Problems with Solutions EE 361 Chapter 4

Q.1 For each of the following signals:

(i) m t   cos 1000t 

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .

M        1000     1000

 
M  
   
1000 1000


(b) Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m t  cos 10000t  .

(c) Identify the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB) spectra.
1
DSB -SC    M   10000  M   10000
2  

USB DSB-SC   LSB

LSB USB
  / 2   / 2   / 2   / 2
11000 10000 9000 9000 10000 11000


(d) Identify the frequencies in the baseband, and the corresponding frequencies
in the DSB-SC, USB, and LSB spectra.
Baseband: 1000 rad/sec
DSB-SC: 9000,11000 rad/sec
USB: 11000 rad/sec
LSB: 9000 rad/sec

(ii) m t   2 cos 1000t   sin 2000t 

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .

M    2    1000     1000  j     2000     2000

   

1
 M  
2  2 
 j
2000
2000 1000 1000

j
(b) Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m t  cos 10000t  .
(c) Identify the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB) spectra.
1
DSB -SC    M   10000  M   10000
2  
USB LSB LSB USB
DSB-SC  
       
 j / 2  j / 2
8000 12000
12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 9000 10000 11000

j / 2
j / 2

(d) Identify the frequencies in the baseband, and the corresponding frequencies
in the DSB-SC, USB, and LSB spectra.
Baseband: 1000, 2000 rad/sec
DSB-SC: 8000, 9000, 11000, 12000 rad/sec
USB: 11000, 12000 rad/sec
LSB: 8000, 9000 rad/sec

(iii) m t   cos 1000t  sin 3000t 

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .
1
m t   cos 1000t  sin 3000t   sin 4000t   sin 2000t 
2  
j   j 
M        4000     4000     2000     2000
2   2  

 j / 2  j / 2 M  

2000 4000
4000 2000


j / 2 j / 2
2
 (b) Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m t  cos 10000t  .
(c) Identify the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB) spectra.
1
DSB -SC    M   10000  M   10000
2  
USB LSB

DSB-SC  
 j / 4  j / 4 LSB  j / 4  j / 4 USB

8000 6000 12000 14000

14000 12000 10000 6000 8000 10000


j / 4 j / 4 j / 4 j / 4

(d) Identify the frequencies in the baseband, and the corresponding frequencies
in the DSB-SC, USB, and LSB spectra.
Baseband: 2000, 4000 rad/sec
DSB-SC: 6000, 8000, 12000, 14000 rad/sec
USB: 12000, 14000 rad/sec
LSB: 6000, 8000 rad/sec

 100 
(iv) m t   sin c  t 
  
(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .

   
M      
100  200 
M  
 / 100


100 100
(b) Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m t  cos 10000t  .
(c) Identify the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB) spectra.
1
DSB -SC    M   10000  M   10000
2  

3
 USB LSB DSB-SC   LSB USB
 / 200

10100 10000 9900 9900 10000 10100



(d) Identify the frequencies in the baseband, and the corresponding frequencies
in the DSB-SC, USB, and LSB spectra.
Baseband: 0-100 rad/sec
DSB-SC: 9900-10100 rad/sec
USB: 10000-10100 rad/sec
LSB: 9900-10000 rad/sec

Q.2 You are asked to design a DSB-SC modulator that generates a modulated
signal km t  cos c t  , where m t  is a signal band-limited to B Hz. You
are required to use the modulator shown below:

a b c M  
m t  Filter km t  cos c t 
A

cos3 c t  
2B 2B
Explain whether you would be able to generate the desired signal using only this
equipment. You may use any kind of filter you like.
First, note that
cos3 ct   cos ct  cos2 ct 
1
cos ct  1  cos 2ct 

2  
1 1
 cos ct   cos ct  cos 2ct 
2 2
1 1
 cos ct    cos ct   cos 3ct 
2 4 
3 1
 cos ct   cos 3ct 
4 4
Now, let’s find an expression for the signal at point b.

4
 xb t   m t  cos3 ct 
3 1 
 m t   cos ct   cos 3ct 
4 4 
 
3 1
 m t  cos ct   m t  cos 3ct 
4
 4
 
DSB-SC undesired term

(a) What kind of filter would you use?

HPF

LPF

Range of Range of
desired term undesired term
0
c  2B

3c  2B
c  2B

3c  2B
We would use a LPF with cutoff frequency ranging from c  2B to just
lower than 3c  2B .
We may also use a BPF that will pass the frequency range c  2B to
c  2B and reject the frequencies above 3c  2B .
The output of the filter will be
3
xc t   m t  cos c t 
4
i.e. k  3 / 4 .
(b) Sketch the signal spectra at points b and c, and indicate the frequency
bands occupied by these spectra.
Xb   

3A / 8
A/8

0
c 3c
c  2B

3c  2B
c  2B

3c  2B

X c  

3A / 8


0
c
c  2B

c  2B

5
 (c) What is the minimum usable value of c ?
For this method to work we need that
c  2B  0  c  2B
and
3c  2B  c  2B  c  2B
This imply that the minimum usable value of c is 2B .

(d) Would this scheme work if the carrier generator output were cos2 c t  ?
Explain.
1
Note that cos2 ct   1  cos 2ct  does not contain a term of frequency
2  
c . Thus, after multiplication with m t  does not contain a term of the form
m t  cos ct  , i.e. we cannot have a DSB-SC term with carrier frequency c .

Q.3 Consider the operation of the quadrature multiplexing system when there is
a phase difference between the receiver local oscillator and the received
signal, as shown below.
x 1 t 
m1 t  LPF y1 t 

cos c t    2 cos c t  

QAM t 

 / 2
  / 2
sin c t    2 sin c t  
x 2 t 
m2 t  LPF y2 t 

(a) Find the outputs y1 t  and y 2 t  . When does the system work properly?
Explain.
First, note that
QAM t   m1 t  cos ct     m2 t  sin ct   
Now, we have

6
 x 1 t   2QAM t  cos ct   
 2 m1 t  cos ct     m2 t  sin ct    cos ct   
 
 2m1 t  cos ct    cos ct     2m2 t  sin ct    cos ct   
 m1 t  cos 2ct       cos    
 
m2 t  sin 2ct       sin    
 
 m1 t  cos 2ct       m1 t  cos    

rejected by LPF

 m2 t  sin 2ct       m2 t  sin    


rejected by LPF

Therefore,
y1 t   m1 t  cos      m2 t  sin    
Similarly,
x 2 t   2QAM t  sin ct   
 2 m1 t  cos ct     m2 t  sin ct    sin ct   
 
 2m1 t  cos ct    sin ct     2m2 t  sin ct    sin ct   
 m1 t  sin 2ct       sin    
 
m2 t  cos      cos 2ct     
 
 m1 t  sin 2ct       m1 t  sin    

rejected by LPF

m2 t  cos      cos 2ct     


rejected by LPF

Therefore,
y2 t   m1 t  sin      m2 t  cos    
In summary, we have
y1 t   m1 t  cos      m2 t  sin    
y2 t   m1 t  sin      m2 t  cos    
The system will work properly if    , since then the outputs will be
y1 t   m1 t  and y2 t   m2 t  .
The system will also work properly if      or   / 2 , provided the
outputs be properly inverted or relabeled, as follows:

7
    
y1 t   m1 t 
  invert both outputs
y2 t   m2 t 

    /2
y1 t   m2 t  
  invert second output and interchange outpus
y2 t   m1 t 

     / 2
y1 t   m2 t 
  invert first output and interchange outpus
y2 t   m1 t  


(b) What happens when      / 2 ? How serious is this?

When      / 2 , we have
y1 t   m2 t 
y2 t   m1 t 
which means that the outputs are interchanged. This could be serious, since the
each signal will go to the wrong user.

(c) What happens when      ? Does this pose any problem for speech
communication?
When      , we have
y1 t   m1 t 
y2 t   m2 t 
This will not pose any problem for speech communication, since a signal and its
negative sound the same to the human ear.

8
Q.4 Consider a synchronous detector used to demodulate an SSB signal with
phase error between the received signal and the local oscillator. In particular,
consider the following block diagram:
x 1 t  y t 
SSB t   m t  cos ct     mh t  sin ct    LPF

cos ct   

Find y t  . What is the effect of the phase error    on the output? When
does the demodulator work properly?
x 1 t   SSB t  cos ct   
 m t  cos ct     mh t  sin ct    cos ct   
 
 m t  cos ct    cos ct     mh t  sin ct    cos ct   
   
1   1  
 m t   cos 2ct       cos      mh t   sin 2ct       sin    
2    2   
 rejected by LPF   rejected by LPF 
Then,
1
y t   m t  cos      mh t  sin    
2  
1
Note that the demodulator will work properly if     0 and then y t   m t 
2
If the phase error is always  or  , the system will still work properly, provided
that the output is inverted. However, note that if the phase error is not an integer
multiple of  (including 0 ), then the output will contain some content from mh t  .
The worst case occur when the phase error is an odd multiple of  / 2 , then the
output will be equal to mh t  (with or without sign reversal).

9
Q.5 Two signals m1 t  and m 2 t  , both band-limited to 5000 rad/sec, are to be
transmitted simultaneously (multiplexed) over a channel by the multiplexing
scheme shown below. The signal at point b is the multiplexed signal, which
now modulates a carrier of frequency 20000 rad/sec. The modulated signal at
point c is transmitted over a channel.

M 1   m1 t 
b c
5000 5000
 
M 2  

m2 t 
a

2 cos 20000t
5000 5000

2 cos10000t

(a) Sketch the signal spectra at points a,b, and c.

 xa t   2m2 t  cos 10000t 
 Xa    M 2   10000  M 2   10000

 xb t   m1 t   xa t 
 Xb     M 1    X a  
 M 1    M 2   10000  M 2   10000

 xc t   2xb t  cos 20000

 Xc    Xb   20000  Xb   20000
 M 1   20000  M 2   30000  M 2   10000
M 1   20000  M 2   10000  M 2   30000
X a   Xb  

 
10000

15000

10000

15000
5000

5000
15000

10000

5000

15000

10000

5000

X c  
10000

15000

30000

35000
5000
35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

20000

25000

B  30000 Hz

(b) What must be the bandwidth of the channel?

10
 The channel bandwidth must be at least 30 kHz.

(c) Design a receiver to recover signals m1 t  and m 2 t  from the modulated

signal at point c.
LPF
@ 5 kHz
m1 t 

xb t 
xc t  LPF
@ 15 kHz
xa t 
2 cos 20000t BPF
5-15 kHz
LPF
@ 5 kHz
m2 t 

2 cos10000t

Q.6 A modulating signal m t  is given by:

(i) m t   cos 100t  .

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .

M        100     100

 
M  

   

100 100

(b) Find and sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 2m t  cos 1000t 

DSB-SC    M   1000  M   1000

     1100     900      900     1100
   
DSB-SC  

       

1100 1000 900 900 1000 1100

11
 (c) From the spectrum obtained in (b), suppress the LSB spectrum to obtain
the USB spectrum.
USB  

   

1100 1000 1000 1100

(d) Knowing the USB spectrum in (c), write a time-domain expression for the
USB signal.
USB        1100     1100
 
USB t   cos 1100t 

(e) Repeat (c) and (d) for LSB.

LSB  

   

1000 900 900 1000

LSB        900     900

 
LSB t   cos 900t 

(ii) m t   cos 100t   2 cos 300t 

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .

M        100     100  2    300     300

   
M  
2  2 
   

300 100 100 300

12
 (b) Find and sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 2m t  cos 1000t 

DSB-SC        1100     900  2    1300     700

   
    900     1100  2    700     1300
   
DSB-SC  
2  2  2  2
       


700

900
900

700
1300

1100
1000

1000
1100

1300
(c) From the spectrum obtained in (b), suppress the LSB spectrum to obtain
the USB spectrum.
USB  
2  2
   

1300

1100
1000

1000
1100

1300
(d) Knowing the USB spectrum in (c), write a time-domain expression for the
USB signal.
USB        1100     1100  2    1300     1300
   
USB t   cos 1100t   2 cos 1300t 

(e) Repeat (c) and (d) for LSB.

LSB  
2 2
   

700

900
900

700
1000

1000

13
 LSB    2    700     700      900     900
   
LSB t   2 cos 700t   cos 900t 

(iii) m t   cos 100t  cos 500t 

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m t  .
1
m t   cos 100t  cos 500t   cos 400t   cos 600t 
2  

M        400     400     600     600
  2 
M  
       / 2
  / 2

600 400 400 600
(b) Find and sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 2m t  cos 1000t 

DSB-SC    M   1000  M   1000


     1400     600     1600     400
  2 

    600     1400     400     1600
  2 
DSB-SC  
           / 2
  / 2   / 2   / 2

600
600
400
1600
1400

1000

400

1000

1400
1600

(c) From the spectrum obtained in (b), suppress the LSB spectrum to obtain
the USB spectrum.

14
 USB  
       / 2
  / 2

1600
1400

1000

1000

1400
1600
(d) Knowing the USB spectrum in (c), write a time-domain expression for the
USB signal.

USB        1400     1400     1600     1600
  2 
1
USB t   cos 1400t   cos 1600t 
2

(e) Repeat (c) and (d) for LSB.

LSB  
   
  / 2   / 2


600
600
400
1000

400

1000

LSB        400     400      600     600
2    
1
LSB t   cos 400t   cos 600t 
2

Q.7 A modulating signal m t  is given by:

15
(i) m t   cos 100t  .
(a) Give a time-domain expression for DSB -SC t  for a carrier of frequency
1000 Hz.
DSB-SC t   m t  cos 2 fct   cos 100t  cos 2000t 

(b) Give a time-domain expression for AM t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz and carrier amplitude 10.
AM t   A  m t  cos 2 fct   10  cos 100t  cos 2000t 
   
(c) Give a time-domain expression for USB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
mh t   sin 100t 
USB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
 cos 100t  cos 2000t   sin 100t  sin 2000t 
(d) Give a time-domain expression for LSB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
mh t   sin 100t 
LSB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
 cos 100t  cos 2000t   sin 100t  sin 2000t 

(ii) m t   cos 100t   2 cos 300t 

(a) Give a time-domain expression for DSB -SC t  for a carrier of frequency
1000 Hz.
DSB-SC t   m t  cos 2 fct   cos 100t   2 cos 300t  cos 2000t 
 
(b) Give a time-domain expression for AM t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz and carrier amplitude 10.
AM t   A  m t  cos 2 fct   10  cos 100t   2 cos 300t  cos 2000t 
   
(c) Give a time-domain expression for USB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.

16
 mh t   sin 100t   2 sin 300t 
USB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
  cos 100t   2 cos 300t  cos 2000t   sin 100t   2 sin 300t  sin 2000t 
   
(d) Give a time-domain expression for LSB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
mh t   sin 100t   2 sin 300t 
LSB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
  cos 100t   2 cos 300t  cos 2000t   sin 100t   2 sin 300t  sin 2000t 
   

(iii) m t   cos 100t  cos 500t 

(a) Give a time-domain expression for DSB -SC t  for a carrier of frequency
1000 Hz.
1
m t   cos 100t  cos 500t    cos 400t   cos 600t 
2  
DSB-SC t   m t  cos 2 fct 
 cos 100t  cos 500t  cos 2000t 
1
 cos 400t   cos 600t  cos 2000t 
2  
(b) Give a time-domain expression for AM t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz and carrier amplitude 10.
AM t   A  m t  cos 2 fct 
 
 10  cos 100t  cos 500t  cos 2000t 
 
 1 
 10  cos 400t   cos 600t   cos 2000t 
 2 
 
(c) Give a time-domain expression for USB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.

17
 1
m t   cos 100t  cos 500t   cos 400t   cos 600t 
2  
1
mh t    sin 400t   sin 600t   cos 100t  sin 500t 
2 
USB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
 cos 100t  cos 500t  cos 2000t   cos 100t  sin 500t  sin 2000t 
1 1
  cos 400t   cos 600t  cos 2000t   sin 400t   sin 600t  sin 2000t 
2   2 
(d) Give a time-domain expression for LSB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
1
m t   cos 100t  cos 500t    cos 400t   cos 600t 
2  
1
mh t    sin 400t   sin 600t   cos 100t  sin 500t 
2 
LSB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 
 cos 100t  cos 500t  cos 2000t   cos 100t  sin 500t  sin 2000t 
1 1
  cos 400t   cos 600t  cos 2000t   sin 400t   sin 600t  sin 2000t 
2   2 

(iv) m t   sin c 200t 

(e) Give a time-domain expression for DSB -SC t  for a carrier of frequency
1000 Hz.
DSB-SC t   m t  cos 2 fct   sin c 200t  cos 2000t 

(f) Give a time-domain expression for AM t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz and carrier amplitude 10.
AM t   A  m t  cos 2 fct   10  sin c 200t  cos 2000t 
   
(g) Give a time-domain expression for USB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
 t   t 
 
[Hint:  sin c t   sin c   sin   ]
 2   2 

18
 m t   sin c 200t   mh t   sin c 100t  sin 100t 

USB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 

 sin c 200t  cos 2000t   sin c 100t  sin 100t  sin 2000t 

(h) Give a time-domain expression for LSB t  for a carrier of frequency 1000
Hz.
m t   sin c 200t   mh t   sin c 100t  sin 100t 

LSB t   m t  cos 2 fct   mh t  sin 2 fct 

 sin c 200t  cos 2000t   sin c 100t  sin 100t  sin 2000t 

Q.8 For the sinusoidal modulated DSB-LC waveform shown below:

125

25

-25

-125

a) Find the modulation index.

From the waveform, we have

A + a = 125 and A − a = 25 , which implies that

125 + 25 a 50 2
A= = 75 , a = 125 − 75 = 50 and m = = = = 0.67 or 67%
2 A 75 3

b) Write an expression of the waveform.

bg
x t = ( A + a cos ω mt ) sin ω c t
= (75 + 50 cosω mt ) sin ω c t

Note the phase of the carrier on the waveform. Also, note that we do not know the
values of ω c and ω m , since there is not time information given in the figure. We
can only see that ω c = 15ω m .

19
c) Sketch the spectrum of the waveform.

b jπ 75g bg
X ω
b− jπ 75g
b jπ 25g b jπ 25g b− jπ 25g b− jπ 25g
ω
−ω c − ω m −ω c −ω c + ω m ωc −ωm ωc ωc +ωm

d) Determine the amplitude and phase of the additional carrier which

must be added to the waveform shown to attain a modulation index of
20%.
To reduce the modulation index to m′ = 0.20 , we need to increase the carrier
amplitude to A′ , given by

a a 50
= m′ ⇒ A ′ = = = 250
A′ m′ 0.20

i.e. we need to add carrier of the same phase, with amplitude

250 − 75 = 175

i.e. we must add

175sin ω c t

e) Repeat part (d) to attain a modulation index of 80%.

To increase the modulation index to m′ = 0.80 , we need to decrease the carrier
amplitude to A′ , given by

a a 50
= m′ ⇒ A ′ = = = 62.5
A′ m′ 0.80

i.e. we need to add carrier 180 out of phase, with amplitude

75 − 62.5 = 12.5

i.e. we must add

−12.5 sin ω c t

20