Lecture 4: Wind as a Resource

Asst. Prof. Gokturk Poyrazoglu

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ozyegin University
[email protected]
▪ The first known wind
turbine for producing
electricity was by Charles
F. Brush turbine, in
Cleveland, Ohio in 1888
▪ 12 kW
▪ Used electricity to
charge batteries in the
cellar of the owner’s
mansion
 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
WIND POWER
▪ First wind turbine outside of
the US to generate
electricity was built by Poul
la Cour in 1891 in Denmark

• Used electricity from his wind

turbines to electrolyze water
to make hydrogen for the gas
lights at the schoolhouse

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http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm
▪ Max capacity of 17.4MW

▪ At Cesme, Izmir

▪ In 1998
 A 747
wing
span is
about
60m;

4
http://www.bpwtag.ca/Bruce%20Peninsula%20Wind%20Turbine%20Sizes%202013.jpg
▪ Consider the kinetic energy of a “packet” of air with mass m
moving at velocity v
1 2
KE = mv
2
▪ Divide by time and get power

1  m passing though A  2
Power through area A =  v
2 t 
▪ The mass flow rate is (r is air density)
m passing though A
m= = r Av
t
5
 Combining previous equations,

1
Power through area A = ( r Av ) v 2
2
1
PW = r Av3 (6.4) Power in the wind
2

PW (Watts) = power in the wind

ρ (kg/m3)= air density (1.225kg/m3 at 15˚C and 1 atm)
A (m2)= the cross-sectional area that wind passes through
v (m/s)= windspeed normal to A (1 m/s = 2.237 mph)
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▪ Power increases with the
cube of wind speed
▪ Doubling the wind speed
increases the power by
eight
▪ Energy in 1 hour of 20
mph winds is the same as
energy in 8 hours of 10
mph winds
▪ Nonlinear, so we cannot
use average wind speed

7
 1
PW = r Av3
2
▪ Power in the wind is also proportional to A
▪ For a conventional HAWT, A = (π/4)D2, so wind power is
proportional to the blade diameter squared
▪ Cost is somewhat proportional to blade diameter
▪ This explains why larger wind turbines are more cost effective
(plus, as we shall see, because they are higher, the winds are
stronger)

8
 1
Energy = r Av3t
2
▪ 100 hours of 6 m/s winds
1
Energy = (1.225 kg/m ) (1m ) ( 6 m/s ) 100 h=13,230 Wh
3 2 3

2
▪ 50 hours of 3 m/s winds and 50 hours of 9 m/s winds - *the average
wind speed is 6 m/s
1
Energy (3 m/s) = (1.225 kg/m ) (1m ) ( 3 m/s ) 50 h=827 Wh
3 2 3

2
1
Energy (9 m/s) = (1.225 kg/m ) (1m ) ( 9 m/s ) 50 h=22,326 Wh
3 2 3

2
Don’t use average wind speed! total = 23,152 Wh
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 P  M.W. 10−3
r=
RT
▪ P = absolute pressure (atm)
▪ M.W. = molecular weight of air (g/mol) = 28.97 g/mol
▪ T = absolute temperature (K)
▪ R = ideal gas constant = 8.2056·10-5·m3·atm·K-1·mol-1
▪ Air density is greater at lower temperatures
▪ For example, in comparing 90º F (305 K) to 10º F 265.3 K), ratio is about
1.15

10
 dP
dP = P( z + dz ) − P( z ) = − g r dz = −r g
dz
We get a differential equation in terms of pressure:
dP
= −1.185 10 P
4
P = 1 atm  e −1.185104 H
dz where H is in meters 11
Since power increases with the cube of
wind speed, we can expect a significant
economic impact from even a moderate
increase in wind speed

There is a lot of friction in the first few

hundred meters above ground – smooth
surfaces (like water) are better

Wind speeds are greater at higher

elevations – tall towers are better

Forests and buildings slow the wind

down a lot

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▪ Two extreme cases, and neither
makes sense-
▪ Downwind velocity is zero –
turbine extracted all of the
power
▪ Downwind velocity is the same
as the upwind velocity – turbine
extracted no power

▪ Albert Betz 1919 - There must be

some ideal slowing of the wind so
that the turbine extracts the
maximum power

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▪ Constraint on the ability of a wind turbine to convert kinetic
energy in the wind into mechanical power
▪ Think about wind passing though a turbine- it slows down and the
pressure is reduced so it expands

Figure 7.17 14
 1
Pb = m ( v 2 − vd 2 ) (7.21)
2
▪ ṁ = mass flow rate of air within stream tube
▪ v = upwind undisturbed wind speed
▪ vd = downwind wind speed

▪ From the difference in kinetic energy between upwind and

downwind air flows

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▪ Easiest to determine at the plane of the rotor because we know
the cross sectional area A
▪ Then, the mass flow rate is

m = r Avb (7.22)

▪ Assume the velocity through the rotor vb is the average of upwind

velocity v and downwind velocity vd

v + vd  v + vd 
vb = m = r A 
2  2 

16
▪ Then
1  v + vd  2
Pb = r A   ( − d )
2
v v (7.23)
2  2 
▪ Define

vd
= , will be less than 1.0 (7.24)
v
▪ Then substituting for vd to get the power extracted

1  v + v  2
Pb = r A   ( −  v )
2 2
v (7.25)
2  2 
17
 1  v + v  2
Pb = r A   ( −  v )
2 2
v
2  2 
 v + v  2   
3 2 3 3 3 3
v v v v
 (v −  v ) =
2 2
 - + -
 2  2 2 2 2
v3
= (1 +  ) - 2 (1 +  )
2
v3
= (1 +  ) (1 −  2 )
2 
1 3 1
Pb = r Av  (1 +  ) (1 −  2 ) 
2 2
PW = Power in the wind CP = Rotor efficiency 18
▪ Find the wind speed ratio λ that maximizes the rotor efficiency, CP
▪ From the previous slide

1 1  2
  3
CP = (1 +  ) (1 −  2 ) = - + -
2 2 2 2 2
Set the derivative of rotor efficiency to zero and solve for λ:

CP
=-2 + 1 − 3 2 = 0

CP
=3 2 + 2 − 1 = 0 1
 =
CP 3
= ( 3 − 1)(  + 1) = 0 maximizes rotor efficiency
 19
▪ Plug the optimal value for λ back into CP to find the maximum
rotor efficiency:

1  1  1   16
CP = 1 + 1 − 2   = = 59.3% (7.29)
2  3  3   27

• The maximum efficiency of 59.3% occurs

when air is slowed to 1/3 of its upstream
rate
• Called the “Betz efficiency” or “Betz’ law”

20
Rotor
efficiency CP
vs. wind speed
ratio λ

21
 ▪ Efficiency is a function of how fast the rotor turns
▪ Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR) is the speed of the outer tip of the blade
divided by wind speed

Rotor tip speed rpm   D

Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR) = = (7.30)
Wind speed 60v

• D = rotor diameter (m)

• v = upwind undisturbed wind speed (m/s)
• rpm = rotor speed, (revolutions/min)
• One meter per second = 2.24 miles per hour
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▪ TSR for various rotor types
▪ If blade turns too slow then
wind passes through without
hitting blade; too fast
results in turbulence
▪ Rotors with fewer blades reach
their maximum efficiency at
higher tip-speed ratios

Figure 7.18

A higher TSR is needed

when there are fewer blades
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▪ 40-m wind turbine, three-blades, 600 kW, wind speed is 14 m/s, air
density is 1.225 kg/m3
a. Find the rpm of the rotor if it operates at a TSR of 4.0
b. Find the tip speed of the rotor
c. What gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the generator
speed if the generator must turn at 1800 rpm?
d. What is the efficiency of the wind turbine under these conditions?

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a. Find the rpm of the rotor if it operates at a TSR of 4.0
Rewriting (7.30),
Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR)  60v
rpm =
D
4.0  60sec/min 14m/s
rpm = = 26.7 rev/min
  40m/rev
We can also express this as seconds per revolution:

26.7 rev/min
rpm = = 0.445 rev/sec or 2.24 sec/rev
60 sec/min
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 b. Tip speed rpm   D
From (7.30):
Rotor tip speed=
60 sec/min
Rotor tip speed = (rev/sec)   D
Rotor tip speed = 0.445 rev/sec   40 m/rev = 55.92 m/s
c. Gear Ratio

Generator rpm 1800

Gear Ratio = = = 67.4
Rotor rpm 26.7

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d. Efficiency of the complete wind turbine
(blades, gear box, generator) under these
conditions
From (7.7):
1 1  2
PW = r Av = (1.225 )   40 143 = 2112 kW
3

2 2 4 
Overall efficiency:
600 kW
= = 28.4%
2112 kW

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