An-Najah National University

Faculty of Engineering and information technology

Department of computer science

Presented by : Nadia zaid

Farah sa’di
With the help of: eng.sami zaid
Under the supervision of:
Dr. Adnan alsalman
dr. ahmad awwad
dr.othman othman
3. Jun. 2018
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

Mini CNC machine is the machine that is similar to the usual CNC machine. Mini CNC
machine is the small CNC machine that can operate like usual CNC machine but the area
of the machining is limited. CNC machine is all about using the computer as a means to
control machines that carves useful objects from solid block to material. For example, a
CNC machine might begin with a solid block of aluminum, and then carved away just the
right material to leave with a door handle.
There are many types of CNC machine. The common CNC machines are two-axis and
three-axis CNC machine. The two- axis machine can move on vertical and horizontal only
which are X and Y axis. Three-axis machine can do movement starting with three
primary axis which are X, Y and Z axis. The Z axis is being parallel with the spindle. The
CNC machine operation starts with the collecting the data from the programming that
extract from the computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing 2
(CAM). The programs produce the computer file and then will extract the command to
operate the machine. The program will be transfer via post-processor and then be
loaded into the CNC machine to start the machining. This is the flow of the CNC machine
operation:

Figure 1.1: Flow of the CNC machine operation

The CNC machine is a system. To complete the system of CNC machine, there are 4
components which are mechanical design, drives module, system software and
Automatically Programme Tool (APT) postprocessor. For the mechanical design system,
this part is the part of hardware of machine which is the part body. For the drive system,
the command signal was received from microprocessor. Microprocessor is consisting of
motors, amplifier units and a power supply. For the software system, it is generate the
program to the CNC machine to start the movement of tools and workpiece. For the APT
postprocessor, it was developed to produce the G-code and M-code that can be used by
the CNC machine.

Figure 1.2: Flow of Mini CNC Machine

Besides that, CNC machine also include of wiring in order to connect the power to the
machine. To complete the whole CNC machine, all the elements must be in the good
condition and must put at the right place.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nowadays, the world are becoming highly technology with a lot of things become
smaller and thinner. Even now the things especially in engineering and technology have
the things in nano and micro size. Same goes to CNC Machine; this machine is now has
variety of size in the market. All type of machine have own purpose, even though the
size is big or small. The usual CNC machine can machine the big workpiece depends on
the machine specification. The mini CNC machine only can machine the small workpiece
depend on the machine specification. This project is about to overcome the problem of
machining the small part. Even the usual CNC machine can machine the small
workpiece, it will increase the time on setup the workpiece to the machine to get the
accurate result. The mini CNC machine will give the small area of setup the workpiece
and it will be easier to get the accurate place or result for the workpiece.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project is to design and implement a low cost automatic CNC
plotter machine (Drawing surface area 30mm x 30mm) which will be able to draw a any
image on a solid surface.
PROJECT EXPECTATION
By the end of this project, student is expected to:

 Develop the Mini CNC Machine

 Learn to write G-code
 Learn how to connect the wiring of the circuit
 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of past research efforts related to
Mini CNC machine and the important component in developing this machine. From the
related journal and article, the idea in CNC machine is developed before go further for
the next chapter in completing this project.

2.2 MINI CNC MACHINE

Mini CNC Machine is the small CNC Machine that can operate same likes other CNC
machine. This machine is designed for the specific dimension. The CNC machines can be
divided into two groups, which are turning machines and milling machine. A turning
machine is generally made up of a device that spins a workpiece at high speed and the
tool is moved back and forth and in and out until the desired shape is achieved. A milling
machine is a machine that has spindle which is same as the router, with a special tool
that spins and cuts in various directions and moves in three different directions along
the X, Y, and Z axis.
A CNC machine with several unique features, such as simplicity and reliability, was
developed for studying computerized numerical control and its associated software. The
machine is especially useful for educational and research purposes, and it is easy to
integrate with other manufacturing systems. It can also be used to introduce the CNC
aspect of CAM systems without involving too many complexities that are present in
commercial systems.

The three-axis machine is capable of continuous path movement. Its design is carried
out with the following considerations in mind:

 Intended as an instruction or research kit, it should be small in size and

lightweight.
 The worktable must have sufficient movement.
 The spindle head must be restrained to a single degree of freedom.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
In this idea of project, Arduino microcontroller platform with ATMEGA 328 core is used.
It can be easily interfaced with PC using USB module whereas also with the easy drivers
and stepper motors to.
 CHAPTER 3
Software

1- G-code
G-code To draw a text file or design a circuit layout by the CNC plotter firstly the files
need to be converted into G-Code. G-Code is a set of instruction that contains number
of X, Y, Z, coordinates depending on the file. G-Code instructs X axis of the machine to
travel from X1 to X2 points with a specific speed and same is true for Y axis, but for Z
axis the coordinates are fixed because only vertically up & down movements are
involved, below example for some G-code instructions:

G0 Rapid Move

 Format G0XxYyZz X,Y,Z = axes on a three-axis machine x, y, z =

distance in incremental units, or absolute coordinates, to which
the axes specified by the preceding upper case letter is designated
to move
 G0X2.00Y2.00Z2.00
 G1 Linear Cutting MoveFormat G0XxYyZz X,Y,Z = axes on a three-axis machine
x, y, z = distance in incremental units, or absolute coordinates, to which the
axes specified by the preceding upper case letter is designated to move
 G0X2.00Y2.00Z2.00

 Format G0XxYyZz X,Y,Z

= axes on a three-axis
machine x, y, z = distance in
 incremental units, or
absolute coordinates, to
which the axes specified by
the preceding upper case
letter is designated to move
 G0X2.00Y2.00Z2.00
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
G1 Linear Cutting Move:

 Format G1XxYyZz X,Y,Z = axes on a three-axis machine x, y, z =

distance in incremental units, or absolute coordinates, to which the
axes specified by the preceding upper case letter is designated to
move
 G1X-3.50Y-4.00Z1.00

G2 Clockwise Arc

 G2XxYyIiJi or G2XxZzIiKi or G2YyZzJiKi

 I = X axis, when used to designate a center point position J = Y axis,
when used to designate a center point position K = Z axis, when used
to designate a center point position i = an incremental value
representing the distance in units that the axis specified by the
preceding letter is designated to move
 G2X5.00Y-1.00I3.00J2.00
G3 Counterclockwise Arc

 Format G3XxYyIiJi or G3XxZzIiKi or G3YyZzJiK

 G3Y9.00Z15.00J3.00K6.00

2- AutoCAD
Exporting table from AutoCAD to Excel using list.lsp uses ActiveX to extract x,y,z
coordinates from points, polylines and any drawings and list them in a comma-delimited
text file you can open in Excel.

3- Processing
Processing Processing is open source programming language software which is used for
electronic drawings. GTCRL processing program is used to send G-code file from user interface
to CNC plotter. The Fig. 6 shows the user interface of processing 2.2.1 software after running
GTCRL program. The port of Arduino Uno is selected by pressing „P‟ button on keyboard hence
„G‟ button is used to upload our desired G-code file. Immediately CNC machine will start
sketching selected G-code file. Sketching can be stopped by pressing „X‟ button
 CHAPTER 3
Hardware

The start of the flow work is to understand the fundamental of the Mini CNC machine.
After doing some research and study about the Mini CNC machine, the next step that is
needed to do is design the machine according to the understanding of the mini CNC
machine concept. The designing of the machine including with the wiring connection
and the software that is use to generate the program. Develop the machine base of the
design that has been drawn

MAIN PARTS OF CNC PLOTTER

1- Stepper Motor
Stepper can convert digital pulse in to movement of pen with respect to axis X and Y
direction. A stepper motor is a brushless motor that divide a full rotation into a number
of equal steps, the stepper motor is known by its property to convert a number of
impulses into a defined increment in the shaft position. Each pulses move the shaft
through a fixed angle. We have used 2 stepper motors with pulley and belts. Motor
output will be in the form of movement of belt with respect to X and Y Axis

Figure 3.1 Stepper motor and Servo motor

Fig. stepper motor

2- Arduino Uno
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
send message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. We can tell board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. Arduino UNO is a microcontroller
board, it contains everything needed to support the plotter. Hereit controls the position
of motors with help of a program. It is open source platform based on easy to use
hardware and software. It has digital and analog input/output pins which can interface
into various expansion board and other circuits and microcontroller with
complementary components that helps in programming and incorporation into other
circuits. It works on 5 volts current.

Final CNC Machine:

After all those mounting of motors with the printing mechanism unit and axis with each
other also with basement implementation became completed. The Fig. 12 shows
complete CNC plotter.

Drawing Experiments and result:

— Bad results, uncertainty:

 — Better results but still bad accuracy:

Final results:
FUTURE SCOPE
The pen of the machine can be replaced by a laser to make it work like a
laser engraving or cutting machine. Engraving machine can be used on
wood. The pen can also be replaced with a powerful drill so that it can be
used for both milling and drilling purposes. The servo can be replaced with
a stepper motor and the pen with a 3-D pen to make it a 3-D printer which
can print objects with dimensions. By extrapolation of the axes, the
working area of the machine can be extended keeping the algorithm
unaltered.
Increase machine size.
Improve machine Resolution.
Develop the machine into 3D CNC machine.
Develop one program to do all process steps
CONCLUSION

This project is about building a mechanical prototype of a CNC plotter

machine which is able to draw any draw layout of 3cm by 3cm ( any
image/text) on a given solid surface. It consumes low power and works with
high accuracy due to precise controlling of stepper motors. This is a low
cost project as compared to other CNC product. It is made with easily
available components and spare parts. It is designed for private
manufacturing and small scale applications in educational institutes. The
machine is designed with a very simple construction scheme and can be
carried anywhere without much effort. The algorithm used is simple. The
pen can be replaced with a pinhead or laser head or any other tool for
different purpose of use.

REFERENCES