Covid-19

The global health disaster produced by the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, as well
as the containment measures that accompanied it, has had an impact on many facets of human
life. At the time of its beginning, when the number of people affected by the disease was small
and the majority of cases spontaneously resolved, it did not reflect risks of such enormous
magnitude. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
have discovered and documented a variety of symptoms, including fever, dry cough, vomiting,
diarrhoea, and myalgia (CDC). The importance of obtaining treatment as soon as feasible in
order to lower morbidity rates has been made known to the general population in all countries.
Governments have begun to invest generously and zealously in COVID-19 vaccine development.
In addition to this effort, the COVID-19 pandemic is the focus of a large amount of research and
development.
COVID-19 has been classified as an outbreak by the World Health Organization (WHO), with a
high risk of infecting millions of people in all countries, particularly those with weaker health
systems. The virus is dangerous for two reasons: first, it is unique and no vaccine has yet been
developed, and second, it is easily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an infected
individual.
Subnational governments – regions and municipalities – are at the forefront of crisis
management and recovery, and are confronted with COVID-19's asymmetric health, economic,
social, and fiscal impact – both within countries and between regions and local areas. The health
of populations in some areas, for example, is worse than in others. Large urban regions have
been struck heavily, but deprived sections inside them have been hit harder than less deprived
places. In certain countries, the health burden has spread to less populous regions in recent
months. In the United States, for example, the rural counties outside of metropolitan regions
experienced the greatest increase in the number of deaths in October. The numerous threats
differ substantially based on one's location.
The COVID-19 crisis has a strong territorial dimension with significant policy implications for
managing its consequences. Two central considerations for policy makers are: At first, The
regional and local impact of the crisis is highly asymmetric within countries. Some regions,
particularly the more vulnerable ones, such as deprived urban areas, have been harder hit than
others. Certain vulnerable populations, too, have been more affected. In economic terms, the
impact of the crisis is differing across regions, at least in its initial stages. Differentiating factors
include a region’s exposure to tradable sectors, its exposure to global value chains and its
specialization, such as tourism. Second, Subnational governments – regions and municipalities –
are responsible for critical aspects of containment measures, health care, social services,
economic development and public investment, putting them at the frontline of crisis
management. Because such responsibilities are shared among levels of government, coordinated
effort is critical.
IOT:
An increase in the use of mobile technology and smart devices in the healthcare sector results in
a significant impact on the world. Potential development of new smart and powerful devices for
monitoring of individuals’ health, health experts are taking advantage of these technologies, thus
a substantial improvement in healthcare in clinical settings and out of them. IoT allows
integrating physical devices capable of connecting to the Internet and provides real-time health
status of the patients to doctors. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart, blood pressor are
remarkable in the world economic and social level problems. It can also provide a platform that
allows public health agencies to access the data for monitoring COVID-19 pandemic.

Beginning of 2020 there has been booming research related to IoT-based implementations
towards the fight of the COVID-19 and this study aims to integrate these emerging IoT
technologies and provide insight on the expected outcomes in the field of IoT deployment. As of
date and to the best of our knowledge there has not been a comprehensive survey specifically
addressing how the fight against a global pandemic such as COVID-19 is affecting the evolution
of healthcare IoT (H-IoT) technologies.

Joseph et al. [4] analyzed social media data based on three approaches: content, descriptive, and
network analysis. Findings show that it can be used to extract the information of individuals
likings and dislikings.
Misra et al. [5] presented a review of IoT and depicted critical challenges in the same field. The
article offers an outline of the IoT concept and its related technologies, application, and future
scope of research of the area. Gil et al. [6] reviewed the current IoT technologies, approaches,
and models.
Gómeza et al. [7] developed an architecture based on an ontology for monitoring the health and
workout and provides recommendations to patients with chronic diseases. The model developed
for the system proved to be efficient when making inferences related to the context. Li et al. [8]
developed an IoT based system to diagnose COVID-19 earlier. According to existing data,
questionnaires, and check results, the diagnosis is automatically generated as confirmed,
suspected, or suspicious.
Zaheer et al. [9] highlighted the need for standardization of protocols for smart city
communication. Noah et al. [10] utilized the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC,
USA) website, and a comprehensive review of PubMed literature, and obtained information
regarding clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and diagnosis, transmission methods,
protection methods and risk factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19.

Literature Review :
Only a few research contributions have discussed the impacts, evolution, and challenges of IoT
in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, most available COVID-19 IoT related
literature are not published in high-quality and peer-reviewed journals. Here, we have
summarized the relevant few related works available.
Elansary et al. [10] present a survey of IoT-based solutions used to fight COVID-19. Brem et al.
[11] analyse the effect of this pandemic on various technologies and discuss their social impacts.
A detailed review of digital health solutions used in countries with high COVID-19 cases is
presented in [12].
A consensus of Chinese experts on IoT-aided diagnosis of COVID-19 and its treatment is
presented in [13].
Impacts of IoT implementation in healthcare in terms of cost, time and efficiency are enlisted in
[14].
Applications of IoT, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain in mitigating the
impact of COVID-19 are explored in [15].
Rahman et al. [16] propose some IoT applications that can be useful to combat COVID-19.
Javaid et al. [17] discuss how different industry 4.0 technologies (e.g., AI, IoT, Virtual Reality,
etc.) can help reduce the spread of disease. Applications of AI for COVID-19 have been
proposed in [18].

A comprehensive review of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of IoT, drones, AI,
blockchain, and 5G in managing its impact is explored in [19].

Mokbel et al. [20] argue that contact tracing should be the responsibility of facilities and propose
a contact tracing architecture which is fully automated and does not depend on user cooperation.
Nasajpour et al. [21] discuss several IoT healthcare applications during three main phases: early
diagnosis, quarantine time, and after recovery.

A recent survey [22] discusses the use of Machine Learning (ML), AI and other intelligent
approaches for the prognosis of COVID-19.
Nižetić et al. [18] presented various aspects of IoT with a focus on progress made by IoT
technologies in sustainable energy for the environment, IoT smart cities, IoT E-Health-Ambient
assisted living systems, as well as in IoT transportation and low carbon products.
Siriwardhana et al. [15] discussed how 5G and IoT related technologies are developed and
deployed to efficiently fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, some uses cases, as well as
challenges on how 5G and IoT can be a candidate for innovative solutions in different areas of
the fight against the pandemic, are presented.
Hussain et al. [16] highlighted the need to deploy AI in the fight against the COVID-19
pandemic. The study presented an overview of different intelligence techniques that can be
deployed for various categories of medical information-based pandemics.
Zhu et al. [2] COVID-19’s first case was identified, and a cluster of unknown patients with beta
coronavirus pneumonia linked to the seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A novel CoV
(2019-nCoV) was detected in hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China, from December 2019 until
January 2020. Evidence for this virus’s discovery includes the identification of whole-, direct
PCR, and Broncho alveolar fluid culture in three patients. Phylogenetic studies indicated that
2019-nCoV falls into the genus beta coronavirus, which provides for coronaviruses found in
humans, bats, and other wildlife (SARS-, SARS- CoV bat, and others).
Guan et al. [3] analyzed the clinical characteristics of coronavirus and extracted data from 552
hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China from 1099
laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients through January 29, 2020.

Proposed Framework
The proposed model based on IOT technology to analyze large volumes of data to forecast the
spread of COVID-19, in order to act as an early warning system for future pandemics and to
identify vulnerable populations that will help leaders make more informed lockdown decisions in
the face of COVID-19.

References :

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from Twitter Analytics, 25 (2017), pp. 38-51, 10.4018/JGIM.2017040103
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