Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

BIC 10204 Algorithm and Programming

CHAPTER 3
Basic Structure in
Programming

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

After this lesson, you should be able to understand

or explain about:
 Understand and implement the basic
structure of computer programming.
 Write a computer program using C
programming language.
 Convert algorithm into computer
program.
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Programming

Program Basic Syntax

Development of Programming
Environment

CHAPTER 3
Data Types
Variable
Declarations

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

Involves translating high-level language (programming

language such as C,C++, Java, PHP,Visual Basic, C#,etc.)

WHY? Because computers do NOT

understand high level language!

Translated to

00011101 01010101 11011111

 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Typical program development environment consist of

six phases to be executed.
Create/ Edit

Preprocess

Compile

Link

Load

Execute

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Phase 1: Creating a Program
 Programmer types or creates program in an editor.
 Makes corrections if necessary.
 Saves or stores program on disk such as C:\
or A:\ etc.
Editor?
Editor or text editor is a type
of program used for editing
plain text files.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Turbo C
editor
(free)

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Vim
editor
(free)
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 2: Preprocessing

 Programmer gives command to compile the program.

 Preprocessor program executes automatically and process
the program code.
 The prepocessor obeys commands from preprocessor
directives.
 Preprocessing occurs before a program is compiled.

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 3: Compiling a Program

 When compiled, compiler translates program into machine

language code and creates object code. Programmer click
 The object code will be stored in disk. Compile

Dialog box in
Turbo C editor
shows
compiling
process.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 3: Compiling a Program

 The object code will be only created if the translation

process into machine code is successful.
 Otherwise, if unsuccessful, error messages will be displayed
in the compiling dialogue box.
 Programmer must fix all the errors before proceed to the
next phase.
 The process of correcting errors is called debugging.

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 4: Linking

 A linker links the object code with the libraries.

 A linker will creates an executable file and stores it on disk
if the program compiles and links correctly.
 A linker might name the executable file with .exe file
extension depending on type of programming language
used.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 5: Loading

 Before a program can be executed, the program must first

be placed in memory.
 Loader takes the stored program from disk and puts in
memory.
 Additional components from shared libraries that support
the program are also loaded.

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Phase 6: Executing

 CPU takes each instructions and executes it.

 Results or output will be displayed.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Terms Description
Machine language Binary number codes understood by a specific
CPU.

High-level Machine-independent programming language

language that combines algebraic expressions and
English symbols.

Source file File containing a program written in a high-

level language; the input for compiler

Compiler Software that translates a high-level language

program into machine language.

Linker Software that combines object files and create

an executable machine language program.

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Common Programming Errors
Error
(bugs)
Run-time
Errors
Syntax Errors

Logic Errors
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Common Programming Errors
1 Syntax Error
Error occurred during compilation
normally due to syntax problem

 Misplaced else.
 Declaration syntax error
 Undefined symbol ‘_main’ in module.
 Statement missing in function main()

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Common Programming Errors

2 Logic Error

Error occurred due to inappropriate

output.
Programming mistake.
Not detected during compilation.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Common Programming Errors
3 Run-time Error

Error occurred due to wrong user input.

User’s mistake.
System would either display alert message
or hang.

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Computer Program
WHAT
HOW
UNDERSTAND THE
SYNTAX AND FORMAT
STRUCTURE OF
PROGRAMMING
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

C Basic Structure

Program block
C preprocessor directive
components:
1. Preprocessor
main function
directive
{
2. Program body
//Identifiers/Variables
3. Main function
//C statements
4. Identifiers/Variable
}
5. C statements
6. Comment

Basic Structure in
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Programming

PICK AND MATCH

COMMENT
PREPROCESSOR
DIRECTIVE
C
STATEMENT PROGRAM
BLOCK MAIN
FUNCTION
IDENTIFIERS/
VARIABLE PROGRAM
BODY
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Programming

Preprocessor Directive

 Utility program which link files from compiler library to the

program code.
 Must be included in the first line of a computer program.
 Must be started with the symbol #, otherwise syntax errors
will be occurred.
 Two types of common preprocessor directive: #include and
#define.

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Preprocessor Directive
Format:
#include <header file> or #include “user defined files”

Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include “jam.h”
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Programming
Preprocessor Directive
Example:
Called from
#include <stdio.h> standard library

 A directive to the C preprocessor

 Lines beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor
before the program is compiled.
 The above code line tells the preprocessor to include the
contents of stdio.h ( standard input/output header)

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Consists of built-in functions

Standard
Library Functions contains standard instructions

Function will be called and linked to program

via header file
Header file List of functions
List of header printf(),
stdio.h file and its functiondll
scanf(),fflush(),

conio.h clrscr(),putch().getc().dll
math.h sqrt(),pow(), log(),dll
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Programming

Contain functions defined by programmer.

User-defined
Library Developed by expert programmers.
Header file List of user-defined
functions
utama.h cetak(),baca(),papar(),dll

kira.h plus(),minus(), divide(),dll

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Preprocessor Directive
Format:

#define “file name” or #define constant_name constant_value

Example
#define MAX 100
#define “jam.h”
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Program Body
 The part in which the program code will be started to
execute.
 Consists of main function, C statements and identifiers.
 Use { to start the program code and } to end the
program code.

Format:
main function
{ //identifiers
//C statements }

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Main function
void main( )
{ …………..}

int main( ) main( )

{ {
return 0; return 0;
} Main function }
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Write the most basic structures of

C programming.

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
}

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

C Statement
Instructions to be executed by computers
Every statements must be ended with semicolon

Function Declaration
statement statement

Control Types
Input/Output
statement statement
Compound
statement
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Comment
Statement in program code that will be ignored by compiler
Differs in terms of colour : grey

To increase
program readability To document
a program

Function
As a future
To provide references
additional
information

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Reserved Word
Standard/special word in standard library
Contain special meaning understood by compiler

Rules
Case –sensitive
Cannot be used as identifier
Must be written in
or variables
small case
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Reserved Word

Example:
void int
Refer to the function that will not
The acronym for integer
return any value

case default switch break

for continue float double

return while if do int

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

Identifier

Representing particular name in programming

Store values to be used in programming
Refers to the storage in computer

Standard User-defined
identifier Type identifier
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Identifier

Standard Special built-in words

identifier Referred as function name
which will called from C library

printf() scanf()
puts() gets()

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Identifier
Name given to the declaration of
User-defined data to be used in program
Refer to the storage name
identifier Store data values/result/output

Constant Type Variable

 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Identifier
User-defined
identifier

RULES
Identifiers name can only consists of name, number and
underscore
Identifiers name cannot be started with numbers
Symbol cannot be used in identifier name
Cannot contains spaces between two identifiers name
Identifiers name should be unique
Identifiers is not case sensitive

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Identifier
Valid identifiers

UThM DIT1064 Seven_eleven integer

WHY?
WHY?
Invalid identifiers
8Century BIT 1033 Two*four

‘Sixsense’ void
WHY?
WHY? WHY?
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Identifier

Constant Name which used to store data value

Refer to name of one cell in computer
storage
Constants value is fixed

How to give name

to a constant Follow identifiers rules
value?

Basic Structure in
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Programming
Declaration format: 1
const data_type const_name = const_value;

Constant
Reserved word const float pi = 3.142; Value
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Declaration format: 2
#define const_name const_value;

#define pi 3.142;
Reserved word

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Example of constant:
#define minimum 0;
#define MAX 100;

const int counter = 100;

const char alphabet = ‘J’;
const float value = 4.5;
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Identifier
Name which used to store data/input
value

Variable
Refer to the name of one cell in computer
storage
Variable’s value can be modified/changed
during execution

Declaration Format:

data_type variable_name;

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Declaration Example

Declaration of a variable number of

integer data type.
int number;
Declaration of a variable weight of
float weight; floating point data type.

char alphabet; Declaration of a variable alphabet

of character data type.
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Variable/constant declaration example

//Variable and constant declration

#include <stdio.h>

int number; Variable declaration

float weight;

void main()
{
const float pi =3.142;
Constant declaration

int bilangan;
float berat;
char abjad;
Variable declaration
}

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Variable and constant declaration example:

//Variable and constant declaration

#include <stdio.h>

const float pi=3.142;

void main()
{
int bilangan, bil, bilang;
float berat, kg;
char A;
}
 Basic Structure in
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Programming
Method to give/assign value to variable

Interactive Initialization

 Input/enter data through  Assign value to variable during

input devices declaration.
 Use input statement (scanf/gets)  Assign value to variable.
 Use assign symbol, “=“

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Assigning value to variables

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
Initialize a variable
int number = 10;
float weight;
weight = 60.00; Interactive
printf(“Enter the value of number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&number);

number = 50.00; Initialize a variable

}
 Basic Structure in
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Data Types
Represents types of data can be stored in computer.
Types of data to be stored and used in programming should be
informed to the compiler/system

Types

Integer Character
Floating
point

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Data Types
Represents any round number with +/-
values.
Integer Divided into short and long integer.
Reserved word for integer – int
Valid until 5 places of integer number.

Example:
age is used to represent the age of students between
18 and 25 years old. The declaration for the
variable is as follow:

int age;
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Data Types
Floating Represents any floating point numbers +/-
Reserved word– double /float
number

Example:
height is used to represent the student’s height
between 150 cm and 180 cm. The declaration for the
variable is as follow:

float height;

Basic Structure in
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Programming

Data Types

Character Represents character data.

Reserved word – char

Example:
gender is used to represent the gender of a student.
The declaration for the variable is as follow:
char gender;
 Basic Structure in
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Determine whether the following identifiers is valid or
invalid. Give reason for invalid cases.
1) Parit Raja
2) 20thCentury
3) int
4) INTEGER
5) _BMW2003
6) Reservedword
7) BIT1033
8) markah_pelajar
9) jam*kredit
10) printf

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming
Write a suitable variable declaration for each of the following
statement:

i. Salary of an employee
ii. Student’s mark for programming subject
iii. ATM pin number
iv. Phone number
v. Price of one item
vi. Bus seat number
vii. Student name
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate

variables can be declared:

Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,

find the result of the following equation:

y = 2x + a - 6

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate

variables can be declared:

Mrs Sue needs to determine her students grade for

programming subject based on the mark scored during
final examination. The ‘A’ grade will be given if the mark
scored is between 85 to 100. If a student has scored 90
marks, what is the grade should Mrs Sue gives to the
student?
 Basic Structure in
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Programming

Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate

variables can be declared:

A box has height, width and length.

Calculate the volume of a box.

Basic Structure in
Chap 3
Programming

Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate

variables can be declared:

Uncle Degawan wants to buy 5 tins of paint from

Cinda’s shop. The price of each tin of the paint is
RM 15.60. Calculate the price which Uncle Degawan have
to pay for all the tin of paints he bought.