2009/4 PAGES 31 – 40 RECEIVED 10. 9. 2009 ACCEPTED 4. 11.

2009

Š. GRAMBLIČKA, S. MATIAŠKO Štefan Gramblička

e-mail: [email protected]
Research field: reinforced concrete and composite
steel-reinforced concrete structures

THEORETICAL AND Slavomír Matiaško

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF e-mail: [email protected]

Research field: composite steel-reinforced concrete
structures

COMPOSITE COLUMNS WITH Department of Concrete Structures and Bridges,

Faculty of Civil Engineering,

THE USE OF HIGH STRENGTH

Slovak University of Technology,
Radlinského 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovakia

CONCRETE
ABSTRACT KEY WORDS

• column
This paper presents some results of theoretical and experimental analyses of steel-reinforced • composite
concrete composite columns with the use of high strength concrete. Columns of high-rise • steel
buildings must resist the high values of normal forces. A higher degree of resistance can be • concrete
obtained with the use of high-strength concrete. The theoretical analysis was made with • high-strength concrete
respect to the current applicable European standards, which were compared with the
experimental results of the columns tested and a non-linear analysis using Atena software.

INTRODUCTION

Composite steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) columns are a very important

application of composite structures, and they have wide application in
high-rise buildings. Composite columns can be designed according to High-strength concrete
STN EN 1994-1-1 Design of composite steel and concrete structures,
part 1.1, General rules and rules for buildings. According to this
standard, only columns and compression members can be designed
which are from a normal weight concrete of the strength classes C20/25
to C50/60 and from the steel grades S235 to S460. If high-strength Design of composite
concrete (HSC) is used in a composite column, the resistance will be steel and concrete
greater than the resistance of the column with the use of normal strength columns according to
concrete; respectively, we will achieve a smaller size of the cross- STN EN 1994-1-1
section. In slender composite columns it is necessary to take into account
an increase in bending moments according to the second-order theory.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

Composite columns are mainly subjected to compression or Fig. 1 Stress-strain diagram of concrete strength classes C12/15 to
to compression and bending. A simple program was created C90/105.

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z (0,85)fcd fyd fsd

Ncc Ncc Nsc M
y zcc zac zsc
z

zst tc N
n . axis zat
Nat Nst

Fig. 2 Determination of individual points of interaction diagram. Fig. 4 Geometry of the cross-section of composite columns and
material properties used.

for the theoretical analyses to generate interaction diagrams Fig. 3 presents the interaction diagrams of research taken under
for composite columns with partially concrete-encased steel on the column two series: S1 and S2. The steps of the load were
cross-sections. The interaction diagrams were generated to take specified from these interaction diagrams (direction of bending
into account the second-order theory and imperfections. Cross- – direction z). The step of load n=1.0 was specified with the effect
sections of partially concrete-encased steel sections are often used of the second-order theory and imperfections.
in bearing structures and were also chosen for this experimental
study.
The plastic interaction diagram (curve) is generated by the definition TEST OF COLUMNS
of the neutral axis position (sectional division of the specified
number of parts), and the values of each interaction point N and M For short-term laboratory tests of composite steel-reinforced
result from its position (Fig. 2). The resulting moment forces are concrete columns with the use of HSC, a partially encased steel-
related to the plastic axis of the cross section, which is identical reinforced concrete cross-section with a steel HEA profile was
to the elastic axis in a cross-section with two axis of symmetry. chosen (fig. 5). A total of 6 columns in two series were tested. In
Interaction diagrams are generated in both directions (directions the first series, 3 columns with a length of 3m were tested (relative
z and y). Direction z (web direction) is generated to take into slenderness - type S1). In the second series, 3 columns
account the second-order theory and imperfections according to of a length of 4m were tested (relative slenderness - type
STN EN 1994-1-1. S2). The eccentricities of normal compression forces were the
The generated interaction diagrams are based on these same for all the types of the columns (S1 and S2): e = 40mm. The
assumptions: end boundary conditions were joint couplings on both sides of the
• only the interaction diagram is generated in the region of the columns. The relative strains were measured using deformeters
normal compressive forces and positive (+) bending moments, (accuracy of 0.001mm) and tensometric strain gauges in the middle
• full interaction between the concrete and steel (full shear of the column. The relative strains and the horizontal deflection up
connection). to the failure were measured for each column using:

Fig. 3 Interaction diagrams with the effect of second-order theory Fig. 5 Cross section of composite columns.
and imperfections for the design values of material properties.

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Fig. 6 Reinforcement of composite columns for S1 and S2 experimental research series.

Fig. 7 Arrangement of the measured apparatus for the columns of the S1 series.

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Tab. 1 Max. values of horizontal deflections of geodetic surveying in the middle of column lenght –direction Z, direction Y .
Step of load in Measured horiz. deflection [mm] “zero“ horiz. deflection [mm]
No. Series
failure (n) wz wpz wy wpy w0z wp0z w0y wp0y
1 S1-1 1.7 19.9 4.1 0.0 0.0 18.2 1.0 0.3 0.9
2 S1-2 1.7 20.3 0.2 0.3 2.7 18.2 1.4 0.5 1.5
3 S1-3 1.7 20.5 5.3 1.4 3.1 18.4 0.8 0.4 0.2
4 S2-1 1.8 29.6 0.3 2.0 1.0 27.8 1.7 1.6 2.0
5 S2-2 1.8 34.3 0.8 5.5 2.0 31.3 0.2 4.8 0.2
6 S2-3 1.8 29.6 1.4 1.2 2.3 28.2 1.3 0.8 0.5
Mean value S1 20.2 3.2 0.6 1.9 18.3 1.1 0.4 0.9
Mean value S2 31.2 0.8 2.9 1.8 29.1 1.1 2.4 0.9

• (P1 – P16) – deformeters with 400mm bases in three vertical (w0z, w0y) are in Table 1. These maximum values are always in the
levels, middle of columns where the failure of the cross-section occurs.
• (H1 – H4) – fixed deformeters with 300mm bases in the middle There are also the values of the initial horizontal deflections (wpz,
of the columns, wpy). The horizontal deflections increased in the z direction (the
• (T1 – T4) – uniaxial tensometric strain gauges in the middle of direction of bending); in the second direction y (perpendicular to the
the steel flange; 2 on the side of the pressure and 2 on the side direction of bending), there was almost no deflection, respectively,
of the tension. These were directly connected to the computer, only a very small increase in the horizontal deflection. The mean
and the relative strains in the defined steps were measured and value of the measured horizontal deflection for the step of the load
saved. before failure in the direction z was 20.2mm (S1 series) and 31.2mm
The horizontal deflections were measured in both directions (S2 series). The mean value of the “zero“ horizontal deflection was
– direction of bending (direction of the web – direction z) and 18.3mm (S1 series) and 29.1mm (S2 series).
direction perpendicular to the direction of bending (direction of the The measured and “zero“ horizontal deflections in direction z at the
flange – direction y). They were measured using: measured points are shown in Fig. 8 for the S1-1 series in the step
• (H5) (H6) – electronic measuring in the middle of the of the load before failure (n=1.6), and they are compared with the
column`s length, initial horizontal deflection.
• (W1 – W8) – theodolities in the direction of the web (W1-W5)
and in the direction of the flange (W6-W8) of the steel HEA
profile.

The arrangement of the measured apparatus for the composite

columns of the S1 series is shown in Fig. 7. The S2 series was
measured with the same arrangement of the apparatus.

Horizontal deflection of the columns

For each step of the load (n), two types of horizontal deflection
were determined from the geodetic surveying – the measured and
“zero“ horizontal deflections. The measured horizontal deflection
represents the values directly measured with a theodolite, while the
“zero“ horizontal deflection represents the deviation of the vertical
axis from the specified vertical plane of the column. The maximum Fig. 8 The horizontal deflection values in direction z of the geodetic
values of the measured (wz, wy) and “zero“ horizontal deflections surveying for the S1-1 series before failure.

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Fig. 9 Strains of column cross-section in the middle of the length

(S1-2).

Strains of column cross-sections

Fig. 10 3D strains of column cross-section in the middle of the
The strains of the column`s cross-section in the middle of the length length (S1-2).
in direction z for the S1-2 series are shown in Fig. 9. The values
are measured at the step of the load n=1.5. The results show a good Resistance of columns
match of the measured values with the use of all the measuring
devices. The higher values were measured only with fixed H1-H3 The failure of all the columns occurred as was expected in the
deformeters compared with the tensometric strain gauges and other direction of bending (direction z), so the analysis of the resistance
deformeters. was executed in this direction. The measured resistances of the
The 3D strains of the column`s cross-section in the middle of the columns were compared to the calculated resistances. They were
length are shown in Fig. 10. These 3D strains are based on the calculated with the design values of the material properties and also
individual measured values of the P1-P4 deformeters. with the real measured values of the material properties (Table 2).
It can be concluded that the plane section remained a plane and that Resistance according to the “NRdMRd“ method was used for the
the full composite behaviour up to failure was between the steel and comparison. The assumption was that the failure occurs at the same
concrete components of the member. value of the eccentricity. The resistance was set as a cross of the

Tab. 2 Comparison of column resistances with the design values of the material properties and the real measured values of the material
properties.
Final Resistance Resistance
Measured resistance Ratio Ratio
eccentricity NRd, MRd NRd, MRd
No. Series
N NRd MRd NRd MRd
e [mm] M [kNm] [%] [%]
[kN] [kN] [kNm] [kN] [kNm]
1 S1-1 67.85 2287 155 1324 90 173 2022 137 113
2 S1-2 68.87 2296 158 1314 90 175 2004 138 115
3 S1-3 69.50 2281 159 1307 91 174 1993 139 114
4 S2-1 88.75 1988 176 1128 100 176 1714 152 116
5 S2-2 83.32 1986 165 1174 98 169 1788 149 111
6 S2-3 89.85 2049 184 1119 101 183 1699 153 120
Mean value S1 2288 157 1315 90 174 2006 138 114
Mean value S2 2008 175 1140 100 176 1734 151 116
real measured values of material
design values of material properties
properties

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interaction diagram with a line through the “zero“ point, which

represents the angle of eccentricity.

Conclusions
• The interaction diagram with the real measured values of the
material properties is equal to approximately 1.5 times the
interaction diagram with the design values of the material
properties (in accordance with European standards).
• The resistance of the tested columns was about 1.75 times greater
than the resistance of the columns with the design values of the
material properties (in accordance with European standards,
αM=0.9 and 0.85.fcd).
• The resistance of the tested columns was about 1.15 times greater
than the resistance of the columns with the real measured values
of the material properties (αM=0.9 and 0.85.fcm).
• The interaction diagram with the real measured values of the
material properties is most suitable for real measured column
resistances (αM=1.0 and 1.0.fcm).

Analysis of buckling effect

The theoretical assumptions of the second-order theory and

imperfections were determined according to STN EN 1994-1-1. To
compare the measured and calculated values of the “k” factor, the
following input parameters were used: Fig. 11 Resistances of composite columns of S1 and S2 series
• values of eccentricities from the geodetic surveying, –”NRd, MRd“type.
• effective bending stiffness was calculated according to STN EN
1994-1-1,
• factor β was determined from the initial values of the When comparing the experimentally measured values of the “k”
eccentricities. factor and the calculated values, there is a gap of about 15%.
A comparison of the measured and calculated values of the “k“ A possible solution is to modify the relationship for calculating the
factor is set at the same value of the pressure`s normal force, i.e., “k” factor, so that the moment of the second-order theory`s effect
at the maximum value of the compression force (column failure). corresponds to the real deflections of the columns. Based on the tested
The results are given in Table 3, and their graphic interpretation is columns and results, there are some solutions to the modification of
given in Fig. 12. the “k” factor relationship (Fig. 13). This relationship should be

Tab. 3 Comparison of measured and calculated values of “k”factor.

N Ncr,eff N/Ncr,eff r β Calculated Measured Gap
No. Series
[kN] [kN] [-] [-] [-] k [-] k/β k [-] k/β [%]
1 S1-1 2287 9499 0.241 0.87 1.04 1.371 1.317 1.612 1.548 14.9
2 S1-2 2296 9499 0.242 0.95 1.08 1.419 1.319 1.620 1.506 12.4
3 S1-3 2281 9499 0.240 0.82 1.02 1.341 1.316 1.590 1.561 15.7
4 S2-1 1988 5343 0.372 0.94 1.07 1.707 1.593 2.064 1.926 17.3
5 S2-2 1986 5343 0.372 0.95 1.08 1.716 1.592 2.017 1.871 15.0
6 S2-3 2049 5343 0.383 0.88 1.05 1.699 1.622 2.042 1.949 16.8
Mean value S1 14.3
Mean value S2 16.3

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Fig. 12 Graphic interpretation of measured and calculated values

of “k“ factor.

Fig. 14 Model of the column and the detail of the column end.

Fig. 13 Possible solutions for the modification of the ”k” factor

relationship for HSC composite columns with the use of HSC.

verified with further testing of the composite columns with the

use of HSC. We recommend the following relationship from the
solutions:

(1.1)

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS WITH THE ATENA 3D

SOFTWARE

The same type of columns as the tested composite columns were

also analyzed with the model using ATENA 3D. With this accurate
modeling it is possible to determine the real resistance of the
members, the width of cracks, the deformation and crushing of
concrete or the creep of the reinforcement. The program is designed Fig. 15 Deformed shape of S1 series column.

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Tab. 4 Comparison of non-linear analyses and experimental measurements.

Resistance Horizontal deflection
Experiment Non-lin. analysis Gap Experiment. Non-lin.
Gap [%]
N [kN] M [kNm] NRd [kN] MRd [kNm] [%] [mm] analysis [mm]
Series S1 2288 157 2290 165 2.6 25.97 32.22 19.4
Series S2 2008 175 1935 185 0.7 44.54 55.39 19.6

without the force increasing. This value represents a very good

match with the experimental results, where the mean value was
2.288 MN (Table 2). The horizontal deflection of this maximum
force was greater than the experimental value, which was 32.22
mm. It is about 6 mm greater than the average measured value. The
force – deflection relationship of the S1 series columns obtained
from the nonlinear analysis and the measured horizontal deflections
are in Fig. 16. It shows a very good match of the non-linear analysis
of ATENA with the experimental measurements.

S2 series column

Fig. 16 Force - deflection relationships of composite S1 series The maximum column resistance of the S2 series columns was
columns. 1.935 MN (Fig. 17). This value was lower than the mean value
of the experimental results, which was 2.008 MN (Table 2). The
horizontal deflection at the maximum force was greater than the
experimental value and was 55.39 mm. The force - deflection
relationships of the S2 series columns obtained from the nonlinear
analysis and the measured horizontal deflections are in Fig. 17.
A very good match of the non-linear analysis of ATENA with the
experimental measurements is shown.
The previous calculations and comparisons in Table 4 provided the
following findings:
• the values of the non-linear analysis of the composite columns show
a very good match with the tested columns; the non-linear analysis
gives greater bending moments in the failures of the columns,
• the horizontal deflections in the middle of the column`s length
measured in the failure of the columns are greater in the non-
Fig. 17 Force - deflection relationships of composite S2 series linear analysis than in the experimental measured deflections
columns. (approximately a 1.25 times greater value),
• the force – deflection relationship showed a very good match of
for non-linear analyses of structures and members based on the the non-linear analysis of the ATENA with the experimental
finite elements method. measurements.

S1 column series CONCLUSIONS

The maximum column resistance of the S1 series columns was 2.290 The theoretical and experimental analyses of the composite steel-
MN (Fig. 16). This resistance was determined as the maximum concrete columns with the use of high-strength concrete provides the
value of force, where the horizontal deflection was increasing following conclusions:

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Fig. 18 Tested column and detail of measurement in the middle of Fig. 19 Failure of the tested column in the middle of the length of
the length of the column. the column.

• the value of the experimental measured bending moment • the values of the non-linear analysis of the composite columns
according to the effect of the second-order theory was greater with the use of the real measured material properties indicate
than the value calculated according to code STN EN 1994-1-1, a very good match with the tested columns,
i.e. the calculated value of “k” factor was less than the values of • the experimental results can be used for further research of
the tested columns. We recommend the relationship (1.1), composite steel-concrete columns.
• the resistance of the tested columns was about 1.75 times greater
than the resistance of the columns with the design values of
the material properties (in accordance with the codes, αM=0.9 Acknowledgement
and 0.85.fcd),
• a very good match of the resistances of the tested composite This contribution was prepared with the financial support of Slovak
columns and the values of the resistances calculated in accordance Grant Agency VEGA 1/0651/08.
with the code was found,

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