UNIT 6 WORD STRESS

Structure
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Word Stress
6.3 Primary Stress and Secondary Stress
6.4 How to Mark Stress
6.5 Various Stress Patterns
6.6 Word Stress affected by Suffixes
6.7 Stress Shift according to the Function of Words
6.8 Some Important Rules concerning Word Stress
6,9 Let Us Sum Up
6.10 Key Wards
6.1 1 Same llseful Books
6.12 Answers

OBJECTIVES
In Block 1, Units 2-5, you learnt about the sounds of English -vowels (~nonophtha~lgs
and diphthongs) and eansonants. In this unit we shall take up a very important aspect
of spoken English, called word rtmss. We shall diseuss, with the help of examples,
the various patterns of word stress that we come acrass in English. After completing
this unit you should be able to
perceive which part of an English word af more than one syllable has the stress
when it is pronounced;
find out from a dictianary which syllable of a word is to be stressed; and
say English words with the stress on the right syllable ofthe word.

INTRODUCTION
A word in English may have one or Inore syllables. In each syllable there is ~~suiilly
one sound, usually a vowel, that is more prominent than the rest and takes the central
position. There are words like car, dog, boy, girl, class, etc., which have only one
syllable each. However, there are wards like ar(i,vt,burber, canteen, doclor: cngit~c~.
futher, etc., each of which has two syllables. The word artist, for example, has tlic
syllables /a:/ and / t ~ s1.tthe ward burber has the syllables h a : / and /be/, and so
on. The words character: rktention, engineer, and wonderful, etc., have threc
syllables each: ka/, / r ~ k /h, e / ; / d ~ //ten/,
, /Sen/; /en/. /d31/, / n ~ e /and
:
/whn/, Idel, / f u l l . The wards agriculture, benevolent, candidnrurc.. u'lctutor.shi~~.
etc., have four syllables each. The words ur~i+stically,examinuliun, etc. have f i v e
syllables each.
Phonetics and Phonology-2 A word which has only one syllable is called a Monosyllabic word; a word which
has two syllables is called a Disyllabic word; one with three syllables is called a
Trisyllabic word; and one with more than three syllables is called a Polysyllabic
word.

An audio recording is also available at the Study Centers of the University.

Check Your Progress 1

Indicate the number of syllables in each of the following words, and sliow how you
will divide each word into syllables. Use phonetic transcription and mark syllable
division with a dot at the bottom. The first two have been given as examples.

Word Number of Syllables Syllables Division

1) word I / w-d /
2) structure 2 1strak.t Sel
3) objective ---
4) cassette ------------
5) recording -------

6) introduction
7) primary
8) secondary ----.- ------
9) characteristic ---- ----- -

10) English ------------

Just as al I the beginning consonants of words are treated as parts of a syllable, certain
consonant sequences in English are treated as indivisible by the native speakers
of English when they occur in the middle of a word. These are the sequences SC
(C= any consonant), Cr, Cw, C 1 arid C j. The syllables in these words are divided
with these sequences remaining intact. Thus the words request, betray, secure, and
applause have the following syllables: / r ~ . k w e s t(not
l r~k.west/,1b1.t re11
(not b ~ re^), t 1s1.k j d . and /e.pl:,:zl

6.2 WORDSTRESS
An English word consisting of more than one syllable is said in such a way that one of
its syllables stands aut from, or is more prominent than the other syllable or
syllables in the same word. For example, in the word father(wl1ich has two syllables
/fa:/ and / de/ ) the first syllable /fa:/ is more prominent than the second syllable
/de/. But, in the word cassette (which also has two syllables /ke.set/), the second
syllable /set/ is more prominent than the first. Similarly, when we pronounce the
word gigantic (which has three syllables / d g a ~ . g ~ n . t ~the k /second
) syllable
/ga=n/is more prominent than the tirst and the third syllables. The syllable which
stands out or is more prominent than the others in the same word is called the stressed
syllable or the accented syllable.
The speaker spends more energy while producing the stressed syllable than slhe
does while producing the other syllables in the sanie word. The listener hears the
stressed syllable as being louder tlian tlie other syllables in the same word.
 The syllables which are not stressed in a word are called unstressed or weak Ward Stress
syllables.

6.3 PRIMARY STRESS AND SECONDARYSTRESS

I n some words of more than three syllables, there may be two syllables which stand
out from the rest. For example, in the word cigc~rclte(which has three syllables
/sI/. /gal and / r e t / ) , the third syllable / r e t / is more prominent than the first syllable
/sI/, which in tun1 is more prominent than the second syllable /gal. Similarly, in the
\sord exuinination (which has five syllables / ~ g //,z z / , / m ~ //, n e ~ and / / l a n / ) the
second syllable /ZE/ and the fourth syllable / n e ~are / more prominent than the other
syllables. Between them the fourth syllable /ne11 is more prominent than the second
syllable /zE/. In such words, the most prominent ofthe stressed syllables is called the
'main' or 'primary' stress and the other is called 'secondary' stress.

6.4 HOW TO MARK STRESS

I
1
Most modern dictionaries adopt the following method to mark stress. The stressed
syllable is marked with a vertical bar (the mark ' ) above and before the syllable
that is stressed. For example, the word upprove (which has two syllables /a/ and
I / p r u : v / is stressed on the second syllable and it is marked thus:

Given below are some more examples of words with the stressed syllables marked.
balloon / b a l l u : n l (two syllables: second syllable stressed)
camel 1 Ika me11 (two syllables; first syllable stressed)
decent / ' d i : s a n t / (two syllables; first syllable stressed)
enormous /1'n3:rnas/ (three syllables; second syllable stressed)
fearlessly 1 If ~ a l e s l i(three
l syllables; first syllable stressed)
government / ' g a v a n m e n t l (three syllable; first syllable stressed)
nlonotonous / m a 1 n 3 t a n a s /(four syllable; second syllable stressed)
opinion / a 1 p i nj e n l (three syllable; second syllable stressed)
Iftwo syllables stand out froni the rest in a word, one receiving primary stress and
the other secondary stress, the syllable receiving secondary stress is marked with
lie vertical bar below and before the syllable (,) and the syllable receiving primary
stress is ~narkedin the way indicated above. Some examples are given below:
Advurrrageou.~ / , e d v e n i t e r d g a s / (four syllables; the first syllable has
secondary stress and the third syllable has primary stress)
Bifurctrtion / , b a ~ f a l k e ~ l e(four
n / syllables; the first syllable has secondary
stress and the third syllable has primary stress)
C'himpunzec Ifl ~ m p x n ' z i :(three
/ syllables; the first syllable has secondary
stress and the third syllable has primary stress)
Democratic l,demalkrzt~W (four syllables; the first syllable has secondary
stress and the third syllable has primary stress)
I Phonetics and Phonology-2
i 6.5 VARIOUS STRESS PATTERNS
In English, word stress in not fixed to a particular syllable. It is free in the sense that
there are words in which the first syllable is stressed, others in which the second
syllable is stressed, yet others in which the third orthe fourth syllable has the primary
stress.
Some examples of various stress patterns in English are given below. Try to say them
with the stress on the correct syllable. You can listen to them on the audio recording.
Disyllabic words stressed on the FIRST syllable:
1) 'action 2) 'apple
3) 'artist 4) 'atom
5) 'barber f$ 'better
7) 'bottle 8) 'butter
9) 'careful 10) 'centre
I
11) copper 12) 'cotton
13) 'donkey 14) 'dreadful
15) 'empty 16) 'envy
17) 'father 18) 'freedom
19) 'govern 20) 'grateful
DisyIIuQIe w a d s stressed on the SECOND L~ylluble
21) a'bout 22) a'bove
23) a'go 24) at'tend
25) be'fore 26) be'gin
27) behind 28) be'tween
29) can'teen 30) con'tain
31) de'gree 32) de'lay
33) e'vade 34) for'get
35) forlgive 36) fore'see
37) i'dea 38) im'part
39) la'ment 40) ma'chine
lPisylIahlc words stressed an the FIRST syllable
4 1) 'adjective 42) 'advocate
43) 'afterwards 44) 'algebra
45) 'analyse 46) 'appetite
47) 'bachelor 48) 'botany

8
 Word Stress
49) 'calculate 50) 'calendar
51 ) 'capital 52) 'chemistry
53) 'cinema 54) 'civilize
Trisyllabic words stressed on the SECOND syllable:
55) a'bundance 56) ac'countant

57) a'coustic 58) ad'jacent

59) ad'vantage 60) af 'fection

61) ag'reement 62) a'partment

63) bar'baric 64) be'ginning
65) con'tainer . 66) col'lector
67) com'mander 68) com'mencement
69) dic'tator 70) di'rection
71 ) di'rector 72) dis'graceful
73) e'normous 74) ex'ception
75) fan'tastic 76) for'mation
77) il'legal 78) in'ducement
79) mis'taken 80) mo'mentous

i
Trisyllabic words taking the primary stress on the THIRD syllable
I
81) 'addres'see 82) 'after'noon
83) ,apprelhend 84) ,cigalrette
85) ,overltake 86) 'refu'gee
87) 'under'stand
Words of more rhun three syllables- various stress patterns
88) lacci'dental 89) ac'celerate
90) laccu'sation 9 1) 'adequacy
92) ,advanltageous 93) ,agiltation
94) al'ternative 95) auIthorittarian
96) au'thority 97) Icalcurlation
98) ,combilnation 99) com'parative -

100) com'petitive 101) Iconfi'dential

103) Icuri'osity
105) ,disalgreement

106) 'dynamism 107) e'lectrocute

108) 'electri@ 109) ,elelvation

~eticsand Pha

1 12) extemplary 1 13) ex'penditure

1 14) ex'tempore 1 15) ,fascilnation

1 16) im'practicable 1 17) 'inde'pendent

1 18) instan'taneous 119) 'insti'tution
120) in'tensity 121) ,libelrality
122) 'mannerism 123) mo'nopoly
124) mo'notonous 125) ,opporltunity
126) prepa'ration 1 27) re,sponsi'bility
1 28) sug'gestible 129) ,terriltorial

Check Your Progress 2

A number of English words are given below. Say them yourself and ascertain which
is the stressed syllable in each word. Then mark the stressed syllables by using the
appropriate mark (1 ' / for primary stress and / , / for secondary stress) before the
syllables that are stressed. After you have marked all the words, check your answers
with those provided at the end of this unit and then say the words with the correct
stress patterns. You can also listen to these words on the audio recording.
1) abide 2) across
3) address 4) ancient

5) arrive 6) artery
7) affection 8) atmosphere
9) attempt 10) behave
11) behaviour 12) broadcast
13) bubble 14) bucket

15) chimpanzee 1 6) burglar

17) carbon 18) chapter
19) consolation 20) contain
21) cradle 22) dictator
23) engineer 24) family
25) familiar 26) fraternal
27) gamble 28) gentle
29) hasty 30) hatred
3 1) honour 32) honourable
33) humour 34) humorous
 Word Stress
35) jackal 36) kingdom
37) know ledge 38) knowledgeable
39) lethargy 40) lethargic
41) moment 42) momentary
, 43) monotony 44) natural
45) notorious 46) original
47) opportunity 48) prepare
49) preparation 50) relate
51 ) relation 52) relative
1 53) restaurant 54) robust
55) satisfy 56) satisfaction
i
' 57) select 58) selection
i
i 59) table 60) translate

: 6.6 WORD STRESS AFFECTED BY SUFFIXES

The addition of some derivational suff~xesaffects the stress pattern but this is not the
case with all suffixes.
Examples of suffixes which do not affect the stress pattern
1) -able (verb -+ adjective)
ad'vise ad'visable
re'l y re'liable
-able (noun -+ adjective)
'comfort 'comfortable
'honour 'honourable
'knowledge 'knowledgeable

2 -age (noun -+ noun)

'orphan 'orphanage

-age (verb -+ noun)

I 'cover 'coverage
3) -ance, (verb -+ noun)
ap'pear ap'pearance
dis'turb dis'turbance
per' form per'formance
4) -er (noun -+ noun)
com'mand com'mander
re'ceive re'ceiver
(noun -+ noun)
'Londoner
5) -ess (noun -+ noun)
I
'actor actress
'waiter 'waitress
Phonetics and Phonology-2 6) -f~l (noun +adjective)
e'vent e'ventful
-ful (noun +noun)
'pocket 'pocketful

7) -fy (noun + verb)

'terror 'terrifji

8) -ize (noun + verb)

'crystal 'crystallize
'public 'publicize

-ize (adjective + verb)

'final 'finalize
'modern 'modernize

9) -1y (noun + adjective)

'mother 'motherly
'order 'orderly

-IY (adjective + adverb)

'clever 'cleverly
'even 'evenly
'musical 'musically

10) -men? (verb + noun)

ap'point ap'pointment
com'mence com'mencement
,enterltain ,enterltainment
'govern 'government
(adjective + noun)
'bitterness

12) -or (verb + noun )

'conquer 'conqueror
di'rect di'rector
in'vent in'ventor

13) -some (noun +adjective)

'burden 'burdensome
'trouble 'troublesome

14) -ure (verb + noun)

ex'pose' ex'posure

15) -Y (noun +adjective)

'winter 'wintry

Examples of suffixes which affect the stress pattern. These are of two types: those
that attract the main stress on themselves, and those that have the main stress at a
fixed distance from them.
A. Suff~xesthat have the main stress on themselves.
1) -eer
e'lection
'profit
 -esque Word Stress
'picture
'statue

Suffixes that have main stress at a fixed distance from them

The main stress is on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix.
-ial
'confidence confi'dential
'essence e'ssential
'industry in'dustrial
'office official
'president ,presildential
-ian
I library
li'brarian
'music mu'sician
pho'netics Iphone'tician
-ic, -ical
a'cademy ,acaldemic
'grammar gram'matical
'patriot ,patrilotic
'sympathy ,sympalthetic
-ion
~P'P~Y lappli'cation
'civilize ,civililzation
'decorate ,decolration
ex'amine exIami1nation
i'magine iImagitnation
op'pose loppotsition
pre' pare ,prepa'ration
-ity
'able a'bility
'curious ,curi40sity
'equal e'qual ity
'generous ,genetrosity
'moral mo'rality
o'riginal o,rigi1nality
'possible ,possilbility
'stupid stu'pidity
ck Your Progress 3
Mark the stressed syllables in the followi~igwords. After you hawre checked
your answers, say each word with the correct stress pattern. You can also listen
to these words on the audio recording.
editorial 2) profession
learner 4) edition
Phonetics and Phonblogy-2 5) ckirify 6) usefulness

7) teacher 8) presentation
9) unreal istic 10) intelligibility
I I) situation 12) educational
13) development 14) activity
1 5) practicality 16) available
17) authentic 18) incorporate
19) unfortunately 20) section
2 Given below are a few words and a few other words which are derived from
them. Mark the stressed syllables in all these words. After you have checked
your answers say each word with the correct stress pattern. You can also listen
to these words on the audio recording.
I) abdomen - abdominal
2) accept acceptance - acceptability
3) accident accidental - accidentally
4) advance advancement
5) advantage advantageous
6) beauty - beautiful - beautifully
7) baptize baptism
8) bounty - bountiful
9) behave behaviour
10) capable capability
11) capital - capitalize
12) confess confession
13) connect connection
14) crucify crucifixion
15) depart departure
16) discipline - disciplinarian
17) disclose - disclosure

18) establish establishment

19) forgive forgiveness
20) honour honourable - honourably
2 1) human - humanity
22) liable liability
23) monotony - monotonous

24) nation national - nationality

 Word Stress
I 6.7 STRESS SHIFT ACCORDING TO THE
FUNCTION OF WORDS
I
i 'There are a number of words in English which can be used as nouns or adjectives
and also as verbs. We are specially concerned with a few disyllabic words of this
sort. In the case of some of these disyllabic words, the stress is on the same syllable
whether the word is used as a noun, adjective or verb. On the other hand, there are a
few disyllabic words which take the stress on the first syllable if the words are
used as nouns or adjectives and on the second syllable if they are used as verbs.
Some examples are given of both categories of such words.

I) Disyllabic words which take the stress on the same syllable whethe; used
as nouns/ adjectives or verbs.

1) ad'vance (noun and verb)

2) a'lert (adjective and verb)
3) 'anger (noun and verb)
4) a'ward (noun and verb)
5) bal'loon (noun and verb)
6) 'capture (noun and verb)
7) com'plete (adjective and verb)
8) 'credit (noun and verb)
9) 'darnage (noun and verb)
10) de'bate (noun and verb)

I I) dis'grace (noun and verb)

12) 'honour (noun and verb)

1 3) 'empty (adjective and verb)

14) mis'take (noun and verb)
15) 'order (noun and verb)

II) L)isyllabic words which take the stress on t h e j i s t syllable if used as nouns/
adjectives and on the second syllable fi used as verbs.
Nounladjective Verb
1) 'absent (adjective) ab'sent (verb)
2) 'contract (noun) con'tract (verb)
3) 'convert (noun) con'vert (verb)
4) 'convict (noun) con'vict (verb)
5) 'export (noun) ex'port (verb)
6) 'import (noun) im'port (verb)
7) 'present (noun and adjective) pre'sent (verb)
8) 'record (noun) re'cord (verb)
 Check Your Progress 4
Phonetics and Phonology-2 Make the stressed syllables in the italicized words in the following sentences.After
you have checked your answers say the sentences with the correct stress patterns.
You can also listen t6 these sentences on the audio recording.

1) How many students are absent today?

2) He absented himself from the meeting.

3) They bartered farm products for machinery.

4) Try to channel your abilities to something useful.

5) Two parties have conibined to form a government.

6) The general commanded his men to attack the city.

7) He seems contentjust to sit in front ofthe television all night.

8) He contented himself with light snacks even though he could have had a fi~ll
meal.

9) I like the style of this book but I don't like the content.
10) Everything in her story is correct to the smallest detail.

11) The export of gold is forbidden.

12) I can forecast that it is going to rain this evening.

13) You've made too many mistakes.

14) 1 cannot permit such cruelty.

15) He's the best writer that the country hasproduced.

16) This case is marked 'Produce of India'.

17) You must record the minutes of the meeting.

18) Keep a record of how much you spend.

19) Don't address me as 'officer'.

20) 1 can't read the address on this letter.

6.8 SOME IMPORTANT RULES CONCERNING

WORD STRESS
Even though what we have said so far in this unit may give you the impression that
word stress in English is something unpredictable and confusing, there are a few
important rules regarding word stress. These rules are given below with a few examples
for each rule.
Rule 1
Words with weak prefixes have the stress on the root and not on the prefix. For
example :
I) a'bout 2) a'far
3) a'loud 4) be'little
5) be'friend
 Word Stress
Rule 2
The inflectional suffixes -ed (the one we use to make the past and past participle
forms of verbs), -s, or -es (the one we use to make the plural forms of most nouns
and the simple present third person singular forms of most verbs) and -ing(the suffix
we use to for111the present participle of a verb) do not affect the stress. That is,
words to which these suff~xesare added have the stress on the same syllable after
the suffixes are added as the ones on which the root word has the stress. A few
examples are given for each of the three suffixes.
-ed ab'duct ablducted
con'duct con'ducted
de'duct de'ducted
ef 'fect ef 'fected

'bandage 'bandages
'damage 'damages
di'sease di'seases
'garage 'garages
'manage 'manages
'answer 'answering
'audit 'auditing
bell ieve be'lieving
con'tain con'taining
de'mand de'manding
af 'fect af'fecting
for'bid for'bidding

The derivational sufixes - age, - ance, -en, - er: - ess, - ful, - hood, - ish, - ive,
- le.s..v,- ly, --merit, - ness, -or, and -ship do not change the stress pattern, as shown
above.

Rule 4

Words ending in the suffixes -eer: -ee, and -ese have stress on themselves, as shown
above.

Rule 5

Words ending in the sufix - ion, -ic, ical, -ically, -ial, and -ity have the primary
stress on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix, as shown above.

Check Your Progress 5

State the rule to determine the location of the primary stress in each of the following
words:

I) introduction
Phonetics and Phonology-2 2) accompany

..........................................................................................................................

...........................
...............................................................................................

3) university

..........................................................................................................................
4) artistic

..........................................................................................................................
5) journalese

LET US SUM UP
An English word may have one or more syllables. A word consisting of only one
syllable is called a monosyllabic word. Words of two syllables are called disyllabic
words, words of three syllables are called trisyllabic words, and words of more than
three syllables are called polysyllabic words.

An English word of more than one syllable is said in such a way that one of its
syllables stands out from the rest; that is, it is more prominent than the other syllables
in the word. The syllable which stands out and is more prominent than the rest is
called the stressed syllable or the accented syllable.

Sometimes, in words consisting of three or more syllables, two syllables stand out
from the rest. One of them has what we call main or primary stress and the other
has secondary stress.

In English, word stress is not fixed to a particular syllable. 'There are words which are
stressed on the first syllable, others which are stressed on the second syllable and yet
others which have the main stress on the third syllable or the fourth syllable.

When we add a suffix to a word and thus form a new word, some such derived
words take the stress on the same syllable as the root word, while in the case of other
derived words, the stress is on a different syllable.
There are many disyllabic words in English which can be used as nouns or adjectives
and as verbs. In the case of some such words, the stress is on the same syllable
whether the word is used as a noun or adjective or a verb. There are, however, other
 disyllabic words which are stressed on the first syllable if they are used as nouns or Word Stress
aqjectives and on the second syllable ifthey are used as verbs.
There are some important rules regarding word stress in English which are listed in
this unit.

6.10 KEY WORDS

- --

Syllable : a word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound

or a consonant acting as a vowel. e.g. button 1'bh.tnl
has two syllables.
Monosyllable : a word which has only one syllable.
Polysyllable : a word which has three or more syllable.
Stress : the degree of force put on a part of a word, making it
seem stronger than other parts.
Primary stress : (also called primary accent): the strongest force given
in speech to part of a compound or a long word (shown
in this unit by the mark / ' I).
Secondary stress : (also called secondary accent) the next to the
strongest force given in speech to part of a compound
or a long word (shown in this unit by the mark/, 1).
: an affix that is placed at the end of a word.

I 6.11 SOME USEFUL BOOKS

Balasubramanian. T ( 198 1 , 1987) A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian
Students, Macmil Ian India Ltd.
Bansal, R.K.and J .B. Harrison (1 983) Spoken English for India, Orient Longman,
t
i 2ndedition.

CIEFL (1 974), Exercises in Spoken English, Part I : Accent, Rhythm and

Intonation.

i 6.12 ANSWERS
1 Check Your Progress 1
Phonetics and Phonology-2 Check Your Progress 2
1) a'bide a'cross
3) ad'dress 'ancient
5) ar'rive 'artery
7) af'fection 'atmosphere
9) at'tempt be'have
1 1) be'haviour 'broadcast
13) 'bubble 'bucket
I burglar
15) ,chimpanlzee
17) 'carbon I chapter

19) ,conso'lation con'tain

2 1) 'cradle dic'tator
Ifamily
23) ,engilneer
25) fa'miliar fra'ternal
27) 'gamble 'gentle
29) 'hasty 'hatred
3 1) 'honour 'honourable
33) 'humour 'humorous
I kingdom
35) ljackal
37) 'knowledge 'knowledgeable
39) 'lethargy le'thargic
4 1) 'moment 'momentary
43) mo'notony 'natural
45) no'torious o'riginal
47) ,oppor'tunity prel pare
49) ,prepalration re'late
5 1) re'lation 'relative
53) 'restaurant ro'bust
55) 'satisfy ,satis'faction
57) se'lect se'lection
59) 'table trans'late
Check Your Progress 3
1. 1) ,ediltorial pro'fession
3) 'learner e'dition
 Word Stress
5) 'clarify 'usefulness
7) 'teacher ,presen'tation
inItelligi1bility
,edu'cation
13) de'velopment ac'tivity
15) ,practilcality a'vailable
17) au'thentic in'corporate
19) un'fortunately 'section

2. 1) 'abdomen ab'dominal
2) ac'cept ac'ceptance a~~cepta'bility
3) 'accident ,accildental ,accildentally
4) ad'vance ad'vancement
5) ad'vantage ,advanltageous
6) 'beauty 'beautiful
Ibaptism
7) bap'tize
8) 'bounty 'bountiful
9) be'have be'haviour
10) 'capable capa'bil ity
1 1) 'capital capi'talize
12) con'fess con'fession

i
13) con'nect con'nection

I
14) 'crucify ,cruci'fixion
I

15) de'part de'parture

I
i
1 6)

1 7)
'discipline
dis'close
,disciplilnarian
dis'closure
1 1 8) e'stabl is11 e'stablishment
i 19) for'give for'giveness
20) 'honour 'honourable 'honourably
2 1) 'human hu'manity
II
22) 'liable ,lia1bi1ity
23) mo'notony mo'notonous
24) 'nation 'national
Phonetics and Phonology-2 Check Your Progress 4
1 1) 'absent 2) ab'sented
3) 'bartered 4) 'channel
5) com'bined 6) com'manded
7) con'tent 8) con'tented
9) 'content 10) 'detail
1 1) 'export 12) 'forecast
13) mis'takes 14) per'mit
15) pro'duced 16) 'produce
17) re'cord 1 8) 'record
19) ad'dress 20) ad'dress
Check Your Progress 5

1) Rule 5:Words ending in the suffix - ion have the primary stress on the syllable
immediately preceding the suffix. (lintro'duction)

2) Rule 1 :Words with weak prefixes have the stress on the root and not on the
prefix. (ac'company)

3) Rule 5:Words ending in the suffix - ity have the primary stress on the syllable
immediately preceding the suffix. (,unilversity)

4) Rule 5:Words ending in the suffix - ic have the primary stress on the syllable
immediately preceding the suffix (ar'tistic)

5) Rule 4:The suffix - ese has stress on itself (journal'ese).