Senior High School

Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 9
Earth’s Interior and its Mechanisms
Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 9: Earth’s Interior and Its Mechanisms
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 9:
Earth’s Interior and Its Mechanisms

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module ...........................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................ii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... .iii

Lesson 1:
Heat in Earth’s Interior .......................................................................................................1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................1
What’s New ...................................................................................................................2
What Is It ........................................................................................................................2
What’s More ..................................................................................................................3
What Is It ......................................................................................................................3
What’s New: …. ...........................................................................................................4
What I Have Learned: ...............................................................................................4

Lesson 2:
What Happens After Magma Formation ......................................................... 5
What I need to know ...................................................................................................5
What I know .................................................................................................................5
What is it ..................................................................................................................... ..6
What’s New ................................................................................................................ ..7
What is it ...................................................................................................................... .8
What’s New ................................................................................................................ . 8
What is it ...................................................................................................................... ..9
What’s New ................................................................................................................ ..9
What is it ...................................................................................................................... 10
What I have learned .................................................................................................. 10
Lesson 3:
Rocks Under Different Types of Stress .......................................................... 11
What I know ..................................................................................................................11
What’s More .................................................................................................................12
What is it ..................................................................................................................... .12
Assessment: (Post-Test) .................................................................................................................. .15
Key to Answers .................................................................................................................................... .17
References ............................................................................................................................................ .20
Module 9

What This Module is About

The Earth is so vast and contains so many mysteries. This is the reason why
scientists for centuries are still exploring the planet and try to unlock the mystery
behind its wonders.
In the previous module, you have learned about rocks and other factors with
their importance to our planet and existence. Now, let us dig under and see the beauty
behind the surface of our planet. Have you ever asked yourself what is inside the
earth? Why is the Earth’s interior hot? How is magma made? In this module you will
learn about the internal structure and mechanisms of the Earth. This will also help you
visualize and understand the Earth’s composition and structure.
This module also consists of activities that will help develop your critical thinking
skills to have a better and deeper understanding of the planet where you live in.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1: Heat in Earth’s Interior

Lesson 2: What Happens After Magma Formation?
Lesson 3: Rocks Under Different Types of Stress

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain why the Earth’s interior is hot
2. Describe what happens after magma is formed
3. Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart and shearing

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you have to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Use separate sheet of paper for you answer.

1. The hot molten rocks found inside the Earth are called .
A. Lava B. magma C. minerals D. plates

2. Which of the following processes, the movement of gas or liquid in which the
warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move down?
A. convection B. conduction C. induction D. radiation

3. Which of the following layers of the Earth is in liquid form?

A. crust B. mantle C. outer core D. inner core

4. How is radioactive heat produce?

A. From the Earth’s formation
B. From the redistribution of heat
C. From the decays of isotopes
D. From the movements of plates

5. Which of the following processes is involved in boiling water?

A. conduction B. radiation C. convection D. induction

6. The rate of cooling of a magma or lava is reflected by the ________ of the

rock.
A. mineralogy
B. texture
C. color
D. density

7. The temperature (at least a minimum estimate) from which the melt cooled is
reflected by the _________ of the rock.
A. mineralogy
B. texture
C. color
D. density

8. Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?
A. Near the top surface of the flow
B. Near the center of the flow
C. Near the bottom of the flow
D. Crystals would have the same size throughout the flow

iii
9. According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following pairs of phases
are likely to be incompatible?
A. quartz and alkali feldspar
B. ca-Plagioclase and olivine
C. quartz and olivine
D. na-plagioclase and amphibole

10. What would be the plate tectonic settings where you would expect to find
granitic/rhyolitic rocks?
A. subduction zone
B. continent/continent collision
C. spreading center
D. transform boundary

iv
 Lesson Heat in Earth’s Interior
1
What I Need to Know
We all know that what is inside a volcano is a very hot molten rock called
magma. What about the interior of the Earth? Do they have the same temperature with
the volcano? In your previous lessons, you have learned that heat inside the Earth
moves continents, builds mountains and causes earthquakes. But the question is
where does all this heat inside Earth come from?

Figure 1: Layers of the Earth

Source: https://bit.ly/2B86bi8

In this module, you will explore and dig into the interiors of the Earth from the
outer most layer which is the crust, then the mantle and finally the core: outer core and
inner core). Out from these layers, you will try to discover how heat inside the planet
is produced and its importance to the existence of all living beings.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to identify why is there a need to
have a constant heat inside the earth, how was it produced under.

1
 What’s New

Before we will discuss further, kindly answer this learning activity. This will also help
you understand more about the process of weathering.

Activity # 1.1: Boiling

In this activity, you will understand the process of convection as one of the
reasons of the heated Earth’s interior.

Materials:
Water, coffee or tea, beaker

Directions:
1. Put water into the beaker/(kettle) and boil.
2. Once it boils, pour the coffee or tea into the beaker/kettle. Observe what
happens to the boiling coffee or tea.

Guide Questions:
1. What have you observed at the bottom of the water?
2. What is the direction of the heat?
3. What happens to the cooler water?
4. What happens to the coffee or tea? What can you observe from its color?
5. Why is there a mark of color in the beaker? What does it represent?

What Is It

The activity above shows

the process of convection.
Convection is one of the reasons
of the heat in the earth’s interior.
The process tells us that the heat
in the earth’s interior is
redistributed. The less dense
material rises and more dense
material sinks. Convection occurs
at the upper mantle where hot
rock rises and slightly cooler rock
sinks.
Source: https://bit.ly/2YxxVG0
The heat driving mantle convection has three main sources. The first one is the
"Primordial" heat or the left over accretion and differentiation that lead to the Earth’s
core formation. The second cause of interior heat is the decay of radioactive isotopes
which are mainly potassium, thorium, and uranium. Lastly is the tidal friction from the
Moon’s pull on the Earth. This process of mantle convection is the main reason why
this heat escapes from the interior of the Earth.

2
 What’s More

Activity #1.2: Convection and Magma formation

Materials:
Water, pan, chocolate powder, 3 candles
Procedure:
1. Put water in the pan.
2. Sprinkle the pan with the chocolate powder until it is thickly
covered.
3. Light 1 candle and place it under the center of the pan.
4. When it starts to boil, light the 2 remaining candles and put them in
the opposite sides of the pan.
Guide Questions:
1. How is heat transferred in the activity?
2. What happens to the powder when water starts to boil?
3. Is there any difference of the boiling product when the 2 candles are
added?
4. How does the activity relate to the formation of magma?

What Is It

MAGMA FORMATION

Source: https://bit.ly/3g2sm8p

The earth is made of entirely solid materials-crust and mantle. Magma can only be
formed in places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo melting. This melting is
due to the following reasons:
• Decrease in pressure affecting hot mantle rock. Hot mantle rocks rise to the
shallow depths in the Earth only in the mantle plumes.
• Addition of volatiles or compounds that have low boiling points. When these
volatiles mix with hot, dry rock, they decrease the melting point of the rock
which then helps in breaking the chemical bonds to allow melting
• Heat transfer from the rising magma. The rising magma from the mantle
brings in heat and transfers this heat to the surrounding rocks at the
shallower depths which may melt.
3
These are the following places where magma can be formed:
• Mid-oceanic ridges-rising magma in the mantle convection cell brings heat
to the surface, transferring heat to the overlying rocks.
• Mantle plumes-the transfer of heat and decompression result to magma
generation. It has a deeper source of heat.
• Subduction zones-oceanic crustal rocks are formed along the spreading
centers typically beneath several kilometres of seawater. The presence of
water during generation results to the formation of hydrous minerals. As the
oceanic slab is down-thrusted along subduction zones, the change in
temperature and pressure conditions brings about mineral instability.

What I have learned

Activity #1.3: Schematic Diagram

Instruction: Draw an schematic cross section of the earth, showing the different
layers of the earth. In your illustration label and Include the following:

1. Different tectonic settings where magma is generated.

2. Type of melting that is usually associated with the setting identified in no. 1.
3. Heat transfer mechanism and the direction of heat transfer.

4
 What Happens After Magma
Lesson Formation
2
What I Need to Know

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the geologic

processes that occur within the Earth. The learners will be able to make a simple map
showing places where erosion and landslides may pose risks in the community .

Learning Competencies: The learners will be able to describe what happens

after magma is formed (S11/12ES-Ic-16)

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Explain how and why magma rises up,
2. Identify, understand, and explain magmatic differentiation mechanisms
operating beneath the surface of the Earth

What I Know
Recall your prior knowledge about the formation of igneous rocks and try
to answer the crossword puzzle below.

5
Across
1. magma that flows outside the volcano during eruption
5. molten rocks and other materials beneath Earth's surface
6. rocks formed and solidified inside the volcano
7. rocks formed outside the volcano
9. an opening on Earth's surface where molten rocks, gases and other materials
flow
10. a very common extrusive rock which are very fine-grained
Down
2. resistance of a fluid to flow
3. a common intrusive igneous rock
4. mineral that are found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks
8. rocks formed from cooling and solidifying magma

What Is It

All igneous rocks originate beneath earth’s surface in the molten state called
magma. Magma is hot molten rock containing chemical elements from uppermost
mantle called the asthenosphere. It also contains dissolved gases such as water,
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and possibly few crystals.
Magma is formed in the mantle where the subducted oceanic plate is located.
Temperatures and pressures in this area are extremely high to cause water to sweat
into the mantle. The addition of water into the hot mantle rocks causes rock to melt
and form magma. This magma begins to rise because it is less dense compared to its
surroundings.

Fig. 1. Two processes as magma

rises up: (1) erupted out to the
surface through volcanoes (2)
solidifies within the lower levels.
(Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Igneous_rock#/media/File:Igneous_
rock_eng_text.jpg. Accessed: June
10, 2020)

At deeper levels in the surrounding mantle rock, magma rises and passes
through mineral grain borders and cracks. At lower levels, magma may no longer rise
because its density is almost the same as that of its surroundings. When the magma
solidifies at an area, it forms different types of plutonic bodies.
6
 At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magma is completely liquid
because there is too much energy. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica
tetrahedral. As cooling continues, compounds of tetrahedral start to link together to
make chains (polymerize). These silica chains make the magma more viscous.
Crystals start to form as magma continues to cool.

To understand more about viscosity, do the activity below. Follow the

procedures and answer the questions.

What’s New
Learning Activity #2.1: Properties of Magma – Viscosity

I. Objective
a. Define what viscosity is? and explain the factors that affect viscosity.

II. Materials
• 3 flat containers (sauce pan or paper plate)
• Honey
• Oil
• Water

III. Procedure
1. Prepare the materials. Make sure to observe cleanliness in preparing to
avoid mess in your area.
2. Slowly pour the water in container 1, oil in container 2, and honey in
container 3. Observe carefully how the liquids flow.
3. Describe the flow of liquids and write your observation.

IV. Observation

Q1. Which among the liquid samples flow the fastest?

Q2. Which among the liquid samples flow the slowest?

Direction: Copy the table in a separate sheet of paper and write your
description/observation.
Ability to flow (Very
Sample Observation
fast, fast, slow)
1. Water
2. Oil
3. Honey

7
 What Is It

Viscosity is an extent of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Magmas with low viscosity

flow faster than those with high viscosity. Temperature, silica content and volatile
content affect the viscosity of magma. The table below shows the factors that affect
the viscosity of magma.

Factor Effect to Viscosity

↑ temperature ↓ viscosity
↑ Silica content (SiO2) ↑ viscosity
↑ dissolved water (H2O) ↓ viscosity

Table 1. Different factors that affect magma’s viscosity

What’s New
Norman L. Bowen explained why certain minerals occur together while others
are almost never linked with one another. In the early 1900s, Bowen heated powdered
rock material until it melted. He cooled down the molten material and observed the
minerals that formed in the rocks. He repeated this process with gradually lower
temperatures and the results led him to the now called Bowen’s reaction series.
Based on his works, one can conclude from the minerals present in a rock the
conditions (temperature and pressure) under which the rock had formed.

Fig. 2. Bowen’s Reaction

series

(Source:http://www.geologyin.com/2014/09/how-does-bowens-reaction-series-
relate.html)

Certain minerals are unchanging at higher melting temperature and crystallize

before those stable at lower temperatures. Crystallization in the continuous and
discontinuous branches takes place simultaneously. Continuous branch contains
only plagioclase feldspar. Discontinuous branch describes how ferromagnesian
minerals in the magma are changed if temperature changes. The primary formed
crystals, olivine, reacts with the remaining melt as the magma cools down, and
recrystallizes into pyroxene. Continued cooling will transform pyroxene into

8
amphibole. If all of the iron and magnesium in the melt is consumed before all of the
pyroxene recrystallizes to amphibole, the ferromagnesian minerals in the solidified
mantle would be amphibole and pyroxene.

What Is It

Magmatic differentiation is the process of generating one or more subordinate

magmas from single parent magma.

Crystal Fractionation is a chemical process by which the structure of a liquid,

such as magma, changes due to crystallization.

There are different processes of crystal fractionation:

• Crystal settling happens when heavier minerals crystallize first and
settle down while the less dense minerals crystallize at the final stages.
Bowen’s reaction series shows that heavier minerals such as olivine and
Calcium-rich plagioclases are created first, leaving the magma more
silicic.
• Partial Melting as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and
muscovite are mostly formed under low temperature conditions, making
them the first to melt from the parent rock once exposed in higher
temperature and/or pressure. Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in
the mantle forms basaltic magma.

What’s New
Learning Activity #2.2: Partial Melting (This activity is optional)

I. Objectives
1. Understand the process of partial melting
2. Explain the process of partial melting

II. Materials
Materials are provided by the teacher for demonstration. Laptops may
also be used in case of video presentation of the activity.

III. Procedure (teacher demonstration or video presentation)

1. Prepare the two beakers. In each beaker, put about 1 cm of fine
gravel mixed completely with about 2 cm of candlewax that has been
cut into pieces the same size as of gravel.
2. Show the students the beaker containing the mixture of gravel and
chopped candlewax before heating.

9
 Q1. What will happen if the beaker is heated until the wax melts?

3. Warm one of the beakers over a Bunsen until the candlewax melts.
At this stage, the gravel sink to the bottom, leaving a layer of pure
candlewax at the top. Leave the beaker to cool and the wax to
solidify.

Q2. Explain what happens when the beaker was heated.

What’s More

When solids made up of mixed materials start to melt, the materials with the
lowest melting point melt first – giving a partial melt. Materials with the highest melting
points often don’t melt, but settle through the partially molten material to the bottom.
The material that flows to the top cools and solidifies; it contains only of the lower
melting point material.
Magma mixing happens when two different magma rises up, with the more
buoyant mass overtakes the slower rising body. Convective flow then mixes the two
magmas, producing a single, and intermediate (between the two parent magmas)
magma.
Assimilation or contamination of magma by crustal rocks is a reaction that
occurs when the crust is mixed up with the rising magma. When magma rises to the
surface, the surrounding rocks may dissolve (due to the heat) and eventually get mixed
with the magma. This scenario produces change in the chemical composition of the
magma unless the material being added is the same as the magma.

What I have learned

Learning Activity #2.3
Answer the following questions in your interactive science notebooks.

1. Define viscosity.

2. Identify three major factors that control the viscosity of the magma.

3. Describe how viscosity affects the movement of magma.

4. How does magma composition change during crystallization?

5. What is Bowen’s reaction series?

10
 Rocks Under Different Types of
Lesson Stress

3
What I Know

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the
correct answer.

1. A crack in a rock layer where the rock on either side is moving is called .
A. fold C. fracture
B. fault D. slit

2. What do you call the deformation in rock layers where there is a change in
shape without breaking?
A. fold C. fracture
B. fault D. slit

3. What do you call an upward fold in rocks?

A. Monocline C. Syncline
B. Anticline D. Incline

4. A downward U-shaped fold in a rock layer is called .

A. Monocline C. Syncline
B. Anticline D. Incline

II. “Deformed vs Undeformed”

Direction: Observe the illustrations shown and answer the questions that follow.

11
Source: Earth: Portrait of A Planet, 3rd Edition, by Stephen Marshak. Chapter 11: Crags,
Cracks and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

Q1. What have you observed in the illustration?

Q2. What do you think happened?

What Is It

Rock deformation includes any change in shape, position, and/or volume of a

rock in response to stress. When layers of rocks are tilted, folded, or misplaced, this
indicates that deformation has occurred. Stress is the force per unit area applied on
the rock layers. Strain is the change in shape or volume of the rock that undergone
stress. Thus, stress causes the strain on rock layers.

What’s More

Activity 3.1: Types of Stress

I. Objective:
1. Demonstrate and observe how rock layers or materials undergo
stress

II. Materials
b) Block of clay
c) Interactive Science Notebook

III. Procedure

1. Take a block of clay. It should be 5 cm long, 5cm wide and 2 cm thick.

2. Demonstrate compression by slowly pushing on opposite sides. Sketch
what you have observed.
3. Reshape the clay and demonstrate tension by pulling slowly both ends
of the clay in opposite directions. Again, sketch your observation.

12
 4. Lastly, reshape the clay and demonstrate shear stress by placing your
hands flat on opposite sides of the clay block and gently move your
hands in opposite directions. Sketch you observations. Below is an
illustration for reference.

Tensional Stress

Compressional Stress

Shear Stress
IV. Observation: (Write your observation in a separate sheet of paper)

Q1. Describe the shapes of the clay after applying stress. What are your own
definitions of the following?

a. Elastic
b. Ductile
c. Brittle

Q2. Given examples wire, clay, metal spring, and rubber band, classify if these
materials are elastic or inelastic. If inelastic, classify again if it is ductile or brittle.

5. Write your observations in the table below.

Material Property
Wire
Clay

Metal
Spring

Rubber band

13
 The magnitude of stress is not just a function of the amount of stress but also
relates to the area over which the force is applied. There are different stages of
deformation as shown:
• Elastic deformation occurs when the strain is reversible. This means that
material that returns to its original shape once the stress that deforms it is
removed.
• Ductile deformation occurs when the strain is irreversible. Rocks layers or the
materials respond to stress by bending or deforming without breaking.
• Fracture deformation is an irreversible strain wherein the materials breaks
because these are mostly brittle.

Figure 2. The graph shows the

relationship between confining
pressure and strain.
(Source:
http://structuralgeology.50webs.co
m/pconf.htm)

Low temperature, low confining pressure, and high rate of strain increase the
brittle properties of rock. High temperature, high confining pressure and low rate of
strain increase the ductile properties of rocks. The material’s composition determines
the point at which brittle-ductile transition occurs.
Folds are formed when rock layers or materials are deforming plastically under
compressive stress. Most of these materials do not return to their original shape. If
stress is increased, the rocks may undergo more folds and even fracture. There are
three types of folds:
• Monocline occurs when there is a simple bending of rock layers so that
they are no longer horizontal.
• Anticline occurs when a fold bends upward.
• Syncline occurs when a fold bends downward.

(Source:https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC7V7DB_you-gotta-know-when-to-fold-
em?)
Fig. 3.Types of folds under compressive stress.
14
 Faults occur when too much stress is applied to rock layers. Rocks will undergo
fracture or rock materials will break. If there is a sudden motion along faults, it causes
the rocks to break and move suddenly. The energy released during the movement of
fault called earthquake.
Slip is the distance that rocks move sideways a fault. It can be up or down the
fault plane. Slip is relative. This is because there is usually no way to know whether
both sides moved or only one. That angle that faults lie to the horizontal of the surface
of the Earth is called the fault’s dip. If the fault’s dip is inclined relative to the horizontal
surface, the fault is a dip-slip fault. There are two types of dip-slip faults.
• Normal faults is described when the hanging wall drops down relative to the
footwall.
• Reverse faults is when the footwall drops down relative to the hanging wall.
Strike slip faults are vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved
horizontally. Oblique-slip fault is a fault which has components of dip slip and strike
slip.

(Source:) https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/
Fig. 4. Types of fault and their movement.

ASSESSMENT

Post-test: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following processes is involved in boiling water?

A. convection B. radiation C. conduction D. induction

2. The hot molten rocks found inside the Earth is .

A. lava B. Plates C. minerals D. magma

3. Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow?
A. near the center of the flow
B. near the bottom of the flow
C. near the top surface of the flow
D. crystals would have the same size throughout the flow

15
4. Which of the following layers of the Earth is in liquid form?
A. crust B. outer core C. mantle D. inner core

5. How is radioactive heat produce?

A. From the decays of isotopes
B .From the Earth’s formation
C. . From the redistribution of heat
D. From the movements of plates

6. Which of the following processes, the movement of gas or liquid in which the
warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move down?
A. convection B. radiation C. induction D. conduction

7. Describe the plate tectonic settings where you would expect to find
granitic/rhyolitic rocks
A. transform boundary
B. zone. subduction
C. spreading center
D. continent/continent collision

8. The temperature (at least a minimum estimate) from which the melt cooled is
reflected by the _________ of the rock.
A. color
B. texture
C. mineralogy
D. density

9. According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following pairs of phases

are likely to be incompatible?
A. . quartz and olivine
B. ca-Plagioclase and olivine
C. quartz and alkali feldspar
D. na-plagioclase and amphibole

10. The rate of cooling of a magma or lava is reflected by the ________ of the
rock.
A. color
B mineralogy
C texture
D. density

16
 17
Pre test
1. B 6. B
2. B 7. A
3. C 8. B
4. C 9. C
5. C 10. A
Lesson 1:
Activity 1: Boiling
1. There is heat at the bottom of the water.
2. The heat is rising to the top from the bottom
3. The surface water becomes hot, and it radiates its heat into the air and then
cools.
4. The cooler water sinks into the space vacated by the ascending warmer
water. The cooler water starts to warm again while the one that rises starts to
cool.
5. The process goes on forming a top to bottom circulation of water
Activity 2:
1. Convection is shown by the presence of mounds and cracks in between the
mounds, radiation is illustrated by the emitted gas directly above the heat
source and conduction is evidenced by the submerging chocolate powder
along the rims of the pan.
2. The chocolate powder starts to rise forming a conical shape then cracks and
emits gas. Slowly, the chocolate powder around it starts to subside and get wet.
The heat source is directly beneath this zone so the hotter water is rising in that
area. But since the chocolate powder traps the water, the hot water starts to
move laterally under the chocolate powder forming the conical shape before it
manages to create a crater where the water is released as gas
3. When the two candles were added a crack starts to from and the chocolate
powder sinks slowly in these regions.
4. The water represents the asthenosphere; the chocolate powder represents the
lithosphere; and the candles represent the heat source. Magmas are formed
directly above the heat sources due to relatively high temperature.
KEY TO ANSWERS
 18
1. Define viscosity.
Answer: Viscosity is the measure of a substance’s resistance to flow.
2. Identify three major factors that control the viscosity of the magma.
Answer: The three major factors controlling the viscosity of magma and/or lava are
temperature, silica content and volatile content.
3. Describe how viscosity affects the movement of magma.
Answer: Viscosity is the measure of fluid’s resistance to flow. Mafic or basaltic magma, when
compared to a felsic or granitic magmais more mobile and flows faster as it is less viscous due
to its higher temperature and less silica content.
4. How does magma composition change during crystallization?
Answer: Magma becomes progressively more silica-enriched as crystallization progresses.
5. What is Bowen’s reaction series?
Answer: Bowen’s reaction series describes the sequence of mineral crystallization in a cooling
magma. The two branches of theseries are the continuous and discontinuous branches. As the
temperature drops, the discontinuous branch describes how minerals are transformed into
another type of mineral while the continuous branch shows how calcium-rich plagioclase
feldspar is progressively changed into sodic plagioclase. The reverse of Bowen’s reaction series
describes the melting of rock.
Ability to flow (Very
Sample Observation
fast, fast, slow)
1. Water Very fast Own observation
2. Oil Fast Own observation
3. Honey slow Own observation
Activity 3.1
Lesson 2:
 19
KEY TO ANSWERS
Post- test
1. A 6. D
2. D 7. B
3. A 8. A
4. B 9. A
5. A 10. C
References:

The Editors of National Geographic. "Earth’s Interior." National Geographic.

Accessed June 2, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/
weathering/

Williams, Quentin. “Why is the earth's core so hot? And how do scientists measure
its temperature?”Scientific American. Accessed June 4, 2020.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-the-earths-core-so/

DepEd Cagayan de Oro City Division. "Senior High School - Google Drive." Bitly |
Custom URL Shortener, Link Management & Branded Links. Accessed
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“Eath and its Many Layers”. Blendspace. Accessed June 20, 2020.
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“Explainer: Earth-Layer by Layer”. Science News for Students. Accessed June 20,
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“Magma and Magma Formation”. BCcampus. Accessed June 20, 2020.

https://bit.ly/3g2sm8p

Monroe, J. S., et al, Physical Geology Exploring the Earth, 6th ed., 2007, pp107-113.

Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L., Physical Geology Earth Revealed
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Marshak, S., Essentials of Geology, 4th ed., 2013, pp102-105.

Rocks and Minerals It’s All About Rocks. Rocks and Minerals 4u.com (June
6, 2020) https://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/

Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology, 2014, pp137-

140.Magma Formation. Opentextbc.ca (June 6, 2020)
https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-formation/

Images Sources:

• https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC7V7DB_you-gotta-know-when-to-
fold-em?
• https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/
• http://structuralgeology.50webs.com/pconf.htm
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relate.html
• Earth: Portrait of A Planet, 3rd Edition, by Stephen Marshak. Chapter 11:
Crags, Cracks and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

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