MT 1117: Linear Algebra for ICT

Instructor: A.V. Mathias

Department of Mathematics & Statistics
University of Dodoma

Lecture 6

January 12, 2022.

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 Vector Space

1 Basis and dimension

2 Nullity
Null space

3 Rank of a Matrix
Row rank of a Matrix
Column space

4 Basis and Coordinates

Change of basis

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 Basis and dimension
Basis
A set S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } of distinct non-zero vectors in a vector space
V is said to be a basis if and only if
(a) S spans V.
(a) S is linearly independent set.
Dimension
The dimension of a vector space V is the number of vectors in its basis
and it is denoted by dim(V).
Standard basis
The following are standard basis
1. {(1, 0), (0, 1)} in R2
2. {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} in R3
3. {(1, 0, 0, . . . , 0), (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , (0, 0, 0, . . . , 1)} in Rn
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .

Example
Show that the set S = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 } is the basis for R4 given that
x1 = (1, 0, 1, 0), x2 = (0, 1, −1, 2), x3 = (0, 2, 2, 1) and
x4 = (1, 0, 0, 1).

Testing whether spanS = R4

Let x = (a, b, c, d) be an arbitrary vector in R4
We then check if there exist c1 , c2 , c3 and c4 such that
x = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4
It follows
  that        
1 0 0 1 a
0 1 2 0 b
1 + c2 −1 + c3 2 + c4 0 =  c 
c1          

0 2 1 1 d
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
It follows that     

1 0 0 1 c1 a
0 1 2 0 c2  b
1 −1 2 0 c3  =  c 
    

0 2 1 1 c4 d
Since the coefficient matrix is a square matrix we need to show
that its determinant
 is non-zero
 for S to span R4 .
1 0 0 1
0 1 2 0
Let A =  1 −1 2 0


0 2 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0
det(A) = ∼ ... ∼ =1
1 −1 2 0 0 0 4 −1
0 2 1 1 0 0 0 14
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
Since det(A) = 1 6= 0, the linear system is consistent and hence S
spans R4
Testing the linear independence of S
Required to check that for c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 = 0 then
c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = 0.
It
 implies that     
1 0 0 1 c1 0
0 1 2 0 c2  0
1 −1 2 0 c3  = 0
    

0 2 1 1 c4 0
It
 follows that   
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
 ∼ ... ∼  0 1 2 0 0 
 0 1 2 0 0   

 1 −1 2 0 0   0 0 4 −1 0 
0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 41 0
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
We then find that c1 + c4 = c2 + 2c3 = 4c3 − c4 = 14 c4 = 0
Thus, c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = 0, which imply that S is linearly
independent set.
Therefore, S is the basis for R4 .

Theorem
Let S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a basis for a vector space V, then every
vector in V can be written in one and only one way as a linear
combination of the vectors in S.
Proof
Let x ∈ V. Since S is a basis it implies S spans V and S is also a
linearly independent set of vectors.
It implies that x = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + . . . + cn xn . . . (i)
Let also that x = d1 x1 + d2 x2 + . . . + dn xn . . . (ii)
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
We need to show that c1 = d1 , c2 = d2 , . . . ,cn = dn
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
x − x = (c1 − d1 )x1 + (c2 − d2 )x2 + . . . + (cn − dn )xn
Implies that
0 = (c1 − d1 )x1 + (c2 − d2 )x2 + . . . + (cn − dn )xn
Since S is linearly independent, it implies
c1 − d1 = c2 − d2 = c3 − d3 = . . . = cn − dn = 0
It follows that c1 = d1 , c2 = d2 , . . . ,cn = dn .
Therefore, x can be written in one and only one way as the linear
combination of vectors in S. 
Theorem
Let S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a set of non-zero vectors of the vector
space V and let W = spanS, then some subset of S is the basis for W.
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
Construction of basis
Let V be a vector space and S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be a subset of V. The
procedure to find the subset of S that is the basis for W = spanS is
1. Form the linear combination c1 x1 + c2 x2 + . . . + cn xn = 0
2. Form the augmented matrix of a homogeneous system in step 1
3. Reduce the system obtained in step 2 to r.r.e.f.
4. The vectors in S that are corresponding to columns with leading
1s form basis for W = spanS

Example
Let S = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 } be set of vectors in R4 where
x1 = (1, 2, −2, 1), x2 = (−3, 0, −4, 3), x3 = (2, 1, 1, −1),
x4 = (−3, 3, −9, 6) and x5 = (9, 3, 7, −6). Find the subset of S that is
a basis for W = spanS.
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
We reduce the augmented matrix corresponding to the linear
system
c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + c5 x5 = 0
It follows
  that          
1 −3 2 −3 9 0
2 0 1 3  3  0
−2 + c2 −4 + c3  1  + c4 −9 + c5  7  = 0
c1            

1 3 −1 6 −6 0
Thus,
 
  c1  
1 −3 2 −3 9   0
2 c2   
0 1 3 3    0
 
−2 −4 1 −9 7  c3  = 0

c4 
1 3 −1 6 −6 0
c5

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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
Its augmented matrix is given as
 
1 −3 2 −3 9 0
 2 0 1 3 3 0 
 
 −2 −4 1 −9 7 0 
1 3 −1 6 −6 0
Reducing the matrix we obtain
1 0 12 23 32 0
   
1 −3 2 −3 9 0
1 3 5
 ∼  0 1 −2 2 −2 0 
 2 0 1 3 3 0   

 −2 −4 1 −9 7 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 
1 3 −1 6 −6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The leading 1s appear in the first two columns, therefore x1 and x2
are linearly independent and they span W.
Thus, {x1 , x2 } is a basis for W = spanS and dim(W) = 2.

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 Basis and dimension cont . . .

Note
If W is a subspace of a vector space V, then dim(W) ≤ dim(V).

Theorem
If S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } and T = {y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } are two bases for a
vector space V then m = n.

Exercise
Find the basis for R4 that contains the vectors x1 = (1, 0, 1, 0) and
x2 = (−1, 1, −1, 0).

Theorem
If S is a linearly independent set of vectors in a finite dimensional
vector space V, then there is a basis T for V which contains S.
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 Basis and dimension cont . . .

Theorem
Let V be an n−dimensional vector space and let S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }
be a set in V, then
(a) if S is linearly independent then it is the basis for V.
(b) if S spans V then it is the basis for V.

Example
Find all values of a for which S = {(a2 , 0, 1), (0, a, 2), (1, 0, 1)} is a
basis for R3 .

Since the dim(R3 ) = 3 = size of S it is enough to show that S is

linearly independent or it spans R3 .

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 Basis and dimension cont . . .
Consider the homogeneous system
c1 (a2 , 0, 1) + c2 (0, a, 2) + c3 (1, 0, 1) = 0
It implies that
 2    
a 0 1 c1 0
 0 a 0 c2  = 0
1 2 1 c3 0
Let A be the coefficient matrix
a2 0 1
det(A) = 0 a 0 = a(a2 − 1) = 0
1 2 1
It follows that a = ±1 or a = 0.
Therefore, S is the basis for R3 if a ∈ R \ {−1, 0, 1}

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 Basis and dimension cont . . .

Example
Find the dimension of the subspace of all vectors of the form
(a, b, c, d) where c = a − b and d = a + b for a, b ∈ R.

Let W = {(a, b, a − b, a + b)|a, b ∈ R} ⊆ R4 .

Consider x = (a, b, a − b, a + b) ∈ W.
It follows that
x = a(1, 0, 1, 1) + b(0, 1, −1, 1)
Therefore,
S = {(1, 0, 1, 1), (0, 1, −1, 1)} spans W
We note that c1 (1, 0, 1, 1) + c2 (0, 1, −1, 1) = (0, 0, 0, 0) holds
only if c1 = c2 = 0 which shows that S is linearly independent.
It implies that S is the basis for W and dim(W) = 2.
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 Null space
Null space
The null space of a matrix A is the solution space of the system Ax = 0
written as {x|Ax = 0}.

Procedures to find the null space

1. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the homogeneous linear
system Ax = 0.
2. If Ax = 0 has the trivial solution then the null space of A = {0}
and dim(null space of A) = 0.
3. If Ax = 0 has non-trivial solution with solutions x1 , x2 ,. . . , xr then
any vector x in the null space of A can be written as
x = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + . . . + cr xr . This implies that {x1 , x2 , . . . , xr }
spans the null space of A. Also {x1 , x2 , . . . , xr } form the basis for
the null space of A.
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 Null space cont . . .

Nullity
Nullity is the dimension of the null space.

Example
Find   space of Ax = 0 given that
the basis for the solution
1 1 0 2
A = −2 −2 1 −5.
1 1 −1 3

The linear system Ax =0 becomes


  x1  
1 1 0 2   0
−2 −2 1 −5 x2  = 0
x3 
1 1 −1 3 0
x4
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 Null space cont . . .
The augmented matrix forthe system can be written as

1 1 0 2 0
 −2 −2 1 −5 0 
1 1 −1 3 0
Reducing the matrix we obtain
   
1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 0
 −2 −2 1 −5 0  ∼ . . . ∼  0 0 1 −1 0 
1 1 −1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
We then find that 
−1 −2
1 0
x = r  0  + t  1 , where r, t ∈ R.
  

0 1
Therefore, {(−1, 1, 0, 0), (−2, 0, 1, 1)} spans the null space of A
and it is the linearly independent set. So it is the basis for the null
space of A. Its nullity is 2.
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 Row rank of a Matrix

Row space of a matrix

Let A be m × n matrix given by
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
A=  .

. ... . 
am1 am2 . . . amn
Let S =
{(a11 , a12 , . . . , a1n ), (a21 , a22 , . . . , a2n ), . . . , (am1 , am2 , . . . , amn )},
set of vectors which are rows of matrix A.
We note that S ⊆ Rn .
The subspace of Rn spanned by S is called the row space of A.

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 Row rank of a Matrix cont . . .

Row space
The row space of a matrix is the subspace spanned by the rows of that
matrix.

The dimension of the row space of a given matrix is called the

row rank of that matrix.

Theorem
The non-zero rows of a row reduced matrix form a basis for the row
space of that matrix and the row rank is the number of non-zero rows.

Theorem
If A and B are two m × n row equivalent matrices, then they have the
same row space.
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 Row rank of a Matrix cont . . .
Note
To obtain the row rank of a matrix, use elementary row operations to
transform the matrix to row reduced form and then count the number
of non-zero rows.
Example
 
1 3 4
2 −1 1 
Determine the row rank of matrix A given that A = 
3 2 5 


5 15 20
Transforming
 the matrixA to r.e.fwe obtain
1 3 4 1 3 4
2 −1 1  0 1 1
3 2 5  ∼ . . . ∼ 0 0 0
   

5 15 20 0 0 0
The row rank of A is 2.
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 Column space
Consider
 the matrix A given  by
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
A=  .
 with m− rows and n−columns
. ... . 
am1am2 . .. amn   

 a 11 a 12 a1n 
a a a2n 
    
21   22 

Let S =   ,   , . . . ,  
  

 . . .  
am1 am2 amn
 
A subspace of Rm spanned by S is the column space of A
The dimension of the column space of A is the column rank of A.
Note 1.
The basis for the row space of a matrix is obtained by reducing the
matrix to r.r.e.f and the set of non-zero rows forms the basis for the row
space.
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 Column space cont . . .
Note 2.
The basis for the column space of a matrix A, we find the basis for the
row space of AT .

Example
 
1 −2 0 3 −4
3 2 8 1 4
Let A = 
2

3 7 2 3
−1 2 0 4 −3
(a) Find the basis for the row space of A.
(b) Find the basis for the column space of A.
(c) Find the basis for the row space that only contains only rows of A.
(d) Find the basis for the column space that contains only columns of
A.
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 Column space cont . . .
(a) Basis for the row space of A
We reduce
 the matrix A to r.r.e.f
  
1 −2 0 3 −4 1 0 2 0 1
3 2 8 1 4  ∼ . . . ∼ 0 1 1 0 1 
 
A= 2 0 0 0 1 −1
3 7 2 3
−1 2 0 4 −3 0 0 0 0 0
The basis is the set of all non-zero rows of the matrix in r.r.e.f
which is {(1, 0, 2, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1, −1)}
(b) Basis for the column space of A
We’veto find the basis for the rowspace of AT 
1 3 2 −1 1 0 0 11 24
−2 2 3 2  0 1 0 − 49 
   24 
AT =  0 8 7 0  ∼ . . . ∼ 0 0 1 7 
   3 
3 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 
−4 4 3 −3 0 0 0 0
Basis is {(1, 0, 0, 24 ), (0, 1, 0, − 24 ), (0, 0, 1, 73 )}
11 49

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 Column space cont . . .
(c) Basis  for the row spacethat contains
 only rows11ofA.
1 3 2 −1 1 0 0 24
−2 2 3 2  0 1 0 − 49 
   24 
AT =  0 8 7 0  ∼ . . . ∼ 0 0 1 7 
   3 
3 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 
−4 4 3 −3 0 0 0 0
The leading entries are in the 1 , 2 and 3rd columns of AT in
st nd

r.r.e.f which correspond to the 1st ,2nd and 3rd rows of matrix A
respectively .
Thus, the basis is {(1, −2, 0, 3, −4), (3, 2, 8, 1, 4), (2, 3, 7, 2, 3)}
(d) Basisfor the column spaceof A containing only the rowsof A
1 −2 0 3 −4 1 0 2 0 1
3 2 8 1 4  ∼ . . . ∼ 0 1 1 0 1 
 
A= 2 0 0 0 1 −1
3 7 2 3
−1 2 0 4 −3 0 0 0 0 0
Basis is {(1, 3, 2, −1), (−2, 2, 3, 3), (3, 1, 2, 4)}
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 Basis and Coordinates
Basis and Coordinates
Let {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be the basis for the vector space V then any vector
x ∈ V has the unique representation x = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + . . . + cn xn
where ci ∈ R. The coefficients c1 , c2 , c3 . . . and cn are called the
coordinates of x relative to the basis {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }.

Examples of coordinate vectors

1. The coordinates vector x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) relative to the standard
basis e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . and
en = (0, 0, . . . , 1) is (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
 
a b
2. The coordinate vector of ∈ M2×2 relative to the basis
     c  d 
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
, , and is (a, c, b, d)
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
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 Basis and Coordinates cont . . .

Examples of coordinate vectors cont . . .

3. The coordinate vector of a polynomial
p(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + an−1 xn−1 ∈ Pn relative to the basis 1, x,
x2 , . . . and xn−1 is (a0 , a1 , . . . , an−1 )

Example
Find the coordinates of the vector x = (7, 4) relative to the basis
B = {x1 , x2 } given that x1 = (2, 1) and x2 = (3, 1).

Let [x]B = (c1 , c2 ) be the coordinate vector of x relative to the

basis B.
From x = c1 x1 + c2 x2 , it follows that

2c1 + 3c2 = 7
c1 + c2 = 4
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 Basis and Coordinates cont . . .
Solving the system of equations we obtain (c1 , c2 ) = (5, −1).
Therefore, [x]B = (5, −1).

Exercise
Let P3 (t) be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most 3
(a) Show that B = {1, t, t2 , t3 } is the basis for P3 (t).
(b) Find the coordinates of v(t) = 3 − t2 − 7t3 relative to B.

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 Change of basis
In application, we always work in different coordinate systems.
The relation between coordinates within these systems needs to
be known.
The basis is the generalization of the coordinate system.
Change of basis from one coordinate system to another requires
understanding of relationship between these systems.
Let S and S0 be the old and new basis respectively.
Assume that [x]S and [x]S0 be two coordinate vectors relative to the
old and new basis respectively with S = {x1 , x2 } and
S0 = {x10 , x20 }.
   
c1 d
0
Let [x1 ]S = and [x2 ]S = 1
0
c2 d2
It
 0follows that
x1 = c1 x1 + c2 x2
x20 = d1 x1 + d2 x2
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 Change of basis cont . . .
Consider the vector x ∈ V
It follows that the coordinates
  of vector x relative to the new basis
0 k1
S denoted by [x]S0 =
k2
0
It implies that x = k1 x1 + k2 x20
It follows that
x = k1 (c1 x1 + c2 x2 ) + k2 (d1 x1 + d2 x2 )
= (k1 c1 + k2 d1 )x1 + (k1 c2 + k2 d2 )x2
It implies
 that    
k1 c1 + k2 d1 c1 d1 k1
[x]S = =
k1 c2 + k2 d2 c2 d2 k2
 
c d
Let P = 1 1 , it follows that
c2 d2
[x]S = P[x]S0 , likewise [x]S0 = P−1 [x]S
The columns of P are the new basis vectors relative to old basis.
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 Change of basis cont . . .
Transition Matrix
The matrix P in the previous illustration is called the transition
matrix. Generally the transition from S0 to S can be expressed as
P = [[x10 ]S |[x20 ]S | . . . |[xn0 ]S ].
Theorem
If P is the transition matrix from a basis S0 to a basis S for a
finite-dimensional vector space V, then P is invertible, P−1 is the
transition matrix from S to S0 .
Example
Let S = {x1 , x2 } and S0 = {x10 , x20 } for R2 where x1 = (1, 0);
x2 = (0, 1); x10 = (1, 1) and x20 = (2, 1). Find
(a) the transition matrix from S0 to S
(b) if x ∈ R2 find [x]S given that [x]S0 = (−3, 5)
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 Change of basis cont . . .
(a) Let P be the transition matrix from S0 to S0 it implies that
P = [[x10 ]S |[x20 ]S ]
Now form x10 = c1 x1 + c2 x2 implies that
     
1 1 0
= c1 + c2
1 0 1
0
It follows that [x1 ]S = (1, 1)
Again x20 = d1 x1 + d2 x2
     
2 1 0
= d1 + d2
1 0 1
0
It follows that [x2 ]S = (2, 1)
Therefore, the transition matrix P is given by
 
1 2
P=
1 1
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 Change of basis cont . . .
(b) From [x]S = P[x]S0 but [x]S0 = (−3, 5)
It follows
 that    
1 2 −3 7
[x]S = =
1 1 5 2
Therefore, [x]S = (7, 2)
Exercise 1
0 3
Consider the  B ={u1 ,u2 , u3 } and
 bases  B = {v1 ,v2 , v
3 } for R such

−3 −3 1 −6 −2
that u1 =  0 , u2 =  2 , u3 =  6 , v1 = −6, v2 = −6
 −3 −1 −1 0 4
−2
and v3 = −3;

7
(a) find the transition matrix from B to B0 .
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 Change of basis cont . . .
Exercise 1 cont . . .
(b) compute the coordinate vector [w]B given that w = (−5, 8, −5).

Exercise 2
Consider the bases B = {p1 , p2 } and B0 = {q1 , q2 } for P1 where
p1 = 6 + 3x, p2 = 10 + 2x, q1 = 2 and q2 = 3 + 2x,
(a) find the transition matrix from B0 to B.
(b) find the transition matrix from B to B0 .

Exercise 3
Let V be a space spanned by {f1 , f2 } where f1 = sinx and f2 = cosx,
(a) show that g1 = 2sinx + cosx and g2 = 3cosx form basis for V.
(b) find the transition matrix from B0 = {g1 , g2 } to B = {f1 , f2 }.
(c) compute [h]B given that h = 2sinx − 5cosx.
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 Thank you for your Attention.

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