NOTES IN COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

UNIT 1

BASIC TERMS
1. Comparative Criminology - it is the study of the social occurrences of crime among societies, in order to
identify differences and similarities in the patterns of crime.
2. Comparative Criminal Justice - the aim is to compare and contrast our ways of responding to crime with
those practiced elsewhere.
3. Comparative Police System – the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system
to another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing.
4. Globalization - is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas
and authority. Alison Brysk in a digest paper stated that Globalization is the growing inter-penetration of
states, markets, communications and ideas. It is one of the leading characteristics of the contemporary
world.
5. Transnational crimes - crimes that are not only international but crimes that by their nature involve border
crossing as an essential part of the criminal activity. The term covers not only offenses committed in more
than one State, but also those that take place in one State but are planned or controlled in another.

GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

WHAT ARE THE EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT???????
1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
2. There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organizations in the world is vital.
3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare
them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrimes.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
The following are the transnational crimes being experienced here in the Philippines:

1. HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING

Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons,
by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of
power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of
a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a
minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

Modus operandi of illegal recruitment

 Tourist Worker Scheme – workers leave the country as tourists but are actually leaving for employment
abroad.
 Escort Services – workers are “escorted” at the airports and seaports and allowed to leave even without the
required travel documents
 Blind Ads– advertisements for overseas employment published in the dailies do not indicate the name of
the recruiter but provides a P.O. Box to which applications may be submitted
 By Correspondence– applicants are encouraged to submit their requirements through mail together with
seemingly minimal fee.
 Backdoor Exit– workers leave through the southern ports of exit where immigration control is lax. They
usually leave on cargo ships or on boats.
 Assumed identity – workers leave under another name either using the name of another worker or through
the “baklas system” or obtaining passports through fake birth certificates and other documents. Minors are
usually deployed through this scheme.
 Direct hiring– workers are recruited directly by the foreign employer and deployed either as tourists or
through any of the other illegal means.
 Trainee-Worker Scheme – workers are recruited and deployed as trainees on a training agreement.
More often, HRM students leaving in the guise of a traineeship program for hotels abroad but eventually
landing jobs in hotels/restaurants abroad.
 Visa Assistance or Immigration Consultancy Scheme– entities operating under the guise of consultancy or
offering services for visa facilitation are actually engaged in recruitment by offering placement abroad on
immigrant visa. Some of them also operate through the conduct of orientation seminars, which are actually
recruiting activities.
 Camouflaged participants/representatives in seminars/sports events – workers leave as participants in
seminars or sports events abroad but actually intend to work there.
 Mail Order Bride Scheme – marriage is arranged by brokers between Filipino women and foreigners. The
Filipino wife ends up being a domestic helper to her husband and his family or in worst situations abroad.
 Tie-Up or Kabit System – unlicensed recruiters tie-up with licensed agencies and recruit workers through
the facilities of the latter. Workers are either deployed under the job order of the licensed agency but
actually work for another employer abroad or the foreign principal of the unlicensed recruiter is
 registered or accredited under the licensed agency’s name.
 Adoption of Children to smuggle out of the country;
 Foreigners will pretend to adopt them; but the reality, they will be sold to: labor markets and prostitution
dens

Under Section 6 of Republic Act No. 9208, Qualified Trafficking in Persons is being defined under the
following instances:
a. When the trafficked person is a child;
b. When the adoption is effected through Republic Act No. 8043, otherwise known as the "Inter-Country
Adoption Act of 1995" and said adoption is for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
c. When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in large scale. Trafficking is deemed committed by a
syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring or confederating with one
another. It is deemed committed in large scale if committed against three (3) or more persons, individually
or as a group;
d. When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian or a person who exercises authority over the
trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a public officer or employee;
e. When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in prostitution with any member of the military or law
enforcement agencies;
f. When the offender is a member of the military or law enforcement agencies; and
g. When by reason or on occasion of the act of trafficking in persons, the offended party dies, becomes insane,
suffers mutilation or is afflicted with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Take note that Smuggling of migrants shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a
national or a permanent resident.

2. ARMS SMUGGLING
Also known as gunrunning, this is the trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons and ammunition into a
country and avoid declaring it to customs officials and paying the associated taxes (tariff). The trafficking of
firearms is unlike many of the other forms of trafficking discussed in this report because firearms are durable
goods. Unlike drugs, rhino horn, or counterfeit pharmaceuticals, a well maintained AK-47 will last indefinitely.
As a result, there is little need for a continuous contraband flow. Trafficking tends to be episodic, often from an
established stockpile to a region descending into crisis. In addition, the modern pistol or assault rifle represents a
“mature technology,” so current weapons holders do not need to regularly update their stock to remain competitive.

Two categories of arms smuggling are: firearms for crime and firearms for conflict.

3. MONEY LAUNDERING
Covered transaction is a transaction in cash or other equivalent monetary instrument involving a total
amount in excess of five hundred thousand pesos within one day. Suspicious transactions are transactions, regardless
of amount, where any of the following circumstance exists:
 the amount involved is not commensurate with the business or financial capacity of the client
 any circumstance relating to the transaction which is observed to deviate from the profile of the client
and/or the client’s past transactions with the covered institution.
 the transaction is in any way related to an unlawful activity or any money laundering activity or offense
under the AMLA, as amended, is being or has been committed

The proceeds are laundered by series of processes, by submitting these as clean or legitimate:
1. Placement – is the depositing of funds in financial institution or the conversion of cash into negotiable
instrument.
2. Layering – it involves wire transfer of funds through a series of account in attempt to hide the funds’ true
origin.
3. Integration – it involves the movement of layered funds which no longer traceable to therein criminal
origin into the financial world where they are mixed with funds of legitimate origin these are done in
various ways, often through legal businesses that the criminal groups or individual own.

4. CYBERCRIME
“Cybercrime” has been used to describe a wide range of offences, including offences against computer data
and systems (such as “hacking”), computer-related forgery and fraud (such as “phishing”), content offences (such as
disseminating child pornography), and copyright offences (such as the dissemination of pirated content).

In the Philippine legislation, the act of crybercrime is being punished under Republic Act No. 10175 and
the following are punishable acts under this law (Section 4):
A. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems:
1. Illegal Access. - The access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right.
2. Illegal Interception. - The interception made by technical means without right of any non-
public transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system including
electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such computer data.
3. Data Interference. - The intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration
of oomputer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right, including
the introduction or transmission of viruses.
4. System Interference. - The intentional alteration or reckless hindering or interference with the
functioning of a computer or computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging,
deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data or program, electronic
document, or electronic data message, without right or authority, including the introduction or
transmission of viruses.
5. Misuse of Devices
- The use, production, sale, procurement, importation, distribution, or otherwise
making available, without right, of:
o A device, including a computer program, designed or adapted primarily
for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act; or
o A computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole
or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with
intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses
under this Act.
- The possession of an item referred to in paragraphs 5 (i)(aa) or (bb) above with intent
to use said devices for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this
Section.
6. Cyber·squatting. - The acquisition of a domain name over the internet in bad faith to profit,
mislead, destroy reputation, and deprive others from registering the same, if such a domain
name is:
- Similar, identical, or confusingly similar to an existing trademark registered with
the appropriate government agency at the time of the domain name registration;
- Identical or in any way similar with the name of a person other than the registrant. in
case of a personal name; and
- Acquired without right or with intellectual property interests in it.

B. Computer.related Offenses:
1. Computer.related Forgery
(i) The input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data without right resulting in inauthentic
data with the intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes as if it were authentic regardless
whether or not the data is directly readable and intelligible; or

(ii) The act of knowingly using computer data; which is the product of computer·related forgery as
defined herein for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design.

2. Computer· related Fraud. - The unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or
interference in the functioning. of a computer system. causing damage thereby with fraudulent intent
3. Computer-related Identity Theft. - The intentional acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession) alteration
or deletion of identifying information belonging to another, whether natural or juridical, without right

C. Content-related Offenses:
1. Cybersex. - The willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any
lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor or
consideration .
2. Child Pornography. - The unlawful or prohibited acts defined and punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or
the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, committed through a computer system.
3. Unsolicited Commercial Communications. - The transmission of commercial electronic communication
with the use of computer system which seek to advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services are
prohibited unless:
(i) There is prior affirmative consent from the recipient; or
(ii) The primary intent of the communication is for service and/or
administrative announcements from the sender to its existing users, subscribers or customers; or
(iii) The following conditions are present:
(aa) The commercial electronic communication contains a simple,
valid, and reliable way for the recipient to reject receipt of further
commercial electronic messages (opt-out) from the same source;
(bb) The commercial electronic communication does not
purposely disguise the source of the electronic message; and
(cc) The commercial electronic communication does not
purposely include misleading information in any part of the
 message in order to induce the recipients to read the message.
4. Libel. - The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended, co=itted through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the
future.

5. PROSTITUTION
Organized crime’s involvement in sex as a business has changed with the times. House prostitution
(whorehouses or bordellos) was an important social phenomenon during the days of large-scale immigration;
immigrants were most often unattached males, single or traveling without their wives (Light 1977). Commercial sex,
usually confined to infamous vice (“red light”) districts in urban areas, was a target of social and religious reformers.
The campaign against this activity became known as the war on the “white slavery” trade, which at the turn of the
century was an international problem. Organized crime members may organize or finance or be involved in an
extortionate relationship with the proprietors of commercial sex establishments, ranging from brothels to bars that
feature sexually explicit entertainment.

Prostitution is an act or practice of engaging in sex acts for hire. “To prostitute” is derived from the two
Latin words: (preposition) pro and (verb) stature. A literal translation would mean to expose, to place up front.
Prostitution is sometimes referred to as “one of the world’s oldest profession”.

Terms used in Prostitution

1. Whore –derived from the old English Hora which means desire.
2. Commercial Sex Worker/ Sex Trade Worker –used to remove the stigma.
3. Hooker/ Streetwalker -solicits customers in public places.
4. Call girl –makes appointments by call.
5. Gigolos –males offering services to females.
6. Hustlers or Rent Boys –those offering services to males.
7. Pimps ‘male”, Madam “female” –organizers of prostitution.
8. Procuresses/ Procurers –in charge or recruiting prostitutes.
9. John/ Tricks –customers, used in North America.
10. Punters –Customers, British Isles.
11. Streetwalkers –using the street to solicit customers. (Abadinsky, 2007; FBI.Gov.)

Types Of Prostitution
Brothels, Bordello, Whorehouse, Cathouse, Knocking Shop, and General Houses are terms referring to
establishments used for prostitution. Prostitution also occurs in different places like massage parlors, some barber
shops where sexual services maybe offered as a secondary function of the premises. “Prostitutes are immigrants or
tourists who were kidnapped during their travel or upon leaving the plane and usually they are women who have no
company or single women travelling alone.”

1. Escort Prostitution- the act takes place at the customer’s residence or at his or her hotel room (referred to as
Out Call) or at the escort’s residence or in the hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort “called In
Call”. This form of prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of escort agencies, who ostensibly supply
attractive escorts for different occasions which they do not claim.
2. Lot Lizard is a special case of street prostitution. Iot lizard mainly serves those who are in the trucking
industry at truck stops or in the stopping centers.
3. Street prostitution – prostitutes obtain customers while walking or at street corner called as ‘The track”.
They are usually dressed in skimpy seductive clothing regardless of the weather. Servicing the
customer is described as “turning tricks”. Street prostitution is often motivated by drug addiction and is
sometimes referred to as “Crack Whores, junkie whores”. Sociologist refers to those who trade sex for
drugs as “Skeezers” and statistics finds out a strong correlation between the prostitution and price of
cocaine.
4. Sex Tourism – The UN World Tourism Organization defines Sex Tourism as trip organized from within the
tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with primary purpose of
effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at destination.

5. TERRORISM
Terrorism is extremely difficult to define because, as the Terrorism Research Center (USA) notes, “One
man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter.” The center defined terrorism as “the use of force or violence against
persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion or even ransom.” The FBI
defined terrorism as “the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” (28
Code of Federal Regulations Section 0.85).

Another US definition states that terrorism is “the calculated use of violence (direct) or threat (indirect) of
violence to attain goals that are political, religious, ideological through intimidation, coercion or instilling fear.
Anyone can be the target of terrorism.

Most of the definition of terrorism have commonalities in the sense that it includes the systematic use of
physical violence, either actual or threatened, against noncombatants to create a climate of fear to cause some
religious, political or social change.

PROFILES OF TERRORIST
According to Frederick Hacker, he suggested three categories of persons who commit acts of terrorism
namely: crazies, criminals and crusaders.
1. Crazies – these are emotionally disturbed individuals who are driven to commit terrorism by reason of
their own that often do not make sense to anybody else.
2. Criminals – they perform terrorist acts for more easily understood reasons: personal gain.
3. Crusaders – these terrorists seek not personal gain but prestige and power for a collective cause.

• National terrorist – used to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by
clandestine groups.
• Transnational terrorist – terrorists who operates across national borders, whose actions and political
aspirations may affect individual of more than one nationality.
• International terrorist – terrorist who are controlled by and whose actions represents the national interest
of a sovereign state.

TYPOLOGY OF TERRORISM
In broader sense, there are two types of terrorism; the Internal Terrorism and External Terrorism. Internal
terrorism is practiced by the state against its own people. External terrorism is practiced by one state against citizens
of another. In narrower sense, according to the book of Dr. Garcia entitled “Organized Crime Investigation”, there
are three types of terrorism:
1. Anti-colonial terrorism - this type of terrorism known in modern bureaucratic language as asymmetric
warfare used by European colonies as tactic, targeting colonial administrators, foreign nationals and nations
sympathetic to colonial powers.
2. Ideological terrorism - ideological terrorists used rhetoric of anti-colonialism, but their targets were the
economies and social symbols of Western Democracies.
3. Religious terrorism - in 1974, Paul Wilkinson in his book “Political Terrorism”, identified three forms of
terrorism:
 Criminal – terrorist simply engaged in all types of crime since they recognize no law
 Political – focused more on ideology of a particular group
 State repression – refers to a government using terror to keep citizen in line
 Ideological revolutionary terrorism – focuses on violence to change a political system
 Nationalistic terrorism – emphasizes the ethnic structure of a government over its
ideological underpinnings.
 State sponsored – terrorist groups is being sponsored or supplied by the government of that
particular country.

OTHER TYPOLOGY OF TERRORISM

1. Domestic terrorism - this type of terrorism is an internal affair and at least in theory less open to the
involvement of other nations or states.
2. International terrorism – international terrorism will usually include situations that involve a target in
another country attacked by a group from another, thus creating a situation in which more than one
government is involved.

DIFFERENT TERRORIST METHOD OF OPERATIONS

Terrorists have employed a variety of techniques in furtherance of their cause. Here are some of their
methods of operation in committing acts of terrorism:
1. Bombing
2. Armed attack
3. Kidnapping
4. Arson
5. Assault
6. Genocide
7. Utilization of Weapon of Mass Destruction

UNIT 2

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (ICPO – INTERPOL)

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police cooperation even where
diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken
within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

INTERPOL is not a police force. It is the machinery for the international

police cooperation and communication. Recently, there are 193 member countries.

COMPOSITION OF INTERPOL
• General Assembly
• Executive Committee
• General Secretariat
• National Central Bureaus
• Advisers
• The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files

1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

INTERPOL's supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each
member country. The assembly take all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finance,
activities and programs.

The General Assembly is composed of delegates appointed by the governments of member countries. As
INTERPOL's supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general
policy, the resources needed for international cooperation, working methods, finances and programs of activities. It
also elects the Organization's Executive Committee.

2. THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

This 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly and comprises the president. Three vice-
presidents and nine delegates. The Executive Committee is INTERPOL's select deliberative organ which meets three
times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.

3. THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT

The General Secretariat, based on Lyon, France is the permanent administrative headquarters. It coordinates
the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records and organizes
regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work.

The General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General.
Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization's four official languages:
Spanish, Arabic, French and English. The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world: in Argentina,
Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the
United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.

4. THE NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)

The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member
countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives. Each
INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers.

5. THE ADVISERS
These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.

6. THE COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL'S FILES (CCF)

This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
• To ensure that the processing of personal information by the INTERPOL complies with the
organization's regulations.
 • To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information.
• To process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files.

INTERPOL'S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

A. Secure Global Police Communications Service
What is the I-24/7?
The I-24/7 system was created in January 2003 and is an enhanced communication service and an
innovative, user-friendly tool for international law enforcement. Information about suspected individuals and groups
and their activities is exchanged between INTERPOL's member countries and its General Secretariat in a fast,
reliable and secure manner.

B. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

INTERPOL had developed broad range of global databases, incorporating key information such as names
of criminals and suspected individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, requests for wanted persons, lost
and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles and weapons related to criminal cases.

The information contained in these databases can be critical to assisting member countries in the event of
terrorist incident or related investigations. Analysis of the information associated with these databases is also
extremely beneficial in achieving positive results in fighting and investigating terrorism cases.

1. ASF STOLEN/LOST TRAVEL DOCUMENTS (SLTD) DATABASE - This database has subsequently
proven to be an effective tool for intercepting such individuals when attempting to cross borders.
2. AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS) - Throught the INTERPOL
AFIS Expert Working Group (IAEWG), INTERPOL promotes the use of standards for the capture, storage
and transmission of fingerprints electronically.
3. DNA - The objective of the INTERPOL DNA unit is to ultimately provide strategic and technical support
to enhance member states' DNA profiling capacity and promote its widespread use in the international law
enforcement environment.
4. STOLEN VEHICLE DATABASE - The INTERPOL General Secretariat developed the Automated
Search Facility Stolen Motor Vehicle (ASF-SMV) database to support police in member countries in the
fight against international vehicle theft and trafficking.
5. IweTS - It is a tool which will provide member states with the capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are
seized through law enforcement investigations and activities in their countries.
6. INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS TO ACCESS INTERPOL'S DATABASE – FIND/MIND - A new
Integrated Solutions to allow for instant access for example to tis database on stolen and lost travel
documents.
7. INTERPOL MONEY LAUNDERING AUTOMATED SEARCH SERVICE (IMLASS) - This will
assist anti-money laundering and terrorism financing investigators and analysts throughout the world to
automatically compare suspected money laundering and terrorism financing-related queries against
database records submitted by INTERPOL's 193 member countries.
8. BORDER AND PORTS SECURITY CENTER - The goal of the Center will be to increase security at
borders and all points of entry by supporting member countries in the monitoring, prevention and
investigation of fraudulent and illegal activities in these areas.

C. Operational Police Support Services

It makes available INTERPOL know-how, expertise and best practices to all authorities, services and
organizations world-wide, whose mission is to prevent detect and suppresss different crimes.

1. INTERPOL's Command and Coordination Center (CCC) - This operates aroud the clock in each of
INTERPOL's four official languages. The CCC serves as the first point of contact for any member country
faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation.
2. Incident Response Team - In the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident, the affected member
country often request INTERPOL's support in the form of an Incident Response Team (IRT). The IRT
consist of on-site specialized personnel who are able to provide investigative and analytical support directly
from the incident location. As a result of the circumstantial elements, INTERPOL evaluates the situation
and assists member countries in determining the police requirements needed to further provide specific
support, expertise and information.
3. INTERPOL Network of Experts - The objective of this strategy is to enable, at the request of a member
country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon short notice, to any location in the world where
there is appropriate need, with the team maintaining direct links to the Command and Communication
Center at all times.
4. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Center - The main objective of the center is to identify
responsible units and relevant experts in countries where vulnerable target protection strategies have
already been developed and have this contact information available in order tobring those with relevant
 expertise together with those who are in need of such information.
5. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams - An important objective of this strategy is to help member
countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or disruptive action during major events and to subsequently
manage the consequences of such incidents.
6. The INTERPOL Notices System - An INTERPOL Notice or International Notice is issued by the
INTERPOL to share information between its members. Bsaed on requests from NCB, the General
Secretariat produces notices in all of the organization's official languages. In addition, notices are used by
the International Criminal Tribunals and International Criminal Court to seek persons wanted for genocide,
war crimes and crimes against humanity. There are eigth types of notices, seven of which are known by
their colors:

RED NOTICE
To seek the arrest or provisional arrest
of wanted persons with a view to extradition

BLUE NOTICE
To collect additional information
about a person's identity or
activities in relation to a crime

GREEN NOTICE
To provide warnings and criminal intelligence
about persons who have committed criminal
offenses and are likely to repeat these
crimes in other countries

YELLOW NOTICE
To help locate missing persons often minors
or to help identify persons who are unable
to identify themselves

BLACK NOTICE
To seek information on unidentified bodies.

ORANGE NOTICE
To warn police, public entities and other
international organizations about
potential threats from disguised weapons,
parcel bombs and other dangerous materials.

PURPLE NOTICE
To provide information on modus operandi,
procedures, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.

INTERPOL – United Nations Special Notice

Issued for groups and individuals who are the
targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban

7. The Fusion Task Force (FTF) - The primary objective is to identify members of criminal groups involved
in iternational terrorist activity through the establishment of a network of law enforcement contact officers.
 8. Criminal Analysis Unit - It contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at the General
Secretariat and in member countries by conducting research and analysis of crime trends. The service
includes collection, analysis, evaluation, exchange and storage of information which INTERPOL's HQ
receives from its member countries.

D. Training and Development

It plays a key role in INTERPOL's overall mission to promote international police cooperation. The aim is
to help officials in INTERPOL's 193 member countries to improve their operational effectiveness, enhance their
skills and build their capacity to address the ncreasingly globalized and sophisticated nature of criminality today.

INTERPOL Manila
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
2nd Floor, PNP Computer Service Bldg.
Camp Crame, Quezon City 1111
Philippines

National Central Bureau – INTERPOL Manila

The NCB-INTERPOL Manila traces its beginnings in 1961 when the Philippines became a member of the
ICPO-INTERPOL, with the National Bureau of Investigation as its focal point. Since then, the NCB-INTERPOL
Manila has undergone changes, which enable it to confront the challenges of the times. In compliance thereto, the
President of the Philippines issued Memorandum Order No. 62 on February 15 1993 designating the Philippine
National Police as the INTERPOL National Central Bureau for the Philippines, with the Chief, PNP as its current
chairman.

Mission and Function of NCB-INTERPOL Manila

INTERPOL Manila is an integral part of the PCTC. It serves sa the office and main coordinating body for
international police cooperation against transnational crimes representing all law enforcement agencies in the
Philippines. In the accomplishment of its mission, NCB-INTERPOL Manila has the following functions:
1. Monitor and coordinate all activities of all law enforcement agencies relative to transnational
crime committed against or affecting the Philippines.
2. Maintain records and minutes of all meetings of NCB-INTERPOL Manila.
3. Operate and maintain the operation center of NCB-INTERPOL Manila as the focal point for
international cooperation against transnational crimes for all law enforcement agencies in the
Philippines.
4. The NCB-INTERPOL Manila also functions as a sub-committee of the NALECC for the
monitoring of the sensitive activities of the latter.

NCB-INTERPOL Manila works around the clock and uses English as its main working language.

THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations It was founded in 1945 after World War II to stop wars between countries, and to
provide a platform for dialogue to achieve world peace. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined and was the
first to use the name "United Nations", in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during Second
World War. An international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law ,
international security , economic development , social progress , human rights, and achievement of world peace . It
was founded in October 24, 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations , to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. The United Nations Headquarters resides in international
territory in New York City , with further main offices at Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna.

PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF UN
• General Assembly
▪ May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the UNSC (not a
Parliament)decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC adopts the
budget.
▪ Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC, all members of ECOSOC, on the proposal of the
UNSC the UN Secretary General, and the 15 judges of the ICJ
▪ When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present
and voting is required

• Security Council
▪ It is charged with maintenance of peace and security among countries.
▪ The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.
▪ The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent members–China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States–and 10 non-permanent members.
▪ The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the General
Assembly on a regional basis.
 ▪ The presidency of the Security Council is rotated alphabetically each month.

• Secretariat
▪ Headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide.
▪ It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings.
It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN
Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.
▪ The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesperson and
leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan
in 2007 and has been elected for a second term to conclude at the end of 2016

QUALIFICATIONS OF UN PEACEKEEPERS
Professional Category
• High degree of analytical skills
• Communication skills
• Substantive expertise and/or managerial leadership ability
• Applicants are required to have a first level university degree from an accredited university or
institution
• An advanced degree may be required for some functions, as specified in the Vacancy
Announcement.
• A combination of relevant academic qualifications and extensive experience may be accepted in
lieu of the advanced university degree.

UN SPECIAL ACTION TEAM (UNSAT)

• AGE REQUIREMENT - Must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon actual
deployment.

• RANK REQUIREMENT
- For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): PSINSP
- For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): PO3
All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks.

• SERVICE REQUIREMENT - Minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding cadetship, officer
orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)

• PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT - Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the PNP
DHRDD, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations.

• SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED

Computer Literacy Requirement
Driving Proficiency Requirement

• UNIT RECOMMENDATION REQUIREMENT - Must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command

Group or Directors of their respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional
Offices).

OTHER REQUIREMENTS
1. Must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very Satisfactory
evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters
2. Must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary reasons.
3. Must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no pending
administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
4. No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those covered
by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases.
 UNIT 3

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

Schneider (2001), summarized the various theories that existed with empirical support (Garcia, 2011):
• The first theory, which might be called alertness to crime theory, is that as a nation develops, people's
alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime to police and demand the police to become more
effective in solving crimes.
• The second theory, which might be called as the economic or migration theory, is that crime everywhere is
the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
• The third theory, opportunity theory, is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
• The fourth theory, called demographic theory, is based on the event when a greater number of children are
being born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis.
• The fifth theory, deprivation theory, holds that progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don't see themselves rising fast enough.
• The sixth theory, modernization theory, sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
• The seventh theory, the theory of anomie and synomie, suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result
in the disintegration of older that once held people together.

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS

It is the consensus of experts that there are four types of criminal justice systems in the world:
1. Common law systems are also known as the Anglo-American Justice and exist in most English-speaking
countries of the world, such s the US, England, Australia and New Zealand. They are distinguished by a
strong adversarial system are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent. They primarily rely
upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.
2. Civil law systems are also known as Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice and practiced
throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany,
France and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to
the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. Romano-Germanic
systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a respect for tradition and custom. The
sovereigns or leaders of a civil law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law
nation that nobody is above the law.
3. Socialist system is also known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in many places such as Africa and
Asia, where there had been a Communist revolution. They are distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate expression
of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It also
primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions. For
example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law. Law is the same as
policy and an orthodox Marxist view is that eventually, the law is not necessary.
4. Islamic system is also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all their procedures and practices
from interpretation of the Quran. There are exceptions however various tribes are descendants of the
Ancient Greeks and practice Urff Law rather than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in
general are characterized by the absence of the positive law and are based more on the concept of natural
justice. Most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule are combined.

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

THE US POLICE DEPARTMENT
Policing in the US is divided into four broad categories: federal, state, county and municipal agencies. Each
branch of law enforcement has been created to enforce a specific set of laws within a specific geographical area.
This means that they key to understanding which law enforcement has the authority to respond to a crime is two-
fold. First, one must determine which government unit prohibits the acts. For example, homicide is an act that is
prohibited at the state level. So, as a general rule, only law enforcement agencies with authority to enforce state laws
may investigate the crime of homicide and murder. Second, one must look at the place where the criminal act
occurred. If the murder occurred in Alabama, the Alabama authorities will be responsible in investigating the crime.

FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

 Police officers that work for the national government are generally called federal police officers. These
police officers enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the US Congress and signed into law by the
president. They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws within
the specific area they are hired to protect. Police agencies that hire federal police officers include the White
House Police, Capitol Police, Supreme Court Police and Park Police. Each of these police agencies has
specific responsibilities.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation is probably the best known of the federal law enforcement agencies.
The FBI is under the US DOJ. This agency is not a police agency, instead it investigates matters involving
violations of federal law including civil rights violations, espionage, treason, bank robbery of federally
insured institution, serious crime that crosses state lines and terrorism. The FBI is estimated to have more
than 12,000 agents employed primarily in the United States.

The FBI investigates:

• Terrorism.
• Counterintelligence.
• Cybercrime.
• Public corruption.
• Civil rights.
• Organized crime.
• White collar crime.
• Violent crimes and major thefts.

 The US Marshals Service is the nation's oldest federal law enforcement agency. Marshals serve to protect
federal judicial officials, maintain security in federal courthouses, and protect the safety of the witnesses in
federal trials who are endangered by testifying. The US Marshals also track down fugitives from justice
from across the world, transport federal prisoners who needs to be moved across jurisdictions and maintain
detention facilities for unsentenced prisoners.

OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES

1. THE SECRET SERVICE – two primary missions:
 protect all living current and former US president and their families
 controlling counterfeiting
2. BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS AND EXPLOSIVES - Assist in controlling the
sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms and explosives.
3. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION - the federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.
Agents of the DEA primarily carry out their responsibilities by assisting local and state authorities in
investigating illegal drug use and drug trafficking. They also work with foreign governments to reduce the
amount of illegal drugs entering the US, as well as operate independent investigations into drug crime.

STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - All 50 states have state police agencies. Generally, there are two
models of state police agencies. Some states like New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan have single State Police
Department that is responsible for both traffic and criminal investigative responsibilities. Both responsible for
patrolling state turnpikes and highways and for investigating criminal offenses.

COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - The third level of policing occurs at the county level and
typically involves an elected sheriff and appointed deputies. A few states may forego the title of the sheriff and
maintain a county police department.

MUNICIPAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - Those police departments created to serve an incorporated
city, town, village or borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order.

GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS:
1. Must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. and if necessary a college degree or served in the United
States military without a dishonorable discharge;
2. Must have a valid driver's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history
of being suspended or revoked;
3. Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism ;
 4. Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness;
5. Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm .

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE

Australia is a federal state; it has only one police force for each of its six states as well as for the Northern
Territory. There is also a commonwealth agency known as the Australian Federal Police which provides police
services for the Australian Capital Territory. The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and
investigating crimes against the commonwealth. It was established by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under
the Home Affairs Ministry, a responsibility of the minister for Home Affairs.

THE RANK OF THE AFP:

Commissioned Ranks
 Commissioner
 Deputy Commissioner
 Assistant Commissioner
 Commander
 Superintendent
 Inspector

Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks

 Senior Sergeant
 Sergeant

Non-Commissioned Ranks
 Senior Constable
 Constable
 Probationary Constable

THE GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS:

1. Australian citizen at the time of application.
2. Over 18 and there is no upper age limit applicant is fit and able to perform policing duties.
3. Minimum educational requirement is year 12 certificate. Tertiary qualifications are desirable but
not essential.
4. A holder of a valid manual driver’s license.
5. No height requirement for AFP recruits people of all shapes and sizes.

OPERATIONAL PRIORITIES
The AFP organization structure focuses on eight key national functions and provides a higher level of mational
coordination and support to operational areas. The key national functions are:
• Serious and Organized Crime.
• Crime Operations.
• Intelligence.
• International Deployment Group.
• Counter Terrorism.
• Protection.
• Aviation.
• High Tech Crime Operations.

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is organized under the authority of the RCMP Act. In accordance
with the Act, it is headed by the Commissioner, who is under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada,
has the control and management of the Force and all matters concerning therewith. The Force is divided into 15
divisions, plus HQ, Ottawa. Each division is managed by a Commanding Officer and is alphabetically designated.
Air and Marine services supply support to the divisions, RCMP Depot Division (Training Academy) is located in
Regina, Saskatchewan and the Canadian Police College is located in Ottawa, Ontario.

POLICING IN GERMANY
Policing in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states. Each of the sixteen states of Germany has its own
police organization. Police forces for each state are controlled by the INTERIOR MINISTRY. Within each laender
are several kinds of police such as:
1. Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to municipal police. They are the first to arrive at
the crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law enforcement and simple
investigation.
 2. Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigations and
situations that require developing a case against a suspect.
3. Alert Police or Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo) are actually officefs-in-training living in barracks,
but they serve as civil order police when the situation arises.
4. Verkehrspolizei - The traffic police in Germany.
5. Autobahnpolizei - The highway patrol in Germany. In some states the Autobahnpolizei is a
sub division of the Verkehrspolizei department.
6. Wasserschutzpolizei (WSP) - The river police for patrolling rivers, lakes and harbours.

The German federal gov’t also has some police agencies as its disposal. FEDERAL BORDER POLICE
(Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) under the Interior Ministry which is in charge for border control, sea patrol, air port
and railroad security. (SPECIAL GROUP 9) They may also assist in major civil disturbances beyond the scope of
the Laender police. Included on the BGS is a special task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9) that handles terrorist
incidents.

The federal police of Germany are known as the BUNDESPOLIZEI which acts as Federal Ministry of
Interior's subordinate in the country. Apart from the federal police, Germany also has police force working under the
state governments and handling the state operations. These police forces are known as LANDESPOLIZEI. The
ranks and designations in both these police forces are organized in heirarchical manner and are referrred as Police
hierarchy in Germany. The major law enforcing body of the country is LANDESPOLIZEI which handles major
police activities. For efficient working, this police force is subdivided into various departments which handle the
security operations categorically. One branch is responsible for street patrolling and emergency call responses; one is
involved in handling the traffic issues, one in handling highway security and patrolling, etc.

QUALIFICATIONS DURING RECRUITMENT:

Career of policing usually starts at the age of sixteen or seventeen (16-17).
First 2 ½ -3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training. A large part of this training
focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional school subjects, the law and the law enforcement.
Applicants must be a citizen of Germany
BGS requires female candidates be no shorter than 163 cm and 165 cm for male candidates. The height
maximum for the BGS is 195 cm.
All applicants are also required to undergo a physical examination by an authorized police physician to
determine their physical suitability to serve.
Any person that has been "punished in court" is ineligible to become a member of the BGS.
In 2011, the age limit for middle executives is 27 years of age. Top level police executives is 31 years of
age when they are recruited to join the BGS.
Applicants should have the ability to communicate in English as well as German. General knowledge of
any additional languages is an asset for any applicant.

BELGIUM
Law enforcement in Belgium is conducted by an integrated police service structured on the federal and
local levels, made up of the Federal Police and the Local Police. Both forces are autonomous and subordinate to
different authorities, but linked in regard to reciprocal support, recruitment, manpower mobility and common
training. The three former police forces, the municipal police, the national law enforcement service
(Rijkswacht/Gendarmerie) and the judicial police (assigned to the offices of the public prosecutors) gave way to an
integrated police service structured on two levels.

FEDERAL POLICE in BELGIUM - The federal police (Dutch: Federale Politie) is in charge of both specialized
and supralocal law enforcement operations and specialized criminal investigation operations. The force is also
tasked with delivering support to the local police forces. The federal police consists of approximately 12,300
personnel members (civilian and operational staff).

The federal police is led by a general commissioner, a senior officer who holds the rank of
chief superintendent. He or she heads the general commissioner's office. This office is responsible for management,
strategy and policy of the federal police; ensuring the functioning of the integrated police (by coordinating with local
police forces); coordinating and supporting the federal police units; internal and external communication and
international cooperation. It is composed of the:
 directorate of police strategy
 directorate of international police cooperation
 directorate of communication
 directorate of well-being
 13 decentralized coordination and support directorates (CSD) (spread over the 12 judicial districts)
intervention corps (CIK) (spread over the 13 CSD's)

POLICING IN ITALY – CARABINIERI AND POLIZIA DE STATO

 The Carabinieri(formally Arma dei Carabinieri, "Arm of Carabineers"or previously Corpo dei
Carabinieri, "Corps of Carabiniers" is the national gendarmerie of Italy, policing both military and civilian
populations. It originally was founded as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The corps is headed by the Comando, consisting of the Comandante Generale (a General), the Vice
Comandante Generale (a Lieutenant General) and the Chief of Staff, all located in Rome. The Chief of Staff directs,
coordinates and supervises all activities of the force. It directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health,
Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the National
Center for Recruitment and Selection, the Administration National Center and the Legislation Office.

The Carabinieri are organized on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial
organization represents the core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically
in five inter-regional, 19 regional and 102 provincial commands. Outside the territorial organisation, the Specialist
Mobile Unit Command Palidoro (based in Rome) controls the Mobile Unit Division, the Specialist Unit Division
and the ROS.

The POLIZIA DI STATO (State Police or P.S.) is one of the national police forces of Italy. It is the main
police force for providing police duties and it is also responsible for highway patrol (autostrade), railways (ferrovie),
airports (aeroporti), customs (together with the Guardia di Finanza) as well as certain waterways, and assisting the
local police forces. It was a military force until 1981 when, with the Italian State Law 121, it became a civil force, in
contrast to the other main police forces of Italy, the Arma dei Carabinieri, which is a military police (gendarmerie)
force and the Guardia di Finanza, the Italian customs and border protection police that also falls in the military corps
category. The Polizia di Stato is the principal Italian police force for the maintenance of public security as since it is
run directly from the Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza (Department of Public Security), and the keeping of
public order (ordine pubblico).

Organization
The headquarters of the Polizia di Stato are in Rome and its chief is referred to as the Capo della Polizia
(Chief of the Police) with official Rank of Capo della Polizia – Direttore Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza (Chief
of the Police - Director General of the Public Security). The Chief of the State Police is also the Honorary President
of the National Association of State Police (Associazione Nazionale della Polizia di Stato). Three vice
chiefs/director generals report to the chief and their main functions are:
 accomplishment of the functions
 planning and coordination activity
 Director of the Criminal Investigation Police

POLICING IN SPAIN
The Cuerpo Nacional de Policía (National Police Corps) is the national civilian police force of Spain and
it is under the Ministry of the Interior of Spain Government.

Requirements
1. Born or naturalized Spanish
2. Between 18 and 30 years old
3. At least 1.65 meters tall (for men), and 1.60 metres for women
4. Hold a driving license of the class specified by the government.

Basic Scale:
1. Have or to be in conditions to obtain the Certificate in Secondary Education or equivalent level.
(Baccalaureate will be necessary in some years).

Executive Scale:
1. Have a Technical Engineer, Technical Architect, Qualified University student or equivalent or top
formation degree.

Ranks of Cuerpo Nacional de Policía

Superior Scale
 Comisario Principal - Chief Superintendent
 Comisario - Superintendent
Executive Scale
 Inspector Jefe - Chief Inspector
 Inspector
Deputy Inspector Scale
 Subinspector - Deputy Inspector/Subinspector
Basic Scale
 Official - Corporal
  Agente - Constable

POLICING IN EGYPT
The Ministry of Interior divides the functions of the police and public security among four deputy ministers
of interior while the Minister of Interior himself retained responsibility for state security (El Mukhabarat)
investigations and overall organization.

There are four Deputy Ministers:

1. Public Security responsible for public safety (Municipal Police), travel, emigration, passports, port
security, and criminal investigation.
2. Special Police responsible for prison administration, the Central Security Forces, civil defense, police
transport, police communications, traffic police, and Tourism and Antiquities Police.
3. Personnel Affairs was responsible for police-training institutions, personnel matters for police and
civilian employees, and the Policemen's Sports Association.
4. Administrative and Financial Affairs responsible for general administration, budgets, supplies, and
legal matters.

Training:
Commissioned officers were graduates of the Police Academy at Cairo where police had to complete a
three-month course at the academy. The Police Academy offers a two-year program. Graduates receive a bachelor of
police studies degree and are commissioned first lieutenants.

POLICE RANKS
The highest-ranking police officer was a MAJOR GENERAL and ranks descended only to FIRST
LIEUTENANT. Enlisted police ranks are MASTER SERGEANT, SERGEANT, CORPORAL , and PRIVATE .

SELECTED ASIAN POLICE MODELS

HONG KONG POLICING SYSTEM

Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China headed by a Chief Executive. The main duties of
law enforcement in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China are taken up by
the Hong Kong Police Force. Other major law enforcement agencies include the Customs and Excise Department,
the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Immigration Department.

HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

Police Regions
The force is divided into six regions:
• Hong kong island.
• Kowloon west.
• Kowloon east.
• New territories North.
• New territories South.
• Marine
Land Regions
Each of the five land regions has a headquarters comprising:
1. Operations Formation responsible for dealing with operational matters and procedures at regional level. It
broken down into:
a. Regional Command and Control Center
b. Emergency Unit
c. Police Tactical Unit
 2. Administration Formation implements policies laid down by the Regional Commander and is responsible
for the region's general administration. Its responsibilities include community relations, staff relations, and
magistracies.
3. Crime Formation investigates serious and inter-district crimes. In addition, it collects, collates and
evaluates intelligence on criminals and criminal activity within the region.
4. Traffic Formation is responsible for:
• Traffic control.
• Enforcement of traffic legislation and regulations.
• Investigation of traffic accidents.
• Promotion of road safety.
• Implementation of Force and regional traffic policies.

Marine Regions
The Marine Police maintain the integrity of the sea boundaries and regional waters of the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). It is responsible for:
• enforcing the laws of HK in regional waters
• preventing smuggling and illegal immigration by sea
• search and rescue in HK and adjacent waters

The Marine Regions comprises a Regional HQ and two districts:

The Regional HQ comprises:
1. Operations Bureau which is responsible for all operational matters at Regional Level including:
a. Regional Crime Units
b. RCCC
c. Logistics Unit
d. Small Boat Division
2. Administrative Bureau which is responsible for general administration, management of regional finance,
establishment and staff relations matters.
3. Support Bureau which is responsible for:
 management of the launch acquisition programs
 training and assessment of Marine police personnel in navigation, seamanship, engineering and
safety
 selection and acquisition of specialist equipment

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
“A” Department (Operations and Support)
1. Operation Wing - Coordinates counter terrorism, internal security, anti-illegal immigration measures,
bomb disposal commitments and contingency planning for natural disasters.
2. Support Wing - Oversee the execution and staffing of operational support matters, including the
formulation of operational policies for both the regular and Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and for
updating kits and equipment.

“B” Department (Crime and Security)

Responsible for the force policy regarding the investigation of crimes and matters of a security nature. Deal
with specific areas of criminal activity whereas the specialized units provide support services to operational units in
the force and deal with policy matters on various issues including child abuse, domestic violence and witness
protection. Provides VIP protection and security coordination including counter-terrorism.

“C” Department (Personnel and Training)

1. Personnel Wing - It is responsible for all core human resource management functions, including
recruitment, promotion, conditions of service, staff relations and welfare matters.
2. Training Wing - The Hong Kong Police College is responsible for all matters relating to training within
the Force.

“D” Department (Management Services)

1. Information Systems Wing
2. Service Quality Wing - It is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to both
external and internal Force customers that facilitates the promotion of efficiency, effectiveness and
economy.

“E” Department (Finance, Administration and Planning)

1. Administration Wing - It is responsible for civilian staff, force establishment matters and the management
of the Police Museum.
2. Finance Wing - It is responsible for the financial management, stores and internal audit of the Force.
POLICING IN INDONESIA
POLRI, the Indonesian National Police, was incorporated into the armed forces in 1964 during the Sukarno
era. Under Uharto steps were taken to militarize the Police by means of the National Defense Law of 1982 and the
Police Law of 1997. Before, POLRI was under the jurisdiction of the Defense Ministry but now it is under the
jurisdiction of the President of Indonesia.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
1. KEPOLISIAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA (POLRI) is the official police force of Indonesia.
As a national agency, it has a large central HQ in Jakarta (Markas Besar/Mabes).
2. KEPOLISIAN DAERAH/POLISI DAERAH (POLDA) is the provincial command to cover provinces.
The Indonesian National Police command structure at the provincial level, regions or areas such as special.
Police area is a direct extension of MAPOLRI lead by an Inspector General of Police and Brigadier General
of Police.
3. POLDA METRO JAYA is the special command for the province of Jakarta.
4. KEPOLISIAN WILAYAH/POLISI WILAYAH (POLWIL) is an intermediary coordinating command
assigned to enhance coordination between provincial commands and districts for super large provinces like
East West and Central Java.
5. KEPOLISIAN /POLISI KOTA BESAR (POLTABES) special commands for capital city district and
cities.
6. KEPOLISIAN RESORT /POLISI RESORT district command for district.
7. KEPOLISIAN SEKTOR/POLISI SEKTOR (POLSEK) is the sub-district command.
8. COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICER (POLMAS) renders policing in villages.
9. POS POLISI (POLPOS) is the police post. It is usually stationed near traffic intersections for traffic
police posts and are also available in public places and public transportation stations.

The highest ranking of POLRI is the Police General.

SPECIAL POLICE UNITS OF POLRI

1. MOBILE BRIGADE CORPS - The Mobile Brigade Police force of Indonesia (BRIMOB
POLRI) or (BRIMOB) is the elite/special forces of the Indonesian National Police. Brimob is the
paramilitary force of Indonesia and takes the duties for handling high-level threat of public secure
also special police operations. This unit also becomes the back-up force for the riot control
purposes. The personnel of this unit are identifiable with their dark blue berets. The Mobile
Brigade is also known as the special ‘anti-riot’ branch of the Indonesian National Police which
deals with special operations. A paramilitary organization, its training and equipment is almost
identical to the Indonesian Army's, and it conventionally operates under joint military command in
areas such as Papua New Guinea.
2. GEGANA is an internal unit of the BRIMOB Special Police Corps who have special abilities in
the field of anti-terrorism, bomb disposal, intelligence, anti-anarchist, and handling of Chemical,
Biological, and Radio Active threats. Its main specialty are bomb disposal and explosives
treatment during in urban settings.
3. DETACHMENT 88 - The Detachment 88 or Densus 88 is an Indonesian Police Special Forces
squad specialty in the field of counter-terrorism. Their identities are usually kept secret, and
usually operate with unmarked Toyota Kijang vehicles.

POLICE UNITS
There are several units within the National Police of Indonesia which is known as Kesatuan which are:
1. SABHARA (Samapta Bhayangkara) is the main public unit of the National Police of Indonesia
that directly supervises the public order and public security. It is the most common police unit in
the country which actively conducts patrolling and community service. This unit becomes the first
dispatch for standard law enforcement, policing activities and public matters affairs. The
"Sabhara" unit is also the first dispatched force for riot control before seeking back-up from the
BRIMOB unit if the riot gets more violent. The personnel of this police unit are identifiable with
their dark brown berets and usually are stationed in mostly police offices or police stations across
Indonesia.
2. TRAFFIC POLICE CORPS (Polantas/Korlantas POLRI) is the traffic police law enforcement
unit of the Indonesian National Police Force which have specialty in duty for directing,
controlling, patrolling, and to take action in traffic situations in the streets, roads and highway of
the country. This unit also serves for the issuing of the driving license in Indonesia. They are very
common in the streets and always take part in a traffic accident.
3. MARITIME POLICE FORCE (Polisi Perairan/POLAIR) is the water police force of
Indonesia which guards and secures the sea and coast of Indonesia. This unit also takes action in
illegal fishing activities and conducts law enforcement of fishermen and their boat's registrations
in the naval territory of the republic.Their headquarters and training facility are in Kepulauan
Seribu.
4. POLICE AVIATION (Polisi Udara) is a police unit in charge of conducting policing and law
enforcement functions throughout and from the air territory of the Republic of Indonesia. It is in
order to provide support (backup) for police operations to be observed from the air and to enable
 assistance for police duties such as ground support, search and rescue, and air patrol observations.
The helicopter identifiable of this police unit is usually colored white and blue in Indonesia.
5. TOURISM POLICE (Polisi Wisata) is a police unit for tourist services. They are sometimes
identifiable with their unique Indonesian Police uniform with dark brown cowboy hats and short
pants and usually conducts patrolling along the beaches of Indonesia especially in Bali.
6. PAM OBVIT (Pengamanan Objek Vital) is an Indonesian police unit for vital protection and
usually secures international embassies and consulate in Indonesia and VIP escort but sometimes,
they protecting beaches, temples and churches in some case. Their vehicles are colored orange,
same as the airport police car and usually parked outside of the embassies in Indonesia. The
personnel of this unit wear additional neckties and usually wear peaked cap for their uniform.
7. SEA PORT POLICE/KPPP or KP3 (Kesatuan Pelaksanaan Pengamanan Pelabuhan) is an
element of the Indonesian National Police which has the main task to assist the Port Administrator
in organizing security at the Port area along the common discipline in the context of utilization and
exploitation of the port.
8. BARESKRIM OR RESKRIM (Badan Reserse Kriminal), lit; Criminal Investigation Agency, is
an internal police unit of the Indonesian national police, its main duty is to investigate criminal
activity and crime identification.
9. SECURITY INTELLIGENCE AGENCY/BAINTELKAM POLRI (Badan Intelijen dan
Keamanan Polisi Republik Indonesia) is one of the main tasks of police executing agency in the
field of intelligence.
10. PUSLABFOR or simply LABFOR is the abbreviation of Pusat Laboratorium dan Forensik
which is a unit for the agency and investigation in the field of forensics and laboratory purposes.
11. NCB Interpol - The INTERPOL is a joint organization for the handling of cross-country crime. In
1954, Indonesia became a member of ICPO-Interpol and established the National Central Bureau
(NCB) as a police agency to maintain cooperation between countries within the scope of ICPO-
Interpol. In addition to the handling of transnational crimes, this unit maintains cooperation with
foreign Police elements in the matter of criminal activity involving national and international links.
The NCB Interpol are very important for the agency because many corrupt government officials
are like to escape to another country especially Singapore. The NCB is headquartered at Jl.
Trunojoyo no.3 Kebayoran baru near the national police headquarters and the ASEAN secretariat
building
12. SubDit-SATWA (Polisi Satwa) is an Indonesian Police unit in the specialization of wild-life and
animal agency. This unit provides K-9 dogs for police activity and investigation.
13. DIRECTORATE OF NARCOTICS AND DRUGS (Direktorat Reserse Narkoba) is a police
unit responsible for the handling and prosecution of illegal drugs and narcotics.
14. Div PROPAM (Divisi Profesi dan Pengamanan Polisi) or is known as DIV PROPAM is the
internal affairs of the Indonesian National Police. This police unit supervises and maintains
discipline in the internal scope of the national police.

SINGAPORE POLICING SYSTEM

Singapore is a parliamentary republic. Executive power lies with the Prime Minister and his Cabinet who
direct and control the Government and is responsible to Parliament. Each of the government ministries is headed by
a Minister who is a member of Parliament, and member of the Cabinet and is accountable to the Parliament for all
the Ministry's Affairs. It is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and oreder in the city-state. It was formerly
known as the Republic of Singapore.

The SPF is an efficient and well-equipped body of professionals in pursuit of continuous improvement and
world-class excellence. The Force is critical in maintaining the reputation of Singapore as a safe city with one of the
lowest crime rates in the world.
• COMMISSIONER OF POLICE – is the top-ranking police offcer of the Singapore Police Force. Assisted
by the Deputy Commissioner of Police, he reports to the Minister of Home Affairs.
• DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF POLICE – is the second most senior police rank of a senior officer in SPF
above the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner and below the Commissioner of Police.
THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM
Major Police Operational Units of TNP/RTP:
1. Border Patrol Police
2. Provincial Police
3. Metropolitan Police
4. Central Investigation Bureau

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
1. DEPARTMENT OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATION - It is a department of the Ministry of
Justice of Thailand. It is tasked with the investigation of certain special cases such as those
affecting national security, those involving organized criminal organizations and those
 potentially implicating high-ranking government officials or police officers. It is often
refferred to as the counterpart to the US-FBI.
2. THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD) - The police agency in
Thailand is under the control of the Ministry of Interior, one of the Cabinets of Thailand
Government. It is called the Thailand National Police Department. The TNPD is in charged
with performing police functions throughout the entire nation. The organization is headed by a
Director General who holds the rank of Police General. However, in the year 1998, the
position was changed to Commissioner General. The Commissioner General is assisted by
three Deputy Commissioner Generals and five Assistanct Commissioner Generals, all of them
have the rank of Police Lieutenant General. Throughout the TNPD organization, all ranks
corresponds to those of the army except the lowest which is constable. The HQ of the TNPD
is located at Bangkok, Thailand. Its name was changed to Royal Thai Police which is headed
by a Commissioner General and is under the direct command of the Prime Minister.
3. CENTRAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU - The national coordinating headquarters has
jurisdiction over the entire country. The CIB was organized to assist both provincial and
metropolitan components of the Royal Thai Police in preventing and suppressing criminal
activity and in minimizing threats to national security.
• Specialized units of the bureau, including the railroad, marine, highway, and
forestry police, who employ up-to-date technical equipment, law enforcement
techniques, and training.
• Five other divisions and offices employed modern procedures to assist in
investigating and preventing crime:
• The Crime Suppression Division, one of the bureau's largest components, is
responsible for conducting most of the technical investigations of criminal
offenses throughout the kingdom. Its Emergency Unit copes with riots and
other public disorders, sabotage, counterfeiting, fraud, illegal gambling
operations, narcotics trafficking, and the activities of secret societies, and
organized criminal associations.
• Special Branch — sometimes referred to by critics as the "political police", is
responsible for controlling subversive activities and serves as the Thai Police's
major intelligence organization, as well as the unit responsible for VIP
protection.
• The Criminal Records Office collects and maintains records required in the
conduct of police work, including dossiers and fingerprints of known criminals
and persons suspected of wrongdoing .
• The Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, where technicians perform the
requisite chemical and physical analyses.
• Licenses Division: registered and licensed firearms, vehicles, gambling
establishments, and various other items and enterprises as required by law.
4. BORDER PATROL POLICE DIVISION - A 40,000 person paramilitary force.
• BPP General Staff Division
• BPP Tactical Training Division
• BPP Support Division
• BPP Nawutti Somdejya Hospital
• BPP Village Scouts Center
• BPP Counter-Insurgency Training Center
• BPP Districts 1 through 4
• Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU)
• Airborne Training
• Nauresuan 262 Counter-Terrorism Unit (formerly the 4th Company
PARU)
• Sea Air Rescue Unit
5. PROVINCIAL POLICE - The Provincial Police form the largest of the Royal Thai Police
operational components in both personnel and geographic responsibility. It is headed by a
commander who reported to the police commissioner-general, and administered through four
police regions—geographic areas of responsibility similar to those of the army regional
commands. This force provides police services to every town and village throughout the
kingdom except metropolitan Bangkok and border areas. The Provincial Police thus handled
law enforcement activities and in many cases was the principal representative of the central
government's authority in much of the country.
6. METROPOLITAN POLICE DIVISION - Responsible for providing all law enforcement
services for the capital city of Bangkok and its suburbs, the Metropolitan Police was probably
the most visible and publicly recognizable of all Thai police components. This largely
uniformed urban force operated under the command of a commissioner, who held the rank of
police major general and was assisted by six deputy commissioners. Organizationally, the
force consisted of three divisions, each responsible for police services in one of the three
urban areas: northern Bangkok, southern Bangkok, and Thon Buri. Together they accounted
for about forty police precincts, which were patrolled around the clock. In addition to
 covering the city with foot patrols, the Metropolitan Police maintained motorized units, a
canine corps, building guards, traffic-control specialists, and law enforcement personnel
trained to deal with juvenile problems. The Traffic Police Division also provides mounted
escorts and guards of honor for the king and visiting dignitaries and served as a riot-control
force to prevent unlawful demonstrations and to disperse unruly crowds within the capital
city.
7. 191 SPECIAL BRANCH POLICE - The Special Branch Unit acquires and develops
intelligence, usually of a political nature, and conducts investigations to protect the State from
perceived threats of subversion particularly terrorism and other extremist activities.
- Special Operation Unit, the Arintharat 26 – is the SWAT of the RTP. The
squad specializes in hostage rescue; counter terrorism, high risk arrests and
search warrants; subduing barricaded suspects; and engaging heavily armed
criminals. The Arintharat 26 team are often eqquiped with specialized
firearms including submachine guns, assault rifles, breaching shotguns, riot
control agents, stun guns and grenades and sniper rifles. They have
specialized equipment including heavy body armor, ballistics shields, entry
tools, armored vehicles, advanced night vision optics and motion detectors
for covertly determining the positions of hostages or hostage takers inside
enclosed structures.
8. TOURIST POLICE - Tourist police are uniformed personnel who lack police powers and are
largely responsible for writing out reports for insurance companies for victims of theft. In more
serious cases, they will translate reports to be passed on to the regular police in Bangkok. Recently
recruiting foreign nationals living in Thailand.
9. AVIATION DIVISION - Responsible in conducting aerial patrol, providing emergency assistance
during calamities and provides surveillance for traffic system.

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

1. NATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION - Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural
Police under the oversight of the National Police Agency (NPA). The NPA is headed by the National Public
Safety Commission (NPSC) thus ensuring that Japan's police are political body and free of direct central
government executive control.
Organizational Structure
1. National Public Safety Commission
2. National Police Agency
3. Regional Police Bureaus
4. Prefectural Police Headquarters
5. Local and City Police Station
6. Local Police Post
2. NPSC - NPSC is a civilian commission which supervises the NPA and its mission is to guarantee the
neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of
democratic methods in police administration. The commission's primary function is to supervise the NPA
and it has authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
Composition of the NPSC
• Chairman with the rank of Minister State
• Five member s appointed by the prime minister with the concern of both
houses of the Diet
3. NPA - The central coordinating body for the entire police system, the NPA determines general standards
and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. The agency is headed by a
commissioner general who is appointed by the NPSC with the approval of the prime minister.
4. REGIONAL POLICE BUREAUS (RPB) - These are subordinates to the NPA. There are seven RPBs
nationwide. They are located in major cities of each geographic region. It is headed by a director general.
Each RPB exercise necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural
police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPAs Commissioner General. Attached to
each RPB is a Regional Police School that provides police personnel with education and training required
for staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.
5. PREFECTURAL POLICE - Prefectures refers to Japan sub-national jurisdiction. In Japanese, they are
commonly referred to as TODOFUKEN. Prefectures are governmental bodies larger than cities, towns and
villages. Prefectural Police School supervises training and education of recruits at the prefectural level.

PREFECTURAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION (PPSC)

These are under the jurisdiction of elected prefectural governors. PPSC exercises administrative supervision
over the prefectural police by formulating basic policies and regulations for police operations. They are authorized
to issue administrative licenses for amusement businesses, firearm possession and driving permits; however neither
the PPSC nor prefectural governors nor elected assemblies may supervise individual cases or specific law
enforcement activities of the prefectural police.

TOKYO METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT AND PREFECTURAL POLICE HEADQUARTERS

(PPH) (HOKKAIDO)
 The head of the Metropolitan Police Department is the Superintendent General, appointed and can be
dismissed by the NPSC and with the approval of the Prime Minister. On the other hand, the head of the Prefectural
Police HQ is the Chief, appointed and can be dismissed by the NPSC and with the consent of the Prefectural Public
Safety Commission. PPH Chiefs are appointed and dismissed by the NPSC with the consent of the PPSC.

THE KOBAN AND CHUZAISHO

The Koban and Chuzaisho is the large network of local police post that makes the Japanese Police
Distinctive. They are tiny police posts which constitute the heart of Japanese Police Operation.

KOBAN (Police Boxes)

Police post located in urban neighbourhood near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in
residential districts. They form the first line of police response to the public. In large cities, a koban can be found
every few blocks. The officers in Koban account for about 40% of the total police strength in Japan. For most part, it
functions as the community safety center.

CHUZAISHO (Residential Police Boxes)

Rural equivalent of the urban Koban subordinate to the units of police stations and are located in sub-
districts of the station. They are the focal points of police community activities and serve as the “Community Safety
Center” for local residents. Rural police officers are known as the chuzaishan who lives with his family in a small
house provided by the government that also serves as an office for conducting police business. The chuzaishan ranks
with the school principal and the village headman as the prestigious officials in the local communities.

OTHER POLICE DIVISIONS UNDER PREFECTURAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

• KIDOTAI - These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and
effectively to large public disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festival periods, at
times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Fulltime riot police can also be
augmented by regular police rained in riot duties.
• SPECIAL ASSUALT TEAM - it is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese NPA.

RANKS OF JAPANESE POLICE

• Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan): The Chief of National Police Agency.
• Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan): The Chief of TMPD.
• Senior Commissioner (Keishi-kan): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The
Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters, others.
• Commissioner (Keishi-chō): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
• Assistant Commissioner (Keishi-sei): The Chief of Police Station(large). More than this rank, all police
officer join to National Police Agency.
• Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station(small or middle), The Vice Commanding Officer of
Police Station, Commander of Riot Unit.
• Chief Inspector (Keibu): Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company.
• Inspector (Keibu-ho): Squad Sub-Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon. National Police
Officer 1st class's career start from this rank.
• Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō): Field supervisor, Leader of Police box. National Police Officer 2nd class's
career start from this rank.
• Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō): Honorary rank of Police Officer.
• Police Officer or Patrolman (Junsa): Prefectural Police Officer's career start from this rank.

The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police. His title is not a rank,
but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents
not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.