Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Introduction
(Structural Analysis – CE21004)

Dr. Puneet Kumar Patra

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
[email protected]

January 8, 2022
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Outline

1 Course Details
Course Plan (Tentative)
Learning Outcome

2 Review of Basic Principles

Free Body Diagrams
Equilibrium Equations
Sample Problems
Plane Trusses
Methods of Joints and Sections
Sample Problems on Trusses
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Course Plan
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Course Plan I

Timings:
Monday 3:00 PM - 5:00 PM (Reserved for Tests / Quizzes)
Tuesday 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM (Problem Solving)
Venue: Through MS Teams (joining link will be shared)
Attendance: Minimum 80% attendance; Poor attendance is grounds for
deregistration
Books:
Structural Analysis, R.C. Hibbeler, 7h Edition, Prentice Hall
Computer Analysis of Framed Structures, D. Maity, I.K. International
Publishing House Pvt. Limited.
Mode of Evaluation: Continuous
Assignment and Term Project Submissions – 50 marks
Tests – 50 marks
Online Teaching Mode:
Each week ∼2 hour long video lectures will be uploaded
Go through the lectures; Record any doubts
A Google Form will be circulated every week for feedback
Every Tuesday a doubt clearing cum problem solving session will occur
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Course Plan II
Week Topics to be Covered Tests Assignments
1 Review of basic principles, FBDs, Equations of equi-
librium, Determinate and Indeterminate Structures, Test 1
Assignment 1
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
2 Indeterminate Structures, Degree of indeterminacy,
Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams for Beams
and Frames
3 Influence Line Diagrams for Statically Determinate
Structures, Cables and Arches
4 Deflections in Beams - Elastic Beam Theory, Double
Integration Method, Moment Area Theorem Test 2
5 Deflections in Beams – Conjugate Beam Method,
Castigliano’s Theorems for Beams, Virtual Work for
Assignment 2
Beams
6 Castigliano’s Theorem and Virtual Work for Trusses
and Frames
7 Force Method for Indeterminate Trusses, Beams and
Frames, Influence Lines for Indeterminate Beams Test 3
8 Slope-Deflection equations for Beams and Frames
9 Stiffness Method for Trusses
10 Stiffness Method for Beams
Term Project
11 Stiffness Method for Frames
12 Computer Coding of Stiffness Method
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Course Plan III

Assignment Submission:
Assignment submission through Moodle; No part marking
Workout of assignment submissions to be submitted on MS Teams
Assignment submission opens on Friday and ends on Sunday
Deadline of 1st Assignment Submission: 11:59 PM February 7, 2021
Deadline of 2nd Assignment Submission: 11:59 PM March 7, 2021
Date of Term Project: 11:59 PM April 12 2021
Tests/Term Project:
Tests through Moodle; No part marking
Workout of the tests to be submitted on MS Teams
Tests opens on scheduled class time on Monday
Date of 1st Test: 3:00 PM February 1, 2021
Date of 2nd Test: 3:00 PM March 1, 2021
Date of 3rd Test: 3:00 PM April 5 2021
Compensatory Test:
To be organized on April 13 2021 in class timings
Valid reasoning for appearing in the compensatory test; Approval from
Faculty Advisor
The syllabus for the compensatory test will be the complete syllabus
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Course Plan IV

Term Project:
Use any method discussed in the course to analyze a structure
A group project
A group report showing detailed calculations and code to be
submitted before the deadline
A 10 minutes long recorded presentation by the group describing the
work done
Deadline of Term Project Submission: 11:59 PM April 12 2021
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Learning Outcome

At the end of the course, you will be able to:

Understand the difference between determinate and indeterminate structures
Understand the maximum bending moment and shear force arising within a
structural member
Create influence line diagrams for a structural member
Analyze a structure – trusses, beams, frames, cables, arches, etc. – subjected
to a variety of loads
Develop analytical solutions of deflections and internal forces for simple
structures
Latest developments in structural analysis
Permitting time, the use of computer programming for analyzing
complicated structures
NOTE:
1 This is a foundational course for Civil Engineers and Architects
2 Feel free to contact me if you have any questions or do not understand any
topic
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

(a) A Frame

(b) A Truss

(c) A truss
(d) A frame
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Review of Basic Principles

Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Free Body Diagrams I

FBD is the most important step in solution of problems of structural
mechanics
The body is isolated from all other bodies
A complete and accurate account of all forces acting on this body is
considered
The isolation is imaginary
Steps to construct FBD:
1 Decide the body to be isolated
2 Draw the complete external boundary of the isolated body. Ensure complete
isolation
3 Identify all forces acting on the isolated body due to the removal of the
contacting bodies
4 Represent these forces appropriately where they act
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Free Body Diagrams II

Action of External Supports:

Figure: Type of contact and action on a body

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Free Body Diagrams III

Figure: Type of contact and action on a body

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Free Body Diagrams IV

Degrees of Freedom and Contact Forces
In two-dimensions, a rigid body can have two translations and one rotation
→ degrees of freedom.
The translations along the x and y axes and rotation about the z axis.
Presence of a contact prevents the motion along one or more degrees of
freedom.
Whichever degree of freedom is not allowed free motion, a constraint force
develops

Most common supports in Structural Engineering

A roller support → prevents the free motion of the normal-to-the-contact
degree of freedom → a contact force develops in this direction
A hinge support → prevents the free motion of the x and y degrees of
freedom → a contact force develops in x direction and another in y direction
A fixed support → prevents the translation and the rotation → two forces
develop as in a hinge support and a moment also develops.
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Free Body Diagrams V

Sample Free Body Diagrams:
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Equilibrium Equations I
One equilibrium equation for each degree of freedom
X X X
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; MO = 0 (1)

Sum of forces along the x axis = 0

Sum of forces along the y axis = 0
Sum of moment about any point O on or off the body = 0
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Equilibrium Equations II
Categories of equilibrium
P
System of collinear forces: Fx = 0 is sufficient
P P
System of concurrent forces: Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 are sufficient
P P
System of parallel forces: Fx = 0 and MO = 0 are sufficient

(a) Collinear case

(b) Concurrent case

(c) Parallel case

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Equilibrium Equations III

Two and Three Force Members
A structural member subjected to two forces is in equilibrium only when the
forces are equal, opposite and collinear.

A structural member subjected to three forces is in equilibrium only when

the forces are concurrent.
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Equilibrium Equations IV

Alternative Equilibrium Equations

Force balance along x axis and moment balance about any two points on the
body: X X X
Fx = 0; MA = 0; MB = 0 (2)

A and B must not lie on a line perpendicular to the x direction.

Moment balance along any three points about the body:
X X X
MC = 0; MA = 0; MB = 0 (3)

All different forms are identical

No new information is gained by solving these additional equations – you
can still solve only three unknowns.

Why can’t you obtain any new additional information? Or solve more
than three unknowns? Prove it.
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Problem (a) I

Determine the magnitude of forces C and T .

Since all forces are concurrent; second category of equilibrium:
X X
Fx = 0; Fy = 0 (4)

8 + T cos 40◦ + C sin 20◦ − 16

P
Fx = 0 =⇒ = 0
0.766T + 0.342C = 8
(5)
T sin 40◦ − C cos 20◦ − 3
P
Fy = 0 =⇒ = 0
0.643T − 0.940C = 3
Solving the two equations give: T = 9.09kN and C = 3.03kN.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (b) I

A cable as indicated in the figure is subjected to a tension T . This cable supports

a 500 kg mass with a pulley system as shown. Each pulley is frictionless and have
negligible mass. Find the total force on the bearing of pulley C .
Correctly draw the free body diagram.
Use the general equations of equilibrium to solve the problem
Assume the radius of each pulley to be r .
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (b) II

Figure: The FBD of pulleys at A, B, and C are shown.

For the pulley at A:

X
MO = 0 : T1 r − T2 r = 0 =⇒ T1 = T2 (6)

X
Fy = 0 : T1 + T2 − 500 × 9.81 = 0 =⇒ 2T1 = 500 × 9.81N (7)
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Problem (b) III

For the pulley at B

X
MO = 0 : T3 r − T4 r = 0 =⇒ T3 = T4 (8)

X
Fy = 0 : T3 + T4 − T2 = 0 =⇒ T3 = 1226N (9)

For the pulley at C :

X
MO = 0 : =⇒ T = T3 (10)
X
Fx = 0 : 1226 cos 30◦ − Fx = 0 =⇒ Fx = 1062N (11)
X
Fy = 0 : Fy + 1226 sin 30◦ − 1226 = 0 =⇒ Fy = 613N (12)
q
Therefore the total force at the bearing: Fx2 + Fy2 = 1226N.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (c) I

Determine the magnitude of the tension force T in the supporting cable and the
magnitude of the force on the pin joint at A. The beam AB is a standard I-beam
with a mass of 95 kg per meter of length
Correctly draw the free body diagram.
The joint at A is a pin joint → two support reactions
The weight of the beam = 4.66 kN acts at the center of the beam AB.
There are three unknowns in the problem – the reactions at A and the
tension T in the cable.
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Problem (c) II

Figure: The FBD of the beam is shown.

The moment at A equals 0, which gives T = 19.61kN:

T cos 25◦ ×0.25+T sin 25◦ ×(5−0.12)−10×(5−1.5−0.12)−4.66×(2.5−0.12) = 0

(13)
From the sum of forces in x direction = 0:

Ax − 19.61 × cos 25◦ = 0 =⇒ Ax = 17.77kN (14)

From the sum of forces in y direction = 0:

Ay + 19.61 × sin 25◦ − 4.66 − 10 = 0 =⇒ Ay = 6.37kN (15)

q
Therefore the total magnitude of force: A2x + A2y = 18.88kN.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Plane Trusses I

What is a TRUSS?
A framework comprising members joined at their ends.
Commonly seen in bridges and roofs.
The weight of each truss member is negligible in comparison to the load it
bears.
All members are two force members.
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Plane Trusses II
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Plane Trusses III

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Plane Trusses IV

(a) Simplest stable truss (b) Unstable truss

Simple Trusses
The simplest plane truss which is stable looks like a triangle
Three bars are joined by pins at their end.
Typically, complex trusses are made of combination of several simple trusses
Trusses are supported by pinned and roller joints.

Why is the right figure unstable?

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Plane Trusses V

(b) Typical Supports – Pinned

and Roller
(a) Zoomed view of a Joint

Truss Joints and Supports

Assume that each joint is a pinned joint.
Assumption works if the centerlines of the members are concurrent.
At each joint, two equations of equilibrium.
One support is a hinged support.
Other support is a roller to provide for thermal expansion and contraction
and deformation due to loads.
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Plane Trusses VI

(a) A typical truss

(b) FBD of the truss
(c) FBD of the joint A.

Free Body Diagram of Trusses

Isolate the truss
Neglect the weight and draw the forces due to supports and external loads
Is anything missing at the FBD of the truss?
You can isolate the joint at A – two forces due to the members AF and AB
act along with the reaction from the ground.
Assume some direction of forces in the members while drawing the FBD.
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Plane Trusses VII

(a) A typical truss

(b) FBD of the truss
(c) FBD of the joint A.

Free Body Diagram of Trusses

Isolate the truss
Neglect the weight and draw the forces due to supports and external loads
Is anything missing at the FBD of the truss?
You can isolate the joint at A – two forces due to the members AF and AB
act along with the reaction from the ground.
Assume some direction of forces in the members while drawing the FBD.
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Plane Trusses VIII

In Summary:
Trusses are structures whose all elements are in either Tension or
Compression
Internal forces are always axial
No element has a force (shear) in a direction perpendicular to its axis
Each joint is a pinned joint
A,B & C are the nodes
AB , BC & AC are the elements
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Plane Trusses IX

Why should trusses carry only axial forces? Let us look into the FBD
For member AC the moment equilibrium equation is:

MA : Cy × L = 0 (16)

L 6= 0, so we have Cy =0 & we get Ay =0 since, Ay + Cy = 0.

This can be extended to other members as well.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Plane Trusses X

How do you include the weight of the members (if you have to)?
Notice the FBD of member AC
Let the weight of the member be W .
Transfer the weight identically to the two nodes.
In the FBD of any member in a truss no moment exists, since the members are
connected by pinned joints that allow rotation of 2 members relative to each other
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Methods of Joints and Sections I

Find the forces in the members of the shown truss.

Methods of Joints – Looking at the FBD of the joints
Methods of Section – Looking at the FBD of a section of a truss
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Methods of Joints and Sections II

Method of Joints
1 Isolate a joint / node
2 Draw the FBD of each joint
3 Look at the equilibrium of each joint / node.
4 As all forces are concurrent at the joint, this joint has two equilibrium
equations X X
Fx = 0; Fy = 0 (17)

5 For each joint, therefore, we have 2 equilibrium equations

6 For N joints, we have 2N equilibrium equations

In this specific problem:

1 There are 3 joints; So there are 6 equilibrium equations
2 Total Number of unknowns = 6; 2 unknown reactions at B, 1 unknown
reaction at C , the axial force in member AB, the axial force in member BC
and the axial force in member AC .
3 Using the 6 equilibrium equations (2 for each joint), the 6 unknowns can be
obtained.
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Methods of Joints and Sections III

(a) Given Problem (b) FBD of each node

For Joint A
FAC
FAB + FAC cos 45◦ = 0 ⇒ FAB + √ = 0 (18)
2
P + FAC sin 45◦ = 0 (19)
√
⇒ FAC = −P 2 (20)
−FAC
FAB = √ =P (21)
2
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Methods of Joints and Sections IV

(a) Given Problem (b) FBD of each node

For Joints B and C :

FBA + RBy = 0 =⇒ RBy = −P (22)

RBx + FBc = 0 (23)
FCB = −FCA cos 45◦ = +P (24)
RC + FCA sin 45◦ = 0 =⇒ RC = P (25)
So, RBY = −P (26)
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Methods of Joints and Sections V

Method of Sections
1 Cut the truss into discrete non-overlapping sections
2 Each section behaves as a body
3 Draw the FBD of each section
4 Look at the equilibrium of each joint / node.
5 As the section behaves as a body, we have three equations of equilibrium for
the section: X X X
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; MO = 0 (27)

6 For each section, therefore, we have 3 equilibrium equations

7 For N sections, we have 3N equilibrium equations

In this specific problem:

1 The structure can be cut into 2 non-overlapping sections; So there are 6
equilibrium equations
2 Total Number of unknowns = 6
3 Using the 6 equilibrium equations (2 for each joint), the 6 unknowns can be
obtained.
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Methods of Joints and Sections VI

When you superpose the two sections you get the actual problem
For Section I, the equations of equilibrium are

P + FAc cos 45◦ = 0 (28)

FAB + FAc sin 45◦ = 0 (29)

Mc = 0 ⇒ PL = FAB L =⇒ FAB = P (30)
This method is very powerful some times.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Methods of Joints and Sections VII

Figure: FBD of each pinned joint and member

Identify the members in tension and compression

1 Draw the FBD of each member and the pinned joint
2 See if a member is subjected to pull or push forces at the ends
3 Pull → elongation → member is in tension
4 Push → shortening → member is in compression
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (d) I

Find the forces in the members of the shown structure.

Use Methods of Joints and the idea that the forces in a two-force member
are along the line joining the two points.
The FBD of joint B is shown – three forces act : FAB , FBC due to the
members AB and BC and RB due to the reaction from the ground.
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (d) II

By symmetry
L
RA = RB = (31)
2

1 For Joint B X
Fy = 0 : −FBC sin 45◦ + RB = 0 (32)

L
⇒ FBC = √ (33)
2
X L
Fx = 0 : −FAB + FBC cos 45◦ = 0 ⇒ FAB = (34)
2
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (e) I

Find the forces in the member CL of the shown structure.

This is tedious to solve using the method of joints.
Using the method of section, cut a section at KL-CL-CB, it can then be
solved using the equilibrium of the left section easily
Course Details Review of Basic Principles

Problem (f ) I

Use method of joints to find all zero force members.

We will begin with joint D as it has the least number of unknowns for a joint
Subsequently, we go for other joints
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Problem (f ) II
For Joint D

Figure: FBD of Joint D

X
Fy = 0 : FDC sinθ = 0 ⇒ FDC = 0 (35)
X
Fx = 0 : FDC cosθ + FDE = 0 ⇒ FDE = 0 (36)
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Problem (f ) III
For Joint E

Figure: FBD of Joint E

X
Fx = 0 : FED = FEF ⇒ FEF = 0 (37)
X
Fy = 0 : FEC = P (38)
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Problem (f ) IV
For Joint H

Figure: FBD of Joint H

X
Fy 0 = 0 : FHB = 0 (39)
X
Fx 0 = 0 : FHF = FHA (40)
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Problem (f ) V

For Joint G

Figure: FBD of Joint G

X
Fy = 0 : FGA = 0 (41)