Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Protection Lab, Fall-2021

Handout-08: Analysis of Differential transformer relay operation

for the Protection of transformer in Power System.

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Lab Learning Objectives:
After completing this session, students will be able to:

 Connect the system components in a three-phase network as per diagram.

 Set the parameters by going through system setting, function setting, DO
configuration & command function on MSCOM software.
 Investigate the differential relay behavior during short circuit in the transformer.

Lab Hardware

 DL1080TT Three phase Transformer

 DL2108T21 Differential transformer relay
 DL2108TAL-SW Three phase power supply unit
 DL2109T2A5 Moving iron Ammeter
 DL1017R Resistive load.
 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 DL 2109T22 Three phase Current Transformer (02)

Software Required:

 MSCOM Set-up
Background Theory:

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Figure: 1.6.1.2

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 Figure: 1.6.1.3

Description

 The test simulates a hypothetical short inside the transformer. Our protection works
by monitoring the three phases of primary and secondary transformer in different
mode.

Lab Activities:

 Connect the equipment’s according to the circuit diagram to analyze the differential
protection of transformer.

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Lab Exercises:

 Provide procedure of lab experiments with conclusion in lab report.

 Discuss the complications in circulating current system?
 Discuss the different types of faults in the transformer on which differential relay
operate?
 Differentiate between directional and differential protection of transformer?
 Why dot convention is important in the protection of transformer?
 What is importance of vector groups?

Detailed readings:

 TRANSFROMER PROTECTION DL GTU103C by DeLorenzo Group.

 Fundamentals of Power System Protection by Paithankar.

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 Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University
Department of Electrical Engineering
Power System Protection, Fall-2021

Report # 08: Analysis of Differential transformer relay operation

for the Protection of transformer in Power System.

Instructor: Engr. Shoaib Ahmed Shaikh

Submission Profile

Name: Najeeb Ullah Submission Date: 07/01/2022

Enrolment ID: 041-18-0034 Receiving Authority Name and Signature:

Comments: ______________________________________________________________________

Instructor Signature:

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Equipment labeling

Experiment Procedure

 First we make connection according to circuit diagram

 Then we set load at off position
 Then we communicate Differential relay with Pc using MsCom
 We select a communication port

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 Set the parameters of the relay module using MScom.

 Then we did Function setting of the relay using Mscom.

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  We did DO configuration.

 Then we energize the circuit by closing the circuit breaker

 We apply different loads and analyze the results

Results and Observations

Without Load and Supply

Initially when supply is off and load is disconnected the MsCom screen will show some
values of current but these values have no significance because these are just garbage values.

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1. Case-1: With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 1)
When the supply is switched on and load is connected, the current will flow but it will not
actuate the relay because the differential current is zero. The values of current are shown in
figure.

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Relay screen

Relay Screen shown no tripping

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2. With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 1) and fault
When we apply fault the current values of three phases will vary little bit but this fault is not
enough for tripping circuit.

Relay screen

Relay Screen shown no tripping

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3. With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 2)

When we apply fault the current values of three phases will vary little bit but this fault is not
enough for tripping circuit.

Relay screen

Relay Screen shown no tripping

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2. With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 2) and Fault

When we apply fault the current values of three phases will vary little bit but this fault is not
enough for tripping circuit.

Relay Screen

Relay Screen shown no tripping

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4. With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 3)

When we apply fault the current values of three phases will vary little bit but this fault is not
enough for tripping circuit.

Relay Screen

Relay Screen shown no tripping

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5. With Supply and Load (R1 = R2 = R3 = 3) and Fault
As we give fault at load R3 the preset value of current will be achieved for a short time which
is recorded through video. So we have attached the screenshot from our recorded video from
relay tripping circuit.

Relay Screen shown tripping

Conclusion
At the end of this session we have clear idea about the differential protection of transformer.
We have two sides of transformer, each side has certain amount of current, the difference
between the current at both sides should be zero, if there is difference greater than preset
value the differential protection will operate and de-energize the whole power system.

Discuss the complications in circulating current system?

The circulating currents may be produces due to following causes.

1- when there is three phase transformer the (3rd, 5th, 7th....) harmonic currents which are
called zero sequence currents from all the three winding of three phase transformer add up
and become considerable even in loaded conditions these currents have no path in Y/Y
connection of transformer so a tertiary winding is provided co conduct these currents but in
Y/d or D/y connection these currents circulate in delta winding.
2- Whenever there is unbalanced loading in transformer. In which with positive sequence,
negative sequence and zero sequence currents are also produced which cause circulating
currents.
3- When the transformer banks are used and the transformers have phase between them then
circulating currents are produced between them, than transformers in the bank get loaded
without being shearing the power to the load.

Discuss the different types of faults in the transformer on which differential relay
operate?

Differential protection schemes are mainly used for protection against:

 Phase-to-Phase fault
 Phase to earth fault

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Differentiate between directional and differential protection of transformer?

Differential Protection: Differential protection is a unit-type protection for transformer. It is

based on the fact that it is only in the case of faults internal to the transformer that the
differential current (difference between input and output currents) will be high.

Directional Protection: Directional protection is capable of only tripping the faulty incomer.
The direction in which the fault occurs is detected by measuring the direction of current flow,
or in other words the phase displacement between the current and voltage.

Why dot convention is important in the protection of transformer?

The Dot convention is a type of polarity marking for transformer windings showing which
end of the winding is which, in relation to the other windings. It is used to indicate phase
relationships in transformer schematic diagrams and it involves the placement of dots on top
of the primary and secondary terminals. Since transformers are not transparent, it is
impossible to know which way to connect a circuit to it to get an in-phase (or out-of-phase)
voltage and current, thus, to mitigate the risks associated with reverse polarity connection and
phase loss, and provide a way of identifying the polarity of the windings, transformer
manufacturers came up with a polarity indication standard called; the “Dot Convention”.

What is importance of vector groups?

The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting two
or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are connected
in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large
circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.

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