# 1: Characteristics of living organisms

The 7 characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living objects

are: Nutrition, Excretion, Respiration, Sensitivity, Reproduction, Growth
and Movement.
 Credit: Painting Above All Else Guard Your Heart
by Carmen Keys

* Characteristics of living organisms Quiz

 # 2: Classification of living organisms

Classification: The scientific method of dividing organisms into smaller and

larger groups, on basis of their similarities.

Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus is the Father of Systematic Biology.

He believed he could:

 Put every organism into a group (the science of TAXONOMY)

 Give every organism a name (the science of NOMENCLATURE).

Carolus Linnaeus organized taxonomy (1735).

In his BINOMIAL SYSTEM, every living organism has a unique, two-part

name:

 The first name is Genus, the second name is species.

 Names are written in Latin, printed in italics.
 The genus always has a capital letter, and the species always has
a small letter.

For examples:
 We still use this system today.

All life forms are categorized into a scheme that had 7 categorical terms.
The biggest group are Kingdom, the smallest one is Species.

Each kingdom is divided into smaller group, which include genus and
species. Organisms can exist in only one group at each level of classification.
For example, an organism can only belong to one kingdom or one genus.
 # 3: Five Kingdoms of living things

All living things are divided into 5 kingdoms. Each kingdom has certain
characteristics that all members of that group shared. They are:

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

The characteristics that Linnaeus used to divide all organisms into one of the
five groups included:

 How many cells made up their bodies, if their cells were very simple or
had complex parts
 If they can move on their own
 If they could make their own food, or had to eat other creatures to
survive ...

Mnemonic
 # 4: Animal Kingdom – Classification

The animal kingdom contains many phyla. Some of them are:

Vertebrates, Arthropods, Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes.

It is not always easy to recognise an animal. For a very long time, people
thought that’s sea anemones were plants, because they tend to stay in one
place and their tentacles look rather kike petals. Now we know that they are
animals.

Sea anemones
One of the best way to tell if an organism is an animal is to look at its cells
under the microscope. Animal cells never have cell walls.

Animals are classified into many phyla. Here are just some of these phyla:

Classes in two of these phyla:

Details of each phylum and class are given in the next topics.
 # 5 Phylum Vertebrates

Vertebrates are animals with backbones. They are divided into 5 groups
called classes:

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.

Details of each group are given in the table below. You only need to be able
to describe visible external features, but other details can be helpful.
 1. Fish

Scales- Fins - Eyes & lateral Lines - Gills.

 2. Amphibians

Moist scaleless skin - Eye & Ears - 4 limbs.

3. Reptiles

Dry scaly skin - Eyes & Ears - 4 legs (apart from snakes).

4. Birds
Beak - Feathers - Scales on legs - Wings - 2 legs.
5. Mammals

Fur - 4 limbs.
 #6 Phylum Arthropods

There are more arthropods than any other group of animals, so they are
divided into classes:

Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids and Myriapods.

4 classes of Arthropods

1. Insects

Insects are a very successful group, due to their exoskeleton and tracheae,
which are very good at stopping water from evaporating from insects’s body,
so they can live in very dry places.
2. Crustaceans

These are the crabs, lobsters and woodlice. They breath through gills, so
most of them live in wet places and many are aquatic.

3. Arachnids

These are spiders, ticks and scorpions. They are land-dwelling organisms.
4. Myriapods

These are the centipedes and millipedes.

 # 7 Other groups of invertebrates

Details about some more phyla of invertebrates:

Annelids, Nematodes, Molluscs.

1. Phylum Annelids

Annelids are worms, with bodies made up of ring-like segments. Most of

them live in water, some like the earthworm live in moist soil.

2. Phylum Nematodes

Nematodes are worms, but unlike annelids their bodies are not divided into
segments. They are usually white, long and thin. They live in many different
habitats. Many nematodes live in the soil.
3. Phylum Molluscs

Molluscs are soft-bodies animals, sometimes with a shell (snails) or without

(slugs).
 #8: Plant Kingdom

Plants are multicellular organisms, with cell wall made of cellulose. They
include small organisms such as mosses, ferns and flowering plants.

At least some parts of a plant are green, thanks to pigment chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight for plant to make glucose,
using CO2 and H2O from environment. This is called photosynthesis.
They are divided into 2 groups, depending on number of seed
leaves (Cotyledon):

1. Monocotyledonous (Monocots)
2. Dicotyledonous (Dicots)
 #9: Viruses

Viruses are not true living things. They are not considered to be alive,
because on their own they can do nothing until they enter a living cell.

Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules including proteins, nucleic

acids, lipids, carbohydrates…

When viruses encounter a cell, they take over cell’s machinery. A series of
chemical reactions occur that lead to the production of new viruses. Theses
new viruses burst out of the cell and invade others, where the process is
repeated. The host cell is usually killed when this happens.

These steps are completely passive, that is, they are predefined by the
nature of the molecules that comprise the virus particle. Viruses don’t
actually ‘do’ anything. Without cells, viruses would not be able to
multiply.
Scientists do not classify a virus as a living thing. This is because:

 it does not show all seven processes for life

 when it enters a cell it changes the way a cell works so it can make
copies of the virus.
 #10: Bacteria Kingdom

Bacteria cells are very different from the cells of all other organisms: they
do not have a nucleus.

Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis. The oldest fossils belong to this
kingdom, so we think that they were the first kinds of organisms to evolve.

Bacterial cell structure

 #11: Fungi Kingdom

For a very long time, fungi were classified as plants. However, they are very
different from plants and belong to their own kingdom. Fungi do not have
chlorophyll and do not photosynthesise.

They feed saprophytically, or parasitically, on organic material like faeces,

human foods and dead plants or animals.
A fungus is made of hyphae, which are long tubes, collectively they are
called mycellium and form branches that can cover many acres.

The hypha is a long tube and effectively one cell with many nuclei. It could
be divided into comparments by septa; The tip is tapered, this is where it is
growing outwards and is known as the extension zone.
Fungi grow specialised areas for reproduction called fruiting bodies. These
can grow very large and be visible to the naked eye where they are known
as mushrooms. It is from these that spores are produced.
 #12: Using simple keys

The identification of biological organisms can be greatly simplified using tools

such as dichotomous keys. It is a written set of choices, each
involving two statements, that leads to the name of an organism.
Scientists use these to identify unknown organisms.

Consider the following animals. They are all related, but each is a separate
species. Use the dichotomous key below to determine the species of each.
Answers:

A: Deerus magnus B: Deerus pestis C: Deerus octagis

D: Deerus purplinis E: Deerus deafus F: Deerus humpis

As seen above:

 the keys are mutually exclusive characteristics of biological

organisms.
 they often begin with general characteristics and lead to
more specific characteristics.
 you simply compare the characteristics of an unknown organism
against an appropriate dichotomous key.
 if the organism falls into one category, you go to the next indicated
couplet.

By following the key and making the correct choices, you should be able to
identify your specimen to the indicated taxonomic level.
Try this

Figure above shows single leaves from six different trees. Use the key below
to identify which tree each leaf comes from.

Make a table similar to the one below and put a tick in the correct box to
show how you identify each leaf. Give the name of the tree. Leaf A has been
identified for you as an example.
Additional sources:
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_taxonomy.html
http://biology.clemson.edu/bpc/bp/Lab/104/Labmanual/LabEx/09Keys.pdf
http://www.biologyjunction.com/dichotomous_keying.htm
 #13 Summary of Classification of Living things

 All living things have 7 characteristics: Nutrition, Respiration,

Growth, Excretion, Movement, Reproduction and Sensitivity.

 Living organisms are classified into groups according to how closely

related they are. Each species of organism is given a unique two-word
Latin name called a binomial. The first word of the binomial is
the genus and the second word is the species.

 Vertebrates are classified into 5 classes: fish, amphibians,

reptiles, birds and mammals. They each have their own distinctive
set of features. E.g. amphibians have a smooth skin, fish and reptiles
have scales, birds have feathers and scales, and mammals have hair.

 Arthropods are invertebrates with joined legs and segmented bodies.

They can be further classified
into insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods.

 Annelids are worm with segmented bodies but no legs.

 Nematodes are worms with unsegmented bodies.

 Molluscs have unsegmented bodies, and often have a shell.

 Bacteria are single-celled organisms whose cells do not have nuclei.

 Fungi include moulds, mushrooms and toadstools. They have cells

with cell walls but do not photosynthesise.

 Viruses are not generally considered to be alive at all. They are not
made of cells and cannot carry out any of the characteristics of living
things on their own.

 Flowering plants can be classified in to monocotyledonous plants

and dicotyledonous plants. Monocots have seeds with one
cotyledon, and their leaves often have parallel veins. Dicots have
seeds with two cotyledons, and their leaves generally have branching
veins.

 A dichotomous key is a set of paired contrasting

descriptions which lead you through to the identification of an
unknown organism.