• highlight your notes meaning every color:

• Purple– title

• Pink- subtopic,

• Mint Green – dates and figures.

• Brown- names

• yellow – key terms

• NOTE: - Additional info/based on my understanding

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS

READING TEXT
We are social beings and as such, we feel an intense need to express our thoughts, feelings,
aspirations, doubts, questions, and fears. Equally intense is our need to be listened to. These needs -
to express and to be listened to – are basic or innate in all of us.
NOTE: Communication does not only involves speaking but also listening too.
But as Ben Johnson, the English poet, has said the ability to speak and to speak well are two
different things. Most if not all of us, can speak, but only a few can really speak well.
NOTE: Speaking- the ability to speak or talk. Common and natural for everyone. Speaking well-
talks with substance and has sense.
- Anonymous -
"Hearing tells you that music is playing but listening tells you what the song is saying. There are
times that we hear, but we forget to listen.”
NOTE: Ang meaning ng nakahiglight is naririnig mo lang yung sinasabi nung tao pero ‘di mo
naiintindihan yung gusto nyang sabihin. When we listen, we understand the message.
- Ben Johnson -
“I remind myself every morning: Nothing I say this day will teach me anything. So if I'm going to
learn, I must do it by listening.."
- Dean Jackson –
“Listening is an art that requires attention over talent, spirit over ego, others over self.”
NOTE: “others over self” – we try to understand base from their perspective. Instead of thinking
ourselves, sila muna yung pakinggan natin

READING TEXT
Hearing is passive, natural, and continuous process because you do not exert any effort to do it. The
sound just passes from one ear to the other through sound waves. Listening, in contrast, is an active
skill because it demands that you concentrate, interpret, and respond.
NOTE: For you to be able to respond to whatever is communicated, you have to listen. ‘Di pwedeng
narinig mo lang pero ‘di mo dingiest yung pinakanggan mo. Ex: May nagtanong sa class. Hearing:
narinig mo lang na may nagsasalita Listening: Narinig mo nagtatanong sya about something
When conversing or listening to a speaker, we must focus on the addressor and the message. We
must refrain from arguing mentally with the speaker because of difference in mindsets, beliefs, and
attitudes.
NOTE: As a listener we also our has the responsibility to listen and remove any biases. As a listener,
we need to give them a chance to listen to others para mapakinggan natin yung point of view nya.
Communication is a process which involves two parties – the Speaker/ Sender and the Listener/
Receiver – who are engaged in understanding or sharing ideas to create messages related to a
particular context or situation.

SUMMARY

• Communication involves two important macro skills: listening (input) and speaking
(output).

• Speaking well means being able to send the intended message to the audience.

• Hearing is a passive skill while listening is an active skill.

• The speaker should exert effort in making clear the message he/she wants to convey.

• The listener should interpret the sent messages without any bias.
 PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION

CHARACTERISTIC 1: COMMUNICATION IS SCHEMATA-DRIVEN.

• Communication is sending or receiving messages from one person to the other by activating
the schemata that one has stored in the brain since early developmental stage. Thus,
transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful. (Prior knowledge)
• Communication is schemata driven.
NOTE: Schemata – prior knowledge. For us to communicate we need to have prior knowledge on
what we are saying
EX: You saw a child in the middle of the street. Syempre iguguide mo sa and sasabihin mo dun sa
bata na wag syang pumunta dun kasi baka masagasaan sya. With that, may prior knowledge ka kasi
na kapag nasa gutna ng kalsada, pwedeng masagasaan or mapahamak ka. So bale, meron kang
reason kung bakit ka naginitiate ng communication; meron kang stored information about that and
naactivate lang sya kasi nasa isang situation ka. Naging transmission ng message naging meaningful
and understandable kasi inexplain mo dun sa bata bakit mo ginawa yun and you were able to
communicate what’s on your mind

CHARACTERISTIC 2: COMMUNICATION IS AN INTERPRETATIVE ACT.

• The only person who knows the exact meaning of the message transmitted is the sender.
Thus, the role of the receiver is just to make meaning of things appealing to the sense of
hearing.
• Communication is an interpretative act.
NOTE: Kapg nasend na ni sender yung gusto nyang sabihin it’s up to the receaiver kung paano
maiintindihan yun. As the sender, ikaw lang talaga nakakaalam kung ano yung original meaning na
sinasabi mo.
EX: Nag “I love you” si crush. Pwedeng mainterprete ni receiver na bet sya ni crush tapos wala lang
pala yun dun kay sender (crush).

CHARACTERISTIC 3: COMMUNICATION CAN LEAD TO A DIRECT OR AUTOMATIC LINK

BETWEEN TWO MINDS.
• Each individual's mind has a lot of varied ideas or concepts about the world. However, these
forms of knowledge become meaningful only to others when communication is initiated.
• Communication can lead to a direct or automatic link between two minds.
NOTE: Meaning each of us have our own ideas EX: nalaman mo na fan ng k-pop yung block mates
mo. That information you have in mind will be unless you \ communicate to the person. EX:
Recitation. Alam mo ‘di ka sure sa sagot mo kaya ‘di ka nlang nagrecite tapos nung sinabi nung prof
yung tamang sagot, yun pala yung data na sasabihin mo. The problem is ‘di mo sya sinabi. As long as
you have something in common nung tao tapos ‘di ka naginiate ng talk para verify ba kung parehas
kayo ng naiisip

CHARACTERISTIC 4: COMMUNICATION IS ACTIVE, POWERFUL, OR FORCEFUL.

• Messages have varied effects on all participants in any communicative event. Eliciting
different meanings or reactions, these messages are prone to changes brought about by
sociological, institutional, ideological, cultural, and other environmental elements.
• Communication is active, powerful, or forceful.
NOTE: Communication is active. It’s changing. Th words that we use before is definitely sifferent
from the words we use now. EX: (1) sinabi mo sa lola mo “gg” ang pagkakaintindi nya is
“galunggong” kasi ganun yung ginagamit nya dati and ikaw ang meaning nun sa’yo is “good game”
kasi yun yung laging ginagamit na ngayon (2) Sinabi mo sa bat ana bobo sya so hanngang sa paglaki
nya iisipin nya na bobo sya and that’s how powerful words are. (3) Nagtiktok ka tapos sabi llink in
bio so nung nakita mo nagpabudol ka so naadd to cart mo na and that’s how forceful
communication are. Forceful kasi naconvince ka bilhin yun kahit ‘di mo naman kailangan

CHARACTERISTIC 5: COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC.

• When communicating, individuals would use different symbols either verbally or
nonverbally to express or convey ideas to one another.
• Communication is symbolic.
NOTE: Sometimes we make use of symbols to communicate. EX: (1) You saw a guy kneeling in front
of a girl. You would think na someone is proposing and that’s symbolic kasi kahit ‘di sinabi sa’tin,
naita lang natin from afar, we already know na nagproposse sya. (2) kakatok ka sa jeep ibig sabihin
bababa ka na. The problem with symbols is that when we aren’t aware on the symbols that we are
giving, we might give another message.

CHARACTERISTIC 6: COMMUNICATION ALWAYS RESULTS IN SOMETHING

• Two or more persons participate in any communicative act. The first expresses or sends a
message; the second responds or reacts to the message. It is impossible for any person
communicating a message not to get any response or reaction from the listeners.
• Communication always results in something
NOTE: May gusto makuhang reaction dun sa kausap mo or may expected ka na gagagwin nya EX:
(1)Inutusan mo yung kapatid mo na ikuha ka ng tubig. You would expect na ikukuha ka nya ng
tubig.(2) Ssbi mo sa friend mo “Lobstre yung ulam naming kanina skl” You expected na maiingit
yung sinabihan mo. So, bale kada may sasabihin ka, may reaction ka laging hinahantay.
CHARACTERISTIC 7: COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE.
• Everyone is free to talk and talk about anything under the sun. The things uttered would
remain as it is - susceptible to different interpretations or meanings thus creating an impact
on the listener. Any attempt of reversing what has been said would not bring back the initial
effects of the original statement.
• Communication is irreversible.
NOTE: Ibig sabihin nito, ‘di na mamablik yung sinabi mo kasi tumatak na yun sa isip ng tao. EX: Nag-
away kayo ng kibigan mo tapos sabi mo “kaya lang naman kita kinaiibigan kasi wala may gusting
makipagkaibigan sa’yo”. Tapos after nun nagkabati na kayo pero ‘di na nya maailis sa isipan nya
yung sinabi mo and yun nalang yung laging iiisipin nya kapag nag-uusap kayo.

CHARACTERISTIC 8: COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL.

• An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings does not only involve the sender and the receiver,
but also other aspects of the communication setting like time, place, topic, occasion,
purpose, and manner of communication.
• Communication is contextual.
NOTE: When we communicate, we need to look at the context. You cannot communicate to
something is you don’t have the know or it’s appropriate on the situation. EX: Pumunta ka sa
libingan tapos sinabi mo sa family nung namatayan na “alam mo ba may utang pa sa’kin yan
ehh..”It’s not the right time and place kasi they’re grieving pa eh.. You need to consider the context
kung ano ba yung situation

CHARACTERISTIC 9 : COMMUNICATION IS DEVELOPMENTAL OR PROGRESSIVE.

• To communicate ideas is to go through the different stages of language learning and
interacting with various people in order or to achieve communicative competence.
• Communication is developmental or progressive.
NOTE: EX: Nung baby pa tayo, when we are hungry, we cry pero ngayon na malaki na tayo,
sasabihin nalang natin na gutom na tayo. There should always be progress sa communication

CHARACTERISTIC 10: COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS

• Several stages of communication take place when people exchange ideas with one another.
Each stage involves elements with different functions. Working in a coordinated manner to
complete a process, these components or elements prove the dynamic nature of
communication.
• Communication is a process.
NOTE: Process -Step-by-step. It follows a certain step that you need to look into otherwise the
communication will not be complete.

CHARACTERISTIC 11: COMMUNICATION IS ETHICAL.

• Any communicative event is expected to apply rules, moral, values, and beliefs agreed upon
by societal members so as to maintain harmonious relationships.
• Communication is ethical.
NOTE: EX: (1) nakikipag-usap ka sa grandparents mo about sex. It’s either apagalitan ka or ‘si ka
sasagutin kasi it’s not normal for us to talk about tat kasi we are a conservative country which
result na ‘di ka nalang magtatanong. (2) Kumakain kayo ng dinner tapos nagmura ka ng malakas.
Syempre magagalit yung parents mo kasi it’s unethical or ‘di tama na gain mo yung sa harap ng
parents mo kasi alam mo naman na magagalit sila kasi may vaue silang pinaniniwalaan. Ang you
want to maintain a harmonius relationship.

CHARACTERISTIC 12 : COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY.

• In this era of modern technology, there is instant global exchange of knowledge, services,
and technology regardless of distance between and among participants.
• Communication is influenced by media and technology.
NOTE: Like online class, though it’s not effective and efficient but it’s something we can do instead
in the mean time because of technology. It’s also the affect the way we communicate. EX: “Awit” dati
ang ibig sabihin lang nito is yung pagkanta ngayon ang eaning n anito is “aw sakit” and it’s because
of the technology. Napalaganap nya ‘to .

VALUES INTEGRATION
“Communication must be HOT. That's Honest, Open, and Two-way.” - Dan Oswald
NOTE: You don’t expect people to listen to you if you don’t listen to them

Example/ Review:
1, The student council invited a guest speaker for the seminar; however, the audience found it hard
to understand him since his talk was not aligned to the theme of the event.
Answer: Communication is Contextual.
2. Bill lives alone in an apartment since both of his parents are working abroad. Every now and
then, they would talk with one another using zoom.
Answer: Communication is Influenced by Media and Technology.
3. Many thought that Aldwin would not be able to speak properly due to a traumatizing accident;
however, after years of therapy, he has certainly improved his power of speech since he is now able
to utter statements with proper stress and diction.
Answer: Communication is Developmental or Progressive.

4. Kirsten was not able to answer the teacher’s question during the discussion because she was not
able to read the topic in advance
Answer: Communication is Schemata-Driven.

5. Francis Kong is indeed an effective speaker, for he can convince people to do good works
Answer: Communication is Active, Powerful, Or Forceful.

6. James, a Filipino tourist in Thailand was reprimanded by the members of the Thailand Tourism
Authority for making a rude joke about their King.

Answer: Communication is Ethical.

7. Charles can now speak fluent Italian, a feat impossible when he began formal instruction 4 years
before.
Answer: Communication is Developmental or Progressive.

8. Nathan forgot to submit his paper because of an emergency, so he sent his teacher a quick email
to inform her that his paper would be late. The teacher recognized this and excused him.

Answer: Communication is Influenced by Media and Technology./  Communication always

results in something

9. The supervisor reprimanded Alex for being noisy, he behaved and took things seriously ever
since.

Answer: Communication is active, powerful, or forceful.

10. Brian and Bryan would not have become friends if it weren’t for their mutual love for horror
Answer: Communication can Lead to a Direct or Automatic Link Between Two Minds.
11. When Arnie heard his friend cough, he told her to drink plenty of fluids, and take some lozengez
to soothe her throat

Answer:  Communication is Schemata-Driven.

12. At Buwan ng Wika program, June suddenly asked a question about the important of the English
language. The moderator tried to answer politely, but everyone looked at him strangely.

Answer: Communication is contextual.

NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF

COMMUNICATION

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

SENDER
• One who conveys a message, oral or written, stirred by his own ideas and feelings. He/she is
expected to have mastery of the subject matter, clarity of purpose and attitude towards
himself/herself, the receiver, and the subject matter
NOTE: Kapag seder ka kailagan ma mastery ng topic kasi ikaw nga yung nagiinitiate ng
communication. Kailangan alam mo yung purpose or reason kung bakit gusto mog sabihin yun. We
have to consider our receiver like kailanan malaman mo kung sino ba si receiver para alam mo
kung paano ba asya kakausapin.
MESSAGE
• These are thoughts, ideas, or information being communicated verbally, nonverbally or
visually to the receivers. Verbal messages are those which are communicated through the
use of voice and words. The absence of rate, volume, pitch, and quality, articulation, and
pronunciation are what constitute nonverbal messages.
NOTE: Yung mga sign language for the depth – they are considered as verbal communication kasi
may equivalent na word yung symbols. Non-verbal – certain actions and the meaning depends on
people interpreted it

CHANNEL/CODE
 • This refers to the medium (oral, graphic, or written) used by which message is
communicated. Language is a set of sounds and symbols grouped together into words.
These words in themselves have no meaning until they are used in appropriate contexts,
and they have connotative and denotative meanings.
NOTE: Word are words but if you put them in context that’s the only time that it would have meant.
Connotative - this is the meaning that we associate in a certain word/ it’s like symbolism.
Denotative- this is the literal meaning from dictionary. Ex: House Denotative: it’s a structure where
people live. Connotative: family, protection, support

RECEIVER
• One who can receive the intention of the conveyed message if he/she possesses the
following: proficiency in the language, enough background knowledge of the subject matter,
and openness to other people's thoughts and feelings.
NOTE: As the receiver, it’s not enough that you hear it, you need to have the following:
proficiency in the language- you need to have a knowledge on the language or the topic. EX:
Watching K-Drama, you need to know how to read in English or understand Korean to know the
story of the drama you’re watching.
enough background knowledge of the subject matter- Dapat may overview ka kung anong
pinaguusapan. Para kang nanood ng movie ng hindi alam kung ano yung story at ‘di mo nasimulan..
and openness to other people's thoughts and feelings- you should avoid biases, don’t give negative
thoughts on the speaker itself. we need to give them a chance to speak EX: Tinanong ka networker
na “open minded ka ba?” Then sabi mo “scam yan”. Di mo binigyan ng chance si speaker kung ano
yung gusto nyang sabihin.
NOISE
• These refer to anything that obstructs the understanding of the message. There are two
basic types of noise: internal or external.
NOTE: Internal Noise- something happening inside a person Ex: emotion, feelings External Noise-
ito yung naririnig mo. Macoconsider mo lang siya as noise as long as ‘di kayo nagaaintindihan EX:
Naririnig mo na yung tunog ng plato tsaka kaldero sa mesa
FEEDBACK
• These refer to the responses or reactions which are directed to the speaker. Through
feedbacks the speaker can adjust to the needs of the listeners.
NOTE: Ito yung kapag gusto makua yung mga suggestion, reaction, or response nila sa sinabi mo
para malaman mo kung ano yung ireresponse mo pabalik
CONTEXT
 • This refers to the circumstances, conditions, and other aspects/factors affecting the
communicative event. This may be classified as physical aspects, psychological factors,
historical data, and cultural setting
NOTE: The context tells us where the situation is taking place kaya nasal labas sya ng flow chart.
Yung context is yung sitation mismo

Example:
The president gave a press conference about the safety measures for the fight against CoVid 19. He
addressed the media via Zoom. The heavy rain caused some intermittent connection with the
signal, making the call choppy, but in the end, the press were able to get the president's message,
and thanked him.

Sender: President
Message: Safety measures for the fight against Covid 19
Channel/Code: Press Conference via Zoom
Receiver: press
Noise: heavy rain; poor signal Feedback: thanked the president
Feedback: The press thanked the president
Context: CoVid 19 Pandemic
 PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

THINKING
• Concepts, ideas, images, experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and values conveyed originate from
the brain. Whenever communicating with others, one activates, organizes and evaluates
these forms of stock knowledge.
NOTE: Dito nagkakaroon ka palang ng idea.
SYMBOLIZING
• One thinks of codes or symbols to embody, signify, or represent ideas, concepts, beliefs or
feelings which are abstract.
NOTE:Yung idea nasa mind, ito iniisip mo kung anong best way kung paano mo maprepresent yun.
It’s like choosing an option kung paano mo sya gagawin EX: sasabihin mo ba sya personally,
sasabihin mo ba sya vis zoom?gmail? and so on
EXPRESSING
• Coming in different types and forms such as language structures, bodily actions, or voice
quality, these codes speak of the thoughts and feelings one wants to transmit or transfer to
the listener.
NOTE: Expressing is formulating what you’re going to say.
TRANSMITTING
• Through verbal or nonverbal symbols, one sends forward messages or ideas to people
involved in the communicative event.
NOTE: Sasabihin mo na yung nasa mind mo.
RECEIVING
• The message or idea represented by verbal or nonverbal symbols and transmitted by the
sender or speaker reach the receiver or listener through his sense of hearing and seeing
without giving interpretations of the symbols.
NOTE: Dito narinig/nakita na ni receiver
DECODING
• One translates the symbols to ordinary language that mirrors cultural, sociological,
ideological, institutional, or environmental understanding of the world so as to make
interpretations, predictions, inferences, conclusions or generalizations.
NOTE: The receiver tries to interprete the message
REACTING/RESPONDING
• One gives feedbacks which may either be positive or negative based on the meanings
signified by the symbols or ideas through words, gestures, facial expressions, voice
intonation or tone.
NOTE: Ito yung reponse ni receiver EX: Yes, no, maybe,
MONITORING
To make sure that the acts of exchanging of views or ideas with other people really cater their
interests, likes, and dislikes, one needs to check the effects of communication on them.
NOTE: Nung nagrespond na si receiver, ano yung naging reaction mo naman dun and ano yug
gagawin mo? NOTE: Continue the conversation, Ignore na conversation, seen, delete, and so on

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

SPEAKER/SENDER

EXAMPLE SITUATION: You forgot to submit your quiz. Napnsin mo na nakaipit pala yung quiz
paper mo sa libro mo.
THINKING
• Thought originates in the mind of the speaker which he/she wishes to convey
NOTE: Based sa situation sa itaas, the thinking starts kapag naiisip mo na na kailangan mo iexplain
sa teacher mo ung bakit nakalimutan mong ipasa

SYMBOLIZING
• Converts the idea into mental language symbols, words, phrases and sentences
NOTE: Base sa stuation, paano mo ba sasabhin sa teacher mo yung situation mo? Through chat ba?
Pupunta ka ba n faculty room?

EXPRESSING
• Translates symbols into audible speech and appropriate physical action
NOTE: Bago ka pumunta ng faculty room syempre prapraticin mo muna yung sasabihin mo. Dito na
papasok kung anong script ng sasabihin mo. EX: “ma’am sorry nakalimutan kong ipasa”
“Ayy..ma’am naatulog ako kaya di ko napasa” . Basta ito yung pinakaphrase/ sentence na sasabihin
mo.

TRANSMITTING
• Sends messages or ideas represented in sound waves to people in the communicative event
NOTE: Dito nakapagdecide ka na kung anong sasabihin mo and sinabi mo na sya EX: ““Ma’am
nakalimutan ko pong ipasa yung quiz ko”

LISTENER/RECEIVER

RECEIVING
Neural impulses stimulated by sound and light reach the listener through the sense of hearing or
seeing
NOTE: Dito sa transmitting, narinig na nung teacer mo yung sinabi mo

DECODING
Translates the nerve impulses into meaningful language symbols and into thought
NOTE: Dito naman, ininterprete na nung teacher mo ung sinabi mo. Tapos nagpagisip-isip nya na
last week di ka rin nagpasa, and sguro nangongopya ka lang.

REACTING/RESPONDING
• Responds positively or negatively based on the meanings signified by the symbols or ideas
expressed verbally or nonverbally
NOTE: Dito naman is yung mismong response ng teacher mo EX: “Di ko na yan tatanggapin”

MONITORING
Watches the behavior of listener, the speaker adjusts in language, content, rate, tone, loudness, etc.
NOTE: Dito naman, ano naman ang gagawin mo after mo marinig yung response ng teacher mo?
EX: pinilit si teacher na tanggapin yung quiz paper mo or Di mo nalang ipipilit at uuwi ka nalang.

• A reciprocal relationship between the Speaker/Sender and the Listener/Receiver is

developed through the communication process.
• The process of communication follows a spiral movement indicating ongoing exchanging of
messages and ideas. However, in every cycle of communication, no two reactions on the
same message from the same Speaker are the same because the Speaker bases his or her
feedback on the Listener's message. Depending on the thinking patterns of both participants
in their recurrent exchange of s Messages, their communication or interaction increases or
decreases. As such, communication a dynamic process.
NOTE: Meron kayong pa;litan ng ideas. Pwedeng magincrease or decrease yung conversation
looking at the way you communicate at the beginning and end of the conversation
SITUATION 1
Alex was tasked to give a speech about humor to an audience. She started by asking the crowd what
the word humor means. The crowd did not respond. Then, she showed them a picture, and the
crowd laughed. From that reaction, he began his speech.
THINKING: Naiisip na si Alex ng idea about humor
SYMBOLIZING: Naiisip nya na magtanong nalang sa audience about humor
EXPRESSING: Nagformulate ng question si Alex in her mind
TRANSMITTING: Yung naformulate nya na question is tinanong na nya sa audience
RECEIVING: Narininig na nung audience yung tanong ni Alex
DECODING: Di na gets ng audience yung sinasabi nya
REACTING/RESPONDING: Walang response yung mga audience
MONITORING: Pinakita ni Alex yung picture.

2nd Process:
THINKING: Naiisip na si Alex ng idea about humor
SYMBOLIZING: Naisip ni Alex na sa speech nya is magtanong pero baka ‘di nila magets kaya
magprepepare nalang ako ng picture
EXPRESSING: She looked for pictures related sa topic
TRANSMITTING: After tanungin ni Alex yung audience and walang response, bigla nya pinakita
yung picture
RECEIVING: Nakita na nung audience yung picture na pinakita ni Alex
DECODING: Na gets na nung audience yung joke
REACTING/RESPONDING: Tumawa yung mga audience
MONITORING: Nagsimula ng magbigay ng speech si Alex

SITUATION 2
Timothy was running in the hallway since he was about to be late for the class. He ran past a
teacher, and she gave him a stern look. Timothy apologized for his actions and explained his
situation.
THINKING: Nalaman ni Timothy na late na sya
SYMBOLIZING: Nagiisip sya ng idea kung paano makakarating sa class nya kung lalakad ba sya,
magdadahan-dahan, or tatakbo sya
EXPRESSING: Napagdesisyonan nya na tatakbo sya
TRANSMITTING: Tumakbo na si Timothy sa Hallway
RECEIVING: Nakita sya nung teacher na tumatakbo
DECODING: ‘Di nagustuhan nung teacher yun ginagawa nya (The teacher interprete that as
something rude/ The teacher saw it as a violation of school rules)
REACTING/RESPONDING: Binigyan si Timothy ng stern look ng teacher
MONITORING: Timothy apologized for his actions and explained his situation.

SITUATION 3
It was Mother's Day, so you decided to treat your mom. After having dinner on a restaurant, you
wanted to go to the movies next, so you asked your mom to go with you; your mom said no because
she still needed to finish her work. As such, both of you went home together.
THINKING: Nagkaroon ka ng idea na yayain yung mom mo na manood ng movie after nyo
magdinner (In addition to dinner, she wanted to treat my mom to watch a movie).
SYMBOLIZING: Naiisip mo na tanungin sya personally (She will ask her through speaking to her
personally)
EXPRESSING: Sasabihin mo na kung pwede ba kayong manood ng movie after ng dinner nyo(She
formulated a question)
TRANSMITTING: Tinanong mo na sa mama mo kung pwede ba kayong manood ng movie (She ask
her mom)
RECEIVING: Narinig na nung mom mo yung sinabi mo (Her mom heard the question)
DECODING: Naalala nya na marami pa syang gagawin (Her mom she thought that she needed to
finish her work)
REACTING/RESPONDING: Nagsabi sya ng “no” kasi marami pa raw syang gagawin (She responded
“no”)
MONITORING: They went home together.

Guide Question to know the process of communication in a situation:

THINKING: What’s your idea?
SYMBOLIZING: How would you tell/express that idea? What are your options to transmit that idea?
EXPRESSING: What did you decided to do/ say?
TRANSMITTING: What will you do?
RECEIVING: How do the receiver receive the idea? Did he/she hear the idea? Or did he/she saw that
idea?
DECODING: How did the receiver interpreted that idea?
REACTING/RESPONDING: How did they react? (Smiled, frown, cry, shout, etc) What is their
response? (Yes, No, Maybe)
MONITORING: How did you react from that response? What is your plan after receiving that
response?

NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF

COMMUNICATION
SYMBOL SYSTEMS

VERBAL AND NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• All forms of communication can be classified as either verbal or non-verbal communication.
• Verbal communication (VC) is also known as dialogue which uses the language to convey or
respond to messages.
• VC can be subdivided into either vocal (spoken language) or non-vocal (written language,
sign language, finger spelling, Braille, or other similar alternatives to verbal language).
NOTE: Those sign language is considered as verbal communication kasi they have word equivalent.
Ginamit lang syang as an alternative to verbal languages

• Non-verbal communication (NVC) expresses messages through nonlinguistic means like

objects, actions, sounds, time, and space.

LINGUISTICS
• Study of human speech, including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language.
NOTE: When did you start learning English? (1) Alphabet (2) nu.rsery rhymes.
VERBAL SYMBOLS

PHONOLOGICAL MEANING
• Signals for this type of meaning are distinctive sounds that are put together to form a
meaningful item.
NOTE: After you’re familiar with the letter, you will look at the sounds of those letters. Each letter
has its own district sound. Ex: Sound of “b” – “bugh”

• Includes differences in vowel and consonant sounds, stress, press and intonation.

• Phonology – the study of sound patterns of a particular language by determining which

phonetic sounds are significant and explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the
native speaker.
NOTE: If we are trying to learn a language, we need to learn the sounds according to how it was use
in that language. Kunwari gusto mong matutunan yung English language, kung ano yung sound ng
English letter that’s how we’re going to pronounce it. ‘Di mo pwede iapply yung filipino concept. EX:
Sound of letter “t” , Filipino: “t” 🡪 “ti” English: “t” 🡪”tugh” .You have to know how it is pronounce in
the language you are studying because it could affect the meaning of the word.

READING TEXT A
I saw a bat. 🡪 first letter sounds like “bugh”
Cat 🡪 first letter sounds like “k” or “sss”
Mat 🡪 first letter sounds like “mmm”
Rat 🡪 first letter sounds like “rrr”
DIFFERENCE: Consonant sounds
NOTE: They have difference in the first letter which are consonant.
READING TEXT B
Show me the bar.
Bear
Boar
DIFFERENCE: Vowel Sounds
NOTE: In English, vowel sound is very difficult to master because they may have same words, but
they have different pronunciation. If you changed the sound of that vowel; it could also change the
meaning. ‘di mo sila pwede pagpalitin

READING TEXT C
1.How will I address him when I ask for his address?
2.They will record the song in a long-playing record
3.They will present him with a Thanksgiving present
4.That rebel has no cause to rebel

DIFFERENCE: Stress
NOTE: Pag ‘di mo alam kung saan yung stress ng word or diin ng word; ‘di mo malalaman yung
meaning na yun. You have to be familiar sa stress. If you’re going to read it, you have to show the
difference when it comes to the stress.

READING TEXT D
1.Hand me that red/wine bottle.
NOTE: Meaning nito is yung wine bottle is color red
2.Hand me that red wine/bottle.
NOTE: Meaning nito bote ng red wine
DIFFERENCE: Pauses
NOTE: You should know where you should stop or do pauses especially when you’re talking to
make a distinction. Maiiba kasi yung meaning kapag nilagyan mo ng pause yung isang sentence
SEMANTIC MEANING
• Has to do with meaningful units – morphemes – which could stand by themselves (affixes,
and compound words)
• Sementics – the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language used in a particular
context.
NOTE: We are now studying the words and we are trying to figure out how to use those words.

READING TEXT A
HOMONYMS – Words have different spellings but are pronounced the same
• Soul – sole
• Hoarse – horse
• Heard – herd
• Pour – pore
• Soar -sore
NOTE: You need to learn the meaning of these words kasi kapag narinig mo yung mga words na ‘to
tapos ‘di ka familiar sa word na yun; you wouldn’t know the word kung anong tinutukoy. EX: When
someone told you that “I sound hoarse today”, since katunog nya yung word na “horse” iisipin mo
tunog kabayo sya. It’s not enough to know how to read words, you also need to know how to use
these particular words. You would know how to use words in a specific context.

READING TEXT B
HETERONYMS- Words have same spelling but are pronounces differently
1.a. Wipe away those tears from your eyes
b. Sew those tears on your dress.
NOTE: a. tears 🡪 sounds like “tirs” meaning luha
b. tears 🡪 sounds like “ters” meaning punit

2.a. Read the fine print closely.

b. I read it repeatedly a while ago.
NOTE: a. Read 🡪 sounds like “rid” meaning basahin
b. read 🡪 sounds like “red” meaning binasa
3.a. He has bow and arrow
b. We bow our heads as a greeting to others
NOTE: a. bow 🡪 sounds like “bow” meaning pana
b. bow 🡪 sounds like “baw” meaning yumoko

NOTE: Heteronyms, parehas yung spelling pero magkaiba yung meaning.

READING TEXT C
COMPOUND WORDS – two or three words put together to form another term which may be solid,
hyphenated or separated
• stepmother => mother-in-law (hyphenated)
• greenhouse(solid) => green revolution
• family tree => tree diagram
• road show => road map
NOTE: Itong compound words, ‘di mo pwedeng pagsamahin yung meaning ng dalawang word. May
specific meaning sya as a whole kaya kilangan alam mo kung paano gamitin yung word na yun sa
sentence. It’s really important to understand the meaning of the whole word and you should know
how to use it. Sa compound word, pwedeng solid, hyphenated or separated yung words para
madistinguish as compound words. Basta two or three words sya na pinagcombine.

SYNTACTIC MEANING
• Knowledge of grammatical rules
• Involves correct usage of word order and difference in meaning that results from the
change in structure of a sentence
NOTE: So here, we apply subject-verb agreement, pronoun antecedent agreement, Dangling
modifiers and so on. Dapat yung grammar mo nagaagree or tama yung grammar mo. If you’re going
to construct sentences applying these grammar rules you have to consider the language. Di pwede
iisipin mo sya ng Filipino then tratranslate mo sya in English
EX: Filipino: kumain ako ng manga English: Eat I mango (ungrammatical). Iba kasi yung sentence
structure ng Filipino and English kaya di accurate yung pagtratranslate

• Syntax – the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences;
thus, involves rules of grammar and other patterns.
NOTE: Kailangan maaral natin yung grammar kasi it doesn’t sound good minsan
EX: usage of “a” or “an”

Ungrammatical: A apple a day makes the doctors away.

Gramatically correct: An apple a day makes the doctors away.
NOTE: It sounds good when you are grammatically correct and madali sya basahin and intindihin. If
you’re communicating with someone it may cause a misunderstanding EX: You want to tell your
gf/bf that you love them then you say “I loved, you” – which means dati mo syang mahal pero
ngayon ‘di na.

READING TEXT A
SET A
1.The phone is ringing.
NOTE: Phone was use as noun. Meaning “phone”
2.I shall phone you later
NOTE: Phone was use as verb. Meaning “call”
SET B
1.The bear killed the hunter.
NOTE: The Sentence Structure: Subject, verb, Direct object. Meaning: Pinatay nung bear yung
hunter
2.The hunter killed the bear.
NOTE: The Sentence Structure: Direct object, verb, Subject. Meaning: yung hunter yung pumatay sa
bear
SET C
1.Did the hunter kill the bear?
NOTE: Dapat di nakapast tence yung verb so tama ‘to kasi hindi “killed” yung nakalagay
SET D
1.No, the hunter didn’t kill the bear. It is the other way around.
PRAGMATICS MEANING
• Considers not just the words, but also the context of situation and the relationship of the
communicators to arrive at the meaning of utterance.
NOTE: Application ng lahat ng rules about grammar. Ito yung magpapaessay tapos maipapakita mo
yung pagcontruct mo ng idea. Dito kahit magaling ka sa word, pronounciation and sa grammar pero
di mo alam kung paano or kailan gagamitin yung words na yun; mahihirapan kang magcontruct ng
idea base dun sa context/situation.
• Pragmatics – deals with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
NOTE: Pragmatic is knowing how to use a word and how you will interpret them based on their
usage. You need to know when you are going to use the words correctly.

READING TEXT A

Joe to Mary at a dinner date: Mary I am going to give you this ring.
NOTE: Ring means yung singsing. based on this context

Emma to a friend while in school: Give me a ring tonight so we can talk about the project.
NOTE: Ring means a call based on this context

Emma reads the direction in a test: Ring the correct word that should be used in each sentence.
NOTE: Ring means encircle based on this context

NONVERBAL SYMBOLS

CHRONEMICS
• Deals with the use of time as an element of communication. (a) punctuality, (b) patterns of
dominance or deference in a communication situation, (c) time from the standpoint of social
settings, (d) monochronemics vs polychronemics
NOTE: It is associated with time. Time can really say something on the person.
Ex: (1)Pumunta ka sa date tapos 2 hours earlier kang dumating. It could mean na excited ka. (2)
Hinintay mo bf mo for 2 hours. Mafrufrustrate ka and feel mo na ‘di ka mahalaga. (3) Job interview
tapos maaga kang pumunta. Yung first impression na mabibigay nung magiinterview sa’yo is
prepared ka sa interview
NOTE: It’s also the time you allot for a person.
EX: (1) Lagi kang nakikipagchat sa isang tao pero ‘di mo naman yun ginagawa sa lahat. So, it means
na that person is special (2) Nagrereunion kayo ng family mo tuwing December. Of course, you will
not set something for that date/event kasi tradition ng family nyo yun. Kapag dumating ka sa
reunion it would show that you value your family/tradition and if ‘di ka naman dumating sa
reunion it would mean na wala kang pake sa family mo.

TYPES OF TIME
A. FORMAL TIME – Measured in minutes, hours, days and so on.
NOTE: Ito yung mga Monday, 24 hours ,8 minutes.
B. INFORMAL TIME – Measured relative to seasons, social customs, lunar cycles, etc.
NOTE: Social customs, yung every Christmas, birthday, anniversary may certain kayong ginagawa

PROXEMICS
• Social use of space in a communication situation – (a) closeness between and among people
when they speak and the significant role of culture, (b) effective use of space in social
settings
NOTE: It has something to do with space
EX: (1) laging magkasama yung dalawa, laging magkatabi. It would mean na may relationship sila or
something. You’re not invading personal space kasi pwede sya magbigay ng certain impression like
“feeling close”

TYPE OF DISTANCE
A. INTIMATE SPACE – 0-18 inches
NOTE: It is applicable to people that is close with us like family. EX: Nakikipagusap ka sa family mo.
It’s normal lang na malapit kayong mag-usap
B. PERSONAL SPACE/INFORMAL DISTANCE – 18 inches to 4 feet
NOTE: Applicable ‘to sa mga friends. Kunwari nakatambay lang kayo sa canteen, quadrangle,
C.SOCIAL SPACE/ FORMAL DISTANCE – 4 –12 feet
NOTE: Ito yung space kapag makikipag usap ka sa mga teacher mo. Ito yung usual distance kapag
makikipagusap ka formally
D.PUBLIC SPACE – beyond 12 feet
NOTE: This is people who are giving speech to the public. Like ikaw yung nasa stage tapos malawak
ung space mot apos yung audience nasa baba ng stage tapos malayo sa’yo.

HAPTICS
• Focuses on touching as an element of communication – (a) type of touch, (b) frequency, (c)
intensity
NOTE: It has to do with sense of touch.
Ex: When somebody pat you on the shoulder. Meaning it is some sort of encouragement. Frequency
means kung lagi nya bang ginagawa yung touching na yun. Intensity, means kung madiin ba yung
paghawak sa’yo. Wag tayo gagawa ng bagay na mamimisinterprete ng iba.

TYPES OF TOUCHES:
A. HIGH – CONTACT/ TOUCH CULTURES – employ much social touching – embraces and hand –
holding
NOTE: Ito yung mga yakap tsaka hawak-kamay.
B. MODERATE – TOUCH CULTURES – use touching occasionally – handshakes, shoulder touching,
back slapping
NOTE: Ito yung mga more formal. Ito yung ginagawa mong form of touch lalo na kung ‘di mo close
yung kausap mo
C. LOW – CONTACT CULTURES – social touching is rarely used
NOTE: Ito yung form of touch na ginagawa mo sa isang stranger pa sa;yo

KINESICS/ BODY LANGUAGE

• Deals with physical movement of effective displays – (a) body as whole, (b) specific parts:
face, hands, arms, eye, and facial expressions, (c) posture.
NOTE: This has something to do with physical movements.
EX: (1) Sa classroom nakasloutch ka. It could mean na tinatamad ka na mag-aral or wala ka ng gana.
(2) kapag yung nanany mo nakacross arms pag-uwi mo. Meaning nito galit na sa’yo nanay mo. (3)
Raise one eyebrow. Meaning you’re doubting the person.
• Associated to the use of emblems, physical gestures that support or reinforce what is said
verbally.
NOTE: When we do certain action, it uses to support what we are saying.
 EX: You agree to something, you nod. (2) when you say no, you shake your head. Your body
language kay says a lot.

OCULESICS
• Deals with eye behavior – (a) static or fixed gaze vs dynamic eye movement
• Also called as eye contact
NOTE: It has something to do with your eyes. Eye contact is important because it shows sencerity
on what you’re doing
EX’: Kapag Job interview tapos nakalook down ka. It means na di ka confident sa sinasabi mo. (2)
Paalam ka ng overnight kasi may project kayo ng friends mo pero nakalook down ka. May
possibility na ‘di ka payagan kasi ‘di ka mukhang sincere sa sinasabi mo

SYNCHRONY
• Amount of coordination in people’s behavior – (a) mirroring, (b) mimicry, or (c) behavioral
meshing
NOTE: Ito yung kapag ginagaya ka.
EX: (1) Ginagaya nung kapatid mo yung style mo or iniimitate nya yung ginagawa mo. Meaning nito
is idol ka nya. (2) Pumunta ka sa friend mo sa Batangas tapos pagbalik mo naga “ala-eh” ka na rin.
Naadapt mo yung behavior ng tao and there’s a message na close kayo nung tao

PARALANGUAGE/ VOCALICS
• Deals with vocal cues or nonphonemic qualities of language – (a) accent, (b) loudness, (c)
tempo, (d) pitch, (e) cadence, (f) rate of speech, (g) nasality, (h) tone
NOTE: “Para” means “not normal”. ‘Di sya common na nangyayari. Yung paralanguage, ito yung
akala mo language sya pero it is how the language was delivered. Yung paralanguage may sinabi
kang word pero di sya tugma o naayon dun sa action mo
Ex: Tinanong mo yung gf mo “galit ka ba? “then sumagot sya na ‘di sya galit pero mataas yung tono
ng boses nya. It’s not the words that was used, but rather how it was said.

TYPES OF VOCALICS
A. VOCAL CHARACTERIZERS – laughing, crying, yeaning, and so on
NOTE: When you saw someone crying and sinabi nya na ‘di naman sya malungkot. Meaning
malungkot talaga sya
B. VOCAL QUALIFIERS – volume, rhythm, and tempo
NOTE: Ito yung volume. Yung di raw galit pero yung boses parang nagtatampo/galit
C.VOCAL SEGREGATE – sounds such as mmmm, uh – huh, ooooo
NOTE: Ito yung kapag na notice mo yung mga taong nagbibigay ng speech lagi sila nagsasabi
ng”umm” “sooo”. Meaning you’re thinking of what you will say next or baka kinakabahan.
D.VOCAL RATE – speed of how one talks
NOTE: Ito yung kung gaano kabilis ka magsalita sa tao.
EX: (1) Tumawag si groupmate tapos tinanong kung ano gagawin. Inexplain mo sa kanya ng mabilis
kasi gusto mo na matapos yung usapan nyo. Meaning nito ayaw mo sya kausap. / nagmamadali ka
na (2) Tumawag si crush, tapos tinanong kung ano gagawin.. Then, mabagal mo sya inexplain kasi
gusto mo syang kausap

ARTIFACTS
• Deals with the communicative aspect of apparent objects visible in the room – art,
possessions and so on.
NOTE: It’s more on the things. Kung ano meron sa kwarto mo yun yung magiidentify kung ano ka
talaga
EX: (1) Pumunta ka sa bahay ng friend mo tapos Nakita mo dami santo, bible, cross. Meaning
religious yung family. (2) Dami BTS Posters. Ibig sabihin BTS fan ka (3) Dami books sa room mo
meaning book lovers ka
OLFACTICS
• Deals with different types of smells
• Closely related to proxemics
NOTE: It has something to do with the sense of smell. EX: ‘Di mo pa nakikita yung kaklase mo pero
naamoy mo na nandyan na sya kasi sa pabango nya

SILENCE
• How absence of sound affects the communication scenario
NOTE: Silence affect the communication scenario kasi pwede maging awkward or mag convey na
may problem (1) Nagtatawanan kayo ng friends mo tapos yung isa nyong friend tahimik. Meaning
may iniisip sya or problem. Sometimes silence conveys that we want to be alone
APPEARANCE
• Deals with the physical aspects of (a) body shape, (b) hair color and skin tones, (c)
grooming, (d) dress and appearance enhancements.
NOTE: This is how we express ourselves. We have different interpretation dun sa appearance ng tao
based on what we know, environment na kinalakihan natin and it is something you can’t blame but
don’t use it as a way to judge or discriminate people
EX: May nakitang kang may tattoo yung tao, possible na artist yung tao na yun. (2) body shape can
convey message. it has something to do with their health.

ENVIRONMENT
• Communicative value of physical space – (a) room size, (b) color, (c) accessibility and (d)
location
EX: (1) Pag sa school tapos yung color ng mga room is green/blue kasi raw malamig sa mata (2)
Room size, nilagay kayo sa isang maliit ng room tapos isa lang electricfan, You may think na kaya
kayo nilagay dun kasi ‘di kayo nagbabayad ng tuition. (3) location: daming nagiinuman sa certain
place, madilim. Pwede kang matakot na dumaan dun kasi you’re not use to that place.

N NCA CREDO FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

(APPROVED BY THE NCA LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, NOVEMBER 1999)

Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the

development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and
media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering
truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.

1. WE ADVOCATE TRUTHFULNESS, ACCURACY, HONESTY, AND REASON AS ESSENTIAL

TO THE INTEGRITY OF COMMUNICATION.
• Honesty
NOTE: What we say or how we say it and how we respond can make or break trust. While ethical
communication, it should be honest and straight forward
• Fact-based/Accuracy
NOTE: As an ethical communicator, you should concern with verifying information because
accuracy matters.
 • Truthfulness
NOTE: Without facts being reliable they are more likely to do harm or create injustice. It closely
related to clear thinking
NOTE: This principle of communication ethic is advocating truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and
reason. Reason is something you are giving with support. When you give reason, it should be
supported with evidence, documents, and so on. The reason plays an important role because it
establishes the integrity of communication. If you’re a person who lost his/her credibility, it would
be very hard for people to believe you. It promotes truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and reason as
essential to the integrity of the communication. EX: Kilala ka as sinungaling. ‘Di ka na paniniwalaan
ng ibang tao and mahirap na iearn yung trust nila sa’yo.

EXAMPLES:
1. A conversation between the seller of exotic animals and the buyer.
NOTE: It applies the first principle because as seller we need to gain the trust of our buyer, you
must provide full legitimate information about the exotic animal
2. The announcement of protocols regarding CoVid-19 needed to be about
truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and essential to the integrity of communication to
avoid misinformation and confusion.
NOTE: We can execute our advocacy by providing reliable and accurate information about covid-
19. Dapat may reasoning daw dito, so bale yung reason kaya nila ginawa yung announcement para
maging safe yung community and maging aware na rin
3. Yani loves to read on beautician journals, and she decided to make a vlog on
YouTube. She starts vlogging about beauty tips to share her gain knowledge. She is
always researching for her vlogs to make it informative. But she had never included
the references/sources she’s using either in speech or description.
NOTE: This scenario means the Yani violated the principle 1 because she didn’t include her
references and it’s considered plagiarism. Hindi sya naging honest kaya nawawalan ng integrity
yung binigay nyang information kasi ‘di nya binigyan ng credentials yung writer.
4. One day, James was scrolling in his Facebook timeline when he saw a news flash ad.
He clicked and read the article about Covid-19 updates, but it was different from
what he watched at the news from their television.
NOTE: Maraming fake news sa internet, di nagiging accurate yung information.
 IMPORTANCE
• To prevent any misunderstandings
NOTE: It prevents miscommunication. When you are careful in your words while addressing the
audience; it lessens the chances of misunderstanding between what you have spoken and what they
have understood
• It enhances human worth and dignity and one will gain trust
NOTE: By fostering responsibility, personal intergrity and respect for self and others. When you
communicate, you try to develop relationship or trust with your audience.
• For the maintenance of good human relationship communication and expect the same of
others.
NOTE: Good communication build positive relationship.

2.WE ENDORSE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, DIVERSITY OF PERSPECTIVE, AND TOLERANCE

OF DISSENT TO ACHIEVE THE INFORMED AND RESPONSIBLE DECISION-MAKING
FUNDAMENTAL TO A CIVIL SOCIETY.

• The principle means that the right of free speech is linked to freedom of peacefully disagree
not just with one another, but also with the government.
NOTE: “freedom of expression” - We all have the rights to express each and everyone’s opinion nor
the reaction we made while we are expressing it because it’s our opinion, but it will tell us how to
respect, or view and how you understand that situation. We have rights to give opinions and views
if it is necessary. You should think first kung anong tama sabihin kasi may consequence ‘to
NOTE: “diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible
decision making” - we all have different perspective with each other so we should how to respect
other thought and ideas they are expressing. We shouldn’t tolerate someone who is expressing false
accusation. We should seek authorized documents.

• In another section of this topic, we'll go on deeper into the legal background of freedom of
expression.

• We'll just note that the right of freedom of expression and the right of each perspective are
both legal context of expression
NOTE: This principle tells that before we come up with certain decisions, we must be ready to hear
different perspective. You must be prepared to listen to everyone. “Tolerance of dissent” - meaning
no matter how disagreeable they are it’s our responsibility to listen to them because it would be
very important when we come up a decision. We always must endorse that freedom for others to
express themselves to speak out before we have can come up with good decision. It’s very beneficial
not just for us individual but also for the society that we are living in. EX: (1) Before they turn it
into a law, it undergoes several readings and it listens to different people’s opinion and stand. (2)
As a family, you are going to make decision after you discuss the prons and cons of a certain
problem; then that decision can be very well thought of.

EXAMPLES
1. IN GROUP REPORTING DISCUSSION
• We use open forums to share opinions and knowledge about the topics.
• We respect and value ideas from different members to avoid disagreement.

2. IN PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK
• Other groups will provide comments and identify the weaknesses and strengths of the
performance, so that in the next group presentation they will perform better.
NOTE: These two scenarios, nagrereflect sya sa 2nd principle kasi nagshashare sila ng information
and opinions and by addressing their differences, it will help them respect and understand yung
perspective ng iba to avoid conflict

3. Facebook post about body positivity yet shaming skinny people. However, people criticize the
post and told body positivity is for everyone.
NOTE: Nagaaply dito yung 2nd principle kasi yung dinebunk nila yung opinion nung facebook nay un
and cinall out nil ana dapat yung body positivity is for everyone.

4. A post from a supporter of a politician telling misinformation about the opposing team. But
people correcting the information and putting facts about the person.
NOTE: This also apply to 2nd principle kasi kinorrect nila yung nagspspread ng fake news and
naglagay sila ng reliable source to back up or idebunk yung fake news

IMPORTANCE
• It gives you the right to speak your mind freely on important issues in our society that can
help to empower other people and give inspiration to others.
NOTE: Powerful yung words natin in a way na it could have a positive or negative impact to others
• It allows people to share information, express beliefs, and emotions about different issues
without interference by the public authority, but there are restrictions.
NOTE: It is important to know our limitation. We shouldn’t use violence or other wrong things to
harm other people who doesn’t have the same beliefs as ours instead we should correct them
properly

3.WE STRIVE TO UNDERSTAND AND RESPECT OTHER COMMUNICATORS BEFORE

EVALUATING AND RESPONDING TO THEIR MESSAGES.
NOTE: This principle tells us that we need to make effort in understanding and always respect
others before giving a reaction. EX: Meron kang kaibigan na nagshashare ng opinion nya kung sino
yung gusto nyang maging president kaso bigla kang sumingit sa conversation, so unethical yun kasi
dapat pinatapos mom una sya bago ka magbigay nung opinion dun sa sinabi nya

NOTE: This principle is expressing the value of understanding and respecting other because
nowadays in social media, it’s very difficult for people to have a peaceful conversation with each
other’s specially if they different beliefs. So, what happen is they just react without even trying to
come up with meaningful response to what was being said. If you’re going to communicate with
others you must learn to listen and if you listen, you must understand first before you give your
reaction. Di naman pwede Yung opinion mo lang maririnig and respect their opinions if they really
believe that their candidate is right; then just respect that.

EXAMPLES:
1. A grumpy Client inquiring a condo.
NOTE: So, sa scenario na ‘to galit na yung client mo so instead na magalit ka rin sa kanya, naging
kalamado ka lang and you responded respectfully.
2. My friends and I talking about the differences in our beliefs.
NOTE: You should respect people on what they believe in specially if it’s a religion. You don’t have
to fight that you have different beliefs instead you should respect each other
3. Nina responded to a comment with a substance and in a civilized matter. Clinarify ni Nina yung
situation
4. May gumawa ng issue about kay Alex Gonzaga na nagpalaglag daw sya ng anak. So yung asawa ni
Alex, nagcomment sya na wag nalang pakelaman yung private life nila.
NOTE: Applicable yung principle dito kasi they are striving to understand and respect other
communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. Hinandle ni Mikee yung
comment in a respectful way
 IMPORTANCE
• To be proactive in listening
NOTE: It is important to have a deep understand of what the speaker is trying to say aswell as what
he/she means
• To avoid misunderstanding
NOTE: It shows us to be an active listener to understand to what the speaker wants to convey so
that we can respond appropriately to their message
• To create clarity of thoughts and expression
NOTE: Makakapagbigay ka ng clear thoughts and expression sa tao na yun nkapag nakinig ka sa
kanya
• Helps build or improve relationship
NOTE: It understand both parties
• To give efforts in every communication
NOTE: We are giving effort kasi nagtryrty tayo na maiintindihan sila at the same time
makapagcommunicate ng tama

4.WE PROMOTE ACCESS TO COMMUNICATION RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES AS

NECESSARY TO FULFILL HUMAN POTENTIAL AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE WELL-BEING OF
FAMILIES, COMMUNITIES, AND SOCIETY.
NOTE: Communication resources – refers to the things that enables us to communication like
textbook, social media and so on. People should always have access to all forms of communication
such as reading books, writing your concerns on your social media and so on.
NOTE: “Fulfill human potential” – we need resources to access to this communication for us to be
better individuals. EX: ABS CBN Shutdown – their goals is to give information to people but they are
shutdown and its violating the people’s right to information. (2) Youtube. If there’s something you
want to learn, you can always have access to youtube and you can get some information there to do
something; that’s fulfilling your potential as well.
IMPORTANCE
"We promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human
potential and contribute to well-being of families, communities and society."
• Communication should be for EVERYONE
• CONNECT around the world.
• Develop understanding and convey information in DIFFERENT WAYS
• The more people accessible to communication, the more people are united as a community =
COOPERATION
NOTE: This principle tells us that communication is for everyone. For every chance that we make,
we make a communication. Through communication, we are able to have an understanding and
conveyt information in different ways may it be verbal, nonverbal, visual or written. The more
people is accessible to communication, the more people are united as a community. This establishes
strong relationship to people.

EXAMPLES

1. MANILA LGU PROVIDED FREE GADGETS FOR MANILENO STUDENTS

Erik and Jamaica are one of the recipients of it.
• Gadget is the channel for teachers and students to communicate in online class. Problem:
Some students can't afford gadgets and internet.
• Providing free gadgets helped students who can't afford gadgets.
NOTE: This situation applies to this principle because Isko Moreno gave some students a tablet to
access to communicate and learn in onluine class while amid pandemic

2. PROVIDING TEXTBOOKS TO STUDENTS IN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL

According to Erile's experience in high school, during the first month of the school year, the school
administration provided free textbooks to all students at the high school to help in academics but
shall return it at the end of the school year.
• Modules are written guide about the school curriculum.
• Communication is essential for quality education.
• Giving access to school modules contributes to the academic performance of high school
students.
NOTE: Napply yung principle dito kasi yung textbook is a form of communication para matuto yung
mga student and mafullfil yung potential nila.. Also, yung mga gadgets din, makakatulong para
magkaroon tayo ng access to learn and makipagcommunicate sa classmate natin or dun sa studenst
natin.
3.FACEBOOK'S COVID-19 INFORMATION CENTER
• DATA FREE = more access to all FB users despite the lack of internet connectivity
• PURPOSE: give an update on what's the current state and status of our country and would
about COVID - 19
• FB gave access to all users about COVID – 19
NOTE: Naapply yung principle dito kasi it is promoting communication by letting the users to have
a free access to a particular information
4. FACEBOOK's CRISIS RESPONSE
Purpose: allow family members and friends to know whether a person is sate ducing an emergency
It helps communicate to everyone your status and relieve them from worry
NOTE: Naapply yung principle dito kasi it helps communicate to know the status of a person. They
can notify their FB Friends that they are safe if ever man na may disaster na nangyari near their
location

5.WE PROMOTE COMMUNICATION CLIMATES OF CARING AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

THAT RESPECT THE UNIQUE NEEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNICATORS.
NOTE: This means that before having a communication we should take inconsideration the
situation needs and interest of our listeners at that time to have an effective and positive
communication. We need to help feel the listeners that the y is valued and being transparent
towards our listeners or audience makes us look credible, honest with our information that we
share.

NOTE: The 5th principle promotes the communication climates of caring and mutual understanding
that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. So in a
communication scenario, if you are talking to someone and you know that person has difficulty/
Then you would also make necessary adjustments EX: (1) News. There are giving a sign a language.
The goal of communication is to make sure that no one is left out. So kung wala magsisign language
sa news. Those who have problem with hearing; they cannot really relate to what is being shown on
the news. They become inclusive because of sign language, they were able to take part in watching
that news and they were able to understand. (2) If there’s a student who doesn’t speak up, usually
the teachers try to do something that would include the student and make him feel that he is part of
the class. It helps us feel that we belong in that group. (3) FB Pages. Pareparehas kayo ng interest
and people in that group would make you feel that you belong in that group

EXAMPLES
1. When there's a girl you only met at this event reaches out for you, compliments you, and
tries to talk to you, you compliment her as well, and you try to find a connection; something
you and she can relate to, so you can have a meaningful conversation and prolong the
connections.
NOTE: The principle was shown here kasi meron silang connection and nagtryrty ka na pahabain
yung converstation by talking about different topics na makakarelate si girl
2. My friend Neo recently asked me about his schoolwork, which he was finding difficult to
manage. So, I gave him emotional support and helped him with his schoolwork, and he promised to
do the same for me.
NOTE: This scenario applies to the principle because they share their opinions and ideas without
awkwardness, and they care about each other’s state and this means that they mutual
understanding that shows the sympathy of two parties.

3. A TikToker named Baby exotica trying to inspire women who do not appreciate and accept
the imperfections on their bodies. In one of her TikTok videos, she shared her own flaws to
motivate every woman those imperfections are normal and natural.
NOTE: This reflects that 5th principle because the influencer is concerned about other women. Her
video message shows the common experience and feelings of every woman who are insecure about
themselves

4. At Twitter, a group of people agreed to campaign Leni Robredo to become the president for
the betterment of the country, the mutual discussions, values for the widespread of hope upon
voting for Leni, mutual agreement of the said candidate, and
respect for one's opinions and thoughts for the said candidate.
NOTE: It applies the 5th principle because they are building mutual understanding and they respect
one’s opinion and thoughts to agree in campaigning leni robredo to become the president.

IMPORTANCE
• It helps us to appropriately respond to the situation
NOTE: By using our empathy it helps us understand the emotion or feelings of others and because
of that they are more likely to connect and share their experience to us because they know that we
can respond appropriately to their situation.
• It deepens the relationship
NOTE: By knowing that you are having a common interest or characteristics with your
communicators; it creates strong bonds relationship
• It creates meaningful conversation
NOTE: This conversation could validate the feeling or expression of one another that can create
honest conversation that would help the communicators to understand each perspective and
opinions in life.
• It is effective to be open with one another
NOTE: By sharing our own opinions and feelings with each other without any awkwardness it will
more likely to be more comfortable that we could understand other’s situation

6.WE CONDEMN COMMUNICATION THAT DEGRADES INDIVIDUALS AND HUMANITY

THROUGH DISTORTION, INTIMIDATION, COERCION, AND VIOLENCE, AND THROUGH THE
EXPRESSION OF INTOLERANCE AND HATRED.
NOTE: (1) Distortion means misleading information or fake news. (2) Intimidation - the action of
intimidating someone or the state of being intimidated, (3) Coercion - the practice of persuading
someone to do something by using force or threats, (4) Violence – involve in physical force
intended to hurt, damage, or kills someone or something. (4) Expression of intolerance –
unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or behavior that differ from once own, (5) Hatred – intense
dislike or ill will. This principle tells us that we don’t have the right to spread falls humor ro
someone because of hatred. In communication, it is inevitable that information said by the speaker
is sometimes different from the receiver because we don’t what is the truth. We don’t have an idea
on the topic, and we tend to believe the humors
NOTE: It tells us that we should avoid words that degrade other people. EX: (1) Post of Aljur.
Dinegrade nya si Kylie Padilla in a way na sinabi niya na si kylie daw yung unang nagcheat. They
could have discussed between themselves (2) Kim Seon Ho cancelled sa korea dahil sa issue nila ng
ex nya. Napull-out lahat ng projects nya kaya communication is powerful talaga

EXAMPLES
1.Opinions that lead to miscommunication
NOTE: So, in this scenario, connected sya sa principle because the person posted another person
because they have different perspective at the same time hatred was the cause why it was posted.
2.Insulting someone because of their appearance.
NOTE: Because of his hatred towards a person, he started to insult her flaws. Because of his words,
it affects the person on how she thinks about herself
3.Misleading information that leads to miscommunication
NOTE: There are videos of Marcos on tiktok and fb na ineexaggerate or iniiba yung achievements.
We must check the credibility and source
4.Maria Ressa received a series of death threats following Pres. Duterte's hate statements against
the journalist
NOTE: Nagthrethreat si du30 kay maria ressa na fraud daw siya. Rude yung ginamit nyang words,
we need to choose our word carefully especially if we are a public servant because it can greatly
influence a lot of people.
7.WE ARE COMMITTED TO THE COURAGEOUS EXPRESSION OF PERSONAL CONVICTIONS IN
PURSUIT OF FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
• This means that the people that are referred to in this context, must have the courage and
integrity to voice out their personal opinions and beliefs to preserve society’s fairness and
to serve justice.
NOTE: We should not just keep to ourselves if we know that there’s something is wrong. You should
have the courage to speak out. What happen kasi if majority is not doing it then we tend not to do it
also even though I’s correct.
EXAMPLES
1. He confronts his classmates who are at the top of the building spitting on students. They
rejected to go the principal office, so he gets help from the principal but in the end he still
get threaten.
NOTE: He believe that what he did was right, and it can bring justice to those people who are spit on
and unaware on the situation
2. Some of her friends unfriended her on FB because they have different political views. She
calls them out that they should respect and have a friendly debate.
NOTE: It is connected sa 7th principle because cinall out nya yung friend nya and pinaintindi nya na
may iba’t iba silang political views and they should respect that instead of unfriending them on FB.
3. The Nuezca Murder Case – Nuezca was a policeman that killed a mother and his son, tis case
was brought to light when it went viral online, and a lot of people were enraged and expressed their
beliefs and spoke up
NOTE: If that person didn’t post that video; the victim will get their justice knowing that the
murderer is a policeman, the ca gets away from that crime since he can manipulate the scenario.
4. The Anti-terror bill issue - some people wanted the bill to be approved while some others
wanted to cancel it out. This is based on the personal convicetion of the people on what they think
will lead to the greater good.
NOTE: Filipino voice out their opinion regarding this issue because they know that this bill is
unjust.

IMPORTANCE
• The importance of this principle is that it teaches people to speak up and stand up against
unfair and unjust situations that happens to themselves or to other people. Another reason
why it’s significant is that it aims for the betterment of society on what the people think is
right
NOTE: Our voices have power so we need to speak up because it could save people’s life, or it could
have a better cause
8.WE ADVOCATE SHARING INFORMATION, OPINIONS, AND FEELINGS WHEN FACING
SIGNIFICANT CHOICES WHILE ALSO RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY.
• This is about advocating privacy and confidentiality whenever we share information. This
principle is trying to tell us that we can share information, but we have to remember that
we need to respect the privacy and confidentiality of that person
EXAMPLE:
1.There’s a group of women na kinuha raw lahat ng pagkain dun sa table ng community pantry and
their faces were shown on social media through the cctv on one of the universes
NOTE: Mali yung ginawa nila kasi pinost agad na social media dapat shinare na lang sya for those
people who are concern on that issue. It violates their privacy and confidentiality because their
faces were shown on social media, and it affects their reputation. It’s hard to redeem their selves
because they were already judged by those people in social media.

2.When you see some news from other country, they didn’t show the face of the suspect in a crime
because the person hasn’t proved guilty yet.
NOTE: Newspaper can get sued if they show the faces of this suspect. It protects the privacy of the
suspect since he/she is not yet proven guilty. This is an example of sharing information because the
public deserves to know that there’s a killer around, but they have to still protect the persona until
they are proven guilty.
3.When we look at K-pop groups and other Korean star, you don’t see much of their family in public
or news written about their family because that’s how they value confidentiality
NOTE: We also need to consider that these people have families so this is a private matter. If there’s
an issue about that actor/actress their family will somehow not be affected or involved in that
issue, and it will serve as a protection

9.WE ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR
OWN
• We bear responsibility for the information we provide when we communicate, not just for
ourselves, but also for others. Whatever happens in every engagement – whether it’s a big
and small interaction – we must understand that there will be a consequence or a
responsibility for which we must be accountable.
NOTE: We can say communication can say communication can lead to something, it’s either positive
or negative outcome. We cannot also take back what we’ve spoken because words have the power
to leave a lasting impression. It has potential to influence once life, so we need to be careful on what
we say
NOTE: For the 9th communication ethic, it’s just telling us that we need to be responsible for words
that coming out on our mouth. “Think before you click” whether we upload picture or video we
must think twice before posting it because that’s our way of communicating and we should do it in
a right way. It could have a short term or long-term effect to a person. Short term effect – immediate
effect. Long- term – as of now we might not see the effect but in the future we might.

EXAMPLES
1.A Japanese student ask her the direction for the main college building and then she pointed a
building. Later, she realized that she pointed out the wrong building. However, she met the
foreigner in the cafeteria and apologized to him and refer to the school’s guard to ask direction
NOTE: This is connected to the principle because it could have a big impact to the foreigner student
if she didn’t apologize and misguided that student. That student would have been lost in the campus
and could impact the student’s reputation in that school

2.Her classmate refuses to collaborate with them. All the members wanted her to speak with her
classmate and call her out that if she didn’t comply, she will be kick out of the group. Her classmate
cursed at her, and she was not use to it, so she reported her to the teacher. Though she says sorry to
her at the end she wasn’t allowed to join to her group.
NOTE: This is connected to the principle because it didn’t change the fact that her classmate is a
bitch. Even if her classmate apologized to her, the damage has been done and she was already
affected by the words that her classmate said to her. Also, her classmate was a rude ass bitch
because she stated that “it’s just her personality” like girl, that is absurd. Kailangan nya ng character
development and she shouldn’t make those dumb excuses to be that rude.

3.A girl posted a tiktok video about the VIP and Gen-ad ticket. She said that she and other people
who went to concert were not the same cause she was in VIP section while others were in Gen-ad
only. Many fans were offended by her post specially those who can’t afford VIP ticket though she
apologized on her last video, her reputation has already been damaged since other people would
know her as a person who discriminate people.
NOTE: It is related to this principle since her video was offensive to most people it will affect her
reputation and image for a long time and people would see her as someone who has a bad
personality

Buknoy and Tricycle Driver controversy – she said people should strive harder and do their best
because if not they would end up working as a tricycle driver. Most of the netizen feel offended to
her statement and degrading to tricycle drivers. After that incident, Buknoy and her management
did a public apology
NOTE: This is connected to the principle because she would be seen by many people as a toxic
person and it could have a long-term effect to her reputation.

IMPORTANCE
• It has an impact on other people so be more aware and careful
• We should be responsible and cautious so we can lessen using hurtful words
• Communication is irreversible so be reflective and examine our words.