraction; and alternative system of coal transportation.
14.2 NATIONAL COAL INVENTORY

On the basis of regional and detailed exploration, the total coal Inventory of India has been
assessed by Geological Survey of India to be around 253 billion tonnes (January 2006).
Out of this in-situ hard coal resource, around 93% occur at a depth 0 to 600m (64% within
300m depth and 29% within 300-600m depth (inclusive of Jharia CF)) and around 7%
occur at depths more than 600m. A broad assessment (2005) indicates that around 21% of
the geological resources (i.e. around 52 billion tonnes) can be extracted.
14.3 GEOLOGICALLY DISTURBED AREAS AND DEEP SEATED COAL RESOURCES

In India, the average depth of mining hovers around 300m and in some mines reaches
beyond a depth of 500m. However, most of coal resources at depth more than 400m are
yet to be exploited. Hence, coal deposits occurring at a depth beyond 400m are currently
treated as deep-seated resources. The deep seated coal resources in India are generally
characterized by:
o Superior coal quality (around 20% coking & 35% superior grade non-coking coal),
o Mostly associated with geological disturbances of higher degree,
o Gassiness of higher degree,
o Coal of lesser compressive strength,
o Presence of overlying coal seams etc.
These resources have generally associated with geo-mining problems like

o High stress related problems like bumps and rock bursts
o High horizontal stresses causing instability of underground galleries
o Higher concentration of methane
o Higher make of water
o Deterioration in mine climatic conditions like high in-situ rock temperature, high
humidity etc.
o Occurrence of more geological disturbances, like faults, dykes, sills, ‘jhama’ etc.
o Steeper seam gradient (more than 1 in 4)
o Occurrence of overlying waterlogged seams which may be exhausted & goaved,
developed & standing on pillars, and/or under fire
o Fire proneness
o Presence of surface constraints etc.
Depending upon the intensity of the disturbances, the geologically disturbed areas can be
categorized under the following two broad heads:
o Mining areas with geological disturbances of moderate degree, and
147
o Mining areas with geological disturbances of higher degree.
14.4 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR MINING OF GEOLOGICALLY DISTURBED

AREAS AND DEEP SEATED COAL RESOURCES BY OPENCAST (OC) MINING
METHODS
Deep seated coal reserves are generally preferred to be mined by underground mining
methods. However, it has limited mineability by opencast mining methods depending upon:
o Depth of occurrence and stripping ratio,
o Degree of geological disturbances,
o Availability of land and surface mining rights,
o Techno-economic viability, etc.
In addition to the basic problems associated with the opencast mining, the deep opencast
mines may have additional operational problems like
o Slope stability due to presence of high horizontal and vertical stresses,
o Longer haul distance and haul road maintenance,
o Ventilation related problems,
o Water/ pumping problem: As deep OC mines will go well below the water-table, there
will be corresponding problems associated with ground water.
o Environmental & ecological problems,
o Physical / surface constraints, etc.
The prevailing mining technologies deployed in the mechanized OC mines are basically
various combination of Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM). Some of the popular
combinations of HEMM are as follows:
o Shovel dumper combination
o Shovel dumper/ dragline combination
o Loader dumper combination
o Dragline dozer combination
o Shovel dumper/in-pit crusher/ conveyor combination
o Shovel-dumper /surface miner/rock breaker-tipper combination
o Bucket wheel excavator/ conveyor combination (specially for lignite mining)
Alternative Technology for opencast mining can be the following combinations of HEMM:
o Shovel dumper/ dragline combination
o Surface loader dumper combination
with creeper dumper haulers
with high angle conveyors/inclined skips
o Shovel dumper/in-pit crusher/ conveyor combination
with creeper dumper haulers
with high angle conveyors/inclined skips
o Shovel-dumper /surface miner/rock breaker-tipper combination
o High wall mining
Shovel-dumper system is most flexible system. In-pit crushing-conveying system may be

combined with shovel-dumper. Highwall mining may find its applicability depending upon
the seam parameters and geo-mining conditions.
148
14.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR MINING OF GEOLOGICALLY DISTURBED
AREAS AND DEEP SEATED COAL RESOURCES BY UNDERGROUND (UG) MINING
METHODS
The deep seated coal reserves are preferably mined by underground mining methods.
Opencast Mining operations at such depth may become uneconomic/ impracticable due to
high stripping ratios and other influencing factors such as geological constraints,
physical/surface constraints, technological constraints and environmental considerations.
Selection of UG mining option will depend upon the various geo-mining as well as techno-
economic parameters such as depth of occurrence of the mineable seams, amount of
mineable coal reserves, seam thickness & its consistency, seam gradient, degree of
gassiness, presence of geological disturbances, nature of roof & floor, status of
overlying/underlying seams, mineable grade of coal & its selling price, etc. Evaluation of
the mining projects necessitates projecting cost and sales realization as accurately as
possible.
The mining technologies presently in vogue in the underground mines are as follows:
i) Conventional Bord & Pillar system
ii) Semi-mechanised Bord & Pillar system with Side Discharge Loaders (SDLs) /Load
Haul Dumpers (LHDs)/ Universal Drilling Machines (UDMs)
iii) Mechanised Bord & Pillar/Room & Pillar system with Continuous Miners (CMs)
iv) Mechanised Longwall (PSLW) mining system
v) Special methods (i.e. site specific methods) like Blasting Gallery (BG) method, Cable
bolting method, wide & stall method, steep mining methods, etc.
Alternative technologies for extraction of resources by underground mining in geologically

disturbed areas and deep seated coal resources will depend primarily on the intensity of
geological disturbances and depth of occurrence. The prevailing technologies will also find
their applicability in most cases with or without modifications. Some of the alternative
mining technologies can be:
1 B&P with SDL/LHD/UDM (Universal drilling Machine)
2 PSLW/ Longwall Mining
3 CM Technology - Wongawilli method
4 Shortwall Mining
5 Special Methods:
(a) Blasting Gallery (BG) method
(b) Cable bolting method
(c) High pressure water jet mining (Hydro-mining)
(d) Integrated sub-level caving
(e) Sub-level caving with High Pressure Air Breaking System
(f) Short longwall method for extraction of standing pillars
(g) Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC) technique
(h) Jankowice Method (for Steeply dipping seams)
6 Stowing technology in conjunction with mining:
(a) Stowing with sand or alternative stowing materials
(b) High Conc. Fly-ash stowing (Paste-fill) technology
7 Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) for coal/lignite deposits which are
conventionally not workable.
149
Additionally, some of the important issues related to adoption of alternative technology are:
1 Pre-consolidation of rock mass: Weak stratums/ rock masses/ coal seams are pre-
consolidated in-situ before their mining by injecting consolidating agents/ chemicals
through boreholes. It can be applied in geologically disturbed weak rock zones at
moderate depths. Efficacy of the system will mainly depend upon the accuracy of
drilling boreholes to the targeted areas and their spacing.
2 Hard roof management: As massive sandstone roof is prevalent in Indian coal sector,
thrust shall be given on hard roof management. Difficult caving conditions have been
encountered in a number of underground mines in the country resulting in problems of
air blast, overriding of pillars and there have been instances of failure of powered
support in longwall workings. The methods to be used to control the hard roof can be
by (i) stowing, (ii) induce caving, (iii) hydro-fracturing, (iv) slow acting expansion
cement/chemicals etc.
3 Dealing with underground mine fire: To prevent occurrence of out-break of fire in left
out coals, actions are needed to be taken to flush the caved goaves (like mud flushing
with some chemical) in addition to blanketing of goaf surface with 'mutti'/soil.
4 Improvement in mine environment: Mining of deep seated coal resources will

invariably be associated with stringent mine climatic conditions which will tend to
create unfavourable working conditions. These mines will need suitable ventilation
and air-conditioning system.
5 Man riding system: For mining deep seated coal resources under arduous mining
conditions, transportation of work persons to the working faces needs to be
implemented to gainfully utilize their work efficiencies. Man riding system needs to be
proposed for these mines.
6 Research schemes to evolve new mining technologies: Indian geo-mining

conditions for geologically disturbed and deep seated reserves may vary from those of
other countries, which will require necessary R&D initiative for evolving new site-
specific mining technologies.
14.6 TECHNOLOGY FOR UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION (UCG)

UCG is a process of converting the coal in-situ into a combustible gas and so create a
source of clean energy with minimal greenhouse gas emission. It offers a potential
economic means of extracting energy from deep-seated deposits, which are not amenable
to conventional physical extraction. It is more useful at greater depth without attendant
problems of strata control, fire and other environmental problems.
Globally, Majuba mine of Eskoms, South Africa plans to explore 106 million tonnes of
geologically disturbed coal reserves by UCG. Total energy expected to be produced from
this project is 350 GW. The UCG plant in Angren, Uzbekistan is in operation since 1955.
In India, a large amount of coal exists beyond present techno-economically viable mining
depth. Such coals have immense potential to yield energy through UCG. Besides, within
mineable depth also, there are many small isolated patches of coal occurrence, which are
150
presently not viable for mining and the same can be considered for UCG. Additionally,
there is a huge occurrence of lignite in India, which has not even brought into lignite
resource inventory, but otherwise known in course of oil and gas exploration in the country.
These lignite fields need proper exploration and may be taken up for UCG in addition to
known lignite deposits.
Visualizing the opportunity, CIL Board has signed a MoU with ONGC for pursuing UCG
under collaborative regime on 50:50 cost sharing. SCCL has also signed MoU with ONGC
to carry out investigations on UCG in three blocks. Similarly, NLC has also entered into a
MoU with ONGC for pursuing UCG in Gujarat. However, for substantial development of
UCG in the country, the private parties/ users need to be also encouraged. For
development of UCG identification of proper sites has to be undertaken by appropriate
studies of the coal/lignite deposits.
14.7 TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF COAL BED METHANE (CBM), COAL MINE
METHANE (CMM) AND ABANDONED MINE METHANE (AMM)
Extraction of Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
Coal Bed Method (CBM) is commercially being produced through wells, and collected over
ground by various surface installations. Being a low pressure gas, mostly CBM have to be
provided artificial lift to produce. As water is being drawn out from the formation, slowly
methane starts flowing out by the combined mechanism of desorption, diffusion and Darcy
flow, and brought to the surface normally through vertical wells.
Extraction Technology
There are two techniques to simulate CBM production:
1 Hydro-fracturing, and
2 In-seam horizontal drilling technique
Apart from above mentioned technologies, few more similar horizontal technology which
are used mostly in USA and Australia with slight variation and modifications can be
mentioned. These are:
o Dimaxion (Australia)
o Radial Horizontal Technology (Australia)
o Z-Pinnate technology (in West Virginia by CDX Gas).
Global scenario:
1 USA is leader of CBM production producing around 7.6 billion cubic meters (BCM) per
year.
2 China is targeting CBM recovery of 10 BCM per year by 2010.
3 Australia is likely to be the next producer of commercial quantities of CBM.
Almost all these technologies are originally developed for pre-mining gas drainage and can be
used from mine face to in-seam or surface to in-seam (SIS) application. These technologies
are typically useful for low permeability hard coal i.e. suitable for Indian coals of Gondwana
Basin.
151
CBM in India:
In India, amongst various coal dependent non-conventional energy resources, CBM is now
established as a fuel, because of fewer uncertainties involved in prediction of its presence and
availability of technology for its production. CBM resources are prognosticated to be 3381 BCM
extended over an area of 35326 sq. km.
Activities till date:

1. As per CBM policy (1997) guideline, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has
been made the administrative ministry, and to facilitate delineation of blocks for
development of CBM, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between MoC
and MoP&NG. CMPDI has been nominated as the Nodal Agency.
2. For the exploitation of CBM from the deep lying coal deposits (VCBM), 16 blocks have so
far been allotted to interested parties through two rounds of global bidding and additional
10 blocks are to be allotted in third bidding. A total of 50 core wells and 20 test/pilot wells
have been drilled so far and have yielded encouraging results. CBM gas is being flared in
at least 2 allotted blocks and operators are planning for commercial production from 2007.
3. ONGC is in advanced stage of implementation of a VCBM (Virgin CBM) Pilot Project in
Jharia Block.
Constraints for development of CBM in India:

• Inadequate data base: In X Plan, a project to create data base related to CBM has been
initiated. It is felt that this activity should continue in XI Plan also to facilitate delineation of
additional CBM blocks.
• Availability of infrastructure:
1. Limited availability of service providers in the country particularly for well drilling
creates dependency on the expensive Foreign Service providers.
2. Local players like MECL, CMPDI etc. needs to be encouraged to develop the
capability.
3. Local distribution network needs also to be developed as a prerequisite for
development of CBM prospects.
As such, there should be a national policy in place to connect the CBM blocks to national
pipeline grid, as is in practice in USA. This will facilitate the CBM producers to have a net-work
for marketing
Proposed strategy for development of CBM in India:

a) Generation of reservoir parameter by expeditious exploration
b) Addition new prospects in the vicinity of identified prospects by initiating exploration to
augment the resource base and to lower development cost
c) Ensuring utilization potential near the identified blocks
Extraction of Coal Mine Methane (CMM)

Global Scenario
US are leading in CMM production. As per EPA estimates US mines captured about 40 billion
cubic feet (Bcf) of CMM in 2001. Emission of methane from China’s coal mines is 8-10 Bcf
annually.
152
Status of CMM in India
As per the MoU signed between Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, the
coal producing companies will have the right of CBM exploitation in their working mines
including pre and post mining operations. Accordingly, steps were initiated by CMPDI on behalf
of CIL towards the development of CMM. The assessed coal resource amounts to 23.9 billion
tonnes without accounting for de-stressed coal, which could be available for CMM.
With a view to develop indigenous capacity in the field of CMM recovery, a GEF/UNDP aided
demonstration project was undertaken by GoI on CBM recovery & utilization at 2 mines of
BCCL.
Extraction Technology
o Methane is recovered ahead of mining from the coal seams planned for mining by drilling
surface boreholes.
o Wells from surface ahead of mining through deep inseam drilling in coal and in strata
above and below.
Indian coal Bed Methane Clearinghouse:

The objective of the clearinghouse would be to act as a technical and policy consultant to the
industry and to the other stakeholders in recovery of CMM/CBM and to give impetus to
production and utilization of CBM/CMM in India. It will also be helpful in creating network for
information exchange and project development and connect potential developers with these
contracts. A proposal for establishment of Coalbed Methane clearinghouse in association with
US EPA is under consideration of Govt. of India.
Extraction of Abandoned Mine Methane (AMM)

Status of AMM in India
Systematic assessment of AMM resources is yet to be done. Possibility of sizeable resource of
AMM generally exists in abandoned UG mines, which has history of high gas emission and
where sand stowing has not been practiced earlier. Occurrence of such un-stowed UG mines
having large spatial extent is limited in number.
Extraction Technology for AMM

Methane can be extracted from rock strata and pores in the coal and surrounding rock at the
mine by drilling boreholes in the roof/floor strata of the working seams and from the gob areas.
Issues to be addressed for CMM /AMM development

o Delineation of viable blocks
o Capacity build up for resource modeling
o Legal/ safety framework to be developed
o Guidelines for ownership of the recovered gas/ carbon credit.
o Setting up of infrastructure for transportation/utilization of recovered methane.
o Working out the economics of CMM/ AMM exploitation.
Apart from the above, a model project is required to be developed with well defined functional
areas for each of the stake holders, i.e. the coal producing company, company which is
153
assigned the role of recovery of methane, mine safety authorities and also to develop a
mechanism where the administrative, legal and fiscal regime is well-defined for simultaneous
coal mining and methane recovery.
14.8 ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGY FOR COAL TRANSPORTATION

During the year 2004-05, about 371 Mt of coal has been transported to various consumers in
the country, which includes around 55% by rail, 19% by road, 23% by Merry-Go-Round (MGR),
2% by belt conveyor and 1% by ropeways. During 2004-05 in comparison to 2001-02, transport
by rail increased by 22.72% whereas by road increased by 115.14%. The growth share of other
modes of transport was Merry-Go-Round (MGR) by 30.24%, by belt conveyors by (-) 5.64%
and ropeways by (-) 7.14%.
Indian coal industry is currently aiming to increase coal production by more than 50% by the
terminal year of XI Plan period (refer Chapter-5). Transportation of such large volume is itself a
gigantic task as bulk of coal has to be transported to power utility and other user industries. For
transportation of such large volume of coal, the transport arrangements are suggested below:
Rail Transport : In view of large volume coal to be transported for various consumers in the
coming years, in the country, the following may be suggested to improve/increase the coal
transportation capacities by rail:
i) Railways shall have to consider increasing payload of wagons and/ or the train size to have
fast turn around cycle through dedicated railway corridor. Such network has to be
constructed on BOO base by a consortium by user Industries utilizing freight corridor. The
existing rake payload capacity can be increased by using electric ABB locos or diesel GM
locos and cycle time can be reduced by using modern wagons for freight.
ii) Augmentation of line capacities in congested routes such as Main Line beyond
Mughalsarai, Main Line beyond Chakradharpur and East Coast Line beyond Cuttack.
iii) The existing wagons can be replaced by aluminum wagons. The pay load capacity of the
wagons can be increased from the present 58.8 tonnes to 63 tonnes. The freight movement
can be increased by 7% without increasing the capacity of locos or strengthening the rail
lines.
iv) Dedicated rail lines comprising of special north-south corridor and east-west corridor for
freight transport may have to be considered by railways as a long term measures. This
could be built on public-private partnership basis.
Pit head power stations for reducing long haulage of coal: The coal instead of getting
transported to long distances is transported to nearby power plants by Merry-Go-Round (MGR)
systems. These systems basically operate between the coal project and the pit head power
plants owned by the power generating companies. This is a very dependable system of
transport. These systems can be utilized in a big way for transporting coal to power plants
which can be located near the coal projects. Wherever feasible the MGR system should be
linked with the national railway system for gainful utilization of available infrastructure.
Coal Slurry Pipeline Transportation: As an alternative economic means of transportation of

coal, the option of coal slurry pipeline technology, as in vogue in USA (the Black Mesa
Pipeline) for the transportation of coal requires to be perused for successful application of this
technology in India through specific action plan. This area may be offered for the potential
investors and private sectors.
154
Transportation via Sea Route/ Inland Water Ways: Transportation via sea route and water
ways is the most economic means of transport. The following possibilities can be explored for
easing the pressure on the Indian Railways.
1. Use of National Waterways for transportation of coal in the country: It needs to be explored
whether available waterways like Haldia-Allahabad Waterway No.1, Sadiya-Dhubai
Waterway No. 2, Kollam-Kottapuram Waterway No.3 etc. could be put in use for coal
transportation.
2. Explore the potential for coal transport using sea route: Presently, coal from Talcher
Coalfield is being transported to the southern region TPS (Thermal Power Stations) from
Paradweep port through coastal shipment. This needs further augmentation to reduce
transport by rail. Following measures need to be taken at ports which are amicable for
coastal shipment:
• Provision for cargo berths
• Development of storage facilities
• Installation of handling equipment.
Road Transport: It constitutes a very important link in transporting low to medium volumes of
coal for short lead distances. With massive investments being made on the development of
National Highways, this mode of transport will continue to grow in coming future. Highway coal
haulers having the high payload capacity can be deployed in dedicated road routes.
14.9 THRUST AREAS FOR MINING TECHNOLOGY

Technological development to fulfil rapid growth objective
Meeting the coal demand poses a formidable challenge in increasing the coal production.
Rapid growth is an essential part of the strategy. This will need
o Introduction of mass production technologies (like continuous miner technology,
mechanized longwall technology, etc.) in mass scale;
o Introduction of new technologies like high pressure water jet mining technology, high
pressure air breaking technology, paste-fill technology for high concentration fly-ash
stowing, mining technology with pre-consolidation of rock mass, etc.;
o Technological development for working geologically disturbed and deep-seated resources
by underground/opencast methods;
o Thrust on strata control and hard roof management techniques;
o Introduction of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) for unapproachable/ economically
non-viable underground mining projects;
o Production of CBM/CMM/AMM by degasification of the gassy seams;
o Introduction of surface miners, coal loaders and highwall miners in opencast mines;
o Systematic dealing with coalmine fires to release underlying coal reserves;
o Introduction of appropriate coal transportation system to handle the produced coal / gas;
o Indigenous development of spare parts.
Government concerns
Areas requiring special thrust from Government are -
o Foreign direct investors may be allowed to participate in our industrial growth, which will
provide a valuable method of injecting resources into the economy, upgrading our
technological standards and building international partnerships.
155
o Suitable policy measures to facilitate private sector participation in coal mining through
Joint Venture
o Ensure flexibility in some of the labour laws to facilitate labour intensive industries
operating at relatively lower skill levels;
o Relaxation in laws for promoting out-sourcing and necessary amendments in Contract
Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act;
o Improvement in Railway, Road and Port infrastructure to augment coal off-take from
various coalfields, including augmentation of railway line capacities in congested routes,
Presently, under Indo-US Coal Working Group, one of the identified areas for cooperation is the
extraction of steep Seams particularly for North-Eastern Coalfields.
*****
156
CHAPTER-15
BENCHMARKING AND PRODUCTIVITY
15.1 INTRODUCTION
As per the terms of reference, this chapter covers the topics – establishment of benchamarks
for different mining operations/ equipments comparable with international standards and
measures for their achievement.
15.2 BENCHMARKING OF MINING OPERATIONS

Benchmarking is used for providing comparative framework for improving the performance of
individual companies. It is a process of searching for, measuring and implementing better
practices, through comparisons with other organizations (or with different parts of a single
organization). It provides the reference point for assessment of the performance of unit
operations with relation to geo-mining parameters.
No two mines are identical, so as the mining operations. It is rather difficult to standardize the
mining operation due to the varied operational parameters such as geo-mining, techno-
economical, administrative, operational and socio-political parameters. Thus, benchmarking of
mining operation will have to be based on certain specific / generalized conditions or
parameters.
The major areas, where benchmarking can be used as a tool for improving operational
efficiency of the coal mining companies, are:
a. Man productivity, and
b. Machine Productivity.
Benchmarking based on these parameters/ factors can be effectively used in the mining
industry for its improvement. In past also, adequate thrust had been put on these parameters
and the coal companies have registered gradual improvement.
Benchmarking has a number of limitations, some of which are particularly relevant for the
mining industry. Key requirement for fair benchmarking is to have comparison on like to like
basis. Such comparisons are difficult to make when there are number of variables influencing
the performance. Hence the initial benchmarking results require significant adjustment or
qualification. In absence of data base of comparable companies in the coal sector, worldwide,
such adjustment or qualification is also not very realistic.
Benchmarking is based on following broad considerations:
o Standard mining conditions;

o Best possible mechanization in all spheres of mining activities; and
o As the geo-mining and socio-political conditions are quite different in Indian context,
such benchmarking is established based on the performances within the country.
o Productivity achieved globally is considered for references.
15.3 PRODUCTIVITY BENCHMARKS FOR UNDERGROUND MINING

Productivity of underground mines varies with the technology adopted for coal extraction, level
of mechanization of mining subsystem, geo-mining conditions of the mine etc. Man productivity
improves with mechanization. The type of mechanization adopted depends upon the prevailing
157
geo-mining condition of the mine. It is not possible to mechanize all the underground mines as
in some of these mines geo-mining conditions may not favour mechanization.
INDIAN SCENARIO:
The company-wise technology-wise machine productivity per day per machine (on annual
working basis) and man productivity achieved are shown in the table below:
Sl. Type of machine/ mining system Machine productivity achieved Man productivity
No. tpd/Mc Mty achieved (t)
SDL(Side Discharge Loader)/LHD (Load Haul Dumper)
1. SDL (Bucket capacity 1 m3)
a) CIL (2003-04) 84 - 1.68 (max.)/0.21 (min.)
b) SCCL (2003-04) 100 - 1.96 (max.)/0.92 (min.)
2. LHD (Bucket capacity 1.5 m3)
a) CIL (2003-04) 135 - 2.20 (max.)/0.67 (min.)
b) SCCL (2003-04) 143 - 1.31 (max.)/0.94 (min.)
PSLW (Powered Support Longwall) + SDL
3. PSLW system
a) CIL (2003-04) 1020 (avr.) - 2.10 (max.)/ 1.26 (min.)
b) SCCL (2005-06) 680 (avr.) - 6.71
CM (Continuous Miner)
4. CM (JOY 12CM 15 or equ.) 1491 (max.)/ - 5.36 (max.)/ 1.81 (min.)
a) CIL (2003-04) 680 (min.)
BG (Blasting Gallery)
5. BG with 5 LHDs (Bucket capacity 2.7 m3)
a) SCCL (2005-06) - 0.175 (avr.) 4.45 (max.)/ 2.58 (avr.)
NOTE: ‘Max.’ stands for ‘Maximum’, ‘min.’ for ‘Minimum’ and ‘avr.’ for ‘Average’.
The overall productivity in terms of Output per Manshift (OMS) envisaged for XI Plan (2007-12)
for CIL is 5.54 tonnes (OCP-13.18 tonnes; UG-0.94 tonnes) and in SCCL 2.67 tonnes (OCP-
8.4 tones; UG- 1.14 tones).
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO:
Amongst UG mining methods, PSLW technology contributes some 50% of the global
production and some 75% of total UG production worldwide. It is the most popular technology
in leading coal producing countries all over the world (e.g. Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Russia,
Germany, Poland - 100%, UK - 97%, China - 95%, Australia - 72%, USA - 45% & Canada -
43% of UG production obtained by longwall technology (1996)). On the other hand, highly
mechanized room and pillar CM mining accounts for 92% in South African, 45% in USA and
15% in Australian UG production.
The productivity performance of different technologies achieved during last decade in some of
the countries of the world is presented in the table below:
Sl. Type of machine/ mining Machine productivity achieved Man productivity achieved (t)
No. system tpd/Mc Mty/set
1. SDL - - -
2. LHD - - -
3. PSLW (Powered Support Longwall) + Road Headers/ Continuous miners
a) USA - 10.1 (max.)/ 3.4 (avr.) (2005) 81 (max.) (2004)
b) Australia - 6.6 (max.)/ 2.6 (avr.) (2005) -
c) China - 10.6 (max.) (2005) 142 (max.) (2002)
158
4. CM (Continuous Miner)
a) USA - 1.32 (max.)/ 0.84 (avr.) (2005) 56 (max.)/ 22 (avr.) (2004)
b) South Africa - 1.44 (max.)/ 0.78 (min.) (2005) -
c) Australia - 0.72 (max.)/ 0.48 (avr.) (2005) -
d) China - 2.40 (max.)/ 0.36 (avr.) (2005) -
5. BG (Blasting Gallery) - - -
MACHINE & MAN PRODUCTIVITY BENCHMARKS:

Based on the experience in Indian mines and also considering the international benchmarks,
the national benchmarks of the different mining system under standard geo-mining conditions
can be as follows:
Sl. Machine productivity benchmark Man productivity

Type of machine/ mining system
No. tpd/Mc Mty benchmark (t)
1. SDL (Bucket capacity 1 m3) 120 0.036 1.30
2. 3
LHD (Bucket capacity 1.5 m ) 150 0.045 1.50
3. SDL (1 m3 bucket) + UDM 135 0.040 1.60
4. LHD (1.5 m3 bucket) + UDM 170 0.050 2.00
PSLW (Powered Support Longwall)
5. PSLW system with 2 RHs 4800* 1.200 5.00
6. CM (JOY 12CM 15 or equ.) 1650 0.500 5.00
7. CM in longwall development 825 0.250 5.00
8. BG with 5 LHDs (Bucket capacity 2.7 m3) 825 0.250 4.00
* Considering 10 months operation and 2 months equipment salvaging/ shifting period in a year.
Technology-wise standard geo-mining conditions considered are tabulated below:
Sl. Standard geo-mining UG mining technologies considered for benchmarking

No. conditions SDL/LHD PSLW CM BG
1. Height of working section (m) 3.0 3.0 3.0 8.0
2. Gallery width (m) 4.2 4.8 6.0 4.8
3. Pillar size (m x m) 30 x 30 - 30 x 30 30 x 30
4. Panel length (m) - 1500 - -
5. Panel width/ Face length (m) - 150 - -
6. Seam gradient (1 in …..) 6(SDL)/8(LHD) 6 8 8
7. Depth of cut (m) - 0.8 - -
8. Min. Cutting speed (m/min) - 6.0 - -
9. Mechanization Semi-mechanized Fully mechanized Fully mechanized Semi-mechanized
10. Support Roof bolts (cement/ Powered support, Roof bolts (resin Horz. beams on
resin capsules) Roof bolts (resin) capsules) hydraulic props
11. Gassiness No limit No limit No limit Deg. I (CH4 emission
≤0.6 m3/t)
11. Roof & Floor conditions Favourable
12. Mine environment Within comfort limits
159
Deviation from the standard geo-mining condition will influence the aforesaid benchmarks and
accordingly benchmarks will have to be re-estimated with various correction factors like:
Sl. Basic Parameters Standard Correction factor to be considered for variance in standard condition
No. Condition
1. Height of Extraction 3.0m 2.1-3.0m: 0.9; 1.8-2.1m: 0.85; < 1.8m: 0.7 (in case of Low height SDL/LHD)
2. Gradient 1 in 6 (SDL) Steeper than 1 in 6: 0.8 (i.e. upto 1 in 4 – for dip and upto 1 in 5 – for strike)
1 in 8 (LHD) Steeper than 1 in 8: 0.8 (i.e. upto 1 in 6 – for dip and upto 1 in 7 – for strike)
PSLW (Powered Support Longwall)
1. Length of LW Face 150 m > 250m: 1.7; 200-250m: 1.5; 150-200m: 1.3; 100-150m: 0.8; < 100m: 0.7
2. Length of LW Panel 1500 m 1000-1500m: 0.9; < 1000m: 0.7
3. Height of Extraction 3.0m 2.5-3.0m: 0.9; 2.0-2.5m: 0.8; 1.5-2.0m: 0.7; < 1.5m: 0.5
4. Gradient 1 in 6 Steeper than 1 in 6: 0.9; Steeper than 1 in 4: 0.7
1. Height of Extraction 3.0m 2.5-3.0m: 0.8; 2.0-2.5m: 0.7; < 2.0m: 0.6 (in case of Low Capacity CMs)
2. Gradient 1 in 8 Steeper than 1 in 8: 0.8 (i.e. upto 1 in 6 – for dip and upto 1 in 7 – for strike)
1. Height of Extraction 8.0m 8.0-11.0m: 1.1; 11.0-15.0m: 1.25
2. Gradient 1 in 8 (LHD) Steeper than 1 in 8: 0.8 (i.e. upto 1 in 6 – for dip and upto 1 in 7 – for strike)
NOTE: If more than one condition exist all the factors will apply. With the ageing of equipment/machine, benchmark figures will decrease.
Benchmarks for stowing mines will be the same as those of caving mines provided the rate of
extraction of coal matches with the rate of stowing. Otherwise, new benchmarks need to be
established on the basis of stowing capacity of the mine(s).
While planning new underground mining projects, the benchmarks need to be established
afresh and the project performances should be compared with the same for their operational
efficiencies as the same are site-specific.
15.4 PRODUCTIVITY BENCHMARKS FOR OPENCAST MINING
Unlike underground mines, output per manshift (OMS) as a measure of man productivity has
little significance, as highly mechanized OC mines profitability is largely influenced by the
performance of capital intensive, heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM). OMS in OC mines
are largely influenced by geo-mining conditions and should not be used as a comparative index
of performance, since the focus of planning and subsequent implementation of OC coal mining
projects is to offer least cost solutions, rather than high OMS solutions which may not be cost
effective beyond a certain limit.
INDIAN SCENARIO:
Performance of 10 cu. m shovels (both coal & OB) and draglines (OB) in SCCL mines during X
Plan period is as given below.
Sl. Type of Production performance of OC mines
Parameters
No. Excavators 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
1. Shovel No. of excavators 22 22 22 22
(10 cu. m)
Max. production of coal & OB (Mm3/year/Excr.) 1.99 2.20 2.31 2.54
Min. production of coal & OB (Mm3/year/Excr.) 0.63 0.89 1.19 0.72
Average production of coal & OB(Mm3/year/Excr.) 1.48 1.63 1.72 1.73
2. Dragline No. of excavators 1 1 1 1
(24/96) Average production of coal & OB(Mm3/year/Excr.) 4.16 3.11 3.30 3.16
3. Dragline No. of excavators 1 1 1 1
(30/88) Average production of coal & OB(Mm3/year/Excv.) 4.23 4.21 4.12 4.75
160
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO:
Equipment-wise global production performance of various excavators are not available.
However, data available for the equipment/HEMM manufacturers are as follows:
1. Productivity of Excavator (6 cu. m capacity) (Caterpillar make): 350 m3/hr (i.e. 2.52
Mm3/annum) (with 7200 hrs of running per year)
2. Productivity of Excavator (14 cu. m capacity) (KPC, Indonesia make): 800 m3/hr (i.e. 5.76
Mm3/annum) (with 7200 hrs of running per year)
MACHINE PRODUCTIVITY BENCHMARKS:

Based on the experience in Indian mines and the recommendations of the Committee of MoC,
the national benchmarks of the commonly used shovels-dumper and draglines under standard
geo-mining conditions (considering 330 working days) are as follows:
Benchmark Productivity
Sl.
Particulars (Mm3 per Excavator per annum)
No.
OB Coal
A. Shovels:
1. 20 cu. m Electric rope shovel with 170 T rear dumpers 4.09 -
5. 5.cu.m. Electric rope shovel with 35 T rear dumpers 0.95 -
6. 4.5 cu. m Hydraulic excavator with 50 T rear dumpers 1.11 1.19
7. 3.8-4.2 cu. m Hydraulic excavator with 35 T rear dumpers 0.95 1.04
8. 2.8-3.2 cu. m Hydraulic excavator with 35T rear dumpers 0.72 0.76
B. Draglines:
1 10/70 Dragline 1.18 -
2. 20/90 Dragline 2.83 -
3. 24/96 Dragline 3.45 -
4. 30/88 Dragline 4.38 -
Standard geo-mining conditions for Excavators can be considered as:

1. Standard OC bench height & width - which varies with the configuration of the equipment
(particularly for shovels);
2. Optimum drilling & blasting with proper fragmentation of rock material;
3. Matching combination of excavators with transport equipments (particularly for shovels);
4. Appropriate gradient of the working bench and haul road (particularly for shovels), etc.
Deviation from the standard geo-mining condition will influence the aforesaid benchmarks. With
the ageing & poor maintenance of equipment/machine, benchmark figures will decrease.
While planning new opencast mining projects, the benchmarks need to be established afresh
and the project performances should be compared with the same for their operational
efficiencies as the same are site-specific.
15.5 GENERAL COMMENTS

Effort has been made to establish benchmarks for both underground and opencast mining
operations/ equipments in generalized mining conditions. It is suggested that initiative
regarding conducting a comparative study on international benchamarking standards may be
taken up during the XI Plan period.
15.6 THRUST AREAS FOR BENCHMARKING AND PRODUCTIVITY
161
Benchmarking of mining operations/ equipments
Except some operational norms, as such there is no benchmark in the country for different
mining operations/equipments to be comparable with the international standards. That is why it
has been felt to establish benchmarks for different mining operations/ equipments in Indian geo-
mining conditions.
*****
162
CHAPTER -16
PROJECT FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
16.1 INTRODUCTION
As per the terms of reference, this chapter covers the topics – measures for improved
formulation and implementation of projects.
16.2 STATUS OF SANCTIONED PROJECTS - MINING & NON-MINING
Since nationalisation (1973) of the coal/lignite sector till March 2006, 639 mining projects and
308 non-mining projects were sanctioned and 571 mining projects and 300 non-mining projects
were implemented/ are being implemented in public coal mining sector. In case of private coal
companies, comprehensive data for all companies were not available.
In Coal India Limited (CIL), a total of 508 mining projects and 228 non-mining projects (costing
Rs. 2 crores and above) has been sanctioned till March 2006 since nationalization of coal
mines in 1973. These figures for the Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) are 116
mining projects and 27 non-mining projects respectively, out of which 19 mining projects were
exhausted and closed. The corresponding mining and non-mining projects of Neyveli Lignite
Corporation (NLC) are 7 and 6 respectively and of SAIL-ISP (the then IISCO) are 8 and 3
respectively.
16.3 MINING PROJECTS
Out of a total of 508 sanctioned mining projects of CIL each costing Rs. 2 crores and above,
324 projects stand completed (including projects where coal reserves have been exhausted).
Out of remaining 184 projects, 79 projects are on schedule, 37 projects delayed and 68
projects dropped. The delayed projects represent 7.3% of the total sanctioned projects. In
Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), out of total 116 mining projects, 76 have been
completed, 25 are on schedule and 15 are delayed. For NLC, out of total 7 mining projects, 5
have been completed and 2 are on schedule. The company-wise details are given in Table-1 &
Table-2.
Table-1: Company-wise Sanctioned Mining Projects (since nationalization (1973) till March
2006)
Company Number of Mining Projects (since nationalisation) Costing Total No. of

Rs. 100 Cr. & above Between Rs. 20 to 100 Cr. Rs. 20 Cr. & below projects #
CIL 36 162 310 508
SCCL 8 47 61 116
NLC 7 - - 7
SAIL-ISP 2 5 1 8
Total 53 214 372 639
# Inclusive of projects where coal reserves have been exhausted.
Table-2: Company-wise status of the coal mining projects since 1973 till March 2006
Coal Project Capital Project Project On-going Projects
Company Sanctioned (Rs. Cr.) Completed dropped Total On Schedule Delayed
CIL 508 27489.69 324 68 116 79 37
SCCL 116 4932.28 76 - 40 25 15
NLC 7 6797.49 5 - 2 2 -
163
SAIL-ISP 8 623.14 1 - 7 4 3
Total 639 39842.60 406 68 165 110 55
16.4 NON-MINING PROJECTS
The non-mining projects include captive power plants, sand gathering and transport schemes,
workshops, water supply schemes, fire-control schemes for washeries etc., which are not been
considered in Project Reports.
Out of a total of 272 non-mining projects in CIL, 187 projects have been completed. As many
as 51 projects are delayed against only 26 which are on schedule (8 projects being dropped).
Similarly, in case of SCCL, out of 27 non-mining projects, 9 are completed and 18 are on
schedule. No project is delayed so far. Out of 6 non-mining projects, NLC has 4 completed
projects and 2 on-going projects, which are on schedule. In Case of SAIL-ISP, out of 3 non-
mining projects, 1 is completed and 2 are on schedule. The company-wise details are shown in
Table-3 & Table-4.
Table-3: Company-wise Sanctioned Non-mining Projects (since nationalization (1973) till

Mar.’06)
Company Number of Non-Mining Projects (since nationalisation) Costing Total Sanctioned Cost
Rs. 100 Crores & Between Rs. 20 to Rs. 20 Crores & number of (Rs. Crores)
above 100 Crores below projects
3222.51
CIL 3 24 245 272
+ £0.146 million
SCCL - 4 23 27 345.20
NLC 6 - - 6 6972.96
SAIL-ISP - 1 2 3 44.02
10584.69
Total 9 29 270 308
+ £0.146 million
Table 4: Status of Non-Mining Projects (Company-wise) (till March 2006)

Coal Project Capital Outlay Project Project on Project % of Delayed
Company Sanctioned (Rs. Crores) Completed Schedule Delayed to Sanctioned
Projects
3222.51
CIL 272*
+ £0.146 million
187 26 51 18.75%
SCCL 27 345.20 9 18 - 0.00%
NLC 6 6972.96 4 2 - 0.00%
SAIL-ISP 3 44.02 1 2 - 0.00%
10584.69
Total 308*
+ £0.146 million
201 48 51 16.56%
* 8 sanctioned projects have been withdrawn/ dropped.
16.5 PROJECTS MONITORING AT GOVERNMENT LEVEL

On-going projects each costing Rs. 100 crores & above are being monitored at the
Government level. As on March 2006, there are 13 such projects (mining / non-mining) under
implementation in CIL and NLC. No project of SCCL & SAIL-ISP is being monitored at present
(March 2006).
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16.6 STATUS OF PROJECT FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Formulation and implementation of projects suffered due to various reasons like adverse geo-
mining conditions, in-adequate geological studies, improper contract management, land
acquisition problems, equipment maintenance problems, etc. As a result of these, a number of
projects were to be foreclosed even after incurring the allotted capital and the projects could
attain 20% to 30% of the rated capacity. In view of this, a number of measures were taken for
improving the formulation and implementation of the projects, which are as follows:
I. PROJECT FORMULATION
i) Linkage Status – Once the demand-supply analysis justifies the need of a project, a firm
consumer linkage should be established. The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with
major consumers should be signed in advance.
ii) Exploration status – In addition to conventional exploration of the deposits by drilling

boreholes, deposit characteristics should also be assessed by modern geo-physical and geo-
statistical surveying/analysis. Sophisticated geological and geophysical exploration techniques
including in-seam seismic survey should be adopted for advance forecasting of geo-mining
conditions and detection of structural discontinuities/ disturbances (faults, dykes, sills, pinch &
swell structures, folds, shear zones etc) in deposits especially for adoption of mechanized
mining technology.
iii) Borehole density – Uniform drill spacing of 400m suggested in Indian Standard Practices
(ISP), 1957 does not take into account the factor of geological complexity. Borehole (BH)
density needs to be increased from the present level of 7 BHs/sq. km to:
o A minimum of 15 for opencast mining with proving of structures; and
o A minimum of 20 for underground mining with PSLW equipment.
The aforesaid borehole density should be considered seam-wise (in case of multi-seam
deposits) in the in-crop area and beyond in-crop area as a better index of adequacy of
exploration in comparison to overall borehole density.
The complex and heterogeneous deposits need to be explored through geophysical surveys/
borehole geophysics. Statistical analysis of borehole data (thickness, grade etc. in terms of
mean, standard deviation, range, coefficient of variation, standard error of estimation for
ascertaining proved reserves at 95% confidence level) and other geostatistical tools (such as
Variograms) may be introduced to assist in deciding the level of exploration needed in defining
proved and indicated reserves in terms of quantity and quality.
iv) Assessment and categorization of coal resources –

o Aggregate in-place coal reserves of all categories (proved, indicated and inferred) in the
country include the in-place reserves that have been depleted in past. Precise estimate of
balance recoverable coal reserves in the country needs to be carried out to determine
remaining life of the recoverable reserves.
o Geological information in a block could be obtained through geophysical surveys (electric,
magnetic and seismic).
o Seam thickness-wise, technology-wise and depth-wise estimate of mineable/recoverable
reserves/OB volumes must be presented in the Project Reports (PRs) of coal projects.
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o 100% of boreholes intersections for various seams need to be tested for coal quality as the
grade of coal in a coal seam is highly heterogeneous.
o Geotechnical investigations, tests, studies on rock mechanical properties and washability
studies are to be discussed adequately in the project reports.
o Area of the mine-take, over which coal reserves are planned to be extracted, sometimes
differs from that of geological block. Justification for planning for developing mine-take
boundaries different from geological block boundaries needs to be addressed in the PR.
o Relative techno-economics of the cost of relocation of certain surface features and the
value of reserves sterilized (rendered unmineable) if these are not relocated should be
worked out in PR.
o Precise amounts of reserves (not mineable due to presence of surface constraints) need to
be indicated in the PR along with the strategies to be adopted and costs involved for
implementing such strategies to reduce the loss of such reserves. In the absence of any
surface constraints it should be imperative to indicate how and when the balance reserves
would be extracted, if at all in future and at what cost.
o As coal and lignite reserves are capital assets of wasting nature, annual audit of reserves
should be made a standard practice in the coal mines of the country (similar to that in
Canadian mines) taking into account recoverable reserves depleted during the year,
reserves added through exploration/mine development during the year and reserve
changes if any through recalculation in the light of additional geological data becoming
available.
v) Advance Action Proposals (AAP) – Formulation and implementation of AAP is a

prerequisite for final sanction of the Project Report (PR). Availability of land for at least 10 years
of operation is to be ensured before sanction of PR. The limit of Rs.20 crores at the ministerial
level needs to be enhanced due to NPV cost of land imposed by the Ministry of Environment &
Forestry (MoEF). For better formulation and implementation of AAPs in coal sector projects,
following points need to be covered in the project reports:
o Activity-wise expenditures incurred year-wise on AAP and their status of
implementation.
o Reasons for delay and part implementation of the AAPs.
vi) Suitable method of work – Suitability of technology for working the project is to be
considered in depth along with degasification to ease out ventilation problems in the highly
gassy mines. Highwall mining should be a part of opencast mining project to improve upon
recovery of reserves.
vii) Coal Beneficiation: Coal beneficiation process research and development needs to be
institutionalized. It would be necessary because majority of reserves are non-coking coal.
When non-coking coal is being used in power generation, the emission of SO2 and NO2
increases. Low volatile high rank coal also needs to be beneficiated to add more value to the
ROM coal, which in turn would reduce the import of such coal.
Further, there is a need for bench scale/ pilot plant scale testing for washability studies on bulk
samples (instead of sink and float tests only on a few borehole core samples) from various coal
seams, where feasible, for finalization of process flow sheets of washery projects;
viii) Transport net-work: While the growth of coal & lignite sectors is anticipated, the
transportation net-work needs to be addressed while formulating the mining projects.
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ix) Coal pricing index: Pricing of coal product should be based on Gross Calorific Value Model
as ultimate target. For an interim period Useful Heat Value based pricing can be adopted.
x) Economic viability – The financial parameters should be given due consideration in the
changed economic scenario. The guidelines issued by Ministry of Coal and CIL should form the
basis for economic appraisal of the project. The availability of resources and funds for timely
execution of the project should also be taken care of.
For improved project formulation, the mining project should explicitly spell out various
assumptions made in estimation of capital and operating expenditure, like
• Prices of various inputs (like water, power, POL, explosives, other stores and spares etc.)
adopted for estimating the operating costs together with specific consumption norms for
these inputs;
• Exchange rate adopted for estimating FE (foreign exchange) component of the project, if
any;
• Item-wise year-wise details of revenue expenditure capitalized net of revenue from sale of
incidental coal production prior to capitalization of the mine;
• Definition of construction and capacity built up periods;
• Basis of opting for a particular timeframe for mine capitalization;
• Basis for calculating the financial cost/IDC (interest during construction) in terms of debt
equity ratio assumed for implementing the project, interest rate and tenure of loans
assumed in financing the initial capital cost of the green-field projects and in estimating the
project viability, especially in case of RCE proposals; and
• In case of capacity expansion/ modernization and technical upgradation projects
incremental viability analysis by preparing with and without project cash flows undertaken.
xi) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as an indicator for economic viability of the project needs to
be estimated for alternatives - (i) mining by departmental means and (ii) mining by out-
sourcing. Both the alternatives should be analysed at the level of 12% IRR at 85% capacity
utilization and economic viability may be established. Economically unviable projects can be
taken up only in case of firmed up long term linkage on cost plus basis. Additionally, following
points need to be considered to make the coal company capable of taking major financial
decisions:
(i) Coal mining to be declared as infrastructure sector and all benefits given to
infrastructure sector should also be given at par to coal mining.
(ii) Coal projects approval power equal to Mini Nav Ratan/ Nav Ratan i.e. up to Rs. 500
crores if implemented with internal resources only.
(iii) Power to coal company Board for entering into JV (Joint Venture) or PPP (Public
Private Partnership) or with another PSU company or private company.
As per PIB guidelines, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for any new project is calculated on pre-
taxation basis. IRR on post-taxation basis should also be calculated for new project during its
formulation. Additionally, modern financial engineering techniques should be used for financial
viability analysis. The terminologies like Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) and financial/
operational leveraging should also be evaluated for the proposed mining projects.
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xii) Capitalization of coal mining projects - Optimum mine design should place emphasis on
mine development to be completed at the earliest with positive REC (revenue expenditure
capitalized).
xiii) Assistance required in exploration for improved project formulation: After demarcation of
‘Yes’ and ‘No’ areas for mining by the Forest Department, boreholes can be drilled. Present
regulation of 10 boreholes per 100 sq. km related to drilling in forest area is very much
inadequate for any meaningful assessment of coal resources on regional scale itself. It will
require at least one borehole per square km. for regional exploration.
II. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

For effective project implementation, the State and Central Governments should act
systematically to reduce the delays arising out of Forestry clearance, EMP clearance,
acquisition of land, and implementation of R&R policies. Following are the some of the
measures suggested to improve implementation of projects in coal industry.
1. Forestry Clearance:
Practically all coal deposits in India are at least partially under forest land and no Project can be
cleared unless clearance is obtained for diversion of forest land for mining purposes. Following
are the suggestions for cutting down delay in forestry clearance:
i) Scrutiny of Proposals
The entire process has to be made simpler and more expeditious by –
(a) Cutting down the number of tables through which the proposals have to pass.
(b) Specifying a time frame within which each office to which the proposal goes has to
dispose it off either in the negative or in the affirmative. It should also be specified that
in case the concerned office does not honour this time schedule, it would be presumed
that this office has cleared the proposal.
(c) It should also be mandated that before the case is turned down, the Applicant must be
given an opportunity to rectify the defect/deficiency in his proposal.
(d) Whenever deliberations of a Committee are involved, it should be specified that the
Committee would meet once every month irrespective of the number of proposals to
be examined.
ii) Landscape Planning: Immediate steps should be taken for Landscape Planning all over the
country - on top priority for important Coal bearing States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh &
Orissa. Based on this planning, priorities should be fixed as to the order in which areas may be
diverted for mining. This would enable the Project proponents to select areas where diversion
of forest land for mining would be easier and the Project construction would not get held up for
delay in forestry clearance.
iii) Land for compensatory afforestation: The State Governments should be directed to
identify land which is available for compensatory afforestation and for forming the Land Bank
consisting of this land. The land required for compensatory afforestation should be made
available from this bank against payment to be made by project proponents.
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iv) MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forest) should declare workable and non-workable
forest areas for coal mining.
v) Delay in processing of forest land proposals - As per Forest Conservation Rules, 2004, a
Maximum of 300 days (210 days for State Govt. and 90 days for MoEF) is prescribed for
processing and approval of forest applications. But in most of the cases, the time period is not
adhered to. Time frame so fixed should be adhered to for forest clearance by MoEF and State
Govt.
vi) Modifications in the procedure of Forestry Clearance – Suiatble modifications in the

procedure of forestry clearance may be enforced for timely clearance of the proposals.
vii) Regeneration of Forests: Consideration should be given to clearance of forest diversion

proposals on the basis that once the mining operations are completed, land will be reclaimed
and handed over to the forest department for afforestation. The cost of afforestation would
naturally be borne by the project proponent.
viii) Impact of Underground Mining: In case of underground mining, it has been seen that even
when subsidence takes place arising out of UG Mining, forest cover gets disturbed only
temporarily and there is no permanent damage there to. In view of this, forestry clearance for
Underground mining should be automatic with a provision that Project should pay
compensation.
ix) Payment of NPV for underground mining - As forest surface is neither disturbed nor lost
due to UG mining, NPV should not be made chargeable for UG mining. Besides NPV, the coal
companies have to pay the cost of compensatory afforestation double the area, cost of safety
zone afforestation and fencing, cost of cutting and transportation of trees, levelling etc. The
resultant cost thus goes to a much higher level than the NPV. The NPV should be
commensurate with the future value of the product of the forest land had that land not been put
to proposed use.
2. EMP Clearance:
As per the prevalent practice the application for EMP clearance is not even considered till forest
clearance is obtained. Since the latter takes too much time, the process of consideration of EMP
clearance also gets delayed and whatever time is required for EMP clearance gets added to the
delay. Such delay can be reduced by:
(i) EMP clearance may be granted in anticipation of forest clearance with a clear rider that
EMP clearance will be utilized only when forestry clearance is received and that too after
fulfillment of conditions imposed as part of the forest clearance.
(ii) Single window concept for EMP clearance should be adopted by the Government
machinery.
(iii) Fresh Environmental Clearance for expansion of coal projects in terms of increase in
production capacity should not be required if project proponent proves that, either the
pollution load will not increase on expansion of project or the capacity of the mitigation
measures provided in the original EMP is sufficient to deal with increase in production due
to expansion. EMP should be prepared 1.15 times of capacity of the project.
3. Land Acquisition:
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Land for Coal projects is acquired mainly under the two Acts viz. the Land Acquisition Act, 1894
(LA Act) and Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition & Development) Act, 1957 (CBA Act). The Acts
provide certain time limits for completion of acquisition process, but these time schedules are
seldom adhered to as a result the proposals lapse at different stages due to time bar and the
whole process has to start afresh. Further there is no time limit for completion of proceedings.
In so far as Government Coal companies are concerned, land acquisition is made under the
provisions of the CBA Act, which is a centrally administered Act. As per the provisions of this
Act, the Lease for Coal comes automatically to the concerned Government Coal Company.
Problem is faced in getting physical possession of the land. Since some coal companies have a
policy for providing employment against vacancy for acquisition of land, taking physical
possession of the acquired land either under LA Act or CBA Act becomes difficult due to
demand of employment beyond the norms of the policy guidelines.
Various measures to be taken are as follows:

• For forest land constant interaction with the MoEF and State Govt. to be maintained
• Vigorous follow up action with land acquisition officials of the State Governments to be actively
done to expedite acquisition proceedings
• Regular meeting with the State Authorities viz. Land Revenue (LR) Commissioner, LR Secretary
and Chief Secretary to sort out acute problems
• To overcome the problem of acquisition of land, forestry and environmental clearance, ‘Advance
Action’ for projects costing Rs. 50 crores and above to be organized to initiate processes
involved for various clearances before sanction of the projects by the Government.
• Offering one time monetary compensation in lieu of employment as per R&R Policy.
Suggestions:
• At present, there is no provision for de-notification of exhausted/surplus land acquired under

CBA (A&D) Act, 1957. A section should be introduced in the Act for this purpose.
• It is felt that just as the Project proposal is submitted for approval by the Board of Directors of the
concerned coal companies/Coal India & Public Investment Board (PIB), it should also be placed
before the Committee headed by Chief Secretary of the State having the following as members
for its information:-
(i) Land Reform & Development Commissioner
(ii) Collector of the concerned District
(iii) S.P. of the concerned district
(iv) Chief executive officers of the concerned district
(v) Representative of Ministry of Power and Ministry of Coal
(vi) Embers from Revenue Department, Environment & Forest Department etc.
The Project proponent should make a detailed presentation before this Committee
indicating the land requirement and justification there for, compensation and other
benefits, which would be available to the land oustees, Rehabilitation scheme and the
benefits that would accrue to the State from the Project. Once this Committee is briefed
about the Project, it will amount to a moral commitment from the State Government to help
the Coal Company in land acquisition.
4. Rehabilitation of Land Oustees and Project Affected People (PAP):
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• Central Government should formulate uniform and simple National R&R Policy, which
should easily be understood and accepted by Land Oustees/ Project Affected Families
(PAFs).
• The National Policy should be adopted by all State Governments for uniformity in
implementation.
• Instead of providing employment to land oustees against acquisition of land, provision for
lucrative monetary compensation should be made in the R&R policy.
• PAP should be given training in different trades to enable them for self-employment.
• Some percentage of royalty paid by the Coal Companies to the State Government should
be earmarked by the State Government for community development and welfare activities
for the PAFs.
5. Help required from State Authority:

Apart from aforesaid helps required from the State Government, the following additional helps
are required from various state governments:
• Development of infrastructure by State Govt. – Power supply and road to the project site
should be provided by the State Govt.
• In order to avoid delays for projects, State Government can delegate the power to the
concerned District Collectors.
6. Equipment Supply and turnkey Execution: Regular follow up with public sector mining
equipment manufacturers through measures like:
• Posting of coal company officials at the works for expediting the supplies
• Frequent Senior Management level discussions
• Regular review meeting at the Secretary level with concerned Ministries/Departments.
• Simplified procurement procedure, tendering and less interference from vigilance,
• Formulation of standard NIT (Notice Inviting Tender) for each proven technology to
minimise time for procurement of equipment and subsequently project implementation
• Having an approved vendor list for different works to reduce the time for tendering
• CHP, Sub-station, Workshop should be awarded on turn-key basis.
• Method adopted by NTPC & other companies shall be studied, etc.
• Globally available technology should be considered with turnkey execution for reduction in
project implementation time.
7. Geo-mining constraints: For quicker implementation of the projects, after promotional drilling,
detailed drilling as well as mining operation can be suggested to run simultaneously.
8. For OC mining project, financial assurances of environmental management along with mine
closure plan should be a necessity. Review of implementation would also be made mandatory.
9. Project management:
• A senior Officer in each company should have overall responsibility of project
implementation.
• Projects should be taken up only after detail examination of availability of land, state of
preparedness and assured flow of funds.
• The system monitoring at various levels is to be standardized.
• Project wise PERT/CPM network (including resource base) for all activities –A standard
CPM Chart remains an integral part of all the Project reports. Based on the Standard CPM
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Chart, for each Project, monitoring of implementation of project is to be done at Area as
well as at Headquarter level of the coal company. Project implementation group needs to
be trained in project-oriented software for better control and monitoring of the project,
entailing timely completion of the project.
• Out-sourcing – long term outsourcing should be considered.
10. Competitive bidding process for unsolicited proposals:

In case of unsolicited projects proposed suo moto by private entrepreneurs/ companies or
singular bids, the merits of the proposal need to be evaluated by the Government to ensure
fairness, impartiality and cost effectiveness. The ‘Bonus System’ (as adopted by Governments
of Chile and Korea) or the ‘Swiss Challenge System’ (as adopted by Government of
Philippines) of competitive bidding should be followed where the claims, veracity and global
competitiveness of the unsolicited proposals could be put to open test by inviting competitive
proposals from other market players.
16.7 THRUST AREAS FOR PROJECT FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Areas requiring special thrust from Government are -
o Need for national R & R policies,

o Simplification of land acquisition and forest clearance procedures,
o Ensure flexibility in some of the labour laws to facilitate labour intensive industries
operating at relatively lower skill levels;
o Strengthening of contract management
*****
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CHAPTER-17
REVIVAL OF LOSS MAKING COMPANIES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
As per the terms of reference, this chapter covers the topics – efficacy of reviving loss making
coal companies and specific recommendations.
17.2 LOSS MAKING COAL COMPANIES

Three subsidiary companies of Coal India Limited (CIL) namely Eastern Coalfields Limited
(ECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) and Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) were the loss
making companies at the terminal year of IX Plan period (2001-02). During IX Plan period,
efforts had been made to achieve turn-around of the companies with little success.
Consequently during X Plan period these companies have become statutorily sick and have
been referred to BIFR for determination of their sickness & devising strategy/measures for their
revival/rehabilitation. However, CCL has managed to come out of BIFR in the year 2005-06.
17.3 EASTERN COALFIELDS LIMITED (ECL)

ECL had been incurring loss since its inception. The reasons for losses are:
c) Large number of underground mines having low production,
d) ECL’s share of UG production is 30%, which is the highest amongst all subsidiaries of CIL,
e) Difficult geo-mining conditions,
f) Limited scope of opencast mining in Raniganj Coalfield,
g) Most of the mines have low productivity because of surplus manpower on surface,
h) Most of the mines are very old where the working faces are far away from the entries,
i) Most of the UG mines in ECL are stowing based,
j) Resistance from the trade unions for closing down unviable mines.
ECL has been a loss making company since inception and was first registered as a sick
company in FY ’96-‘97. The net worth was rendered positive by conversion of Rs.1179.45
Crores of loan into equity in 1997-98. However the losses continued and the net worth once
again turned negative as on 31-3-99 and it was referred to BIFR again. As on March 31, 2006,
its tangible net-worth was negative and projected at Rs (-) 3036.03 Crores.
Salient features of the revival scheme are as follows:

1. Incremental production of 18.91 million tonnes during 2003-04 to 2012-13.
2. Increase in UG production to 13.81 million tonnes by 2010-11 through introduction of:
(a) CM in 3 mines to produce @ 0.42 million tonne per year per machine.
(b) Introduction of PSLW at Jhanjra for a production of 1.70 million tonnes per year.
(c) Mechanisation of manual districts by Intermediate Technology SDLs & LHDs, and
(d) Completion of 6 underground projects i.e. Kumardihi A&B. Shankarpur, Bansra,
Parasea-Dobrana, Bankola R-VI Seam and Khandra NKJ.
3. Increase in OC production to 33.70 million tonnes during 2012-13 through:
(a) Rajmahal Expansion from 10.5 Mty to 17.0 Mty.
(b) Opening of green field projects at Chuperbhita for 4.0 Mty & Hura-C for 3.0 Mty.
(c) Expansion of Sonepur Bazari from 3.0 Mty to 8.0 Mty.
(d) Expansion of Chitra OC from 1.22 Mty to 2.0 Mty.
4. Outsourcing of 17 opencast patches to produce 23.76 Mt from 2003-04 to 2010-11
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5. Suspension of production at 9 non-viable underground mines
6. Waival of Unsecured Loan of Rs. 519 crore by CIL
7. Conversion of Current Account Balance of Rs. 1532 crore into Equity by CIL
8. Investment of Rs. 2591.40 crore through internal accrual for augmentation of prodn.
9. Reduction in manpower through natural attrition and VRS.
The main constraints in achieving the future production targets are as follows:
o Gradual reduction of loader/worker strength in existing mines & completed projects;
o Shortage of productive manpower in key categories with mismatch between the surface
and the underground productive manpower;
o Problem associated with land acquisition and rehabilitation measure, delay in forest land
clearance and EMP clearance of the green-field projects like Chuperbhita OC, Hura’C’
OC & thereby delay in approval of the above projects from Govt. level & subsequent
implementation;
o Delay in finalization of global tender for introduction of mass production technology by
way of deploying Continuous Miners at Sarpi and Khottadih UG mines and powered
support longwall at Jhanjra mine (Phase-II).
By implementing the Rehabilitation Scheme, during 2005-06 ECL produced 31.11 million
tonnes with a growth of 14.18%, removed OB to the extent of 44.87 million cubic meters with a
growth of 13.03%, and despatched 28.18 million tonnes with a growth of 5.65% compared to
last year (2004-05). Company also achieved a productivity of 1.29 tonnes with a growth of
20.56% and capacity utilization of 86.59% with a growth of 6.90% over previous year. For the
first time since its inception, Company made an operating profit of Rs. 363.86 crores.
As per the revised financial projections, the networth of ECL will become positive by 2009-10
with Rs. 82.74 Crores, after the waival of Unsecured Loan and conversion of Current Account
balance into Equity by CIL. ECL is confident to make its net-worth positive by 2009-10 as per
the approved scheme.
Recommendations for ECL:

Recommendations/suggestions for the revival of ECL as per the BIFR sanctioned rehabilitation
scheme and as suggested by the company are as under:
(a) Partial/full outsourcing of different/mining/mining related activities: Outsourcing of 17
projects for the period from 2003-04 to 2010-11 for a production of 23.76 million tonnes as
a short-term measure.
(b) Joint Venture with other companies: Two coal blocks (Brahmani and Chichro Patsimal)
having a reserve of 2256 million tonnes are proposed to be operated by a 50 : 50 joint
venture between CIL and NTPC. Final details are yet to be worked out. Production from
this joint venture has not been taken into account in the Revival Plan.
(c) Involving equipment supplier in risk/gain sharing:
(1) Introduction of Continuous Miner technology in Jhanjra, Khottadih and Sarpi mines
(2) Expansion of Rajmahal OCP from 10.5 to 17 Mty through private participation
(3) Working R-VI Seam (Sector-A) with PSLW Technology at Jhanjra UG Project
(4) Introduction of High Wall/Trench Mining at Sripur and Nimcha colieries.
(d) Involving Trade Unions in revival strategy: The trade unions should be prevailed upon to
allow ECL to suspend operation in 26 heavily loss making UG mines and to outsource
opencast patches in the interest of revival of ECL.
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(e) Manpower management: VRS to be given to non-productive/ under utilized manpower
(f) Product mix: The allocation of the resources available with the company to be so
prioritized that mines with higher profit potential get higher priority
(g) Coal despatch and marketability: The market scenario should be closely examined by ECL
to make sure that the proposed increase in production does not add to the stock which will
be detrimental to the company’s financial health. The company should therefore examine
possibility of locating new consumers for its coal in the state of West Bengal and other
neighbouring states.
(h) Concept of e-marketing: The concept of e-marketing of coal may be beneficial for the
company to earn profit on short term basis, which may not be a foolproof system for long
term implementation.
17.4 BHARAT COKING COAL LIMITED (BCCL)
BCCL has been a loss making company since inception and was first registered as a sick
company in FY '96-‘97. The net worth was rendered positive by conversion of Rs. 996 crores of
loan into equity in 1997-98. However the losses continued and the net worth once again turned
negative as on 31.3.2000 and it was referred to BIFR again. As on March 31, 2005, its tangible
net-worth was negative and stood at Rs. (-) 4,926 crore.
BCCL had been incurring loss since its inception. The reasons for losses are:
a) Decline in production due to shrinkage in mine capacity arising out of under-investment in

mining equipment, which led to rise in average age of equipment well beyond economic
life.
b) Revision of Salaries & Wages beyond paying capacity
c) Insufficient investment in mining equipment
d) Non-availability of land
e) Problem of working capital
f) Difficult working condition etc.
The company has evolved its own Revival Strategy, envisaging the following activities:
a) Modernization of UG mines through introduction of Side Discharge Loaders(SDL),

Continuous Miners(CM) and Powered Support Longwalls(PSLW) in the Moonidih UG
Project;
b) Increased investment in Heavy Earth Moving Machine (HEMM) capacity in OC mines;
c) Closure of heavy loss making mines;
d) Continue deploying Hired HEMM (H/HEMM) in isolated patches;
e) Open up a few large OC mines, to be operated by H/HEMM. The plans for such OC
projects are in Phularitand, Akashkinaree-East Katras, Kumari Jore and Kalyaneswari
mines/projects;
f) Optimization of washery operations.
As a consequence of all the above measures, acting in tandem, the consistent fall of production
over the last five years has been arrested and BCCL has produced 23.30 Mt of coal in 2005-06
as compared to 22.31 Mt in 2004-05 registering a profit of about Rs. 209 Crores as per
provisional results, for the first time in its history in 2005-06.
BCCL is thriving hard to make its networth positive by 20010-11 as per the approved scheme.
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Recommendations for BCCL:
Recommendations/suggestions for the revival of BCCL as per the BIFR sanctioned

rehabilitation scheme and as suggested by the company are as under:
a) Partial/full outsourcing of different/mining/mining related activities: The scope of
outsourcing should be widened as far as possible for mining small isolated opencast
patches.
b) Joint Venture with other companies: BCCL is entering into a joint venture with SAIL for
financial support to meet the capital expenditure for replacement of longwall equipment and
other associated infrastructure to enable it to take up its modernization plan at Moonidih.
c) Revamping departmental capacity for Opencast mines: In order to restore the existing level
of capacity and replace equipment due for survey-off, an action plan has been prepared
requiring an amount of Rs. 762.90 Crs. to be invested along with Rs. 5.36 crores for up
gradation of OC mines.
d) Fire control below Dhanbad-Patherdih Railway Line while supplementing opencast
capacity by Hired HEMM
e) Closure of highly loss making underground mines and rapid reduction in work force: While
broadly agreeing with the Revival Plan proposal, 41 highly loss making mines have been
identified, out of which 15 mines have been proposed to be closed during 2006-07.
Remaining 26 mines (10 mines in 2007-08, 10 mines in 2008-09 & 6 mines in 2009-10) are
planned for closure. The consequential redundancy is expected to be absorbed through a
high rate of natural attrition by 2011-12.
f) Augmenting production by opening quick yielding Opencast Projects: Six projects viz.
Shatabdi, Dahibari Basantimata, Goluckdih Chaptoria, BJ Section Damoda & Viswakarma
have been identified of which first three OC projects have been implemented by hiring of
HEMM in both Coal and OB. These quick yielding OC projects are targeted to build up a
production capacity of 5.02 Mty.
g) Modernization of coal washeries: The factors which have led to drop in washed coal
production are:
o Inadequate availability of proper quality of raw coal, and
o Gradual deterioration in the condition of washeries arising out of inadequate fund for
replacing old worn-out components and equipment.
These washeries need to be modernaised to improve their production efficiency.
h) Improving sales realization: E-marketing has yielded good results from BCCL. It is
recommended that more coal should be made available for e-marketing.
i) Other recommendations:
♦ Improving the age profile of the workforce, by further recruitment, as and when needed;
♦ Strengthening and automatation the costing system so that viability analysis of various
initiatives and profitability analysis of product/mines can be carried out;
♦ Investment in Information Technology for implementation of Enterprise-wide software
solutions in the organization to improve the MIS to levels.
17.5 THRUST AREAS FOR REVIVAL OF LOSS MAKING COMPANIES

Technological development to fulfil rapid growth objective
Meeting the coal demand arising out of the revival strategies of the loss making coal
companies will need
o Introduction of mass production technologies (like continuous miner technology,
mechanized longwall technology, etc.) in selected mines;
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o Introduction of new technologies like paste-fill technology for high concentration fly-ash
stowing, mining technology with pre-consolidation of rock mass, etc.;
o Systematic dealing with coalmine fires to release underlying coal reserves;
o Indigenous development of spare parts.
Rationalization of coal pricing

Coal pricing and coal marketing need to be modernized. The e-marketing route which has been
opened recently has worked well, and has helped to nudge consumers towards more rational
coal pricing. The method of coal pricing needs to be rationalized by shifting to gross calorific
value instead of useful heat value and by having more finely graded price bands.
Revival of loss making coal companies & Coal sector reform

o Turn around of loss making coal companies – closure of uneconomic mines and private
sector participation.
o To expedite coal sector reforms including establishment of regulatory authority for coal;
o Of utmost importance to Public Sector coal industry is the necessity to retain and improve
its market shares at remunerative prices. This can be possible with entering into long term
coal supply agreement with bonus-penalty provisions instead of present linkage system.
Utilization of manpower potential

Manpower is an important aspect in the rapid growth of the mining industry. The concern thrust
areas include improvement in manpower productivity, cost reduction, upgradation of skills of
workforce and rationalization of manpower.
Government concerns
o Suitable policy measures to facilitate private sector participation in coal mining through
Joint Venture
o Taxes and duties to be made non-distortionary and internationally competitive;
o Relaxation in laws for promoting out-sourcing and necessary amendments in Contract
Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act.
o Need for National R&R policy.
*****
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CHAPTER- 18
POLICY INITIATIVES
18.1 REVIEW OF X FIVE YEAR PLAN
The Xth Five Year Plan made a number of recommendations. The recommendations,
action taken and their present status are as follows:
1 In order to open up the coal sector, the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Amendment Bill,
2000 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 24.4.2000 to make necessary amendments to the
Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973. Main objectives of the Bill are to allow Indian
Companies to mine coal and lignite without the existing restriction of captive consumption and
also to allow them to engage in exploration of coal and lignite without the existing restriction of
captive mining. The Bill is pending in the Rajya Sabha.
2 There have been suggestions from time to time from different quarters to further
restructure coal sector. The issue has been examined by various committees at various times.
The Expert Committee on the Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms has also been asked
to examine the issue of restructuring of coal sector in order to make it a globally competitive
coal company. The committee is yet to submit its recommendation on this matter.
3 The matter of setting up a Regulatory Authority is being considered by the Energy

Coordination Committee. The Planning Commission will prepare a note on the subject for
consideration of ECC.
4. Integrated Energy Policy has suggested to reduce Cross Subsidy surcharges imposed
on freight traffic. The Expert Committee on Road Map for coal sector reforms has
recommended that the Railway Tariff for coal should be subject to a detailed review by an
independent agency.
5 As per the present import policy, coal is being freely imported by the consumers
themselves. The basic custom duties on coal have seen drastic reduction. The current duty
structure on CIF price of coking coal having ash upto 12% is NIL and for coking coal having
ash more than 12% and non-coking coal is 5%.
6 In order to clear the accumulated outstanding dues of coal to CPSUs, Govt. of India
formulated securitizations scheme for one time settlement of outstanding dues of SEBs. As per
the scheme, the State Govts, were to issue bonds against the reconciled dues as on 30.9.2001
and interest payable by SEBs on over dues of CPSUs shall be written off to the extent of
60(Sixty) percent.
The process of securitisation is now over and the dues still remaining unsettled have to
be settled out side of the securitisation scheme.
7 Production picture of the Tenth Plan placed emphasis on improving the performance of
underground projects, adoption of appropriate technologies and taking up development of new
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underground mines, wherever possible. The improvement in overall man productivity is
basically because of increase in open cast productivity and larger share of OC production in the
coal production.
8 At present promotional exploration work is done by CMPDI, Geological Survey of India

and State Govt. Agencies. Out of current inventory of Indian Coal Reserves of 253 BT only 96
BT is under Proved category. The application of faster, cost economic and state of the art
exploration technology is being explored to establish high confidence level proved coal
reserves.
9 CIL made Joint venture with ONGC, GAIL etc for development of Coal Bed Methane
and coal gasification. NTPC has taken up studies for carbon dioxide sequestration and results
are yet to be issued.
10 For increasing availability of more washed coking coal, new washeries are being
installed in the coal companies.
11 To explore the possibility to switch over from the existing system of classification of
coal on Useful Heat Value (UHV) to more scientific and internationally practiced classification
based on Gross Calorific Value (GCV). a Pilot Study on migration from UHV to GCV based
gradation of coal has been carried out and completed by the Central Fuel Research Institute
(CFRI). The report is being overviewed by a Committee comprising of members from the
Ministry of Coal, CEA, NTPC, CIL & CFRI.
12 The Department of Consumer Affairs in the Ministry of Civil Supplies proposed for
review of the list of essential commodities under the essential commodities act,1955. The
Ministry of Coal has requested that coal could be deleted from the list of essential commodities
as the Government, has no control over the price and distribution of the coal with the
notification of the colliery Control Order 2000.
Since deletion of any commodity from the list of essential commodities requires
amendment of the Essential Commodities Act,1955; the Department of Consumer Affairs is
taking appropriate steps in the direction.
13 Considering the increasing demand for coal and lignite and since exploration and
mining activities are subject to sector approvals / regulations the government has reviewed the
policy on FDI. It has been decided to increase FDI caps to 100% and permit it under the
automatic route.
14 The loss making coal companies are exploring the possibilities of setting up joint
venture units to mobilize resources for fresh investments to augment their coal production.
15 Formation of Coal Videsh Ltd. a subsidiary of CIL to acquire coal equity abroad is
already in process by MOC. A Proposal in this regard is under consideration of the
Government.
16 For ECL and BCCL, a revival plan has been prepared by the coal companies and
various steps have been taken. For financial restructuring, revival plan of ECL has been
approved and proposal for BCCL l is under consideration of the Ministry of Coal.
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17 National Policy on resettlement and rehabilitation of 2003 is under revision and is being
discussed in the Committee of Secretaries.
18.2 RESTRUCTURING OF COAL INDIA LIMITED

1 There have been suggestions from time to time from different quarters to further
restructure CIL. At one level, it is being argued that the main problem with the present structure
is the high incidence of tax on the profit making companies on the one hand, and the acute
scarcity of funds to rehabilitate the loss making companies, on the other. Therefore, the
solution proposed is amalgamation of CIL and its subsidiaries into a single unified company,
the contention being that this will result in considerable savings for CIL by setting off losses
incurred by some units against the profits earned by other units, which can then be utilised to
revitalise the loss making units. At another level, it is argued that CIL – the holding company –
is indeed no more than a fifth wheel, and it is a drag on the rest of the group. Therefore, the
holding company should be wound up, and the subsidiaries should be made independent
companies.
2 The issue of restructuring of CIL has been examined by various Committees at various
times.
3 The Planning Commission has also suggested for restructuring of Coal India Ltd. (CIL)
by doing away with the holding company structure and extending autonomy to individual coal
producing companies for promoting competition amongst the national coal companies.
4 The Expert Committee on the Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms has also been asked
to examine the issue of restructuring of CIL in order to make it a globally competitive coal
company. The Committee is yet to submit its recommendation on this matter.
5 Against the context cited above, the Sub Group found considerable merit in the
suggestion made by the Indian Coal Forum that Coal India Limited must remain as one large
entity to steer the coal sector. The operating companies must be made fully autonomous in
execution and operation as in the “SAIL” model. There must be one apex Board for CIL and
the subsidiary companies must become operating divisions headed by Managing Directors.
Chairman CIL should also be the Chairman of the Boards of all its subsidiary companies. The
feasibility of having a single balance sheet for CIL as a whole should also be considered.
6 CIL would handle broad policy formulation. Human Resource Development,

standardization of equipments, central procurement of heavy capital equipments, imports,
finalization of MOU’s and rate contracts with major suppliers, long term corporate planning and
management policies should be the mandate of CIL. And execution of corporate plans, policies,
production programmes should be left to the operating divisions.
7 The advantages of such an arrangement are fairly obvious. There would be a single
chain of command. The decisions on all policy matters, coordination, budget, monitoring,
investment, long-term planning, technological and scientific development, industrial relations,
wage policy, personnel management, bulk purchases of high cost items etc. will be directly with
the centralised management. This would facilitate faster decision making and economies in
bulk procurements. The benefits and importance of size will accrue after the consolidation of
CIL. If a common balance sheet approach becomes feasible, there could be substantial
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savings in corporate tax and tax on dividend outgo. This would also prepare CIL to face upto
emerging competition. The loss making subsidiaries would be able to receive considerable
support from CIL for the implementation of their revival plans.
8 The Expert Committee is having more wide-ranging consultations with the interested
stakeholders on this issue. The Integrated Energy Policy also mentions that the Sankar
Committee is expected to study the restructuring of CIL in much greater detail. It would,
therefore, be advisable for the Ministry of Coal to await the recommendations of the Expert
Committee on the subject, before taking a final view in the matter.
18.3 OPENING OF COAL SECTOR
1 Under the existing legal framework, Government companies alone can undertake coal
mining. The eligibility to do coal mining in the country has been laid down in the provisions in
Section 3 (3) of the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the Act).
Those eligible to do coal mining in India without the restriction of captive consumption are:
“The Central Government, a Government company (including a State Government company), a

corporation owned, managed and controlled by the Central Government.”
2 By an amendment to the Act in 1976, two exceptions to policy were introduced viz., (i)
captive mining by private companies engaged in production of iron and steel and (ii) sub-lease
for coal mining to private parties in isolated small pockets not amenable to economic
development and not requiring rail transport. The Act was further amended in 1993 to allow
coal mining for captive consumption for generation of power, washing of coal obtained from a
mine and other end uses to be notified by Government from time to time. By another
Notification issued on 15.03.1996, captive mining of coal for production of cement was allowed.
However, commercial mining by private sector entities is not permitted.
3 As per the projections made in the Vision Coal 2025, an additional investment of Rs.
95,000 crores in opencast mining and Rs. 23,000 crores in underground mining (Both at
current prices) will be required to increase the production to the projected level by 2025.
Investment of this order from public sector alone may not be feasible.
4 It is not possible for the public sector alone to meet the demand – supply gap. The
coal production through captive coal mining in the private sector has not been substantial.
Captive coal mining also suffers from the several inherent shortcomings.
5 Imports are constrained by port capacity and transportation problems to consumption

points.
6 The Intergrated Energy Policy underscores the critical importance of efficient and
reliable energy supply for the economic growth of the country. It states that “India needs to
sustain a 8% to 10% economic growth to eradicate poverty and meet its human development
goals.
7 Therefore, there is a strong case for opening the coal sector for private investment in
order to meet the challenges of growing demand for energy in a rapidly growing economy.
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8 While making certain recommendations for the development of coal sector, the Planning
Commission had advised to expedite passing of Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Amendment Bill
2000 which would permit private sector in non-captive mining in order to augment domestic coal
production for meeting the rising coal demand.
9 While public sector coal companies should be strengthened, coal mining should be
opened to private players without the restriction of captive use. To this end, the Coal Mines
(Nationalization) Bill, 2000 should be passed. Concerted efforts should be made to build up a
consensus on this.
10 In the interim, captive coal mining should continue to be encouraged within the existing
legal framework.
11 Mining companies could also be considered eligible for allocation of captive coal
blocks, provided they have firm back-to-back tie up with specified end-users (power, steel,
cement producers) for exclusive use of coal obtained from such mines in specified end uses
only. This would offer new avenues of opening up the sector within the existing legal
framework.
12 Competitive bidding system for allocation of coal blocks should be introduced. This
would not only ensure optimal allocation of precious resources, but would also attract more
serious players into coal sector.
13 An nstitutionalized arrangement should be put in place to facilitate expeditious

processing of various clearances, land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation matters by
Government agencies.
14 Considering the increasing demand for coal and lignite and since exploration
and mining activities are subject to sector approvals / regulations, the Government has
reviewed the policy on FDI. It has been decided to increase FDI caps to 100% and
permit it under the automatic route.
18.4 CAPTIVE COAL MINING

1 Under the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 coal mining was exclusively reserved for
the public sector. By amendments effected to the Act in 1976 and 1993, captive mining of coal by
private companies engaged in production of iron and steel, generation of power, and production of
cement has been permitted.
2 Detailed guidelines have been evolved in regard to identification of coal blocks, allocation
of captive blocks, terms and conditions of allocation etc. A Screening Committee headed by
Secretary, Ministry of Coal, with representatives from other related Ministries/ Departments, related
State Governments, and Coal Companies does the screening of applications/proposals received
for captive mining.
3 So far 123 coal blocks have been allotted to various public/ private sector companies with
geological reserves of 27.25 Bt and process of allotment of another 20 coal blocks and 8 lignite
blocks is on.
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4 Another 81 coal blocks have been identified with total geological reserves of about
20,022.27 Mt.
5 So far 7 lignite blocks have been allocated, out of which 4 blocks have been allocated
to Commercial / Govt. dispensation and three for power companies.
6 The Expert Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms and the Integrated
Energy Policy have made several suggestions to increase production from captive mines and
to encourage and promote investment in captive mining:
7 Within the existing legal framework, private sector participation is possible only through
the captive mining route. The Ministry of Coal has taken a number of measures to encourage
and promote investment in captive mining. A few important ones are as follows:
• Detailed guidelines were prepared in order to make the system of allocation of coal
blocks more rational and transparent. These were displayed on the Ministry’s website.
• Identification of coal blocks for captive mining was carried out, and this information was
also displayed on the website.
• A bar chart has been developed that lays down specific milestones for development of
a captive mine in a time bound manner.
• Coal produced during the development phase of a captive mine is allowed to be
disposed of to a local CIL subsidiary at an administratively determined transfer price.
• In order to ensure timely development of captive blocks, a system of bank guarantee
has been introduced. A bank guarantee is obtained from the allocatee and amounts
are deducted from it if the end use project or the mine development is delayed with
respect to agreed milestones. On exhaustion of bank guarantee, the block is liable to
be de-allocated and the mining lease cancelled.
• Applicants with smaller requirements are allowed to take up mining by forming
consortiums or groups in a legally tenable format. This would be in the interest of
conservation and scientific mining, the alternative to which would be small scale mining
and wastages.
• An effective system of monitoring has been put in place. The Coal Controller’s
Organisation does monitoring on six-monthly basis. At the Ministry level also, a
quarterly review is made with the allocatees.
• Introduction of competitive bidding system for allocation of coal blocks is under
consideration, in order to make it more transparent and objective.
8 Introduction of competitive bidding system for allocation of captive blocks may be

expedited.
9 Exploration of coal blocks identified for captive mining should be taken up on

priority, so that these can be brought into production quickly.
10 An institutional arrangement be put in place to monitor the approvals and clearances to be

provided by various Central and State authorities.
11 An empowered Committee of Secretaries may be set up to consider proposals for

environmental clearances.
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12 Incentives as well as punitive penalties should be evolved to encourage development of
mining blocks allotted within a prescribed timeframe.
18.5 COAL PRICING AND RAIL FREIGHT RATIONALISATION
1 Integrated Energy Policy recommends promotion of transparent and competitive

markets for all forms of energy supplies/services. Competitive market is capable of extracting
the maximum efficiency gains from the sector and determines price effectively. However,
competition on the supply side is essential for a competitive market. As a general rule, all
commercial primary energy sources must be priced at trade parity prices at the point of sale but
non-traded goods have to be handled differently. Prices of non-traded commercial energy
supplies can be determined through competition among different producers (in case of multiple
sources, low entry barriers and a competitive supply-demand balance) or independently
regulated on a cost plus basis including reasonable returns (where competing supply sources
are absent, entry barriers are high and demand exceeds available supply).
2 Ideally coal price should be determined in a competitive market. This, however, is not
possible as long as the number of suppliers are limited and as long as for the largest coal
consuming sector, i.e. power, coal cost is passed through and fully compensated in
determining electricity tariff. However, since other users of coal are numerous and consume
substantial quantities of coal, a strategy for competitive price discovery is possible.
3 Need for an independent regulator for the sector, differential pricing of coal for power
sector, e-auction of coal and GCV based fully variable pricing system have also been
recommended by the Expert Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms.
4 The Expert Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector Reforms has reiterated the
recommendation of the Fuel Policy Committee, 1975 on pricing suggesting that fuel prices
should ensure that the pattern of use of fuels is in keeping with the optimal pattern of
production, determined with reference to the long term availability of fuels and their costs. It
further recommended as follows:
i) Increase the quantity of coal to be sold through E-auction over the next 2-3
years.
ii) Coal prices may be regulated in light of the market realities.
iii) Import parity price could increase dependence on imported coal, as many
Indian consumers may prefer imported coal which may aggravate India’s
energy security concerns.
5 The Ministry of Coal vide letter dated 25.7.2005 had entrusted the Tariff Commission
with a study on Mechanism for Coal Pricing. The terms of reference of the study was to
recommend the price of coal for the power sector and to suffest modalities for pricing of coal for
other sectors.
5.1 The Tariff Commission has submitted its report with certain recommendations for
pricing of coal.
5.2 A detailed presentation was made by Dr.Kirit Parikh in the 6th Meeting of the Energy
Coordination Committee held on 27th March 2006, outlining options of pricing of coal. The
following pricing methodology was suggested, to provide for market determined price of coal
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and, based on it, determination of coal price for sale under Fuel Supply and Transport
Agreements (FSTAs) :
5.3 The small quantities of high quality coking/thermal coal could be sold at trade parity
prices as determined by the impot parity price at the nearest port minus 15%. This is the
practice currently being adopted for supply of good quality coking coal to the steel industry.
5.4 Market determined prices based on e-auction of up to 20% of the production.

Quantities to be sold through e-auction from different mines must be determined annually with
a monthly mine-wise schedule to be independently monitored and enforced by a Coal
Regulator.
5.5 The remaining coal to be sold under long term FSTAs Regulated utilities to be allowed
up to 100% of their certified requirement through FSTAs if so desired. Other bulk consumers to
be allowed partial FSTAs based on coal availability. Any shortfalls to be met through e-auction
supplies or imports. Pithead price of coal under the FSTAs would be revised annually by the
coal Regulator based on a formula that reflects prices obtained through e-auctions, FOB price
of imported coal (both adjusted for quality) and cost to produce based on efficiency standards.
Coal prices would be made fully variable based on gross calorific value (GCV) and
other parameters of quality.
5.6 After detailed discussions, the Energy Co-ordination Committee took following
decisions –
5.7.1 Planning Commission will, in consultation with Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Power,
prepare a transition path in order to operationalise the pricing mechanism outlined above.
5.7.2 Steps should be initiated for developing the regime of a regulator for the coal sector.
Planning Commission will prepare a paper on this issue and will finalise it after discussions with
the Ministry of Power, Ministry of Coal and other concerned organizations.
5.7.3 The quantity of coal to be e-auctioned should be increased. The exact quantity can be
worked out by Ministry of Coal keeping in view the demand of coal by power sector and overall
availability.
5.7.4 Regulated utilities may be allowed up to 100% of their certified requirement through
FSTAs if so desired.
5.8 The Planning Commission while furnishing their comments has stated that the
Commission does not support the recommendations of the Tariff Commission on coal pricing
and suggested Ministry of Coal to operationalise recommendations of the Energy Coordination
Committee.
5.9 In view of the recommendations made by various committees, basic principles of coal
pricing emerging under the present supply scenario are as follows:
5.9.1 Full requirement of the regulated commodity such power should be sold under long
term FSTAs and price under FSTAs should be determined by taking into account the prices
185
obtained through e-auction, FOB price of imported coal (both adjusted for quality) and domestic
production cost, inclusive of return based on efficiency standards.
5.9.2 The price of coal should vary with quality and its calorific content. Coal prices should
be made fully variable based on Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and other quality parameters.
5.9.3 There is a need for an independent regulator for price determination and resetting
mechanish under FSTAs.
5.9.4 Depending on the availability of balance coal after meeting the needs of power sector,
partial requirement of other bulk consumers should be met under long term FSTAs.
5.9.5 The quantity of coal being sold in open market through e-marketing needs to be
increased substantially.
5.10 Freight Rationalisation:
Given the distribution of coal resources within the country, coal has to be hauled over
long distances, mainly by rail, to reach the consumers spread across the country. The
Integrated Energy Policy has noted that the Railways cross subsidises passenger traffic with
coal freight thereby making delivered price of coal 2-4 times the pit-head price of coal in States
such as Punjab, Haryana, Rajsthan, Gujrat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Western U.P. and Delhi etc. It has, therefore, stressed that rail freight for coal transport should
be rationalised. Cross subsidy surcharges imposed on freight traffic to benefit passenger fares
must be reduced.
18.6 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

1. Government support in terms of simplified procedures and single-window approach for
granting various clearances and permissions, expeditious disposal of land acquisition cases, a
well defined and homogenous R & R policy, closer coordination between the Centre and the
State Governments etc. would go a long way in facilitating speedier execution of coalmining
projects.
2. Exploration
At present promotional exploration work is done by CMPDIL, GSI and State Govt.
agencies. Government agencies need to be provided with necessary budgetary support to
increase the drilling capacity to undertake regional exploration on a much larger scale. This will
help increase the total geological coal resources in the country. Allowing captive operators
and private agencies to undertake exploration under the supervision of CMPDIL must also be
examined and implemented. Most of India’s coal resources – proved, indicated and inferred –
are within 300 meter depth. This is more likely to be an outcome of insufficient exploration of
deposits below 300 meters. We cannot afford to ignore, much less waste coal resources at
higher depths. Therefore, detailed exploration beyond 300 mts. depths also needs to be taken
up more vigorously.
3. Depletion Allowance
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Coal and Lignite resources are depleting assets of capital nature and coal companies
need to increase significant resources to explore new deposits. In order to incentivise the
system it is important to introduce depletion allowance to reduce the tax burden of coal
companies in line with International practices.
4. Methodology for early clearances of mining projects
A Special Task Force, constituted under the Secretary (Coal) must closely monitor the
approval process. An Apex Committee of Secretaries headed by the Cabinet Secretary,
consisting of the Secretaries from the Ministries of Coal, Power, Environment & Forest,
Finance, Home, Railways and Planning Commission should review the progress of important
matters related to environment/ forest clearances, land acquisition, resettlement and
rehabilitation, law and order etc.
5. R&R Policy
5.1 Coal India Ltd. evolved a Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy and submitted to
Ministry of Coal for approval in 2005. It was decided that CIL should not have a separate R & R
Policy since the National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation on 2003 is under revision
and is being discussed in the Committee of Secretaries.
5.2 Formulation of a National Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy, which would be

acceptable to the State Governments, is of paramount importance. Land acquisition for mining
projects and related rehabilitation issues are becoming increasingly more sensitive and
problematic. These concerns need to be addressed with a much greater degree of urgency
and the State Governments need to be taken on board while evolving a national policy.
5.3 Land for coal mining should be hired or leased instead of acquiring it from the owners.
The owner of land will get regular income through rent or lease amount. Then, it may not be
necessary for coal companies to provide employment. Land will be returned to the owner after
expiry of lease period or even sooner i.e. on completion of mining operations. The land shall
have to be fully restored / reclaimed for appropriate use such as agriculture, commercial
plantation, creation of large pond for fish cultivation etc. before it is returned to the land owners.
Through this arrangement, the problems associated with resettlement and rehabilitation of the
land owners could be overcome, through adequate income generation and restoration of land
to the owners. This is being suggested as an alternative option for coal companies to obtain
surface rights over land, wherever feasible and acceptable to land owners.
6. Environmental Clearances
The environmental issues in respect of projects, which are important to achieve the XI
and XII Plan targets, should be taken up on priority with the Ministry of Environment and Forest
(MOEF). A Special Task Force with adequate powers should be set up for examining these on
priority basis. Arrangements should be put in place to grant requisite clearance within four
months. An exercise could be undertaken jointly with MOEF to identify critical areas needed in
connection with rapid development of domestic energy resources and which have biodiversity
and other special environmental features and take steps in advance to notifying them as such.
7. Forest Clearance
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The State Governments must be requested to give clearances within six months failing
which it should be deemed to have been approved. The rationale for fixing a standard rate for
loss of revenue from forest lands, which are acquired for coal mining, besides insisting on
compensatory afforestation, needs an objective view.
8. Infrastructure Status
For large power projects, mega power project status is given and become eligible for
concessional excise and customs duties. These concessions offer economy in scale of
operation and lead to more competitive power tariffs. Similar concessions for coal and lignite
would enable coal producers to offer more competitive coal prices. So, coal and lignite industry
should also be given infrastructure status. All the benefits and concessions especially for
importing of technical know-how, equipment/machinery etc. extended to infrastructure sector
should be extended to coal and lignite mining sector. This will attract more investment in the
sector.
9 Outsourcing of Mining Activities
Owing to higher capital investment in procurement of heavy earth moving machineries,

increasing labour costs etc., outsourcing of certain activities such as over burden removal and
excavation of coal/lignite is now being resorted to in the mining industry. This helps in securing
overall economy in operating costs in coal mining. Similarly, there are many other non-core
activities such as maintenance, drainage works, canteen services, transport, afforestation,
horticulture etc. that can be effectively outsourced.
There is some ambiguity about permissibility of outsourcing mining and allied activities,
and questions have been raised about its legal validity. Hence a clear cut policy in this behalf is
required to be enunciated, and statutory position clarified.
10. Amendment of Contract Labour Act
There is a need to consider amendment of the Contract Labour (Regulation and

Abolition) Act of 1970 to permit hiring of equipment and allowing contract mining by
experienced mining contractors. The coal mining companies may be exempted from the
purview of the said Act.
11. Other Support
Government support in terms as listed below may further help in encouraging

investment in coal mining by private/public sector players:
• The Coal Mines (Nationalization) Amendment Bill, 2000 pending in the Rajya
Sabha may be taken up for consideration and passed.
• Ministry of Finance may consider granting special exemption from Service Tax
in respect of site formation and clearance, excavation and earth moving
services in coal and lignite industry and include coal and industry in the
exemption clause under Section 65 of the Finance Act in line with other such
188
services. This would encourage outsourcing of mining activities, which in turn
would help in securing efficiency gains and promoting competency outside the
public sector.
18.7. REGULATORY BODY
1 The Planning Commission had recommended during a review undertaken on 25.7.03

that Coal sector should also work on credible and transparent regulatory framework.
Establishment of a regulatory body for coal sector would bring in transparency in coal price
fixation, provide reasonable returns to the Producers and would eliminate undue profiteering.
2 In the 5th meeting of Energy Coordination Committee held under the Chairmanship of
Hon’ble Prime Minister, key recommendations made revamping the Coal Sector; inter-alia
include setting up of coal regulator.
3 The Integrated Energy Policy recommends, “Coal prices should ideally be left to the
market and trading of coal, nationally and internationally, should be free. Only a competitive
free market can do efficient job of price determination. A competitive market requires that there
are multiple producers and that there are no entry barriers to new producers or to imports.
Pending creation of such a competitive market, independent regulation of coal prices becomes
essential.”
4 The Expert committee headed by Sh. T L Sankar has also observed that some degree
of regulation of pricing at least in respect of power sector should be necessary.
5 In view of the above, it is felt that a regulatory mechanism should be put in place to
ensure that coal and lignite pricing is done in a reasonable, transparent manner without
ignoring the costs of inputs. The Coal Regulator could inter-alia, perform functions such as to
regulate and determine the price for sale of coal to users (power, steel, cement etc.), to
promote competition in the coal and lignite sector, to issue guidelines, evolve benchmarks to
work out cost of production from new areas, to determine transfer pricing in respect of captive
coal and mining by users and to specify standards of performance for the coal and lignite
companies in line with the international practices.
18.8. COAL LINKAGE POLICY
1 Government of India constituted Standing Linkage Committee for the planning of coal
supplies to thermal power stations, CPP’s, IPP’s and Cement Plants in view of the need to
supply coal of appropriate quality to these consumers and at the same time to make the most
economic use of the available capacity for the production and transport of coal. Standing
Linkage Committee, Long Term and Short Term, functions under the Chairmanship of
Additional Secretary, Ministry of coal with members from concern administrative Ministries,
Planning Commission, CIL & its subsidiaries, SCCL, Railways etc.
2 Recommendation of Integrated Energy Policy, Expert Committee & Energy

Coordination Committee:
189
2.1 The Integrated Energy Policy has recommended a Regulatory Body to facilitate
replacement of current coal linkages for power plants with fuel supply agreements. As a step
towards abolishing coal linkages completely, these linkages could be made tradable in the first
instance. This is expected to make coal movements more optimal and responsive to market
forces.
2.2 The Expert Committee has recommended that increasing proportion of all domestic
coal (supported by imported coal where necessary) which is not earmarked for the Power
Sector is to be brought into the E-Marketing market over the next 2 to 3 years. Willingness to
meet the actual demand at a market driven price would go a long way in establishing
transparent coal markets in India. In this regard the Committee stresses the need to replace
the current system of lose linkages feeding the power sector with formal long-term Fuel Supply
and Transport Agreements that include the Railways Again, this exercise should be completed
within the next 2 to 3 years.
3 Energy Co-ordination Committee recommendation:
The existing system of coal linkages was more in the form of a system for movement of
coal. Instead of linkages, FSA’s should be introduced which should have normal price revision
clause so that the FSA prices and the spot prices converge. The power sector utilizes would
have 100% linkages and they would execute FSAs period at least 20years subject to a five
yearly revision for logistical reasons. For other core sectors there would be linkage of 80%
while the balance 20% would have to be procured by them through e-auction or import. The
quantity of coal to be e-auctioned should be increased.
18.9. DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
1 The importance of energy efficiency and demand side management has emerged from
the various supply scenatios and is further underlined by rising energy prices. Coal is one of
the major sources of energy, demand of which is higher than its availability. Efficiency in
consumption and use of energy efficient technology by the consumers may help in bridging the
gap to a certain extent.
2 Power Sector
2.1 The average gross efficiency of generation from coal power plants is 30.5%. The best
plants in the world operate with super-critical boilers and get gross efficiency of 42%. It should
be possible to get gross efficiency of 38-40% at an economically attractive cost for all new coal
based plants. This alone can reduce coal requirement by 111 Mtoe of coal (278 Mts of Indian
Coal). Thus, a very high priority should be given to developing or obtaining the technology for
coal based plant of high efficiency.
2.2 NTPC and SEBs should acquire technology to enhance the fuel conversion efficiency
of the existing population of thermal power stations from an average of 30% to 35%. No new
thermal power plant should be allowed without a certified fuel conversion efficiency of at least
38-40%.
2.3 The Steam turbine efficiency should be increased by increase in unit size accompanied
by increase in steam parameters.
190
2.4 Technologies such as FBC (Fluidised Bed Combustion) technology, Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Super Critical Technology should help in lesser fuel
consumption.
2.5 The power plants which are operating at less Plant Load Factor and higher Specific
Coal Consumption are required to undertake comprehensive Renovation and Modernisation of
units / technology. Wherever possible, old and outdated technology based plants should be
replaced by higher capacity ultra mega power plants with super critical technology, as such
replacement would require lesser investment for infrastructure. Even 1% reduction in
transportation and pilferage losses would make available a substantial quantity of coal.
3 Cement Industry
The Cement Industry may consider designing state of art energy efficient plant
machinery and equipment, such as Vertical Roller Mills for grinding of coal and raw material,
high efficiency separators, pre-calcinators, improved refractory bricks, high efficiency clinker
coolers, pre-blending of coal, conversion from wet to dry system, use of alternate fuels and coal
beneficiation etc.
4 Steel Industry
4.1 Steel plants should use CDI (Coal Dust Injection) technology and use of Coal Bed
Methane(through production of which is not yet commercially started).
5. Energy Efficiency and conservation programme and standards should be established

and enforced.
Mechanisms for independent monitoring and verification of achieved energy savings

and cost effectiveness of programmes must be established.
*****
191
18.10 SUGGESTIONS
1.0 RESTRUCTURING OF COAL INDIA LIMITED

1.1 Ministry of Coal should wait for the recommendations of the Expert Committee on the
subject, before taking a final view on restructuring of Coal India Limited.
2.0 OPENING UP OF COAL SECTOR

2.1 Coal mining should be opened to private players without the restriction of captive use.
To this end, the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Bill, 2000 should be passed.
2.2. Decision to increase FDI caps to 100% and permit it under the automatic route for coal
and lignite mines for captive consumption should be implemented and encouraged.
3.0 CAPTIVE COAL MINING

3.1 Mining companies could also be considered eligible for allocation of captive coal
blocks, provided they have firm back-to-back tie up with specified end-users (power, steel,
cement producers) for exclusive use of coal obtained from such mines in specified end uses
only. This would offer new avenues of opening up the sector within the existing legal
framework.
3.2 Competitive bidding system for allocation of coal blocks should be introduced. This
would not only ensure optimal allocation of precious resources, but would also attract more
serious players into coal sector.
3.3 Incentives as well as punitive penalties such as cancellation of block should be evolved
to encourage development of mining blocks allotted within a prescribed timeframe.
4.0 COAL PRICING & RAIL FREIGHT RATIONALISATION

4.1 Market determined prices based on e-auction upto 20% of the production.
4.2 Regulated utilities to be alloed upto 100% of their certified requirement through FSTAs
if so desired.
4.3 Other bulk consumers to be allowed partial FSTAs based on coal availability.
4.4 Switch over to a fully variable GCV based pricing system should be expedited.
4.5 Gradually, the quantity of coal to be sold in open market through e-marketing should
be increased to discover market driven price for coal.
4.6 Rationalise rail freight and offer open access to rail lines for private movers which may
make rail movements more efficient.
192
5.0 COAL LINKAGE POLICY
5.1 Enter into long term Fuel Supply and Transport Agreements (FSTA) with bulk
consumers.
6.0 REGULATORY BODY

6.1 A regulatory mechanism should be put in place to ensure that coal pricing is done in a
reasonable, transparent manner, to promote competition in the coal sector, to issue guidelines,
evolve benchmarks to work out cost of production from new areas, to determine transfer pricing
in respect of captive coal mining by users and to specify standards of performance for the coal
companies in line with the international practices.
7.0 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

7.1. Allocation of additional blocks from Government of India as well as State Governments
for exploration, R&D and Environmental Friendly Technologies in lignite mining should be
considered.
7.2 A Special Task Force, constituted under the Secretary (Coal) must closely monitor the
approval process. An Apex Committee of Secretaries headed by the Cabinet Secretary,
consisting of the Secretaries from the Ministries of Coal, Power, Environment & Forest,
Finance, Home, Railways and Planning Commission, review the progress of important matters
related to Environment / Forest Clearances, land acquisitions, possessions, law and order etc.
7.3. The National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation, 2003, which is under revision
and discussion in the Committee of Secretaries, should be finalized at the earliest. It should be
acceptable to all concerns, State Governments and Coal PSUs.
7.4 Land should be hired / leased for mining operations and return it after restoration /
reclamation for appropriate use.
7.5 All the benefits and concessions extended to Infrastructure industry may be extended
to coal and lignite also. This will attract more investment in the sector.
7.6 Ministry of Finance may consider granting special exemption from Service Tax in
respect of site formation and clearance, excavation and earth moving services in coal industry
and include coal industry in the exemption clause under Section 65 of the Finance Act.
8.0 Demand Side Management
8.1 Energy Efficient and Conservation Programme and Standards should be established
and enforced.
8.2 Mechanisms for independent monitoring and verification of achieved energy savings
*****
193
RECOMMENDATIONS
COAL DEMAND & SUPPLY
1.0 During the process of reviewing the X Plan performance it is observed that lack of
synergy in scheduling of capacity addition in utility sector and coal mining created
strains in demand-supply chain. Under such circumstances legally implementable Fuel
Supply Agreements are important.
2.0 Due to gradual deterioration of quality and decline of reserves of indigenous coking
coal steel plants have been depending more on imported coal. There is a need to
augment domestic coking coal supplies by opening new mines as well as washeries to
address the quality issues.
3.0 Demand side management needs proper attention by the consuming sectors
particularly in view of improvements in coal utilization technologies envisaged by
them.
4.0 Augmenting the capacity of washed thermal coal supplies is an important area in the
XI Plan.
5.0 Realisation of the projected coal demand is mainly subject to materialisation of

envisaged coal based generation capacity programme.
6.0 The projected coal production capacity addition is subject to timely taking up and
implementation of new projects.
7.0 The lignite production is poised to increase manifold during the XI Plan.
8.0 There are movement constraints due to which demand materialisation keeps suffering
from time to time. The X Plan identified critical rail links are yet to be completed. In
addition to this certain additional rail links have been identified for facilitating additional
movement in the XI Plan. They need to be developed timely. Simultaneously
alternative measures like developing inland waterways and promoting coastal
shipment are equally important.
9.0 The Port infrastructure capacity would also need to be augmented to facilitate
envisaged rise in import during the XI Plan.
COAL & LIGNITE EXPLORATION
10.0 There is a need to continue the schemes of Promotional Exploration and Detailed
Drilling in non-CIL blocks during the XI Plan for expeditious allocation of coal blocks to
captive users. The sub schemes of Promotional Exploration i.e. Integrated Coal
Resource Information System and Lignite Resource Information System would also
need to be continued for creating the required data base of coal and lignite resources
in the Country as envisaged under UNFC Classification. Similarly, the scheme of CBM
exploration also needs to be continued for assessing CBM potential of coalfields at the
time of conducting Promotional Exploration.
194
11.0 In line with detailed drilling in non-CIL blocks a new scheme namely detailed drilling in
non-NLC lignite blocks has been proposed for undertaking exploration in lignite blocks
outside the purview of the NLC with budgetary support.
12.0 Exploration in Forest Areas: More and more coal bearing areas remaining to be
explored in future are likely to fall below forest land. There is a need to identify forest
areas as 'Yes' and 'No' zones for exploration, if the nation is ready to sacrifice the coal
resources lying below so called 'No' zones. The exploration in 'Yes' zones may be
facilitated with faster clearances.
13.0 Exemption from the need for 'Prospecting License: CMPDI and SCCL are premier
organizations in Detailed Exploration of coal. Hence they may be included in the list of
organisations exempted from seeking 'Prospecting License' as is the case with
GSI/MEC. Similarly, NLC may also be exempted from seeking prospecting licence as
in the case with GSI/MECL.
14.0 In order to augment capacities it is proposed to outsource drilling activity under

CMPDIL supervision. Reputed players both domestic and international should be
involved in exploration activities.
15.0 A mechanism is to be evolved for the private block holders to share the exploration
information with GSI/CMPDIL.
16.0 The proposed revolving fund mechanism for exploration does not appear to be feasible
since exploration is not a self-sustaining activity and as such extension of budgetary
support to various schemes under coal and lignite exploration is important.
17.0 Focus needs to be laid on exploration in North-Eastern Region in view of better quality
of deposits.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
18.0 E-corporate governance for promoting transparency and productivity.
19.0 Introduction of enterprise resource planning (ERP) to integrate different areas of

operation for improved economics and productivity.
20.0 Introduction of IT for integrated safety, production and environmental monitoring in

underground and opencast mines.
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
21.0 Promotion of clean coal technologies including coal beneficiation, Insitu coal
gasification, carbon capture and sequestration, coal bed methane/coal mine
methane/abandoned mine methane, coal gasification, coal to oil etc.
22.0 Research efforts for industry oriented projects need to be promoted. Areas like
extraction of steep and thick coal seams, opencast bench slope stability, strata control
etc. need special attention.
195
23.0 Integrated Energy Policy has suggested for at least 0.4% of the annual turnover of
energy producing companies would need to be spent on R&D activities. Coal
Companies to strictly consider the recommendation.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
24.0 As coal has to continue as a major energy resource, the demand must be met through
safe and clean technologies for environmental sustainability.
25.0 Implementation of Jharia and Raniganj Action Plan for mitigating adverse impacts of
fire and subsidence problems caused due to unscientific mining activities by erstwhile
owners before nationalization needs to be expedited.
26.0 Capacity building in environment related areas in coal companies including training of
manpower, creating lab facilities and infrastructure need to be developed.
27.0 Introduction of green credit system to encourage afforestation through social forestry
for evolving land acquisition in Coal Companies.
28.0 Concerted efforts for addressing the issues related to decommissioning of mines/mine
closure after exhaustion of reserves are required to be made.
SAFETY AND WELFARE
29.0 Thrust on improving safety of mine workings through appropriate ventilation,

mechanization, supervision and training etc.
30.0 Strengthening internal safety organizations and rotation of manpower from safety
department to production operations and vice-a-versa would provide incentives to
persons working in safety department.
31.0 Independent audit of safety matters of mines needs serious consideration.
32.0 Strengthening the manpower of statutory inspecting organizations like DGMS needs
consideration.
33.0 Online monitoring of underground environment to improve safety needs to be adopted.
34.0 Review of rescue and emergency response systems and strengthening of rescue
infrastructure needs special emphasis.
35.0 Occupational safety and health – need for developing proper mechanism for
management of OSH of miners.
36.0 Corporate social responsibility – need for evolving appropriate policy for fulfilling the
aspirations of population living in and around coalfield areas and to promote
environmentally sustainable mining practices.
196
37.0 The schemes under Coal Conservation and Development Act 1974 have been drawn
as plan schemes under two broad categorization namely stowing and protective works
and road and rail infrastructure development in coalfields.
MINING TECHNOLOGIES, BENCHMARKING, PROJECT FORMULATION, PROJECT

IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIVAL OF LOSS MAKING COMPANIES
38.0 There is a need for adoption of latest technologies for improved productivity, safety and
economics of operations.
39.0 Benchmarking of various operations for improving productivity and optimal utilization of
resources needs attention of industry. While the availability and utilization norms for
HEMM have been benchmarked by a Committee of MoC, the benchmarking of
productivity of various underground machinery has been suggested. Effort has been
made to establish benchmarks in generalized mining conditions. It is suggested that
initiative regarding conducting a comparative study on international benchamarking
standards may be taken up during the XI Plan period.
40.0 As coal/lignite reserves are capital assets of wasting nature, annual audit of reserves
needs to be made a standard practice in the coal mines of the country taking into
account recoverable reserves depleted during the year, reserves added through
exploration/mine development during the year and reserve changes if any through
recalculation in the light of additional geological data becoming available.
41.0 These is a need to improve project formulation on the basis of thorough geo-mining
investigations in order to avoid infructuous capital investments eventually. Involvement
of the equipment manufacturers in production planning process on risk/gain sharing
basis has been suggested.
42.0 Improved procedures for environmental and forestry clearance are a must for reducing
delays in taking of new projects.
43.0 Concerted efforts for rigorous monitoring are important for timely implementation of
projects.
44.0 Strengthening project planning wings of coal companies and training of manpower in
various technologies are required to improve the quality of project formulation and
monitoring.
45.0 There is a need for reviewing purchase and contract procedures and to evolve new
concepts (like the Bonus System or the Swiss Challenge System) for reducing time
delays, ensuring cost competitiveness and improving implementation of operations.
46.0 There is a need for developing alternative modes of coal transportation like inland
waterways, coastal shipping and slurry pipelines to ease out load on railway network.
47.0 While revival packages have been approved for the loss making ECL and BCCL,
however, it is important to take certain of the measures like timely implementation of
the envisaged new projects, strict monitoring, co-operation of local administration and
trade unions in closing down the identified loss making mines etc. Both public and
private companies need to be encouraged to enter into the Joint Ventures.
48.0 Shortage of mining professionals in the coal industry poses a potential threat to the
industry. Recruitment of mining engineers/ professionals for statutory posts in the
197
coal/lignite mines need to be stressed upon. Their career prospects and good
remuneration packages should be thought for their retention in the industry.
POLICY INITIATIVES
Restructuring of Coal India Limited
49.0 Ministry of Coal should wait for the recommendations of the Expert Committee on the
subject, before taking a final view on restructuring of Coal India Limited.
OPENING UP OF COAL SECTOR

50.0 Coal mining should be opened to private players without the restriction of captive use.
To this end, the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Bill, 2000 should be passed.
51.0 Decision to increase FDI caps to 100% and permit it under the automatic route for coal
and lignite mines for captive consumption should be implemented and encouraged.
CAPTIVE COAL MINING

52.0 Mining companies could also be considered eligible for allocation of captive coal
blocks, provided they have firm back-to-back tie up with specified end-users (power,
steel, cement producers) for exclusive use of coal obtained from such mines in
specified end uses only. This would offer new avenues of opening up the sector within
the existing legal framework.
53.0 Competitive bidding system for allocation of coal blocks should be introduced. This
would not only ensure optimal allocation of precious resources, but would also attract
more serious players into coal sector.
54.0 Incentives as well as punitive penalties such as cancellation of block should be evolved
to encourage development of mining blocks allotted within a prescribed timeframe.
COAL PRICING & RAIL FREIGHT RATIONALISATION

55.0 Market determines prices based on e-auction upto 20% of the production.
56.0 Regulated utilities to be allowed upto 100% of their certified requirement through
FSTAs if so desired.
57.0 Other bulk consumers to be allowed partial FSTAs based on coal availability.
58.0 Switch over to a fully variable GCV based pricing system should be expedited.
59.0 Gradually, the quantity of coal to be sold in open market through e-marketing should
be increased to discover market driven price for coal.
198
60.0 Rationalise rail freight and offer open access to rail lines for private movers which may
make rail movements more efficient.
COAL LINKAGE POLICY

61.0 Enter into long term Fuel Supply and Transport Agreements (FSTA) with bulk
consumers.
REGULATORY BODY
62.0 A regulatory mechanism should be put in place to ensure that coal and lignite pricing is
done in a reasonable, transparent manner, to promote competition in the coal and
lignite sector, to issue guidelines, evolve benchmarks to work out cost of production
from new areas, to determine transfer pricing in respect of captive coal/lignite mining
by users and to specify standards of performance for the coal/lignite companies in line
with the international practices.
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
63.0 Allocation of additional blocks from Government of India as well as State Governments
for exploration, R&D and Environmental Friendly Technologies in lignite mining should
be considered.
64.0 A Special Task Force, constituted under the Secretary (Coal) must closely monitor the
approval process. An Apex Committee of Secretaries headed by the Cabinet
Secretary, consisting of the Secretaries from the Ministries of Coal, Power,
Environment & Forest, Finance, Home, Railways and Planning Commission, review
the progress of important matters related to Environment / Forest Clearances, land
acquisitions, possessions, law and order etc.
65.0 The National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation, 2003, which is under revision
and discussion in the Committee of Secretaries, should be finalized at the earliest. It
should be acceptable to all concerns, State Governments and Coal and lignite PSUs.
66.0 Land should be hired/leased for mining operations and returned after
restoration/reclamation for appropriate use.
67.0 All the benefits and concessions especially for importing of technical know-how,
equipment/machinery etc. extended to Infrastructure industry may also be extended to
coal and lignite sector. This will attract more investment in the sector.
68.0 Ministry of Finance may consider granting special exemption from Service Tax in
respect of site formation and clearance, excavation and earth moving services in coal
and lignite sector and include coal and lignite sector in the exemption clause under
Section 65 of the Finance Act.
199
69.0 Coal and Lignite resources are depleting assets of capital nature and coal companies
need to increase significant resources to explore new deposits. In order to incentivise
the system it is important to introduce depletion allowance to reduce the tax burden of
coal companies in line with International practices.
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
70.0 Energy Efficient and Conservation Programme and Standards should be established
and enforced.
71.0 Mechanisms for independent monitoring and verification of achieved energy savings
INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS
72.0 The proposed Public Sector investment for the XI Plan for supporting their production
plans is Rs. 34.259 crore (CIL Rs.15,875 crore; SCCL Rs.3340 crore; NLC Rs. 15,044
crore NLC Mines Rs.2993 crore; NLC Power Rs. 12051 crore). The outlay proposed
for r the XI Plan is about 115% more than the X Plan outlay (MTA) of Rs.15835.15
crore.
73.0 The proposed outlay for departmental schemes to be supported through domestic
budgetary support is Rs. 7702 crore (Promotional Exploration Rs.383.50 crore;
Detailed Drilling in non-CIL blocs Rs.780 crore; Detailed Drilling in non-NLC blocks
Rs.33 crore; Coal Core Analysis Capacity Creation Rs.3.5 crore; (total exploration
outlay Rs.1200 crore); R&D Rs.214.40 crore; EMSC/Jharia Action Plan Rs.4622 crore;
and schemes under CCDA Rs 1665.60 crore - comprising of Rs. 692.95 crore for
stowing and protective works and Rs. 972.65 crore for road and rail infrastructure).
74.0 Thus the total plan outlay proposed for MOC for the XI Five Year Plan is Rs. 41961
crore against the X Plan outlay of Rs. 18652.20 crores.
*****
200
ANNEXURES
201
Annexure-1.1
COAL DEMAND & SUPPLY (SECTOR-WISE) IN IX PLAN

(IN MILLION TONNES)
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02
Sector Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous
Rev. by
Supply Supply P.Com Supply Supply Supply
POWER(U) 205.90 201.34 220.30 204.74 214.00 221.32 223.63 234.60 239.96 245.68
STEEL 41.40 22.78 36.83 21.97 36.83 18.80 37.50 19.67 34.12 18.73
CEMENT 18.20 9.50 15.00 8.62 10.00 9.51 15.42 10.33 17.00 11.85
OTHERS 57.88 66.62 53.25 56.51 51.00 57.80 57.30 55.07 63.21 54.68
TOTAL 323.38 300.23 325.38 291.84 311.83 307.42 333.85 319.67 354.29 330.94
GAP (Against
Ind. Supply) 23.15 33.54 4.41 14.18 23.35
Import 16.44 16.54 19.70 20.93 20.55
Total Supply 316.67 308.38 327.12 340.60 351.49
Net Gap 6.71 17.00 -15.29 -6.75 2.80
202
Annexure-1.2
COAL DEMAND & SUPPLY (SECTOR-WISE) IN X PLAN
(IN MILLION TONNES)
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Sector Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous Demand Indigenous
Supply Supply Supply Supply Supply
POWER(U) 249.50 252.18 256.00 265.61 279.52 270.17 303.56 289.45 322.00
STEEL 34.40 17.66 36.16 16.68 33.98 17.51 42.05 16.69 43.70
CEMENT 17.10 12.70 16.50 13.45 19.00 14.70 20.22 15.22 25.40
OTHERS 62.30 57.55 72.24 63.49 71.69 77.47 79.82 75.30 83.08
TOTAL 363.30 340.09 380.90 359.23 404.19 379.84 445.65 396.66 474.18
GAP (Against
Ind. Supply) 23.21 21.67 24.36 48.99
Import 23.26 21.68 28.95 36.87
Total Supply 363.35 380.91 408.79 433.53
Net Gap -0.05 -0.01 -4.60 12.13
Note : Demand Assessed by Plg. Commission in Annual Plan.
203
Annexure : 1.3
Coal Demand vis-à-vis Materialisation during X Plan period ( 2002-07)
Million Tonnes
Terminal Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Sl. No. Major Consuming Sectors IXth Plan
(2001-02) Demand Actual Demand Actual Demand Actual Demand (Provisional) Demand
I Coking Coal
Steel(Indigenous) 18.06 16.12 16.85 18.94 16.24 17.38 16.95 15.66 16.55 15.51
Cokeries/Coke-Oven 0.67 1.50 0.82 0.81 0.44 0.71 0.56 2.50 0.14 3.00
Import 11.11 16.78 12.95 16.41 12.99 15.89 16.93 23.89 17.11 25.19
Total Coking 29.84 34.40 30.61 36.16 29.67 33.98 34.43 42.05 33.80 43.70
II Non-Coking Coal
1 Power Utility 249.23 249.50 255.47 256.00 268.21 279.52 288.52 303.56 299.89 322.00
Middlings (1.80) (3.275) '(1.71) (3.04) (1.44) (2.48) (1.48) (1.57) (1.41)
2 Cement 15.22 17.10 16.37 16.50 16.64 19.00 18.33 20.22 18.33 25.40
3 Fertiliser 3.20 3.50 2.53 3.14 2.07 2.81 2.18 3.43 1.57 3.52
4 Power Captive 16.02 21.15 17.01 22.49 16.12 24.90 24.92 27.35 24.13 28.26
Middlings (1.29) (1.55) (1.53) (1.15) (1.74) (1.10) (1.71) (2.07) (1.65)
5 Others 36.61 35.15 39.87 44.96 46.88 42.52 39.23 47.75 54.25 48.80
Middlings (0.51) (0.10) (0.01) (0.10)
6 Colliery consumption 1.80 2.50 1.48 1.65 1.33 1.46 1.18 1.29 1.56 2.50
7 Total Non-Coking 322.07 328.90 332.74 344.74 351.24 370.21 374.35 403.60 399.72 430.48
Grand Total 351.91 363.30 363.35 380.90 380.91 404.19 408.79 445.65 433.53 474.18
Middlings (3.60) (4.925) (3.25) (4.29) (3.18) (3.58) (3.19) (3.60) (3.06)
Note : Actual All India Offtake figures are as per Coal Directory of India, published by Coal Controller's Organisation, Kolkata
204
Annexure- 1.4
FUEL WISE BREAK-UP OF CAPACITY ADDITION OF POWER PROJECTS
IX Plan (1997-02) X Plan (02-07) XI Plan XII Plan
S. Target as 2007-12 2012-17

Fuel Source
N. Target as per per
Actual Expected
IX Plan Docu. X Plan
Projected Projected
Docu.
1 Coal Based Power Project 15102 7930 18308 14645 46840 50000
2 Lignite Based Power Project 995 325 1745 1120 1375 3000
Gas/Naphtha/Diesel etc. Based

3 13448 5446 5363.6 4755 2022 6000
Power Project
4 Hydro/PSS Projects 9820 4538 14393.2 9464 15727 25000
5 Nuclear Power Projects 880 880 1300 1400 3160 7000
6 Others, if any 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL ALL INDIA 40245 19119 41109.8 31384 69124 91000
205
Annexure-1.5
CAPACITY ADDITION OF COAL BASED POWER PROJECTS

Projected Capacity Addition
Capacity addition X Plan Period (2002-07) XI Plan (2007-12) XII Plan XIII Plan
SL.
REGION Existing Ant.
NO. Actual
Capacity as Remaining Total
on 31.03.02 (1.04.02 to Total 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 2012-17 2017-22
period in 06-
31.08.06)
07
1 Northern 15302.5 2155 920 3075 600 1295 1480 1350 4000 8725
2 Western 18667.5 500 3250 3750 1460 2060 4170 1660 4960 14310
3 Southern 9782.5 1210 920 2130 0 1210 1515 1500 3800 8025
4 Eastern 13392.5 2330 3360 5690 710 550 2070 4320 7380 15030
5 North Eastern 240.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 500 750
Total 57385.0 6195 8450 14645 2770 5115 9235 9080 20640 46840 50000 67000
Coal based Installed Capacity (MW) MW

-End of IX Plan 57385
-Addition of Capacity in X Plan 14645
-Total Installed Capacity at the end of X Plan 72030
-Projected Capacity adition XI Plan 46840
206
Annexure-1.6
CAPACITY ADDITION OF LIGNITE BASED POWER PROJECTS
Projected Capacity Addition
XI Plan (2007-12) XII Plan
Capacity addition X Plan Period (2002-07) XIII Plan
SL. Ant.
REGION Existing Actual
No. Remaining
Capacity as (1.04.02 to Total 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 2012-17 2017-22
period in 06-
on 31.03.02 31.08.06)
07 Total
1 Northern 0 0 125 125 0 375 0 125 125 625
2 Western 465 250 75 325 0 250 0 0 0 250
3 Southern 2070 670 0 670 0 500 0 0 0 500
4 Eastern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 North Eastern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 2535 920 200 1120 0 1125 0 125 125 1375 3000 5000
Lignite based Installed Capacity (MW) MW

-End of IX Plan 2535
-Addition of Capacity in X Plan 1120
-Total Installed Capacity at the end of X Plan 3655
-Projected Capacity adition XI Plan 1375
207
REGIONWISE COAL REQUIREMENT-SUMMARY (Annexure-1.7)
10th Plan(Expected) 11th Plan(Projected)
Terminal year 06-07 Terminal year 2011-12
S.No. Region Expected Projected
Cap.Addition Cap.Addition
during the plan Energy Coal during the plan Energy Coal
period Generation(BU) Requirement(MT) period Generation(BU) Requirement(MT)
1 NR 3075 119 89 8565 170 133
2 WR 3750 135 104 10390 222 165
3 SR 2130 84 60 7050 130 91
4 ER &NER 5690 92 69 15930 211 153
TOTAL 14645 429 322 41935 733 542
YEARWISE PROJECTION IN XI PLAN PERIOD

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
S.No. Region Energy Energy Coal Energy Coal
Generation Coal Reqd. Energy Generation Coal Reqd. Energy Generation Coal Reqd. Generation Reqd. Generation Reqd.
1 NR 126 94 130 98 145 109 162 123 170 133
2 WR 157 124 176 134 193 146 207 155 222 165
3 SR 89 63 93 66 101 72 112 79 130 91
4 ER &NER 114 88 121 92 135 102 167 126 211 153
TOTAL 486 369 520 390 574 429 648 483 733 542
Note:
1.It has been assumed that in first year,plant generates power at a PLF of 40% otherwise at 85%
2.Normative coal requirement of 5000Tonnes/MW/Year has been taken
208
YEARWISE POWER GENERATION DURING 11TH PLAN Annexure 1.8
3 3A 4 5 8 9 11 14 17 20 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL GEN. GEN. GEN. GEN. GEN.
TOTAL COAL COAL COAL COAL COAL
CAP. CAP CAP CAP CAP REQ. REQ. REQ. REQ. REQ.
CAP TOTAL ADDITI ADDITI ADDITI ADDITI
CAP. ADDITI CAP. CAP MW ON ON ON ON MT MT MT MT MT MU MU MU MU MU
MW Gen. tar. ON MW ADDITION
AS ON for 06- MW AS ON MW AS ON MW MW MW MW 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Sl.No. NAME OF TPS 31.3.06 07(MUs) 2006-07 31.3.07 2007-08 31.3.08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 Badarpur 720 5200 720 720 490 490 4.0 4.0 5.2 7.7 9.0 5200 5200 6917 10566 12497
2 I.P. Stn. 247.5 950 248 248 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 950 950 950 950 950
3 Rajghat 135 800 135 135 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 800 800 800 800 800
4 Faridabad 180 870 180 180 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 870 870 870 870 870
5 Panipat 1360 9290 1360 1360 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 9290 9790 9790 9790 9790
6 Choturam(Y-ngr) 0 0 600 600 1.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2102 4468 4468 4468 4468
7 Hissar 0 0 250 250 500 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.9 3.7 0 0 876 2738 5585
8 Bhatinda 440 2805 500 940 940 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5873 5873 5873 5873 5873
9 Lehra Mahabbat 420 3220 420 420 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3875 3875 3875 3875 3875
10 Ropar 1260 8900 1260 1260 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 8900 8900 8900 8900 8900
11 Kota 1045 8000 1045 1045 195 5.6 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.6 8000 8683 9452 9452 9452
12 Suratgarh 1250 9345 1250 1250 250 6.1 6.7 7.4 7.4 7.4 9345 8876 9862 11207 11207
13 Chabra 0 0 500 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 1752 3723 3723 3723
14 Anpara C 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 0 0 0 1752 3723
15 Anpara 1630 10580 1630 1630 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 10580 10580 10580 10580 10580
16 Harduaganj 450 770 450 450 500 1.1 1.1 2.3 3.6 3.6 770 770 2522 4493 4493
17 Obra 1550 6660 1550 1550 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6660 6660 6660 6660 6660
18 Panki 220 1010 220 220 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010
19 Parichha 220 2750 420 640 640 500 3.2 3.2 4.4 5.7 5.7 4222 4222 5974 7945 7945
20 Chola,B.shaher 0 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 0 0 0 1752 3723
21 Tanda 440 3100 440 440 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100
22 Unchahar 840 6880 210 1050 1050 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7708 7708 7708 7708 7708
23 Rihand 2000 14950 2000 2000 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 14950 14950 14950 14950 14950
24 Singrauli 2000 14750 2000 2000 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 14750 14750 14750 14750 14750
25 Dadri 840 6340 840 840 980 4.5 4.5 7.9 9.4 9.4 6340 6340 9774 13637 13637
26 Jhajjar 0 0 0 0 500 1000 0.0 0.0 1.2 4.9 7.5 0 0 1752 7227 11169
TOTAL NR 17248 117170 1130 18378 600 18978 945 3220 2740 1000 94 98 109 123 133 125295 130127 145135 161547 170268
209
27 Ahemadabad 390 2950 390 390 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2950 2950 2950 2950 2950
28 Gandhinagar 870 5533 870 870 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 5533 5533 5533 5533 5533
29 Sikka 240 1683 240 240 500 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.9 1683 1683 1683 3435 5406
30 Ukai 850 5058 850 850 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 5058 5058 5058 5058 5058
31 Wanakbori 1470 10733 1470 1470 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10733 10733 10733 10733 10733
32 Amarkantak 300 1290 0 300 210 510 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2026 2854 2854 2854 2854
33 Birsingpur 840 6105 500 1340 1340 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6841 7669 7669 7669 7669
34 Satpura 1142.5 7680 1143 1143 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680
35 Malwa 0.0 0.0 0 0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0 0 0 0 3504
36 Vindhyachal 2260 17610 1000 3260 3260 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 21552 21552 21552 21552 21552
37 Korba East 440 3635 500 940 940 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 5022 6993 6993 6993 6993
38 Korba West 840 5800 0 840 840 600 4.4 4.4 5.8 7.4 7.4 5800 5800 7902 10268 10268
39 Raigarh 0 0 250 250 750 1000 3.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4490 7446 7446 7446 7446
40 Pathdi(Lanco) 0 0 300 300 0.0 0.7 2.2 3.0 3.0 0 1051 3285 4468 4468
41 Korba STPS 2100 15750 2100 2100 500 12.4 12.4 13.6 14.9 14.9 15750 15750 17502 19473 19473
42 Bhilai 0 0 0 500 500 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1752 3723 3723 3723 3723
43 Sipat 0 20 1000 1000 660 1660 1320 6.6 11.5 14.9 14.9 14.9 9759 16986 22189 22189 22189
44 Mauda 0 0 0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0 0 0 0 3504
45 Bhusawal 482 3352 482 482 1000 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.7 7.3 3352 3352 3352 6856 10798
46 Chandrapur 2340 14665 2340 2340 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 14665 14665 14665 14665 14665
47 Koradi 1100 6829 1100 1100 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6829 6829 6829 6829 6829
48 Koradi Repl. 0 0 0 0 0 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 0 0 0 1752 3723
49 Khaperkheda 840 6200 840 840 500 4.9 4.9 6.1 7.4 7.4 6200 6220 7972 9943 9943
50 Nasik 910 6270 910 910 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 6270 6270 6270 6270 6270
51 Parli 690 6373 250 940 940 250 5.8 6.4 7.1 7.1 7.1 7359 8235 9221 9221 9221
52 Paras 63 1008 250 313 313 250 1.6 1.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 1994 2870 3856 3856 3856
53 Trombay 500 8820 500 500 250 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 0 876 1862 1862 1862
54 Dahanu 500 4128 500 500 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4128 4128 4128 4128 4128
TOTAL WR 19168 141492 3750 22918 2120 25038 2370 1900 2000 2000 124 134 146 155 165 157425 176905 192905 207403 222295
55 Kothagudem 1180 9695 0 1180 1180 500 6.7 6.7 7.9 9.2 9.2 9695 9695 11447 13418 13418
56 Ramagundam-B 62.5 433 63 63 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 433 433 433 433 433
57 Vijayawada 1260 9677 1260 1260 500 7.2 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 9677 11429 13400 13400 13400
58 Bhopalapally 0 500 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 1752 3723 3723 3723
59 Krishnapattanam 0 800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0 0 0 0 2803
60 R-gundam STPS 2600 19400 2600 2600 13 13 13 13 13 19400 19400 19400 19400 19400
61 Rayalaseema 420 4648 420 840 840 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 6304 6304 6304 6304 6304
210
62 Simhadri 1000 7550 1000 1000 500 500 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.8 9.3 7550 7550 7550 9302 13025
63 Raichur 1470 10360 1470 1470 250 7.0 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.3 10360 11236 12222 12222 12222
64 Bellary 500 250 500 500 500 500 2.5 2.5 3.7 5.0 5.0 3723 3723 5475 7446 7446
65 Ennore 450 1872 450 450 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872
66 Mettur 840 6700 840 840 500 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.1 7.4 6700 6700 6700 8452 10423
67 Tuticorin 1050 8280 1050 1050 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 8280 8280 8280 8280 8280
68 North Chennai 630 4535 630 630 500 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.8 4535 4535 4535 4535 6287
69 Ennore JV 0 0 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 0 0 0 1752 5475
70 Tuticorin JV 0 0 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 0 0 0 1752 5475
TOTAL SR 11463 83400 920 11883 0 11883 1250 1000 2000 2800 63 66 72 79 91 88529 92909 101340 112290 129985
0
71 Barauni 320 300 320 320 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 300 300 300 300 300
72 Muzaffarpur 220 300 220 220 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 300 300 300 300 300
73 Barh 0 0 660 660 660 1320 0.0 1.6 4.9 8.2 13.1 0 2313 7227 12141 19380
74 Nabinagar 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 0 0 0 1752 5475
75 Patratu 840 2000 840 840 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
76 Kahalgaon 840 7170 1500 2340 2340 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 18339 18339 18339 18339 18339
77 Tenughat 420 1400 420 420 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400
78 Maithan RB 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 5.0 0 0 1752 5475 7446
79 North K.Pura 0 0 1320 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0 0 0 0 4625
80 Bokaro 802 3590 803 803 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3590 3590 3590 3590 3590
81 Bokaro Repl. 0 500 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 0 0 1752 3723 3723
82 Kodarma 0 0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 5.0 0 0 0 3504 7446
83 Chandrapur 780 1988 0 780 500 1280 2.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3740 5711 5711 5711 5711
84 Durgapur 350 1790 350 350 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790
85 Durgapur Steel 0 0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 0 0 0 1752 5475
86 Raghunathpur 0 0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0 0 0 0 3504
87 Mejia 840 6705 500 1340 1340 500 500 7.0 7.0 8.2 10.7 12.0 8457 8457 10209 13932 15903
88 Talcher 470 3380 470 470 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3380 3380 3380 3380 3380
89 Talcher STPS 3000 22200 3000 3000 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 22200 22200 22200 22200 22200
90 Ib Valley 420 3311 420 420 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3311 3311 3311 3311 3311
91 Daripali 0 0 800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0 0 0 0 2803
92 Bandel 540 2100 540 540 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100
93 Santaldih 480 1275 250 730 730 250 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.6 3.6 2151 3137 4013 4999 4999
94 Kolaghat 1260 7210 1260 1260 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 7210 7210 7210 7210 7210
95 Bakreswar 630 4150 210 840 210 1050 500 2.9 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.7 6450 7277 7277 7277 9029
211
96 Sagar Dighi 0 220 600 600 600 500 500 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.2 6.7 4468 4468 4468 6220 9943
97 Jojobera 360 CPP 360
98 Calcutta 160 438 160 160 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 438 438 438 438 438
99 Titagarh 240 1810 240 240 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810
100 South Gen. 135 1005 135 135 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1005 1005 1005 1005 1005
101 Budge Budge 500 4207 500 500 250 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 3.8 4207 4207 5083 6069 6069
102 Durgapur(DPL) 395 2400 300 695 695 300 500 3.3 3.3 4.0 7.8 8.1 4634 4634 5685 8620 10591
103 Farakka STPS 1600 11500 1600 1600 500 10.0 10.0 11.2 12.7 12.7 11150 11150 12902 14873 14873
TOTAL ER 15602 90449 3360 18963 710 19673 660 3460 4660 6440 88 92 102 124 151 114429 120526 135253 165220 206167
104 Bongaigaon 240 240
105 Bongaigaon N 0 0 0 500 250 0 0 0 1.2 3.1 0 0 0 1752 4599
TOTAL NER 240 0 0 240 500 250 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1752 4599
TOTAL ALL INDIA 63720 432511 9160 72380 3430 75570 5225 9580 11900 12490 369 390 429 483 542 485678 520467 574633 648213 733315
212
Annexure-1.9
COAL REQUIREMENT DURING 11TH PLAN (TPS Utilities wise)
CAP CAP CAP CAP CAP TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
SL NAME OF TPS TOTAL CAP. ADDITION ADDITION ADDITION ADDITION ADDITION COAL REQ. COAL REQ. COAL REQ. COAL REQ. COAL REQ.
NO MW MW MW MW MW MW MT MT MT MT MT
AS ON 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
31.3.07
1 Badarpur 720.0 490 490 4.0 4.0 5.2 7.7 9.0
2 I.P. Stn. 247.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 Rajghat 135.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
4 Faridabad 180.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
5 Panipat 1360.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
6 Choturam(Y-ngr) 0.0 600 1.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
7 Hissar 0.0 250 250 500 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.9 3.7
8 Bhatinda 940.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
9 Lehra Mahabbat 420.0 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
10 Ropar 1260.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
11 Kota 1045.0 195 5.6 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.6
12 Suratgarh 1250.0 250 6.1 6.7 7.4 7.4 7.4
13 Chabra 0.0 500 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5
14 Anpara C 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7
15 Anpara 1630.0 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6
16 Harduaganj 450.0 500 1.1 1.1 2.3 3.6 3.6
17 Obra 1550.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
18 Panki 220.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
19 Parichha 640.0 500 3.2 3.2 4.4 5.7 5.7
20 Chola,Bulandshaher 0.0 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5
21 Tanda 440.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
22 Unchahar 1050.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
23 Rihand 2000.0 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2
24 Singrauli 2000.0 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4
25 Dadri 840.0 980 4.5 4.5 7.9 9.4 9.4
26 Jhajjar TPS 0.0 500 1000 0.0 0.0 1.2 4.9 7.5
213
TOTAL NR 18377.5 600 945 3220 2740 1000 94 98 109 123 133
27 Ahemadabad 390.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

28 Gandhinagar 870.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
29 Sikka 240.0 500 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.9
30 Ukai 850.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
31 Wanakbori 1470.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
32 Amarkantak 300.0 210 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3
33 Birsingpur 1340.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7
34 Satpura 1142.5 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
35 Malwa 0.0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4
36 Vindhyachal 3260.0 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7
37 Korba East 940.0 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
38 Korba West 840.0 600 4.4 4.4 5.8 7.4 7.4
39 Raigarh 250.0 750 3.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
40 Pathdi(Lanco) 0.0 300 300 0.0 0.7 2.2 3.0 3.0
41 Korba STPS 2100.0 500 12.4 12.4 13.6 14.9 14.9
42 Bhilai 0.0 500 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
43 Sipat 1000.0 660 1320 6.6 11.5 14.9 14.9 14.9
44 Mauda 0.0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4
45 Bhusawal 482.5 1000 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.7 7.3
46 Chandrapur 2340.0 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2
47 Koradi 1100.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
48 Koradi Repl. 0.0 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5
49 Khaperkheda 840.0 500 4.9 4.9 6.1 7.4 7.4
50 Nasik 910.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
51 Parli 940.0 250 5.8 6.4 7.1 7.1 7.1
52 Paras 312.5 250 1.6 1.8 2.9 2.9 2.9
53 Trombay 500.0 250 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.8
54 Dahanu 500.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
TOTAL WR 22917.5 2120 2370 1900 2000 2000 124 134 146 155 165
55 Kothagudem 1180.0 500 6.7 6.7 7.9 9.2 9.2

56 Ramagundam-B 62.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
57 Vijayawada 1260.0 500 7.2 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7
214
58 Bhopalapally 0.0 500 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5
59 Krishnapattanam 0.0 800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9
60 R-gundam STPS 2600.0 13 13 13 13 13
61 Rayalaseema 840.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6
62 Simhadri 1000.0 500 500 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.8 9.3
63 Raichur 1470.0 250 7.0 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.3
64 Bellary 500.0 500 2.5 2.5 3.7 5.0 5.0
65 Ennore 450.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
66 Mettur 840.0 500 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.1 7.4
67 Tuticorin 1050.0 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6
68 North Chennai 630.0 500 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.8
69 Ennore JV 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7
70 Tuticorin JV 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7
TOTAL SR 11882.5 0 1250 1000 2000 2800 63 66 72 79 91
71 Barauni 320.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

72 Muzaffarpur 220.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
73 Barh 0.0 660 660 660 1320 0.0 1.6 4.9 8.2 13.1
74 Nabinagar 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7
75 Patratu 840.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
76 Kahalgaon 2340.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
77 Tenughat 420.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
78 Maithan RB 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 5.0
79 North K.Pura 0.0 1320 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2
80 Bokaro 802.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
81 Bokaro Repl. 0.0 500 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.5
82 Kodarma 0.0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 5.0
83 Chandrapura 780.0 500 2.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
84 Durgapur 350.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
85 Durgapur Steel 0.0 500 500 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7
86 Raghunathpur 0.0 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4
87 Mejia 1340.0 500 500 7.0 7.0 8.2 10.7 12.0
88 Talcher 470.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
89 Talcher STPS 3000.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0
90 Ib Valley 420.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
91 Daripali 0.0 800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9
215
92 Bandel 540.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
93 Santaldih 730.0 250 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.6 3.6
94 Kolaghat 1260.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
95 Bakreswar 840.0 210 500 2.9 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.7
96 Sagar Dighi 600.0 500 500 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.2 6.7
97 Jojobera 360.0 CPP
98 Calcutta 160.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
99 Titagarh 240.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
100 South Gen. 135.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
101 Budge Budge 500.0 250 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 3.8
102 Durgapur(DPL) 695.0 300 500 3.3 3.3 4.0 7.8 8.1
103 Farakka STPS 1600.0 500 10.0 10.0 11.2 12.7 12.7
TOTAL ER 18962.5 710 660 3460 4660 6440 88 92 102 124 151
104 Bongaigaon 240.0
105 Bongaigaon N 0.0 500 250 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.1
TOTAL NER 240.0 0 0 0 500 250 0 0 0 1 3
TOTAL ALL INDIA 72380.0 3430 5225 9580 11900 12490 369 390 429 483 542
216
Annexure-1.10
LIST OF COAL BASED POWER PROJECTS FOR LIKELY BENEFITS DURING 11TH PLAN (TENTATIVE)
Status of Linkage
NO. of Units X Unit
LIKELY YEAR OF
CAPACITY (MW)
BENEFITS 11TH
PLANT NAME
Requirement
(MT/annum)
ULTIMATE
Calculated
(2007-12)
BENEFIT
AGENCY
Imported Coal
Imported Coal
SECTOR
Linkage to be
Block agreed
to be tied up
STATE
Sl. No.
Block to be
PLAN
Allocated
Allocated
accorded
size
Available
Linkage
tied up
Block
CENTRAL SECTOR
1 DADRI EXT UP NTPC C 2X490 980 980 2009-11 4.9 980
2 SIPAT I (SECL) CHG NTPC C 3x660 1980 1980 2008-10 9.9 1980
3 BHILAI JV (SECL) CHG NTPC C 2x250 500 500 2007-08 2.5 500
4 KORBA III CHG NTPC C 1X500 500 500 2009-10 2.5 500
5 INTEGRATED PROJ. LARA CHG NTPC C 5X800 4000 800 2011-12 4 800
6 SIMADHARI-EXT AP NTPC C 2X500 1000 1000 2010-11 5 1000
7 ENNORE-JV TN NTPC+TNE C 2x500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000
B
8 BARH (CCL) BIH NTPC C 3x660 1980 1980 2009-11 9.9 1980
9 BARH II BIH NTPC C 2x660 1320 660 2011-12 3.3 660
10 NABINAGAR (CCL) BIH NTPC C 4x250 1000 1000 2009-12 5 1000
11 NORTH K PURA (CCL) JHAR NTPC C 3x660 1980 1980 2010-12 9.9 1980
12 INTEGRATED PROJ. ORS NTPC C 4x800 3200 800 2011-12 4 800
DARIPALI
13 FARAKKA STAGE-III (ECL) WB NTPC C 1x500 500 500 2009-10 2.5 500
14 BONGAIGAON ASSAM NTPC C 3x250 750 750 2010-12 3.75 750
15 CHANDERPUR JHAR DVC C 2x250 500 500 2007-08 2.5 500
16 MAITHAN RB (BCCL) JHAR DVC C 2x500 1000 1000 2010-11 5 1000
17 KODARMA JHAR DVC C 2x500 1000 1000 2011-12 5 1000
18 BOKARO JHAR DVC C 2x250 500 500 2010-11 2.5 500
19 BOKARO REPLACEMENT JHAR DVC C 1x500 500 500 2010-11 2.5 500
20 MEZIA EXT WB DVC C 2X500 1000 1000 2011-12 5 1000
21TUTICORIN JV TN NLC+ TNEB C 2x500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000

SUB-TOTAL 26190 19930 100 9440 6230 2760 0 1500 0 0
STATE SECTOR
22 YAMUNA NAGAR (CCL) HAR HPGCL S 2x300 600 600 2007-08 3 600
23 HISSAR HAR HPGCL S 2x500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000
24 DELHI TPS CHG/HA IPGCL JV 2X500 1000 1000 2009-10 5 1000
R
25 SURATGARH EXT RAJ RRVUNL S 1x250 250 250 2010-11 1.25 250
26 CHABRA TPS RAJ RRVUNL S 2X250 500 500 2009-10 2.5 500
217
27 KOTA U7 RAJ RRVUNL S 1x195 195 195 2009-10 0.975 195
28 PARICHHA EXT UP UPRVUNL S 2x250 500 500 2009-11 2.5 500
29 HARDUAGANJ EXT UP UPRVUNL S 2x250 500 500 2009-11 2.5 500
30 KORBA WEST EXT (SECL) CHG CSEB S 2x300 600 600 2009-10 3 600
31 IGTPP BHAIYATHAN CHG CSEB S 2x660 1320 1320 2011-12 6.6 1320
32 IFFCO SARGUJA CHG CSEB JV S 2x500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000
33 SIKKA EXT GUJ GSECL S 2x250 500 500 2009-10 1.5 500
34 AMARKANTAK MP MPGENCO S 1X210 210 210 2007-08 0.63 210
35 MALWA MP MPGENCO S 2x500 1000 1000 2011-12 5 1000
36 KHAPER KHEDA EX MAH MAHA GEN S 1x500 500 500 2009-10 2.5 500
37 PARLI EXT U-2 MAH MAHA GEN S 1x250 250 250 2009-10 1.25 250
38 PARAS EXT U-2 MAH MAHA GEN S 1x250 250 250 2009-10 1.25 250
39 CHANDRAPUR MAH MAHA GEN S 1x500 500 500 2010-11 2.5 500
40 KORADI MAH MAHA GEN S 3x500 1500 1500 2010-12 7.5 1500
41 BHUSAWAL MAH MAHA GEN S 2X500 1000 1000 2010-11 5 1000
42 BHOPALAPALLY (SCCL) AP APGENCO S 1x500 500 500 2008-09 2.5 500
43 VIJAYWADA TPP (MCL) AP APGENCO S 1x500 500 500 2008-09 2.5 500
44 KOTHAGUDEM ST-V AP APGENCO S 1x500 500 500 2010-11 2.5 500
45 KRISHNAPATNAM AP APGENCO S 2x800 1600 800 2011-12 4 800
46 RAICHUR U 8 KAR KPCL S 1x210 210 210 2008-09 1.05 210
47 BELLARY EXT KAR KPCL S 1x500 500 500 2009-10 2.5 500
48 METTUR EXP TN TNEB S 1X500 500 500 2011-12 2.5 500
49 NORTH CHENNAI EXT TN TNEB S 1X500 500 500 2011-12 2.5 500
50 IB VALLEY ORS OPGCL S 2x250 500 500 2010-11 2.5 500
51 BAKRESHWAR U-5 (ECL) WB WBPDCL S 1x210 210 210 2007-08 1.05 210
52 BAKRESHWAR EXT WB WBPDCL S 1x500 500 500 2011-12 2.5 500
53 SANTHALDIH EXT WB WBPDCL S 1x250 250 250 2010-11 1.25 250
54 SAGARDIGHI EXT WB WBPDCL S 2x500 1000 500 2010-11 2.5 500
55 DPL TPS WB WBPDCL S 1x300 300 300 2009-10 1.5 300
56 DPL TPS WB WBPDCL S 1x500 500 500 2011-12 2.5 500
SUB-TOTAL 21245 19945 98 8275 3050 2320 3500 2300 0 500
PRIVATE SECTOR
57 GOINDWAL SAHIB PUN IPP P 2x300 600 600 2010-11 3 600

58 ANPARA-C (NCL) UP IPP P 2x500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000
59 ROSA (CCL) UP ROSA P.C. P 2x300 600 600 2008-09 3 600
60 BULANDSHAHAR UP TATAPOWE P 2X500 1000 1000 2010-12 5 1000
R
61 PATHDI (LANCO) U1 CHG LANCO-IPP P 1x300 300 300 2008-09 1.5 300
62 PATHDI (LANCO) PHASE II CHG LANCO-IPP P 2x300 600 600 2010-11 3 600
63 RAIGARH PH II CHG JIN. POWER P 3x250 750 750 2007-09 3.75 750
218
64 TROMBAY TPS MAH TATAPOWE P 1x250 250 250 2009-10 0.75 250
R
65 NAGARJUNA TPP KAR NPCL-IPP P 2x507.5 1015 1015 2009-10 3.045 1015
66 BUDGE-BUDGE EXT WB CESC P 1x250 250 250 2009-10 1.25 250
67 HALDIA WB CESC P 2X300 600 600 2011-12 3 600
SUB-TOTAL 6965 6965 32 3750 600 1350 0 0 0 1265
TOTAL 46840 230 21465 9880 6430 3500 3800 0 1765
Additional Coal Requirement (calculated) during 11th PLAN 230.67 107.325 49.4 32.15 17.5 19 0 5.30
SUMMARY
MW QUANTITY 13680
Linkage Available 21465 107.33
Block Allocated 6430 32.15
Block agreed 3500 17.50
Imported Coal tied up 0 0.00
TOTAL AVAILABLE 31395 156.98
Linkage to be accorded 9880 49.40
Block to be Allocated 3800 19.00
Imported Coal to be tied up 1765 5.30
TOTAL TO BE TIED UP 15445 73.70
TOTAL COAL BASED 46840 230.67
219
Annexure- 1.11
List of 11th Plan Project (Provisional)
Sl. Name of TPS State Capacity Coal Req. Year of Remarks

No. source-wise (MW) Million Comm-
Tonnes issioning
during
2011-12
CCL
1 Badarpur Delhi 2x490= 980 5.0 2009-11
2 Chotu Ram ( Y- Haryana 2x300= 600 3.0 2007-08
nagar)
3 Hissar* Haryana 2x250 5.0 2009-12
+1x500=1000
4 Jhajjar TPS Haryana 3x500=1500 7.5 2009-11
5 Parichha Ext. U.P. 2x250= 500 2.5 2009-10
6 Harduaganj Ext. U.P. 2x250= 500 2.5 2009-10
7 Dadri Ext.* U.P. 2x490= 980 4.9 2009-10
8 Chola, Bulandshar U.P. 1x500=500 2.5 2010-11
Total 32.9
CCL Area (Pit-head)
9 Barh Bihar 3x660=1980 9.9 2008-11
10 Barh Ext. Bihar 2x660=1320 3.2 2011-12
11 Nabinagar Bihar 4x250=1000 5.0 2010-12
12 North Karanpura Jharkhand 2x660=1320 3.2 2011-12
Total 21.3
BCCL
13 Bokaro Repl. Jharkhand 2x250=500 2.5 2009-11
14 Chandrapur (DVC) Jharkhand 2x250=500 2.5 2007-08
15 Durgapur Steel Jharkhand 2x500=1000 5.0 2010-12
16 Raghunathpur Jharkhand 2x500=1000 2.4 2011-12
Total 12.4
BCCL Area (Pit-head)
17 Maithon RB Jharkhand 2x500=1000 5.0 2009-11
18 Kodarma Jharkhand 2x500=1000 5.0 2010-11
19 Mejia Ext.* Jharkhand 2x500=1000 5.0 2009-11
Total 15.0
ECL
20 Bakreshwar U -5 W. Bengal 1x210=210 1.1 2007-08
21 Bakreshwar Ext*. W. Bengal 1x500=500 1.2 2011-12
22 Sagardighi Ext.* W. Bengal 2x500=1000 3.7 2010-12
23 Santaldih Ext. W. Bengal 1x250=250 1.2 2009-10
24 Budge Budge Ext. W. Bengal 1x250=250 1.2 2009-10 Block to be
allocated
Total 8.4
ECL Area (Pit-head)
220
25 Farakka Stage III West Bengal 1x500=500 2.5 2009-10
SECL
26 Suratgarh Ext. Rajasthan 1x250= 250 1.3 2019-10
27 Chabra Rajasthan 2x250= 500 2.5 2009-10
28 Kota U-7 Rajasthan 1x195= 195 1.0 2009-10
29 Amarkantak MP 1x210=210 1.1 2007-08
Total 5.9
SECL (Pith –head)
30 Sipat – I Chattisgarh 3x660=1980 9.9 2007-09
31 Bhilai JV Chattisgarh 2x250=500 2.5 2007-08
32 Korba West Ext. Chattisgarh 2x300=600 3.0 2009-10
33 Korba -III Chattisgarh 1x500=500 2.5 2009-10
34 Malwa M.P. 2x500=1000 5.0 2011-12
35 Raigarh Phase II Chattisgarh 3x250=750 3.8 2007-08 Coal Block
36 Pathadi (Lanco) U- Chattisgarh 1x300=300 1.5 2008-09
1
37 Pathadi (Lanco) Chattisgarh 2x300=600 3.0 2010-11 Coal Block
Ph. II
Total 31.2
MCL
38 Vijayawada Ext. A.P. 1x500=500 2.5 2008-09
39 Krishnapatnam* A.P. 1x800=800 4.0 2011-12
41 Raichur U – 8 Karnataka 1x250=250 1.3 2008-09
42 Bellary Ext. Karnataka 1x500=500 2.5 2009-10 Coal Block
43 Khaperkheda Ext. Maharashtra 1x500=500 2.5 2009-10
44 Parli Ext. U- 2 Maharashtra 1x250=250 1.3 2009-10
45 Paras Ext. U- 2 Maharashtra 1x250=250 1.3 2009-10
46 Koradi Repl. Maharashtra 1x500=500 2.5 2010-11
47 Bhusawal Ext.* Maharashtra 2x500=1000 5.0 2010-11
48 Simadhri Ext.* A.P. 2x500=1000 5.0 2010-12
49 Ennore JV* Tamil Nadu 2x500=1000 3.7 2010-12
50 Tuticorin JV* Tamil Nadu 2x500=1000 3.7 2010-12
51 Metture Ext.* Tamil Nadu 2x250=500 2.5 2010-11
52 North Chennai Tamil Nadu 2x250=500 1.2 2011-12
Ext.*
53 DPL Ext. West Bengal 1x300=300 3.3 2009-10 Block to be
allocated
54 DPL Ext. Ph.II West Bengal 1x500=500 2.5 2010-11 Block to be
allocated
55 Integrated Project Orissa 1x800=800 4.0 2011-12 Coal Block
Daripali
Total 30.9
MCL (Pith –head)
56 Kothagudem Stage A.P. 1x500=500 2.5 2009-10
V
SCCL
57 Bhopalapalli A.P. 1x500=500 2.5 2008-09
221
NCL (Pit-head)
58 Anpara C U.P. 2x500=1000 5.0 2010-12
NEC
59 Bongaigaon Assam 3x250=750 3.8 2010-12
Total 3.8
* Linkage to be accorded
222
ANNEXURE- 1.12
DETAILS OF COAL REQUIREMENT FOR STEEL SECTORS
(in Million Tonnes) (As compiled from Ministry of Steel)
XIth Plan
Sl
Items 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
No.
Proj Proj Proj Proj Proj
Capacity 13.60 13.60 13.60 13.60 22.55
Hot Metal Production 16.47 17.21 17.37 20.96 22.55
Washed Coking Coal
SAILPlants (Bhilai,
PCC 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50
A Durgapur, Rourkela,
Bokaro & Burnpur) MCC 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50
Total Indigenous 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Imported 10.80 11.50 10.60 13.90 15.30
Total Coking Coal 14.80 15.50 15.60 18.90 20.30
Capacity 6.80 6.80 6.80 8.00 10.00

TATA STEEL Indigenous Coking coal
B requirement 2.30 3.02 3.02 3.02 3.02
LIMITED(TSL)
Imported Coking coal
requirement 1.73 2.27 2.27 3.00 4.20
Total Coal Requirement 4.03 5.29 5.29 6.02 7.22
Capacity
RINL, Visakhapatnam Indigenous Coking coal
C requirement 0.58 0.58 0.70 0.88 0.88
Steel Plant
requirement 3.31 3.30 3.98 5.00 5.02
Integrated Steel Capacity 20.40 20.40 20.40 20.40 29.35

Total Hot Metal Production 26.33 29.04 30.72 35.51 37.75
Indigenous Coking coal
requirement 6.88 7.60 8.72 8.90 8.90
requirement 15.84 17.07 16.85 21.18 22.59
D Others
Capacity
Ispat Industries Ltd., Hot Metal Production 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.40 4.40
1
Dolvi, Maharashtra Indigenous Coking coal
requirement 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
2 Jindal Steel & Power Capacity 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40
Ltd. Hot Metal Production 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
requirement
requirement 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
223
Total Coking Coal
Requirement 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Capacity 4.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
3 JSW Steel Ltd.
requirement 3.74 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20
Capacity 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30
Hot Metal Production 2.30 2.80 3.30 3.30
Essar Steel Ltd., Imported Non-Coking coal
4
Hazira requirement 2.60 3.50 3.80 3.80
requirement
Capacity 3.00 6.00 6.00
Essar Steel Jharkhand Hot Metal Production 3.15 6.30 6.30
5
Ltd., Chaibasa Imported Coking coal
requirement 3.10 6.30 6.30
Capacity 2.00 4.00 4.00
Essar Steel Orissa Hot Metal Production 2.10 4.20 4.20
6
Ltd., Paradeep Imported Coking coal
Capacity 3.20 3.20 3.20
Essar Steel
Hot Metal Production 3.50 3.50 3.50
7 Chattisgarh Ltd.,
Dantewada Imported Coking coal
Others Capacity 6.40 12.70 20.90 25.90 25.80
requirement 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
requirement 4.89 6.35 15.10 20.20 20.20
Total Coking Coal
Requirement 5.89 7.35 17.10 22.20 22.20
Capacity 26.80 33.10 41.30 46.30 58.45
requirement 7.88 8.60 10.72 10.90 10.90
Total Coking Coal Imported Coking coal
Requirement of Steel requirement 20.73 23.42 31.95 41.38 44.72
E
Plants Total Coking Coal
Requirement 28.61 32.02 42.67 52.28 55.62
Imported Non-Coking coal
requirement 0.00 2.60 3.50 3.80 3.80
F Coal Requirement for SAIL 6.90 8.50 11.50 12.00 12.00

Captive Power Plants Ispat Industries Ltd., Dolvi,
of Steel Units Maharashtra 0.28 0.28 0.56 0.56 0.56
RINL, Vizag 1.63 1.75 2.33 2.78 3.03
Jindal Steel & Power Ltd 2.40 2.40 5.18 5.18 5.18
Essar Steel Ltd., Hazira 0.15 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
Essar Steel Jharkhand Ltd.,
Chaibasa 3.00 3.00 6.00
224
Essar Steel Chattisgarh Ltd.,
Dantewada 1.90 1.90 1.90
Total Steel CPPs 11.36 13.98 25.52 26.47 29.72
Note: In addition to MTPA capacity from Jamshedpur Plant, TSL has also indicated capacity of 6MTPA from
Kalinganagar Plant with a coal requirement of 10.63 Mt in 2011-12. However, MOS is of the opinion that the Plant
is not likely to come up in next five-year period. Hence, demand has not been considered while projecting total
coal demand of steel sector.
225
Annexure – 2.1
COMPANY-WISE COAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE - X PLAN PERIOD
Million Tonnes
2002 - 2003 2003 - 2004 2004 - 2005 2005 - 2006 2006-2007
Company Target as Target as Target as Target as Target as Target as Tar. as per Target as
Target as
per Plan Actual per Plan Actual per Plan per AP Actual per Plan per AP Actual plan per AP :
per AP
doc. & AP document document 04-05 document 05-06 document 06-07 Anticipated
ECL 29.00 27.18 30.00 29.00 28.00 30.20 29.00 27.25 30.30 29.83 31.11 31.00 33.00 33.00
BCCL 28.00 24.15 29.00 27.50 22.68 30.00 25.20 22.32 31.50 24.22 23.31 33.00 25.20 24.20
CCL 34.25 36.98 35.00 35.50 37.34 37.00 40.00 37.39 38.00 40.40 40.51 38.50 42.00 42.00
Joint Venture 2.00 4.80
NCL 44.00 45.10 46.00 46.50 47.03 47.00 47.50 49.95 49.00 50.80 51.52 52.00 52.00 52.00
WCL 37.00 37.82 37.00 37.25 39.53 37.20 38.00 41.41 37.30 41.90 43.20 37.50 42.00 42.00
SECL 65.25 66.60 70.00 69.00 71.01 74.00 74.50 78.55 78.30 83.00 83.02 84.55 88.50 88.50
MCL 48.00 52.23 51.00 53.10 60.05 57.00 59.00 66.08 62.50 72.00 69.60 68.00 80.00 80.50
NEC 0.50 0.63 0.50 0.65 0.73 0.60 0.80 0.63 0.60 0.85 1.10 0.65 1.10 1.60
CIL 286.00 290.69 298.50 298.50 306.37 313.00 314.00 323.58 331.50 343.00 343.39 350.00 363.80 363.80
SCCL 32.50 33.24 34.23 33.50 33.85 35.78 35.00 35.30 36.04 36.00 36.138 36.13 37.50 37.50
Other Public Sector * 2.13 1.51 2.20 2.15 1.61 2.30 1.54 1.90 2.40 2.02 1.81 2.40 1.90 1.91
Pvt Sector (TISCO) 5.47 5.92 4.97 5.70 6.15 4.76 5.91 6.37 5.51 6.36 6.52 5.24 6.88 6.24
Captive Mining # 5.50 5.52 5.90 5.20 7.83 5.96 8.20 10.11 6.21 12.50 13.59 6.73 15.02 17.55
Meghalaya 4.10 4.41 4.20 5.00 5.44 4.20 4.50 5.35 4.34 5.50 5.57 4.50 5.00 5.50
All India 335.70 341.27 350.00 350.05 361.25 366.00 369.15 382.61 386.00 405.38 407.01 405.00 430.10 432.50
Abs Growth 13.49 19.98 21.36 24.40 23.09
Growth % 4.02% 5.85% 5.91% 6.38% 5.67%
Expected Growth in X plan - Abs 104.71
ACGR % 5.7
# BECML (Bengal Emta)/JSPL/ICML/HIL/MIL/BLC/CML * DVC/IISCO/JKML/JSMDCL
226
Annexure – 2.2
COMPANY WISE FIELDWISE COAL PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
Million Tonnes
IX PLAN X PLAN XI PLAN - Projection XII PLAN
Company Coalfield 01-02 06-07 Growth 2011-12 Growth 2016-17
Actual Target Antic % ABS %
Raniganj 16.17 16.42 16.41 0.30 21.70 5.29 5.75 21.32
Mugma-Salanpur 3.08 4.08 4.09 5.84 3.30 -0.79 -4.20 3.18
ECL
Rajmahal 9.30 12.50 12.50 6.09 21.00 8.50 10.93 23.50
Sub Total 28.55 33.00 33.00 2.94 46.00 13.00 6.87 48.00
Jharia 23.70 23.76 22.91 -0.68 27.34 4.43 3.60 29.58
BCCL Ranigunj 1.55 1.44 1.29 -3.61 2.66 1.37 15.57 5.42
Sub Total 25.25 25.20 24.20 -0.85 30.00 5.80 4.39 35.00
Giridih 0.21 0.25 0.30 7.39 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.10
East Bokaro 7.21 8.10 8.87 4.23 13.58 4.71 8.89 18.83
West Bokaro 4.21 6.19 5.92 7.06 8.49 2.57 7.48 14.79
CCL Ramgarh 1.48 1.45 1.20 -4.11 2.75 1.55 18.04 3.50
South Karanpura 3.69 5.34 4.48 3.96 7.85 3.37 11.87 10.25
North Karanpura 17.01 20.67 21.23 4.53 45.03 23.80 16.23 67.03
Sub Total 33.81 42.00 42.00 4.43 78.00 36.00 13.18 115.00
NCL Singrauli 42.46 52.00 52.00 4.14 70.00 18.00 6.13 80.50
Wardha Valley 23.19 27.09 26.68 2.84 27.67 0.99 0.73 28.26
Umrer 3.53 3.66 3.64 0.62 3.94 0.30 1.60 4.29
Patharkhera 2.90 2.94 3.04 0.95 2.34 -0.70 -5.10 1.70
WCL
Pench-Kanhan 3.28 3.73 3.93 3.68 4.17 0.24 1.19 4.04
Kamptee 4.11 4.59 4.72 2.81 6.88 2.16 7.83 6.71
Sub Total 37.01 42.00 42.00 2.56 45.00 3.00 1.39 45.00
Central India (CIC) 21.10 25.46 25.46 3.83 26.32 0.86 0.67 33.73
Korba & 43.02 60.07 60.07 7.94 80.06 19.99 5.91 81.12
SECL
Raigarh 2.97 2.97 4.62 1.65 9.24 25.15
Sub Total 64.12 88.50 88.50 6.66 111.00 22.50 4.63 140.00
IB Valley 14.70 25.87 25.87 11.97 45.66 19.79 12.03 72.00
MCL Talcher 33.11 54.13 54.63 10.53 91.34 36.71 10.83 125.00
Sub Total 47.81 80.00 80.50 10.98 137.00 56.50 11.22 197.00
NEC North Eastern CF 0.64 1.10 1.60 20.11 3.50 1.90 16.95 3.50
CIL Total 279.65 363.80 363.80 5.40 520.50 156.70 7.43 664.00
SCCL Godavari 30.81 37.50 37.50 4.01 40.80 3.30 1.70 45.00
Other Public Sectors 2.06 1.90 1.91 -1.60 2.52 0.62 5.76 2.52
Pvt Sector (Tata Steel) 5.65 6.88 6.24 2.00 6.50 0.26 0.82 6.50
Captive Mining 4.46 15.02 17.55 31.52 104.08 86.53 42.76 331.38
Meghalaya 5.15 5.00 5.50 1.33 5.60 0.10 0.36 5.60
All India 327.79 430.10 432.50 5.70 680.00 247.51 9.47 1055.00
Absolute Growth 104.71 247.51 375.00
227
ANNEXURE- 2.3
GROUP WISE COAL PRODUCTION PROGRAMME OF CIL AND SCCL
Fig in Mt.
X Plan XI Plan XII Plan
Company Group 2006-07 2011-12 2016-17
Target/Antic Projection Projection
ECL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 32.42 25.49 23.98
New Projects 0.24 20.07 23.68
Total 33.00 46.00 48.00
BCCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 22.90 21.49 17.34
Total 24.20 30.00 35.00
CCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 22.55 20.22 18.00
New Projects 15.60 46.85 86.50
Total 42.00 78.00 115.00
NCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 52.00 41.00 38.00
Ongoing Projects 12.00 13.50
Total 52.00 70.00 80.50
WCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 40.31 22.85 10.69
Total 42.00 45.00 45.00
SECL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 28.28 19.01 16.21
New Projects 3.73 22.67 32.84
Total 88.50 111.00 140.00
MCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 41.76 35.11 26.77
New Projects 0.00 44.15 121.50
Total 80.50 137.00 197.00
NEC Existing Mines & Completed Projects 1.60 0.80 0.50
Ongoing Projects
Total 1.60 3.50 3.50
CIL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 241.82 185.97 151.49
New Projects 19.57 169.22 330.92
TOTAL 363.80 520.50 664.00
SCCL Existing Mines & Completed Projects 29.641 18.855 6.98

Total 37.50 40.80 45.00
228
ANNEXURE - 2.4
TENTATIVE LIST OF XI PLAN PROJECTS OF CIL
Sl. Type of Projection
No Name of the Company /Project Mine Capacity XI Plan 11-12
UG/ OC (Mty) (Mty)
ECL
1 BELBAID( DHASAL) UG 0.20 0.20
2 CHITRA EXPANSION OC 0.50 0.50
3 KHOTTADIH AUG. OC 1.00 0.48
4 KUNUSTORIA ( DOBRANA) UG 0.30 0.18
5 RANGAMATI B UG 0.60
6 RANGAMATI A UG 0.30
7 SONEPUR BAZARI (Combined) OC 5.50( INCR.) 3.70
8 TILABONI UG 0.60 0.30
Total(ECL) 9.00 5.36
BCCL
9 Block-IV OC 2.00 0.69
Amalgamated Kharkharee Dharmaband Exten. UG 0.84
10 Block
11 Moonidih XV Seam UG 0.45 0.30
12 Kapuria UG 2.00 0.05
Block-II OCP including SOCP & MOCP OC 1.00 0.50
13
Reorganisation of Madhuband & Phularitand UG 0.25 0.10

14
15 South Tisra/North Tisra Aug.- NC OC 2.00 1.00
16 Kalyaneshwari OC 4.00 0.80
17 Block II Aug. OC 0.85 0.44
Total(BCCL) 13.39 3.88
CCL
18 Aswa N-S OC 2.00
19 Chano-Rikba OC 2.00
20 DRD OC 2.00 0.50
21 Godo OC 1.00
22 Gose-Parsabera Integrated OC 2.00
23 Kasiadih OC 1.00
24 Kedla EPR OC 2.00
25 Koed / Manatu OC 3.00
26 Pachra Integrated OC 3.00
27 Parej West OC 1.00 0.50
28 Pichri / Pichri Extn OC 1.00
29 Purnadih East OC 2.00 0.50
30 Ramgarh - II West OC 1.00
Total(CCL) 23.00 1.50
NCL
31 Nigahi Expn .( Total 15.0 Mt) OC 5.00(INCR) 5.00
32 Jayant Expn.(Total 15.0 Mt.) OC 5.00(INCR) 1.00
229
33 Dudhichua Expn.(Total 15.0 Mt.) OC 5.00(INCR) 1.00
Total(NCL) 15.00 7.00
WCL
34 Antargaon UG 0.50
35 Antargaon OC 1.60
36 Bellora / Naigaon Deep OC 0.75 0.60
37 Bhatadi - North - West OC 0.65 0.05
38 Borda (N.of Ghonsa) UG 0.54 0.54
39 Chikalgaon OC 0.60 0.25
40 Chinchala OC 1.00 0.25
41 Chincholi OC 0.40 0.05
42 Dhankasa UG 0.54 0.20
43 Dhanwa UG 0.50
44 Dhuptala OC 0.60 0.25
45 Gandhigram UG 0.50
46 Gauri I & II Expn. OC 1.80 1.20
47 Ghonsa Extn. (Including Parsoda UG) OC 0.60
48 Ghugus Deep OC 1.50 1.49
49 Jamuniya UG 0.50 0.02
50 Junakunada Deep OC 0.60
51 Kamptee Deep OC 0.80
52 Kolgaon Deep OC 0.40
53 Makardhokra III OC 1.00 0.10
54 Maori Block with C.M. Package UG 0.36 0.23
55 Mathra Incl. Extn. UG 0.40
56 Motaghat OC 1.00 0.10
57 Mugoli Extension OC 1.00 0.10
58 Mugoli/ Nigugda Deep OC 1.50
59 Murpar Expn.(Incl.Bhansuli & Surmanjari ) UG 1.50
60 Nand - I UG 0.40 0.05
61 New Majri Sector A Extn. OC 1.50
62 New Majri UG to OC OC 0.60 0.05
63 Niljai Deep OC 1.50 0.52
64 Padmapur Deep OC 1.00
65 Pauni Deep OC 0.60
66 Pauni Deep Expn. UG 0.50
67 Pauni-III OC 1.00 0.10
68 Pisagaon UG 0.24
69 Saoner IV/Saoner Mine-I Expn. UG 0.36 0.28
70 Sharda UG 0.50 0.07
71 Thesgora - C UG 0.30
72 Ukni Deep OC 1.50 1.10
73 Yekona - I Extn. OC 0.60 0.05
74 Yekona - II Extn. OC 0.60 0.05
TOTAL(WCL) 32.34 7.70
SECL
75 AMBA UG 0.18 0.10
230
76 AMBICA OC 0.50 0.30
77 AMRITDHARA UG 0.48
78 BAKULMUNI UG 0.36 0.20
79 BATURA OC 1.50
80 BIJARI OC 2.00
81 CHANGERA OC 0.50
82 CHIMTAPANI OC 5.00
83 DIPKA EXPN (25 MTY) OC 5.00(INCR) 5.00
84 GEVRA EXPN (35 MTY) OC 10.00(INCR) 10.00
85 GUMGARA UG 0.36
86 JAMDAI UG 0.36
87 JAMPALI OC OC 0.70
88 JARWAHI OC 0.50
89 KARTALI EAST UG 0.36
90 KUSMUNDA EXPN (15 MTY) OC 5.00(INCR) 5.00
91 KUSUMGHAT OC 2.00 1.00
92 MAHAN III & IV OC 3.00
93 NAWAPARA EAST UG 0.36
94 PATHAKPUR UG 0.36
95 PELMA OC 10.00
96 RAI WEST OC 1.00 0.27
97 VIJAY EAST UG 0.40
TOTAL(SECL) 49.22 22.57
MCL
98 Ananta Extn. OC 12.00 10.50
99 Balabhadra OC 6.00
100 Chhendipada Expn./Baitarani(E) OC 5.00
101 Gopalprasad + Utkal-A OC 10.00 1.00
102 Hingula Extn. OC 4.00 3.50
103 Kalinga (West) OC 4.00
104 Kalinga Extn. (Konark) OC 2.00
105 Kaniha-II OC 10.00 1.00
106 Madhupur OC 2.00 0.50
107 Siarmal OC 8.00 2.00
108 Siarmal (West) Extn. OC 6.00 1.00
109 Talabira-II & III OC 15.00 1.00
TOTAL(MCL) 84.00 20.50
NEC
110 Ledo Mech. OC 0.30 0.25
111 Lekhapani OC 0.30 0.20
112 PQ Block OC 0.30 0.15
113 Tikak East Extn. OC 1.50 1.00
114 Tipong OC 1.00 0.50
TOTAL(NEC) 3.40 2.10
CIL (TOTAL) 229.35 70.61
231
Annexure- 2.5
Details of New Projects during XI Plan period of SCCL -
(Rs.Crores)
Type of PR/
Sl. Name of the Sanc.
mine RPR XI Plan period
No. Project/Mine UG/OC (MTY) Proj.cost 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
New Projects
1 5B Extn. UG 0.150 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00

2 Rampur UG 1.500 270.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 25.00
3 JVR.OCP - I Extn. OC 0.900 90.00 25.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 JVR.OCP - II OC 4.000 472.14 0.00 0.00 30.00 88.00 70.00
5 JK 5 OC OC 2.000 84.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 5.00
6 Koyagudem OC-II OC 2.000 91.63 5.00 18.00 16.00 10.00 11.00
7 Kunavaram OCP OC 0.650 7.51 2.70 2.80 1.00 1.00 0.00
8 OCP-II, MNG Extn. OC 3.000 585.00 0.00 0.00 45.00 50.00 55.00
9 Continuous Miner at GDK 11A UG 0.400 70.80 55.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Peddampeta UG 1.500 298.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 35.00
11 VKP-Block-A 2 Seam ** UG 0.00 50.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
12 Jallaram UG / VKP UG 2.285 455.56 0.00 0.00 15.00 40.00 95.00
13 Adriyala UG 1.820 302.62 40.00 180.00 80.00 0.00 0.00
14 RG. OC-III Dip side Extn. ** OC 4.300 0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 40.00
15 RG.OC-II Extn. ** OC 3.500 0.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 60.00
16 KTK 8 LW UG 2.100 525.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.50 105.00
17 KTK 9 LW UG 2.100 525.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
18 KTK 5 LW UG 2.100 525.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
19 Chandrupalli_Mahadevpur OC 1.000 150.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
OC
20 Manjur Nagar OC OC 1.500 82.50 0.00 0.00 5.00 15.00 15.00
21 Peddapur Thick seam OC ** OC 1.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
22 Dorli OC-II OC 0.700 47.67 6.18 16.43 13.27 3.19 0.00
23 BPA Town OC OC 1.000 85.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
24 Mahaveer OC (MVK Group) ** OC 1.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
25 Sravanapalli OC OC 2.000 94.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 35.00 40.00
26 RKP Shaft Block UG 2.100 525.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
27 RKP OC I ** OC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
28 RKP OC II ** OC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
29 SRP OCP - I OC 0.600 44.54 8.66 12.17 6.26 10.13 5.00
30 SRP OCP - II OC 2.500 88.47 42.89 22.83 18.97 2.69 0.00
31 IK 1& 1A OC ** OC 1.200 0.00 0.00 15.00 25.00 30.00
232
32 CHNR OC ** OC 1.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
33 GDK 10A 2 Seam ** UG 20.00 80.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
34 Sivalingapuram OC OC 3.000 540.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 10.00
35 Andrews OC OC 0.500 60.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00
36 Koyagudem UG-I UG 0.500 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
37 Koyagudem UG-II UG 0.500 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
38 Somagudem OC ** OC 15.00 35.00
Total 205.43 395.23 400.50 467.51 725.00
** Not yet conceptualised
233
Annexure- 5.1
COAL MOVEMENT MATRIX FOR 2011-12
Company Coalfield Raw Coal Coal R/C+PDTS
Products
Rail Coastal Total Rail Road MGR Belt/ Colly. Total Offtake Rail Desp by Wagon
Ship Rope Cons. Rail Loading
ECL RNG 13.22 4.00 17.22 4.03 0.00 0.000 0.453 21.70 17.22 1845
MG/SL 2.10 0.00 2.10 1.16 0.00 0.000 0.042 3.30 2.10 225
RJM 1.93 0.00 1.93 0.25 18.82 0.000 0.005 21.00 1.93 206
ECL Total 17.24 4.00 21.24 5.44 18.82 0.000 0.500 46.00 0.000 21.24 2276
BCCL Total 22.00 0.00 22.00 7.70 0.00 0.000 0.300 30.00 5.800 27.80 2979
CCL EB 4.48 0.00 4.48 9.05 0.00 0.000 0.050 13.58 2.620 7.10 761
WB 2.77 0.00 2.77 5.71 0.00 0.000 0.010 8.49 0.950 3.72 399
RAM 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.000 0.000 2.75 1.930 1.93 207
GIR 0.19 0.00 0.19 0.11 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.30 0.000 0.19 20
SK 4.80 0.00 4.80 3.01 0.00 0.000 0.040 7.85 0.750 5.55 595
NK 29.07 0.00 29.07 15.96 0.00 0.000 0.000 45.03 5.050 34.12 3655
CCL Total 41.31 0.00 41.31 36.59 0.00 0.000 0.100 78.00 11.300 52.61 5637
NCL Total 14.45 14.45 2.24 49.56 3.751 0.000 70.00 2.918 17.37 1861
WCL WAR 12.47 12.47 12.30 1.00 1.900 0.005 27.67 12.47 1336
Km/Sy 4.68 4.68 0.90 1.300 0.005 6.88 4.68 501
UMR 3.20 3.20 0.74 0.001 3.94 3.20 343
Pe/Kn 2.74 2.74 0.70 0.720 0.010 4.17 0.605 3.34 358
PTKR 0.00 1.34 1.000 0.002 2.34 0.00 0
WCL Total 23.08 0.00 23.08 15.98 1.00 4.920 0.023 45.00 0.605 23.69 2538
SECL K/R 23.80 0.00 20.11 4.62 1.56 0.000 0.030 26.32 20.11 2155
KRB 21.53 0.00 21.53 22.93 30.10 5.500 0.002 80.06 21.53 2307
RAIGARH 9.99 0.00 2.61 2.01 0.00 0.000 0.000 4.62 2.61 280
SECL Total 55.32 0.00 44.25 29.56 31.66 5.500 0.032 111.00 0.000 44.25 4741
MCL IB 25.38 4.00 29.38 8.68 3.00 4.600 0.000 45.66 29.38 3148
TALCH 32.95 20.26 53.21 16.35 19.85 1.930 0.000 91.34 53.21 5701
MCL Total 58.33 24.26 82.59 25.03 22.85 6.530 0.000 137.00 0.000 82.59 8849
NEC Total 3.09 0.00 3.09 0.41 0.00 0.000 0.003 3.50 0.000 3.09 331
CIL Total 234.82 28.26 252.01 122.94 123.89 20.701 0.958 520.50 20.623 272.63 29211
SCCL Total 23.20 0.00 23.20 7.38 9.60 0.500 0.120 40.80 0.000 23.20 2486
Others Total 7.20 0.00 7.20 1.42 0.00 6.000 0.000 14.62 0.000 7.20 771
Captive Mining 39.75 0.00 39.75 58.83 5.500 0.000 104.08 0.000 39.75 4259
Grand Total 304.97 28.26 322.16 190.57 133.49 32.70 1.08 680.00 20.62 342.78 36728
234
Annexure-6.1
Lignite Demand Perspective (XI & XII Five year Plan):
The state wise projected lignite demand during XI Plan and at the terminal year of XII Plan is given below:
Fig. in MT
XI PLAN XII PLAN
State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Tamil Nadu 20.407 21.398 24.288 24.577 24.516 38.096
Gujarat 13.300 15.450 17.410 19.750 23.730 37.830
Rajasthan 2.130 4.052 5.960 6.652 7.680 12.008
Total 35.837 40.900 47.658 50.979 55.926 87.934
(A) Projected lignite demand during XI Plan and at the terminal year of XII Plan for Tamil Nadu is given
below:
The power projects listed below are programmed for commissioning during XI plan:
2X250 MW Expansion of NLC’s TPS-II at Tamil nadu

500 MW capacity lignite based power project consisting two units of 250 MW each at Neyveli as an
expansion to the Second Thermal Power Station with corresponding increase in the capacity of second
mine from 10.5 MTPA to 15.0 MTPA. The mine production is scheduled to commence in the last quarter
of 2008-2009 and the power units are programmed for commissioning during the last quarter of 2008-
2009 and first quarter of 2009-2010.
Projected lignite requirement from Tamilnadu are as under :

Fig. in MT
XI Plan XII Plan
Projects 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
TPS-I 5.464 5.693 5.693 5.693 5.693 5.693
TPS-I Expansion 2.699 2.812 2.812 2.812 2.812 2.812
TPS-II 10.164 10.587 10.587 10.587 10.587 10.587
TPS-II Expansion 0.000 0.206 3.140 3.364 3.364 3.364
ST-CMS TPS (Pvt.) 1.780 1.800 1.756 1.821 1.760 1.800
Jayamkondam TPS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.770
Neyveli Third TPS 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.770
Raw lignite sales 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
Total Tamil Nadu 20.407 21.398 24.288 24.577 24.516 38.096
The above consumption has been projected assuming a PLF of 72%.
235
(B) Gujarat::
The projected lignite demand for power sector and other sectors in Gujarat State is given below:
( in Million Tonnes)
XI Plan XII Plan
SECTOR 2007 - 08 2008-09 2009 - 10 2010 - 11 2011 - 12 2016-17
Power sector 5.85 7.00 7.85 8.92 11.46 19.46
Other sectors 7.45 8.45 9.56 10.83 12.27 18.37
Total 13.30 15.45 17.41 19.75 23.73 37.83
Demand From Power Sector:

1. 1X75 MW Expansion of power station at Kutch in Bharuch District (GEB)

2. 2X125 MW Expansion of power station at Mangrol in Surat District (GIPCL)
3. 2X125 MW power station at Padva in Bhavnagar District (GPCL-Nirma)
4. 2X125 MW power station in Bhavnagar District (GPCl-GMDC JVC)
XI Plan XII Plan
Projects Capaciy 2007-08 2008 - 2009- 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
in MW 09 10
Kutch Lignite TPS 2 x 70 +
1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
(GEB) 1 x 75
Kutch Lignite TPS
1x75 0.40 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
expn. (GEB)
Akrimota TPS
2 x 125 1.50 1.50
(GMDC) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Akrimota TPS
2 x 125 1.50
Expn. (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Surat Lignite TPS
2 x 125 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
(GIPCL)
Surat Lignite TPS
2 x 125 0.00 1.00 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
expn. (GIPCL)
Bhavnagar
(GPCL-GMDC 2 x 125 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 1.67 1.67
JVC)
Padva TPS in
Bhavnagar 2 x 125 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 1.94 1.94
(GPCL-Nirma)
Valia Lignite TPS
(NLC-COG JVC) 2 x 500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.50
GHCL 14 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

Total 2554 5.85 7.00 7.85 8.92 11.46 19.46
236
Demand From Other Sectors: ( in Million Tonnes)
Soda ash
Bricks/ Misc. &
Year Cement Paper and Textiles Total
Ceramics others
Chemicals
2007-08 0.75 0.20 1.00 0.50 1.50 3.50 7.45
2008-09 0.83 0.21 1.10 0.55 1.73 4.03 8.45
2009-10 0.91 0.22 1.21 0.61 1.98 4.63 9.56
2010-11 1.00 0.23 1.33 0.67 2.28 5.32 10.83
2011-12 1.10 0.24 1.46 0.73 2.62 6.12 12.27
XII Plan
1.65 0.30 2.20 1.10 3.94 9.18 18.37
2016-17
( C ) Rajasthan:
Projected lignite demand for power sector and other sectors in Rajasthan State is given below:
SECTOR 2007- 08 2008-09 2009- 10 2010- 2011- 12 2016-17
11
Power sector 1.60 3.252 5.060 5.752 6.780 11.008
Other sectors 0.53 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.000

Total 2.13 4.052 5.960 6.652 7.680 12.008
• 2X125 MW power station at Barsingsar in Bikaner District
250 MW capacity lignite based power project consisting two units of 125 MW each at Barsingsar in
Bikaner district of Rajasthan with a captive lignite mine of 2.1 MTPA. The mine production is
scheduled to commence in the third quarter of 2008-2009 and the power units are programmed for
commissioning during the third and fourth quarters of 2008-2009.
• 1X125 MW power station at Sonari in Barmer District

• 1X125 MW power station at Shivkar in Barmer District
• 1X100 MW power station at Gurah in Bikaner District
• 2X125 MW power station at Bithnokh in Bikaner District
• 1X50 MW power station at Matasukh in Nagaur District
237
Projected Lignite requirement for Power Sector :
Projects Capacity 2007-08 2008 -09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016
in MW -17
Giral (Barmer) 1 x 125 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Matasukh 1 x 50 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Sonari (Barmer) 1 x 125 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Shivkar (Barmer) 1 x 125 - - 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

Gurah (W)
1 x 100 - 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
(Bikaner)
Barsingsar TPS
(NLC) 2 x 125 0.252 1.560 1.752 1.752 1.752
Bithnokh TPS
(NLC) - - - - 1.028 1.72
2 x 125
Riri TPS (NLC)
- - - - 3.504
2 x 250
Total 15525 1.60 3.252 5.060 5.752 6.78 11.008
Projected Lignite requirement for other Sectors:

Captive
Solvent Bricks/
Year Cement Paper Textiles power Total
Extraction Ceramics
generation
2007-08 - 0.005 0.025 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.53
2008-09 - 0.01 0.04 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.80
2009-10 - 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.20 0.35 0.90
2010-11 - 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.20 0.35 0.90
2011-12 - 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.20 0.35 0.90
Lignite Based Capacity:

Envisaged available capacity at the end of X plan is 3594 MW.
Projected Capacity addition during XI Plan - 2225 MW , XII Plan – 3750 MW
The state wise projected lignite based power generation capacity during the XI plan and at the
terminal year of XII Plan is given below:
238
Fig. in MW
XI Plan XII Plan
Projects 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Tamil Nadu
NLC 2490 2740 2990 2990 2990 4990
Private 250 250 250 250 250 250
Total Tamil Nadu 2740 2990 3240 3240 3240 5240

Gujarat
GEB 290 290 290 290 290 290
GMDC 250 250 250 250 250 500
GIPCL 250 375 500 500 500 500
GPCL 0 0 0 250 500 500
GHCL 14 14 14 14 14 14
NLC 0 0 0 0 0 1000
Total Gujarat 804 929 1054 1304 1554 2804
Rajasthan
RVUNL 175 400 525 525 525 525
NLC 0 125 250 250 500 1000
Total Rajasthan 175 525 775 775 1025 1525
Total - India 3719 4444 5069 5319 5819 9569
239
Annexure-6.2
Lignite Production Projection:

The state wise projected lignite production during XI Plan and at the terminal year of XII Plan in the
country i.e. in the states of TamilNadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan is given below:
Fig. in Mt.
XI Plan XII Plan
State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Tamilnadu 20.05 21.20 24.225 24.225 24.225 37.82

Gujarat 11.35 14.10 16.40 19.27 22.26 32.06
Rajasthan 1.90 4.20 6.185 6.685 7.713 19.69
Total XI Plan 33.65 39.50 46.810 50.18 54.203 89.58
Incremental Lignite production projection XI Plan – 24.283 Mt., XII Plan : 35.377Mt
The mine wise anticipated lignite production during XI Five Year Plan and at the terminal year of XII
Plan in the states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan is given below
(A) Tamilnadu (NLC):
Fig. in Mt.
XI Plan XII Plan
Projects 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Mine-I & Mine-I expn. 8.925 8.925 8.925 8.925 8.925 8.925
Mine-1A 2.550 2.550 2.550 2.550 2.550 2.550
Mine-II 8.575 8.575 8.925 8.925 8.925 8.925
Mine-II Expan. 1.150 3.825 3.825 3.825 3.825
Mine at Jayamkondam 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.800
Mine –III 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.800
Total Tamil Nadu 20.05 21.20 24.225 24.225 24.225 37.825
The above production has been projected assuming a capacity utilization of 85%.
240
(B) Gujarat::
Fig. in MT
XI Plan XII Plan
Projects 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Panandhro (GMDC) 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00
Akrimota (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 1.25
Umarsar (GMDC) 0.00 0.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.25
Surka-I (GPCL-GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 1.67 1.67
Khadsaliya-II (GPCL-Nirma) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90
Khadsaliya-I (GPCL-Nirma) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 1.04 1.04
Khadsaliya (GHCL) 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Vastan (GIPCL) 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
Valia-Mangrol (GIPCL) 0.00 1.00 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
Lakhpat (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
Panandhro (N) (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
Valia Mine (NLC –GOG JVC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80
Sub-Total (Power) 4.85 6.35 7.65 8.72 11.26 19.06
Panandhro (GMDC) 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
Mata no math (GMDC) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50
Umarsar (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.75
Surka (North) (GMDC) 1.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Tadkeshwar (GMDC) 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.00
Akri Mota (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.75
Lakhpat (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
Panandhro (N) (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
Amod (GMDC) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Moran (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.00 1.50
Ghala (GMDC) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50
Surkha-1 (GPCL GMDC) 0.50 1.25 1.25 1.30 0.00 0.00
Sub-Total (Others) 6.50 7.75 8.75 10.55 11.00 13.00
Total Gujarat 11.35 14.10 16.40 19.27 22.26 32.06
241
(c ) Rajasthan:
Fig. in Mt.
XI Plan XII Plan
MINES 2007-08 2000-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2016-17
Giral (Barmer) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Matasukh Kasnau
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
(Nagaur)
Sonari (Barmer) 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Gurah (W) (Bikaner) - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Mokhla (Nagaur) - 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Shivkar (Barmer) - - 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
Barsingsar (NLC)
- 0.30 1.785 1.785 1.785 1.785
(Bikaner)
Bithnokh (NLC)
- - - - 1.028 1.785
(Bikaner)
Riri (Nlc) (Bikaner) - 3.825
- - - -
Total 1.90 4.20 6.185 6.685 7.713 19.690
As per the projections received from various agencies of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is observed
that the state of Gujarat will face a deficit in lignite availability during the XI Plan by about 6.26 MT, which calls
for additional production from the existing mines and/or advancing of the implementation of new mines in the
state of Gujarat.
242
Annexure- 6.3
Capital Investment in Lignite Sector
(1) Details of capital investment during IX & X Plan are as under :

Rs Crores
Ninth Plan Tenth Plan
Approved by Actual Approved Outlay Revised in Mid Antic.
NDA Expenditure Term Appraisal Expenditure
(MTA)
• NLC – Mines 2581.80 2097.14 6125.84 2130.26 1113.73

• NLC - Power 1866.36 1055.30 8007.64 2992.91 1067.85
TOTAL NLC 4448.16 3152.44 14133.48 5123.17 2181.58
(2) Details of capital investment required during XI Plan are as under :

(i) Assumptions:
Following assumptions have been made by the Group for estimating the investment requirement in
respect of the projects for which details are not available.
(A) NLC’s Projects In Tamilnadu, Gujarat & Rajasthan

a. Specific investment cost of mine : Rs 1300/tonne of lignite.
with mixed (departmental & contract) mining
b. Specific investment of power project : Rs 4.5 Crores/MW installed
for unit size of 500 MW and above
c. Specific investment of power project : Rs 5.0 Crores/MW installed
for unit size below 500 MW
d. Funding pattern : 30:70 (Equity: Debt)
(B) Gujarat & Rajasthan.

In Gujarat and Rajasthan, contract mining with shovel dumper combination is practiced and the
investment required from the State PSUs is less compared to that of NLC. The X Plan
document estimated requirement of funds for its mining projects. From the figures, it is
observed that the state PSUs in Gujarat and Rajasthan would go for only contract mining in
future and the entire requirement of funds would be met out of their internal resources. The
specific investment rate assumed by the X Plan document was Rs.340/tonne of lignite. Taking
into account the inflation and assuming a cumulative escalation of 6% per annum in the prices
over the five years, a specific investment rate of Rs.450/tonne of lignite has been assumed to
estimate the investment required to implement the mining projects in the states of Gujarat and
Rajasthan. Regarding the power projects to be taken up in Gujarat and Rajasthan, a specific
investment cost of Rs.5.0 crore per MW has been assumed since the units are of only 125 MW
and less size. Further it is also assumed that the entire fund for the mining projects would be
met by the state PSUs out of their internal resources and for the power projects, the funding
pattern will be 70:30 (Debt:Equity) .
243
(ii) Investment by NLC:
(A) Investment required during XI Plan for the projects of NLC (under implementation) in
Tamil Nadu & Rajasthan
The lignite production would increase from the present level of 24.0 MT to 28.5 MT by the year
2009-10 once the on-going Mine-II expansion project is completed. It would further increase to
36.5 MT during XII Plan. The increase in production would be achieved by expanding the
present Mine-II from 10.5 MTPA to 15.0 MTPA and by developing a new mine of 8 MTPA
capacity mine at Jayamkondam in Tamilnadu. Similarly the power generation potential at
Neyveli would increase from the present level of 2490 MW to 2990 MW by the year 2009-10,
3990 MW during XII Plan.
NLC is implementing the Mine-II and TPS-II expansion projects and Barsingsar Mine and
Thermal Power Projects on its own, partly with its internal accruals and partly with loan from
domestic & international markets. The funding pattern proposed is 70:30 (Debt: Internal
Resources). The total approved cost is Rs.5561 crores. The internal resources work out to
Rs.1668.00 Crores and the loan component is Rs.3893.00 Crores. Out of Rs.3893 Crores,
Foreign Exchange requirement is Rs. 1446.00 Crores. However, the requirement during XI
Plan is only Rs.5078 crores as given under:
Project Capacity Approved Anticipated Reqt. In XI Plan

Project cost cost (Rs. Crores
(Rs. Crores) (Rs. Crores)
Mine – II Expansion at 4.5 MTPA 2161 2039 1506
Neyveli
Barsingsar mine at 2.1 MTPA 254 309 229
Rajasthan
Total for Coal Sector 2415 2348 1735
TPS – II Expansion at 500 MW 2031 2411 2040
Neyveli
Barsingsar TPS at 250 MW 1115 1598 1303
Rajasthan
Total for Power Sector 3146 4009 3343
Total 5561 6357 5078
(B) New Projects of NLC (lignite)
(a) In Tamil Nadu
Project Capacity Project Cost Equity/Internal Loan Requirement

(Rs. Crores) Resources (Rs. Crores) In XI Plan
Jayankondam Mine 8.0 MTPA 1200 360 840 270
Jayankondam TPS 1000 MW 4500 1350 3150 1800
Total for Tamilnadu 5700 1710 3990 2070
244
(b) In Gujarat:
In respect of Valia Mine and Power Projects in Gujarat the total investment required is Rs.5640
Crores and NLC proposes to implement these projects under joint venture with a company
nominated by the Government of Gujarat and with a funding pattern of 70:30 (Debt : Equity). The
equity requirement would be Rs.1692 Crores, out of which the contribution from NLC would be
about Rs. 1269 Crores assuming 75% stake. However, the requirement during XI Plan is only
Rs.1157 crores.
Project Capacity Project Cost Equity/Internal Loan Reqt. In XI

(Rs. Crores) Resources (Rs. Crores) Plan
Valia Mine 8.0 MTPA 1140 342 798 257
Valia TPS 1000 MW 4500 1350 3150 900
Total for Gujarat 5640 1692 3948 1157
(c) In Rajasthan:
Further, NLC has planned for the following additional lignite mines and lignite based power plants for
implementation during the XI Plan.
Project Capacity Project Cost Equity/Internal Loan Reqt. In XI
(Rs. Crores) Resources (Rs. Crores) Plan
(Rs. Crores) (Rs.Crores)
Bithnok Mine 2.1 MTPA 440 132 308 352
Riri Mine 4.5 MTPA 810 243 567 182
Bithnok TPS 250 MW 1250 375 875 1000
Riri TPS 500 MW 2250 675 1575 900
Total for Rajasthan 4750 1425 3325 2434
The total investment envisaged during XI Plan period for lignite mine and power projects by NLC
in Tamilnadu, Gujarat & Rajasthan is Rs.10739 Crores.
(iii) NEW PROJECTS
(A)Coal Based TPS by NLC
Reqt. In XI Plan (Rs. Crores)

Talabira II & III 25
Orissa TPS 360
Tuticorin TPS 3684
MP TPS 25
Jarkhand TPS 25
Total 4119
Apart from the above an amount of Rs.10 Crores is earmarked for expenditure towards
Mine – III / TPS-III Projects during XI Plan. Further certain expenditure (Rupees 176.08
Crores) will be incurred for Mine IA, TPS – I Expansion, Science & Technology, Geological
Investigation and others spill over payment (land) etc.
245
To take-up the above new/expansion proposals, the investment required by NLC has been
estimated to be about Rs.15044 Crores which would be spread over during XI Plan Period. Out
of Rs.15044 Crores, about Rs.5078 Crores would be required for the on-going Mine-II and TPS-
II expansion projects at Neyveli and Barsingsar Mine and Thermal Power Project in Rajasthan
and the balance for the remaining projects in Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
All the projects put together there will be a requirement of about Rs.900 Crores per annum from
NLC’s internal resources which NLC could meet without any difficulty. As regards raising loans
from the domestic or the international markets, NLC does not foresee any difficulty given the
present and past trend of performance.
(B) Gujarat
Investment required for undertaking the programmed additional lignite production and power production
during XI Plan is given below:
Rs Crores
Mine Projects Agency Capacity Investment Proposed
(MTPA)
Khadsaliya-I GPCL-Nirma 1.00 45.00
Khadsaliya-II GPCL-Nirma 1.00 45.00
Akrimota GMDC 2.00 90.00
Umarsar GMDC 2.00 90.00
Surkha – North GMDC 3.00 135.00
Tadkeshwar GMDC 2.00 90.00
Surkha – I GPCL-GMDC 2.00 90.00
Valia – Mangrol GIPCL 2.00 90.00
Amod GMDC 1.00 45.00

Moran GMDC 1.25 56.00
Valia NLC-GOG 8.00 257.00
Total for Mine sector in Gujarat 25.25 1033.00
Power Projects Agency Capacity Investment Proposed

(MW)
Kutch TPS Expn. GEB 75 385.00
Surat TPS Expn. GIPCL 250 1250.00
Padva TPS GPCL-Nirma 250 1250.00
Bhavnagar TPS GPCL-GMDC 250 1250.00
Valia TPS NLC-GOG 1000 900.00
Total for Power Sector in Gujarat 1825 5035.00
The total investment required for Gujarat is Rs.6068 Crores including the investment by NLC (Mine
sector – Rs. 1033.00 Crores and Power sector – Rs. 5035.00 Crores.).
246
(C) Rajasthan:
Estimated investment requirement during XI Plan for developing mining and power projects is
given below.
Rs Crores
Mine Projects Agency Capacity Investment Proposed
(MTPA)
Sonari RSMML 1.00 45.00
Gurah RSMML 1.00 45.00
Mokhla RSMML 0.30 14.00
Shivkar RSMML 1.00 45.00
Bithnok NLC 2.10 352.00
Riri NLC 4.50 182.00
Total for Mine sector 9.90 683.00
Power Agency Capacity Investment Proposed

(MTPA)
Projects
Sonari RVUNL 125 625.00
Gurah RVUNL 100 500.00
Shivkar RVUNL 125 625.00
Bithnok NLC 250 1000.00
Riri NLC 500 900.00
Total Power Sector 1150 3650.00
Total investment required for Rajasthan is Rs.4333 Crores (Mine sector – Rs. 683 Crores and
Power sector – Rs. 3650.00 Crores.)
Summary of Investment Requirement in Lignite Sector
Fig. in Crores
Investment Proposed During XI Plan
State Mine Power Total
Sector Sector
Tamilnadu
N-GOING PROJECTS 1506 2040 3546
EW PROJECTS * 275 1805 2080
Total 1,781 3845 5626

Gujarat
NLC 257 900 1157
Others 776 4135 4911
Total 1033 5035 6068
Rajasthan
NLC 763 3203 3966
Others 149 1750 1899
Total 912 4953 5865
247
In Orissa,MP,Tuticorian & Jarkhand 25 4094 4119
Grand Total 3751 17927 21678
* An amount of Rs. 5 crores each in Mine sector & Power Sector is included for
Mine – III/TPS-III expenditure.
Agency wise Investment (Rs.in crores)

NLC Ltd. 14,868 (+176 crores for completed projects & others)
Gujarat (other than NLC) 4,911
Rajasthan 1,899
A total amount of about Rs.21678 crores is assessed during the XI Five Year Plan. For
on-going projects Rs.3546 crores and Rs.18132 crores for New/expansion projects. The share
of NLC, PSUs of Gujarat and Rajasthan in the total investment is Rs.14868 crores, Rs.4911
crores and Rs.1899 crores respectively. The share of mining sector and power sector are
Rs.3751 crores and Rs.17927 crores respectively. Additionally NLC has assessed an amount
of Rs.176 crores requirement towards Mine IA, TPS – I Expansion, Science & Technology,
Geological Investigation and others spill over payment (land) etc. during the XI Plan. Including
this, the investment required by lignite sector during the XI Plan is Rs. 21854 crores.
248
Annexure-8.1
Programme and Progress of Exploration Work during X Plan
Eaploration Agency Area Coverage Projected Drilling Resources Established

Stage (Sq km) in X Plan (Lakh m) in X Plan ( Bt)
Progra Achieved Progra Achieved Progra Achieved
mmed mmed mmed Regional/
Promotional
Preliminary GSI No resource established as per nature of work
Coal 1354 588* 1.83 1.49 4.9 11.77
Regional GSI
Lignite 1600 1291 0.21 0.20 1.36
GSI 201 0.59 6.12
3.30
MEC Coal 2076 870 2.53 6.68 10.08
(3.80)
Promotional CMPDI 140 0.63 3.58
GSI 50 2.70 0.13 0.53
Lignite 3555
MEC 3909 (3.10) 3.00 17.0
Total Coal 3430 1799 5.13 5.24 11.58 31.55
Regional + Promotional Lignite 5155 5250 2.91 3.33 18.89
CMPDI CIL Areas 553 221 5.90 4.96 12.13 7.28
MEC CIL Areas 0.05 0.05
State Govts, &
CIL Areas 36.2 41.2 0.23 0.13 0.32 0.74
Pvt Pty
Detailed SCCLArea
SCCL 116 59.0 2.70 2.35 1.02 0.91
(Coal) s
NTPC, State
Own areas 85.2 1.09 0.48
Govts & Pvt Pty
CMPDI Non-CIL 164 148 2.13 2.50 3.65 4.80
MEC Non-CIL 116 0.33 2.26
Total Detailed Coal 869.2 670.4 11.01 11.41 17.12 16.47
NLC 0.74 0.63 0.61
Detailed
DMGR 0.13 0.16
(Lignite)
RSMML 0.07 .06
otal Detailed Lignite 0.94 0.85
CIL Areas 1.45
Developme
SCCL Areas 1.10 1.42
ntal
NLC Areas 0.38
Note: * In addition part of the coverage included in IX Plan as major work for some of the blocks was executed in IX Plan,
** Includes Promotional Exploration for all agencies.
249
Annexure-8.2
Updated Details of Coal Resource as on 1.1.2006
Sl. Coalfield Resource (million tonne)

No. Proved Indcated Inferred Total
1 Raniganj (W. Bengal Part) 11268.89 7807.18 3926.57 23002.64
2 Raniganj (Jharkhand Part) 1538.19 466.56 31.55 2036.30
Total Raniganj 12807.08 8273.74 3958.12 25038.94
3 Barjora 114.27 0.00 0.00 114.27
4 Birbhum 0.00 4071.23 611.79 4683.02
5 Darjeeling 0.00 0.00 15.00 15.00
6 Jharia 15077.57 4352.49 0.00 19430.06
7 East Bokaro 2896.98 3307.17 863.32 7067.47
8 West Bokaro 3353.98 1430.15 34.42 4818.55
9 Ramgarh 367.76 545.15 58.05 970.96
10 North Karanpura 7645.86 6120.68 1864.96 15631.50
11 South Karanpura 2542.18 1985.73 1508.88 6036.79
12 Auranga 46.91 2446.79 503.41 2997.11
13 Hutar 190.79 26.55 32.48 249.82
14 Daltonganj 83.86 60.10 0.00 143.96
15 Deogarh 326.24 73.60 0.00 399.84
16 Rajmahal (Jharkhand part) 2077.97 10596.25 1441.25 14115.47
17 Rajmahal (Bihar part) 0.00 0.00 160.00 160.00

Total Rajmahal 2077.97 10596.25 1601.25 14275.47
18 Johilla 185.08 104.09 32.83 322.00
19 Umaria 177.70 3.59 0.00 181.29
20 Pench-Kanhan 1375.98 733.27 316.78 2426.03
21 Pathakhera 290.80 88.13 68.00 446.93
22 Gurgunda 0.00 47.39 0.00 47.39
23 Mohpani 7.83 0.00 0.00 7.83
24 Sohagpur (MP part) 1567.91 2732.64 197.70 4498.25
25 Sohagpur (Chhattisgarh part) 94.30 10.08 0.00 104.38
Total Sohagpur 1662.21 2742.72 197.70 4602.63
26 Singrauli (Part of MP) 3960.20 5549.27 2319.18 11828.65
27 Singrauli (Part of UP) 765.98 295.82 0.00 1061.80
Total Singrauli 4726.18 5845.09 2319.18 12890.45
28 Sonhat 199.49 2463.86 1.89 2665.24
29 Jhilimili 228.20 38.90 0.00 267.10
30 Cbhirimiri 320.33 10.83 31.00 362.16
31 Bisrampur 635.57 863.42 0.00 1498.99
32 Lakhanpur 365.56 85.84 0.00 451.40
33 Panchbahini 0.00 11.00 0.00 11.00
34 Sendurgarh 152.89 126.32 0.00 279.21
35 Hasdo-Arand 1183.36 2941.75 839.47 4964.58
36 Korba 4980.58 4304.45 830.18 10115.21
37 Mand-Raigarh 1409.87 15161.84 2534.33 19106.04
38 Tatapani-Ramkola 0.00 1414.60 202.19 1616.79
39 Wardha Valley 2783.51 1246.90 1466.73 5497.14
40 Kamptee 1233.74 1067.08 505.44 2806.26
250
41 Umrer-Makardhokra 308.41 0.00 0.00 308.41
42 Bander 242.80 118.20 0.00 361.00
43 Nand 73.93 0.00 0.00 73.93
44 Bokhara 10.00 0.00 20.00 30.00
45 Ib-River 5153.45 10027.33 7183.33 22364.11
46 Talchir 11757.18 20765.74 7112.23 39635.15
47 Godavary Valley 8403.18 6158.17 2584.25 17145.60
48 Singrimari 0.00 2.79 0.00 2.79
49 Makum 304.87 9.85 1.19 315.91
50 Dili-Jeypore 9.03 14.19 30.80 54.02
51 Mikir Hills 0.69 0.00 2.02 2.71
52 Namchik 31.23 40.11 18.89 90.23
53 West Daranggiri 93.31 33.69 0.00 127.00
54 Balphakram-Pendenguru 0.00 0.00 107.03 107.03
55 Siju 0.00 0.00 125.00 125.00
56 Langrin 11.34 7.20 31.46 50.00
57 Mawlong-Shella 2.17 0.00 3.83 6.00
58 Khasi Hills 0.00 0.00 7.09 7.09
59 Bapung 11.01 0.00 22.65 33.66
60 Jayanti Hills 0.00 0.00 3.65 3.65
61 Borjan 3.43 1.35 5.22 10.00
62 Jhanzi-Disai Valley 0.00 0.00 2.08 2.08
63 Tien Sang 0.00 0.00 1.26 1.26
64 Tiru Valley 0.00 0.00 6.60 6.60
GRAND TOTAL 95866.36 119769.32 37665.98 253301.66
251
Annexure-8.3
State-wise Lignite Resources as on 1.4.2006
(million tonnes)
State Proved Indicated Inferred Total
Tamilnadu
Neyveli Lignite sector 2831.00 3728.84 1468.99 8028.83
Mannargudi Lignite 0.00 13606.39 9651.20 23257.59
sector
Ramanathapuram Sector 0.00 23.92 28.79 52.71
Sub-Total 2831.00 17359.15 11148.98 31339.13
Rajasthan
Barmer District 170.40 2177.84 911.09 3259.33
Bikaner District 277.51 382.69 68.60 728.80
Nagaur District 113.00 60.07 60.35 233.42
Jaisalmer District 0.00 0.00 13.80 13.80
Sub-Total 560.91 2620.60 1053.84 4235.35
Gujarat
Kutch District 300.61 32.10 33.09 365.80
Bhavnagar District 0.00 0.00 299.17 299.17
Bharuch District 266.38 118.59 949.61 1334.58
Surat District 218.28 108.71 336.21 663.20
Sub-Total 785.27 259.40 1618.08 2662.75
J&K 0.00 20.25 7.30 27.55
Sub-Total 0.00 20.25 7.30 27.55
Kerala 0.00 0.00 9.65 9.65
Sub-Total 0.00 0.00 9.65 9.65
Grand Total 4177.18 20259.40 13837.85 38274.43
Depth-wise Lignite Resources as on 1.4.2006
(million tonnes)
Depth range (m) Proved Indicated Inferred Total
0-150 m 4476 3662 1556 9694
150-300 m 0 8336 3400 11736
> 300 m 0 8261 8583 16844
Grand Total 4476 20259 13539 38274
252
Annexure- 11.1
STATEMENT SHOWING ACTUAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURE OF COAL INDIA LTD. WITH ITS SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES FOR CONSECUTIVE
FIVE YEARS FROM 2000-01 TO 2004-05 AND PROJECTED EXPENDITURE OF XI PLAN AS BEING STARTED FROM 2007-08 TO 2011-2012.
(Amount in Rs. Crore)

Items of expenditure 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Projection of XI Plan
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Housing 63.91 53.80 40.65 46.44 67.96 99.45 145.54 212.98 311.67 456.10
% increase (+)/ (-)15.82% (-)24.44% (+)14.24% (+)46.34 (+)46.34% (+)46.34% (+)46.34% (+)46.34) (+)46.34
Decrease (-) %
Hospitals 1.35 Nil 0.23 0.50 1.08 2.33 5.03 10.86 23.46 50.67
% Increase (+) / - - (+)17.04% (+)117.39% (+)116% (+)116% (+)116% (+)116% (+)116% (+)116%
Decrease (-)
Water Supply 13.34 14.06 8.82 6.75 5.59 5.87 6.16 6.47 6.79 7.13
% Increase (+) / - (+)5.40% (-)37.27% (-)23.47% (- (+)5% (+)5% (+)5% (+)5% (+)5%
Decrease (-) )17.19%
Total 78.60 67.86 49.70 53.69 74.63 107.65 156.73 230.31 341.92 513.90
Note: 1) Expenditure of 2005-06 is under Audit

2) Expenditure of 2006-07 is running till end of the year
3) For projection of XI Plan, last 5 year expenditure w.e.f. 2000-01 to 2004-05 are being shown above for consideration
4) Basis of growth for XI Plan is being taken of 2004-05 for Housing and Hospitals since growth may not be negative that’s why growth of water supply is being
taken as 5% PA

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REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP

COAL & LIGNITE

FORMULATION OF ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN

Reference Annexure Page

Sub-Group-II On Coal Demand, Supply, Movement, Quality, International trade and

Sub-Group-III On Coal & Lignite exploration & Coal Bed Methane.

Sub-Group-IV On Information Technology, R&D, Safety, Welfare and Environment

Sub-Group-V On Coal Production, Mining Technologies, Productivity, Project

Terms of Reference of Working Group on Coal & Lignite for formulation of

XIII. To recommend measures for alternative technologies for extraction of resources in

XIV. To suggest measures for improved formulation and implementation of projects.

Additional Terms of reference :

1- SUB-GROUP ON INTEGRATED ENERGY POLICY REPORT, COAL VISION 2025,

1. Representative of Ministry of Power

2- SUB-GROUP ON COAL DEMAND, SUPPLY, MOVEMENT, QUALITY,

1. Representative of Ministry of Mines

i) To suggest measures for accelerating exploration activities and UNFC classification of

4 - SUB-GROUP ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, R&D, SAFETY, WELFARE AND

Representative of Department of Science and Technology or Council of Scientific &

5 - SUB-GROUP ON COAL PRODUCTION, MINING TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTIVITY,

1. Shri P.R.Mandal, Advisor(Projects), Ministry of Coal

i) To establish benchmarks for different mining operation (opencast as well as

Ministry of Coal Constituted Editorial Committee to assist the Working Group

1). Integrated Energy Policy Report

The composition of the Committee will be as follows:-

1. Shri Sujit Gulati Chairman

• The envisaged cement production programme in 2011-12 is 251.23 mt and the

Washed Coal Production

• It is proposed to augment rail movement of coal through independent freight corridors,

• The port infrastructure needs to be strengthened in order to facilitate rise in imports as

Coal & Lignite Exploration

• 10 lakh m of drilling has been assessed in 32 Non-CIL blocks to be undertaken during

• 41 unexplored blocks 'de-reserved' by MoC for allotment to private agencies, with

• The total fund requirement of Preliminary/Regional, Promotional and Detailed

• A policy decision needs to be taken whether Regional Exploration can be taken up in

• T. L. Shankar Committee has recommended for a revolving fund of Rs 500crores for

• During the XI Plan, E-corporate governance for promoting transparency and

• Introduction of enterprise resource planning (ERP) to integrate different areas of

• Introduction of IT for integrated safety, production and environmental monitoring in

Research & Development

• Promotion of clean coal technologies including coal beneficiation, Insitu coal

• It is suggested that the research scholars/ academicians/ coal sector employees

• Capacity building in environment related areas in coal companies including training of

• Introduction of green credit system to encourage afforestation through social forestry

• Concerted efforts for addressing the issues related to decommissioning of mines/mine

Safety and Welfare

• Thrust on improving safety of mine workings through appropriate ventilation,

• Strengthening internal safety organizations and rotation of manpower from safety

• Strengthening the manpower of statutory inspecting organizations like DGMS needs

• Online monitoring of underground environment to improve safety needs to be adopted.

• Review of rescue and emergency response systems and strengthening of rescue

• Offering of coal and lignite blocks to potential entrepreneurs through competitive

• Modernisation of underground mines, cross-subsidising the underground mining from

• Market determined price should be based on e-auction upto 20% of production.

• Instituting an independent regulatory mechanism for the coal sector - Different

• National Rehabilitation Policy is under revision at Government level.