GEOMETRY

This book is a part of set, not be sold separately.

 INTRODUCTION
Geometry roughly translates to measuring the earth. Geometry is also defined
as the branch of mathematics that can describe an object in various dimensions.
What this all means that Geometry is used to measure things. Some of the things
might be impossible to measure with an instrument so we use concepts of geometry
to figure out how big are they. To date no one has taken a tape to measure around
the earth, but we are pretty confident that the distance around the earth is 24,901.473
miles.

In this chapter we will start with some basic concepts of geometry (points,
planes etc.) and will build upon these concepts to try and understand more complex
concepts. (polygons, circles)

Proper understanding and remembrance of these concepts and results will

enable us to solve geometric questions very quickly and easily.

In this chapter we will cover the following topics.

1. Basic concepts : Plane, Point, Line
2. Angles
3. Triangles
4. Quadrilaterals
5. Polygons
6. Circles
 Contents
1. Definitions ... 7 - 14
2. Triangle ... 15 - 35
3. Quadrilaterals & Polygons ... 36- 51
4. Circles ... 52 - 67
5. Mensuration ... 68 - 81
6. Coordinate Geometry ... 82 - 100
7. Answers ... 101 - 102
 1
Definitions

PLANES
A plane is a flat surface. It has infinite length in two dimensions, but no thickness,
and therefore zero volume. Geometric figures that lie completely in one plane, i. e.
flat geometric figures, are called two-dimensional figures. Two-dimensional figures
can be represented easily and to-scale on a flat surface such as a sheet of paper.
Two-dimensional figures may have length and breadth or area, but have zero volume.
Usually a plane is not drawn, but simply implied by the surface being drawn upon.
All points which lie within any single plane, whether or not the plane is described
or mentioned, are said to be coplanar.
Real-world examples suggesting the concept of a plane include a sheet of
paper, a blackboard, or the surface of a desk.

POINTS
A point is an infinitesimally small single location in space which has no length,
width or breadth, only location. The area and volume of a point are zero. Because of
the point’s infinitesmally small nature, no two distinct points can be considered as
“next to” each other; no matter how close they are, infinitely many points exist
between them.
Real-world examples suggesting the concept of a point include the tip of a
needle or a sharp pencil, a very small dot, or a grain of dust. In geometry, a point is
usually drawn as a dot, or implied by the intersection of other figures. Points are
usually designated with single capital letters.
A point on a one-dimensional line (often called an axis) can be located by a
single real number representing its directed distance along the line from an origin,
a zero point chosen on the axis.
In two-dimensional space, a point or its location can be represented by an
ordered pair of real numbers: (0, 5) would be a point where x = 0 and y = 5.
 GEOMETRY

Likewise, in three-dimensional space a point or its location can be represented

by an ordered triplet of real numbers. (We will learn more about this in chapter
coordinate-geometry).

LINES
A straight line is a set of points which extends infinitely far in a given direction
and the opposite direction. It has infinite length and zero width and zero breadth.
The area and volume of a line are also zero. A straight line is the shortest path
between two points.
Any point or set of points which are all part of a line can be said to be (or lie) on
or in the line. All points which lie on any single straight line, whether or not the line
is described or mentioned, are said to be collinear.

Real-world examples suggesting the concept of a straight line include a stretched

string or rubber band, a line drawn on paper, or the edge of a razor blade. A line is
drawn as a straight line extending for some distance, with arrows on each end,
implying that the line continues beyond what is drawn.
Rather than literally drawing a line, we can specify a line more precisely by
describing it. In two-dimensional space, a line may be represented by an equation
such as ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, and c are constants and x and y are variables. All
points whose coordinates satisfy the equation will comprise the line. (We will discuss
it in detail later in the chapter on coordinate-geometry )

Ray
A ray can be thought of as “half” of a line. It starts at some point and extends
infinitely far in one direction.
Let us take the ray starting at C and going towards D. If we start at C heading
towards D and continue to walk in a straight line, all the points in our path are part
of the ray — point C, all the points from C to D, point D, and also points on the far
side of D.
A ray can be described with an equation defining a line plus a constraint. For
example, a ray on the positive x-axis would be y = 0, x  0.

8
DEFINITIONS

Line segment
A line segment is that part of a line that lies between two points on the line,
including the endpoints. It has a finite length, the distance between the endpoints.
In geometric figures, a length might be referred to as width, height, or altitude.
In two-dimensional representation, connecting the points (0, 5) and (6, 5) would
yield a line segment.
A B

Parallel lines
Parallel lines can be defined in the following ways :
1. When lines are parallel, then every point on one is located exactly the same
minimum distance from the other line.
2. Another way of defining it is that any two parallel lines, if extended to
infinity in both directions, will never intersect.
3. A third definition is: if two lines are both intersected by a third line (a
transversal) in the same plane, and the angles of intersection are equal,
then the two lines are parallel.
4. Lines parallel to each other have the same gradient.

Perpendicular Lines
The word ‘perpendicular’ refers to the position of two straight lines relative to
one another. Two lines are said to be perpendicular if they meet at a right angle.
Two lines are considered perpendicular if their slopes are negative reciprocals.

Note :
Two line segments positioned at 90° to one another are perpendicular only
if they meet.
Naturally, if a line is given, then a perpendicular is any line at a 90° angle to that
line. This is an important property, which is used in geometry and trigonometry.

9
 GEOMETRY

FACTS
1. There are infinite number of lines which pass through a single point.
These are called concurrent lines.
2. There can be only one line passing through two different points.
3. Three or more points are called collinear if they lie on a single line,
otherwise they are non- collinear.
4. Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the same plane,
otherwise they are called as non-coplanar.
5. There is only one plane passing through 3 non-collinear points.
6. A line intersecting a line segment at 90° and through the mid point of the
segment is called a perpendicular bisector.
7. If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment then the
point must lie on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment.
8. The ratio of the intercepts made by a transversal intersecting 3 parallel
lines is equal to the ratio of corresponding intercepts made by any other
transversal intersecting the same parallel lines.
In the fig below line X || line Y || line Z and A, B are two transversals.
A B
S
X
P

Q T
Y

R U
Z

PQ ST
=
QR TU
PQ ST
=
PR SU
QR TU
=
PR SU
10
DEFINITIONS

ANGLES
Angles are formed when two points branch out from a single point. An angle is
the union of two rays. The common point of both the rays is called the vertex. The
angles formed by vertical and horizontal lines are called right angles.
Angles, for our purposes, can be measured in either degrees (from 0 to 360) or
radians (from 0 to 2). Angles can be measured along the arc they map out on a
π
circle. Since the circumference of a circle is 2 degrees, a right angle is radians.
2
In degrees, the circle is 360 degrees, and so a right angle would be 90°.
In the fig below,

Y O

Angle XOY is denoted as  X O Y..

Types of angles
1. Acute angle : Measure of angle is less than 90°
2. Right angle : Measure of angle is exactly 90°
3. Obtuse angle : Measure of angle is more than 90°
4. Straight angle : Measure of angle is exactly 180°
5. Reflex angle : Measure of angle is greater than 180° but less than
360°

Congruent angles
If the measure of two angles are equal then they are known as congruent
angles.

11
 GEOMETRY

ANGLE BISECTOR
A ray is called the angle bisector of the angle if it passes through the vertex and
divides the angle into two angles equal in measure.

Results regarding angle bisectors

 An angle bisector divides the angle into two equal angles.
 An angle has only one bisector.
 Each point of an angle bisector is equidistant from the sides of the angle.

O Y

In the above fig XP = PY

SPECIAL PAIRS OF ANGLES

1. Complementary angles : If the sum of two angles is 90°, they are known as
complementary angles.
 Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90 degrees.
 Complementary angles may or may not be adjacent.
 If two complementary angles are adjacent, then their exterior sides are
perpendicular.
2. Supplementary angles: If the sum of two angles is 180°, they are known as
supplementary angles.
 If m ABC + m XYZ = 180° then, ABC and XYZ are
supplementary.
 Supplementary angles need not be adjacent.
 If supplementary angles are adjacent, then the sides they share will not
form a line.

12
DEFINITIONS

3. Linear pair : If a line is intersected by a ray then the sum of the two angles
thus formed will be 180° or in other words if a pair of angle is both adjacent
and supplementary, they are said to form a linear pair. (as in the fig below)

X O Y

XOZ +ZOY = 180°

4. Vertically opposite angles : When two lines intersect each other, two pairs
of vertically opposite angles are formed. The vertically opposite angles are
equal to each other.
 Angles with a common vertex whose sides form opposite rays are
called vertical angles.
 Vertical angles are congruent.
In the below fig,

P
O

 POS = ROQ and POR = SOQ

are the two pairs of vertically opposite angles.
Also, m POS + m SOQ + m ROQ + m POR = 360°

13
 GEOMETRY

5. Corresponding angles : When two parallel lines are intersected by a

transversal, the pairs of corresponding angles thus formed are equal

Q
A B

C D
R

In the above fig,

PQA = QRC, AQR = CRS, PQB = QRD, BQR = DRS.
6. Alternate angles : When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal,
the alternate angles formed are equal.

Q
A B

C D
R

In the above fig,

AQR = QRD and CRQ = RQB

14
 2
Triangle

A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a two-dimensional figure with

three vertices and three sides which are straight line segments, or in other words, a
triangle is a convex polygon with three segments joining three non collinear points.
Each of the three segments is called the side and each of the three non-collinear
points is called the vertex. A Triangle is donated by the symbol ‘’

TYPES OF TRIANGLES
Triangles can be classified according to the relative lengths of their sides:
1. Scalene triangle :
 In a scalene triangle all sides have different lengths.
 The internal angles in a scalene triangle are all different.

Z
Y

2. Isosceles triangle :
 In an isosceles triangle two sides are of equal length. A
 An isosceles triangle also has two equal internal
angles.
 The orthocenter, centroid, incentre, circumcenter are
collinear, i.e. they lie on the same line: which is altitude/
median/angle bisector B C
In the fig,
AB = AC and ABC =  ACB
 GEOMETRY

3. Equilateral triangle :
 In an equilateral triangle all sides are of equal length.
 An equilateral triangle is also equiangular, i.e. all its internal angles are
equal—i.e. 60°
 It is a regular polygon
 In an equilateral triangle the orthocenter, centroid, incentre, circumcenter
lie on the same point i.e., altitude, median, angle bisector and
perpendicular bisector of each side is the same.
 Of all triangles of same perimeter, equilateral triangle has the maximum
area in the fig,

Y Z

XY = XZ = YZ and XYZ = XZY = YXZ = 60°

Triangles can also be classified according to the size of their internal angle
1. Acute triangle : A triangle whose all the internal angles are acute or less
than 90°, is called an acute triangle.

Y Z
X

2. Right triangle : A triangle whose any one of the internal

angle is 90° or right angle, is called right triangle (or
right angled triangle). The side opposite to the right
angle is called hypotenuse. Hypotenuse is also the
Z
longest side of the right triangle. XZ is the hypotenuse. Y
16
TRIANGLE

3. Obtuse triangle : A triangle whose one internal angle is obtuse or more

than 90°, is called an obtuse triangle.
X

Z
Y

POINTS, LINES AND CIRCLES ASSOCIATED WITH A TRIANGLE

1. Altitude : An altitude of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex which
is perpendicular to (i.e. forming a right angle with) the opposite side. This
opposite side is called the base of the altitude, and the point where the
altitude intersects the base (or its extension) is called the foot of the altitude.
The length of the Altitude is the distance between the base and the vertex.
X

A C

Y Z
B

In the above figure, XB,YC and ZA are the altitudes of the triangle XYZ. The
three altitude of any triangle are concurrent.
Orthocentre : -The point at which the three altitudes of the triangle intersect is
called the Orthocentre.
 The angle made by any side at the orthocenter = 180° – the opposite angle
of the side
In the above figure, m YOZ = 180° – YXZ.
 The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if the triangle is Acute.
2. Median : A median of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side, and divides the triangle into two triangle
which have equal areas.

17
 GEOMETRY

A C

Y Z
B
In the above fig, XB,YC and ZA are the three medians of XYZ
Also, area (XYB ) = area ( XZB ) = ½ area (XYZ )
The three median of any triangle are concurrent.
Centroid : The point at which the three medians of the triangle intersect is
called the centroid.
 This is also the triangle’s center of gravity: if the triangle were made out of
wood, say, you could balance it on its centroid.
 Centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2: 1 i.e. the distance between a
vertex and the centroid is twice as large as the distance between the centroid
and the midpoint of the opposite side.
In above fig, O is the centroid of the triangle and
XO YO ZO 2
= = =
OB OC OA 1
3. Perpendicular bisector : A perpendicular bisector is a straight line passing
through the midpoint of a side and being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a
right angle with it
X

A C

Y Z
B

In the above fig, AO,BO and CO are the perpendicular bisectors of the
sides XY, YZ and ZX respectively.
The three Perpendicular Bisector of any triangle are concurrent.
18
TRIANGLE

Circumcentre : The point at which three perpendicular bisector of a triangle

intersect is called as circumcentre. The circumcenter is the centre of a circle passing
through the three vertices of the triangle.
 If the circumcenter is located on one side of the triangle, then the opposite
angle is a right one.
 If the circumcenter is located inside the triangle, then the triangle is acute.
 If the circumcenter is located outside the triangle, then the triangle is obtuse
In the above fig, O is the circumcentre of XYZ.
Circumradius : The distance of the circumcentre from the vertex is called the
circumradius and is generally denoted as ‘R’.
In the above fig, XO, YO, ZO are the circumradius of XYZ.
4. Angle bisector : The line segments which bisect the interior angles of a
triangle are called the angle bisectors.
X

A C

Y Z
B

In the above fig, XO, YO, ZO are the angle bisector X, Y, Z respectively.
The three Angle Bisector of any triangle are concurrent.
Incentre : The point at which the three angle bisectors intersect is called as
incentre.
In the above fig, O is the incentre of XYZ.
Inradius : The perpendicular distance of incentre from the sides of the triangle
is called as inradius and is generally denoted as ‘r’.
In the above fig, AO, BO, CO are the inradius of XYZ.
Incenter is equidistant from the sides of a triangle.
We have earlier discussed that any point on the angle bisector is equidistant
from the two sides of the respective angle. In a triangle, incentre is the common
point of all the three angle bisectors. So we can prove that incentre is equidistant
from any side of the triangle.
19
 GEOMETRY

PERIMETER AND AREA

The perimeter is the distance around a given two-dimensional object. For a
polygon it is calculated by adding the lengths of all of the sides. The sum of all the
sides of a triangle is called the perimeter.
Semi perimeter: Half of perimeter is called semi perimeter.
x yz
If x, y, z are the sides of a triangle then (semi perimeter) s =
2
The region within the triangle is called the area of the triangle. It is denoted by
Area (). It is measured in square units. Calculating the area of a triangle is an
elementary problem encountered often in many different situations. Various
approaches exist, depending on what is known about the triangle. What follows is
a selection of frequently used results for calculating the area of a triangle.
1. Area of a triangle = ½  base  height.
xyz
2. Area of triangle = = r × s = s(s–x)(s–y)(s–z)
4R
where, x, y, z are the sides, s is the semi perimeter, r is the inradius, R is the
circumradius of the triangle.
3. In XYZ (fig given below) XY = XZ, that is XYZ is an isosceles triangle.
q
Area of isosceles triangle = 4p 2 –q 2
4
The altitudes to the equal sides are also equal.
In the fig below, YB = ZA
X

P P
A B

Y Z
C
q

20
TRIANGLE

In the above fig, Angle bisector XC is also the perpendicular bisector and the
median of YZ
4. In XYZ (fig below), XY = YZ = ZX, that is XYZ is an equilateral triangle.
X

Y Z
C

3
Height of an equilateral triangle : side
2
height
Inradius of an equilateral triangle :
3
2×height
Circumradius of an equilateral triangle :
3
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle : 3 × side
3 (side) 2
Area of an equilateral triangle :
4
X

Y Z

5. In XYZ ( fig above) XYZ = 90º i.e., XYZ is a right triangle. The median
to the hypotenuse is also the circumradius of the triangle. In the above fig,
YA is the median to the hypotenuse.
Thus, YA = ½ hypotenuse.
Area of right triangle = ½  product of perpendicular sides.

21
 GEOMETRY

SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE

A C

E F
Y Z

D B

1. The sum of three interior angles of a triangle is 180º.

in XYZ, XYZ + YZX + ZXY = 180º.
2. The measure of exterior angle is equal to the sum of the measure of the two
interior opposite angles.
In above fig, AXD = XYZ + XZY
3. The sum of any two sides of the triangle is greater than the third side.
4. A triangle will have at least two acute angles.

THEOREMS OF TRIANGLE
1. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal
to the sum of the squares of other two sides.

Y Z

In the fig,
( XZ )2 = ( XY )2 + ( YZ )2
Conversely, if the square of one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of
squares of the other two sides then the triangle is a right triangle.

22
TRIANGLE

The numbers, which satisfies pythagoras theorem, are called Pythagorean

triplets.
Eg, (3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (7, 24, 25) (8, 15, 17) (9, 40, 41) (11, 60, 61)
(12, 35, 37 ) (16, 63, 65) (20, 21, 29)
2. 45º-90º-45º theorem : If the measure of three angles of a triangle are 45º,
1
90º, 45º then, the perpendicular sides are times the hypotenuse.
2
1
In XYZ (fig above) XY =YZ = XZ
2
X

45°

45°
Y Z

Or the sides are in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2.

3. 30º-90º-60º theorem : If the measure of three angles of a triangle are 30º,
90º, 60º then the side opposite to 30º is half of the hypotenuse and the side
3
opposite to 60º is times the hypotenuse.
2
X

60°

30°
Y Z

3
In the above fig, XYZ, XY = ½ XZ and YZ = XZ
2

The ratio of the three sides are 1 : 3 : 2.

23
 GEOMETRY

4. Interior angle bisector theorem : The angle bisector of any interior angle
of a triangle divides the side opposite that angle in the ratio of the other
two sides.
X

Y Z

XY XO
In the fig above, if YO is the angle bisector of XYZ then =
YZ ZO
5. Exterior angle bisector theorem : The angle bisector of any exterior angle
of a triangle divides the side opposite that angle, ( externally) in the ratio of
the other two sides.
Q

Y P
Z
In XYZ, QXZ is an exterior angle and XP is the exterior angle bisector.
XY YP
So =
XZ ZP
6. Basic proportionality theorem : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle and it intersects the other two sides, then the two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
X

S T

Y Z

XS XT
In XYZ (above fig) if ST || YZ then = =
SY TZ
24
TRIANGLE

7. Midpoint theorem : The line segment joining the mid-points of any two
sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half of the third side.
X

S T

Y Z

In the fig above, if XS = SY and XT = TZ then, ST || YZ

Also, ST = ½ YZ
This is a special case of Basic Proportionality theorem.
8. Appollonius theorem : It relates the length of the three sides and the
median of the triangle. According to this theorem, the sum of the squares
of any two sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of squares of the
median to the third side and half of the third side.

In the above fig, XO is the median of XYZ.

Then, XY2 + XZ2 = 2 ( XO2 + YO2 )
9. Right triangle altitude theorem : In a right triangle, the altitude from the
right angle to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the segments into
which the hypotenuse is divided.

25
 GEOMETRY

In the below fig, YO is the altitude,

X

Z
Y

So (YO)2 = XO  OZ
Congruence of triangles : Two triangles can be congruent if they satisfy any
one of the following conditions. Congruence is denoted by ‘  ’.
1. SSS : If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding three sides of other triangle.
2. SAS : If two sides and the angle between them of one triangle is
congruent to the corresponding sides and angle of the other
triangle.
3. ASA : If two angles and the side between them of one triangle is
congruent to the corresponding angles and side of the other
triangle.
4. AAS : If two angles and the side other than the included side of one
triangle is congruent to the corresponding angles and side
of the other triangle.
5. RHS : If the hypotenuse and any other side of one right triangle is
congruent to the corresponding hypotenuse and side of the
other triangle.
Similarity of triangles : Two triangles can be similar if they satisfy any one of
the following conditions. Similarity is denoted by ‘~’.
1. AA : If two angles of one triangle are equal to the two angles of the
other triangle. The third is automatically equal
2. SSS : If three sides of one triangle are proportional to the
corresponding three sides of the other triangle.

26
TRIANGLE

3. SAS : If any two sides of a triangle are proportional to the

corresponding sides of the other triangle, and the angle
included by them is equal.

Facts regarding similarity

1. If two triangles are similar then the ratio between their corresponding sides,
heights, medians, angle bisector, inradius, circumradius will be equal.
2. If two triangles are similar then the ratio between their areas will be equal to
the ratio of the squares of the corresponding sides.

ILLUSTRATIONS
1. An angle is 1.5 times its complement. Find the angle.
Solution : If the complement is X°
The angle = 1.5 X°
1.5x + x = 90°
2.5x = 90°
x = 90/2.5 = 36º
Angle = 54°
2. If the triangle ABC is right angled at B, find its circumradius, if sides AB and
BC are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively.
Solution : In a right angled triangle, circum radius = ½ (Hypotenuse)
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (Pythagoras theorem)

AC = 82 + 62 = 10cm
Circumradius = ½  10 = 5
3. In a triangle ABC, AB2 +AC2 = 200cm and median AD=10cm. Find BC.
Solution : Using the formula for the length of median
AB2 +AC2 = 2 ( AD2 + DC2 ) (Appollonius Theorem)
200 = 2 ( 100 + DC2 )
DC2 = 0  DC = 0
The triangle does not exist under given condition (!)

27
 GEOMETRY

4. Two isosceles triangles, have equal vertical angles and their areas are in the
ratio of 25 : 49. Find the ratio of their proportional heights.
Solution : Area = 1/2 x base x height
Please prove that the triangles are similar. For similar triangles
Ratio of areas = ratio of squares of proportional height
Area1 25
=
Area 2 49
height1 5
=
height 2 7
5. In the figure below, DF || BE, DE || BC and F is midpoint of AE, then
Area(DFEB)
is?
Area(DECB)
A

D E

B C

AD AF
Solution: In ABE, DF || BE  = (basic proportionality theorem)
DB FE
AD AF
Since F is midpoint of AE, = = 1  AB = 2AD
DB FE
AD AE
Again in ABC, DE || BC  = (basic proportionality
DB EC
theorem)
CE = AE = 2AF
Also, BC = 2DE and BE = 2DF
Area of AFD = area of DFE (height and base are the same)
or DF is the median of triangle ADE
28
TRIANGLE

Area of AEB = area of BEC = 2 × area of  ADE

= 4 × area of AFD

Area of DFEB area (ΔDEF + ΔBDE)

=
DECB area (ΔBDE + ΔBEC)

area (DEF) + 2 area (DEF) 3 1

= = 
2 area (DFE) + 4 area ( DFE) 6 2
6. G is the centroid of ABC, GD = 4, GE = 5, AB = 16. Find GF?
A

F G E

B C
D

Here AG = 2 GD = 8
BG = 2 GE = 10 ( property of centroid)
Also, AF = ½ AB = 8 ( F is the midpoint of AB)
AG + BG2
2
= 2 (FG2 + AF2) (appollonius theorem)
FG = 3 2
7. In the figure below, PQR is an equilateral triangle. PS = QT = RU. Then
what type of triangle VWX is
P

S
V

U
W X
Q T R

Solution: In PQT, QRU and RPS

29
 GEOMETRY

QT = RU = PS, PQ = QR = PR and Q = R = P
PQT  QRU  RPS (SAS)
PT = QU = SR ….(i)
Similarly,
QPT = RQU = PRS
[Since,PQT  QRU  RPS]
PSR = QTP = QUR [ Same as above]
PS = QT = UR [ Given]
PSV  QTW  RUX [ASA]
PV = QW = XR ….(ii)
SV = TW = UX ….(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
SR – SV – XR = QU – QW – XU = PT – PV – TW
Thus VX = WX = VW
Hence VWX is an equilateral triangle.

30
TRIANGLE

EXERCISE
1. If the two roots of the equation x2 – 7x + 3 from the base and the perpendicular
of a right triangle, what will be the length of the hypotenuse?
(1) 7 (2) 43
(3) 55 (4) 37
2. In a right triangle XYZ, a perpendicular is drawn from Z to S on the hypotenuse.
The angle bisector of Z meet the hypotenuse at T.
XT 2
If = and SY = 6. find the length of ZS.
TY 3

(1) 13 (2) 2 13
(3) 13 13 (4) 4
3. A rope has to be wound around a cylindrical concrete pillar in a helical manner.
The height of the pillar is 540cm and the circumference is 48cm. If the wire
covers a vertical distance of 20cm in one complete twist around the pillar, find
the length of wire needed.
(1) 1296 (2) 432
(3) 378 (4) 1404
4. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 16cm and 7cm. How many integral values
the length of the third side of this triangle can take?
(1) 16 (2) 2
(3) 1 (4) Data insufficient
5. PQR is a triangle, P = 30º, Q = 60º and PQ = 10 cm. Find the length of the
shorter trisector of R.
Q

P
R
(1) 2.5 (2) 2

5 3
(3) 2 3 (4)
2

31
 GEOMETRY

6. An equilateral triangle is enlarged such that it still remains an equilateral triangle

but its area increases by 75%. By what percentage (approx) will the side increase?
(1) 75% (2) 37.5%
(3) 32.3% (4) 20.5%
7. What is the distance between the centers of the largest and the smallest circle
that are drawn touching all the three sides of the equilateral triangle of side 30
cm?
(1) 20 3 (2) 15 3
(3) 15  15 3 (4) None
8. The radius of an incircle of a triangle is 24cm and the segments in which one
side is divided by the point of contact are 36cm and 48cm. Find the lengths of
the smaller of two sides of the triangle.
(1) 78 (2) 90
(3) 42 (4) None
9. What is the ratio of the sum of the squares of the lengths of the medians of a
triangle to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its sides?
(1) 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 4
(3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1
10. One of the angles of a triangle is 60° and the length of its two sides are 6cm and
7cm. Find the length of the third side of the triangle.
(1) 43 (2) 3  22
(3) Either (a) or (b) (4) Data insufficient
11. PQR is a right angled triangle with Q = 90°, S is the midpoint of PR, and
QS = 117 . Sum of the lengths of sides PQ and QR is 30cm. Find the area
of PQR.
(1) 72 3 (2) 54 3
(3) 216 (4) 108
12. In PQR, the incircle touches the sides QR, RP and PQ at T, U and S respectively.
If the radius of the incircle is 4 units and QT, RU and PS are consecutive
integers, find the area of the triangle.
(1) 84 (2) 7
(3) 91 (4) 45.5

32
TRIANGLE

13. If in triangle ABC with a, b, and c denoting sides opposite to angles A, B and C
respectively, a = 2b and A = 3 B, find the type of the triangle.
(1) Isosceles (2) Acute
(3) Right angle (4) Obtuse

14. A triangle has sides 10, 17, and 21. A square is inscribed in the triangle such that
one side of the square lies on the longest side of the triangle. The other two
vertices of the square touch the two shorter sides of the triangle. What is the
length of the side of the square?
168 188
(1) (2)
29 29
168 153
(3) (4)
59 47
15. The diagram given below shows a rectangle ABCD divided into four equal
rectangles. AE and BD intersect FG at Q and R respectively.
If AB = 8 and BC = 4, then the length of QR is
D F E C

P
R

A G B

1 1
(1) (2)
2 3
2 3
(3) (4)
3 4
16. The sides of a triangle are given to be x2 + x + 1, 2x + 1 and x2 - 1. Then the largest
of the three angles of the triangle is
x
(1) 75° (2) 
x+1
(3) 120° (4) 135°

33
 GEOMETRY

17. A ladder AB rests against a wall such that OB = OA = 5 metres. If the end B falls
down to D such that BD = 1 metre and if end A moves to C, then AC is equal to

O
C A

(1) 2 metre 
(2) 5 – 2 metres 
(3) < 1 metre (4)  
34 – 5 metres

18.

B C

A boy was supposed to start at C and go at a uniform speed all around the
right–triangular field shown above. Instead, he cut across from B to D, the
midpoint of AC, before returning to C, and saved a distance of 70 metres. If he
saved one–sixth of the time, what fraction of the total distance that he was
initially supposed to cover, did he cover when he started on his shortcut?
3 2
(1) (2)
7 5

1
(3) (4) None of these
5

34
TRIANGLE

19. A network of roads is shown in the figure. The lengths (in km) of roads AB, BC
and CA are indicated. Two friends Ashok and Bhanu are at the point B initially.
Ashok starts walking on the road BA towards (and beyond) A while Bhanu
walks on the same road in the opposite direction. When Ashok is at P, 12 km
from C, Bhanu is at Q, 20 km from C. Find the ratio of the speed of Ashok to that
of Bhanu.
P

A
13
4
B 15
C

(1) 5 : 4 (2) 3 : 5
(3) 4 : 3 (4) 9 : 7
20. ABC is a triangle with BC = 6 cm and AC = 8 cm. A circle with centre O is
inscribed in ACB right-angled at C. The radius of the circle is
(1) 1 cm (2) 2 cm
(3) 3 cm (4) 4 cm

35
 3
Quadrilaterals & Polygons

A four-sided closed figure is called as quadrilateral. It is denoted by the

symbol ‘  ’.
The sum of all four angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.
This can easily be proven too:
If you draw a random quadrilateral, and one of its diagonals, you’ll split it up
into two triangles. Given that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, you
can sum them up, and it’ll give 360 degrees
Area of quadrilateral = ½ × one diagonal × sum of the perpendicular drawn to
the diagonal from opposite angles.
B

A F

E
D

In the above fig, Area (  ABCD) = ½ × BD × ( AE + BF )

There are different types of quadrilaterals: Square, Rectangle, Rhombus,
Parallelogram, Kite, and Trapezium.

PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram is a geometric figure with two pairs of parallel sides.
Parallelograms are a special type of quadrilateral. The opposite sides are equal in
length and the opposite angles are also equal. The area is equal to the product of
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

any side and the distance between that side and the line containing the opposite
side.
P Q

S R

PROPERTIES
1. Opposite angles are equal.
2. Sum of any two adjacent angle is 180º
3. Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
4. Diagonals bisect each other.
5. Any one diagonal divides the parallelogram into two triangles of equal
area.
6. Line segment joining the midpoint of adjacent sides of any quadrilateral
forms a parallelogram.
7. Area of parallelogram = base × height
RECTANGLE
A parallelogram whose all the four angles are 90º or right angle is called a
rectangle; or in other words, a rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral in which all four
angles are right angles.
P l Q

b b

S l R

37
 GEOMETRY

PROPERTIES
1. Rectangle is a parallelogram where the measure of each angle is 90º.
2. Opposite sides are congruent and parallel.
3. Diagonals bisect each other (same as parallellogram) and are also equal.
(Difference from parallellogram)

RESULTS
1. Perimeter: 2 (1 + b) where l is the length and b is the breadth.

2. Diagonal: l2 +b 2
3. Area: 1 × b

SQUARE
A rectangle whose all the sides are congruent and all the angles are 90º is called
a square or a square is a polygon with four equal sides and equal angles. Those
angles are then necessarily right angles. Squares are regular quadrilaterals, rectangles,
rhombi, kites and parallelograms.
P Q

S R

PROPERTIES
1. The measure of each angle is 90º.
2. All the sides are congruent and opposite sides are parallel.
3. Diagonals bisect each other (same as parallelogram and rectangle) at 90º
(Difference from rectangle but same as rhombus) and are congruent. (Same
as rectangle)

38
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

RESULTS
Please get the results for Perimeter, Diagonal and Area from understanding
of rectangle

RHOMBUS
A parallelogram whose all the sides are congruent is called a rhombus.
P Q

S R
PROPERTIES
1. Opposite angles are congruent.
2. All the sides are congruent and opposite sides are parallel.
3. Diagonals bisect each other at 90 º.

RESULTS
Please get the results for side, Area in terms of diagonal using Pythagoras
theorem.
TRAPEZIUM
A quadrilateral, whose only one pair of the opposite sides are parallel, is called
a trapezium. Also, if the two non parallel side of a trapezium are equal it is called
isosceles trapezium.
The line segment joining the mid points of the non-parallel sides is called
median of the trapezium.
P Q

X Y

S R

39
 GEOMETRY

RESULTS
1. Median: ½ × sum of the parallel sides.
2. Area: ½ × sum of the parallel sides  height

KITE
A quadrilateral whose two pair of adjacent sides are equal. Or a kite or deltoid is
a type of quadrilateral, a four-sided polygon. With two pairs of equal sides, and the
two sides in each pair are adjacent.
P

S Q

PROPERTIES
1. The two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
2. The diagonal intersects each other at 90º.
3. The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.

RESULTS
1. Area: ½ × product of the diagonals.

POLYGONS
A polygon (literally “many angle”) is a closed structure composed of a finite
number of sequential line segments or line segments joining three or more non –
collinear points to form a closed structure, is called a polygon. The straight-line
segments that make up the polygon are called its sides or edges and the points
where the sides meet are the polygon’s vertices.

40
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

NAMES OF POLYGONS
 3 sided figure is called a Triangle
 4 sided figure is called a Quadrilateral
 5 sided figure is called a Pentagon
 6 sided figure is called a Hexagon
 7 sided figure is called a Heptagon
 8 sided figure is called a Octagon
 9 sided figure is called a Nonagon
 10 sided figure is called a Decagon

REGULAR POLYGON
A polygon whose all angles and sides are equal.
We can have polygons which have all sides equal but not all angles equal as
well as all angles equal but all sides not equal hence not regular.

RESULTS
1. Measure of an angle of a regular polygon of ‘ n’ sides: {(2n-4)/n} 90º
2. Area of a regular polygon: ½ × perimeter × perpendicular from center to
any Side.
Pentagon: A polygon with five sides is called a pentagon. The measure of
interior angle of a regular pentagon is 108º.
P

T O
Q

S A R

Area of regular pentagon PQRST = ½ × (PQ + QR + RS + ST + TP) × OA

Hexagon:A polygon with six sides is called a hexagon. The measure of interior
angle of a regular hexagon is 120º.

41
 GEOMETRY

A B

F C

E F

3 3
Area of regular hexagon ABCDEF = × (side)2
2
Perimeter of regular hexagon ABCDEF = 6 × side

Note:
A regular hexagon consists of 6 equilateral triangles. Thus the area of a regular
hexagon will be 6 times the area of an equilateral triangle having the same side
length as of the regular hexagon.

ILLUSTRATIONS
1. In a parallelogram PQRS, QS = 26, SR = 17, SP = 11. Find PR
P Q

S R

Solution: We know that the diagonals of parallelogram bisects each other

 OQ = 13
 (PQ) + (QR)2 = 2[(OQ)2 + (OR)2]
2
(Appolonius Theorem)
2 2 2 2
 17 + 11 = 2[13 + (OR) ]
 OR = 6
 PR = 2 × 6 =12
2. In the figure given below, EADF is a rectangle and ABC is a triangle whose
vertices lies on the sides of EADF and AE = 22, BE = 6, CF = 16, and BF = 2.
Find the length of the line joining the midpoints of the sides AB and BC.
42
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

E A

B
F
C D
Since EADF is a rectangle EF = AD = 8
CD = ( 22 – 16 ) = 6
So in right ADC, AD = 8, CD = 6
Therefore, AC = 10 (pythagorous theorem)
Hence the length of the line joining the midpoints of the sides AB and BC is
x = ½ (10) = 5 ( midpoint theorem)
3. Two sides of a plot measures 32m and 24m and the angle between them is a
right angle. The other two sides measures 25m each, also the other three
angles are not right angles. What is the area of the plot?
Solution:
A B

D C
Let the plot be ABCD, join AC and drop a perpendicular from B to AC at E
In ADC, D = 90°, AD = 24, DC = 32
So the area ADC = ½ × 32 × 24 = 384m2
Also, AC = 40m (Pythagorous theorem )
In the ABC, AB = BC = 25m
AC
So the area ABC = 4(AB) 2 – (AC)2
4
(area of isosceles triangle)
 40 
=   2500 – 1600
 4 
= 10 × 30 = 300m2
Therefore the total area of the plot is 684m2
43
 GEOMETRY

4. A regular polygon of 12 sides is formed by cutting off each corner of a hexagon

with side 10. Find the perimeter of the 12 sided polygon thus formed?
Solution:

P B C Q

L
A D

U R

Let PQRSTU be the regular hexagon.

Internal angle of a regular hexagon is 120°.
In PLB, LPB = 60° , PLB = 90° and PBL = 30°
PB = 2 PL

PB
and BL = 3
2

 = 2 BL = 3 PB
Given PQ = 10 = PB + BC(=AB) + CQ(=PB)

 
= PB 2  3 

 = AB
2  3
3

120 3
Perimeter of the 12 sided polygon = 12 × side =
2 3

44
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

5. Let X be the area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r and y be the area
x
of a hexagon inscribed in the same circle. Find .
y

Solution :

Let the side of the square be s

Diagonal = 2 side
2r = 2s
 s =r 2
Therefore area of the square, x = s2 = 2r 2
Side of the hexagon h
 2r = 2h  r = h

3 3r 2
Therefore area of the hexagon, y =
2

x 4
Hence, =
y 3 3

45
 GEOMETRY

EXERCISE
1. PQRS is a trapezium. QR = 9cm, RQS = 90º, PQ = 5cm and
81
area (QRS) = cm2. Find the area of the trapezium.
2 3

P Q

R S

(1) 13.5 3 (2) 7.5  13.5 3

(3) 15  13.5 3 (4) Data insufficient
2. In a regular hexagon of side ‘x’, another hexagon is drawn by joining the
midpoints of its sides and so on. What will be the sum of perimeters of all the
hexagons?

(1) 3 3x 
(2) 3 2  3 x 

(3) 2 2  3 x  (4) None
3. A plot is of such proportion that the length is to breath as the diagonal is to
length. The breath is 10 m. What is the area of the plot?
1
(1) 50  5 1  
(2) 50 2 5  1  2


(3) 50 2 5 –1  2 (4) 100  5 –1 
4. ABCD is a trapezium with AB parallel to DC. AC and BD intersect at O.
AB = 7cm, DC = 10.5cm. If the area of ABO = 20cm2, find the area of the
trapezium.
(1) 125 (2) 50
(3) 119 (4) None

46
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

5. In the figure below, what is the ratio of the outer hexagon to the area of the inner
one if the two are separated on all sides by squares of equal sizes ?


(1) 2  3 
2
(2)
7  4 3 
3
2
(3) 1  2 3  (4) None
6. In a regular hexagon of side 20, another hexagon is drawn by joining the
midpoints of its sides and so on. What will be the sum of areas of all the
hexagons?
(1) 600 3 (2) 2400 3
(3) 7200 3 (4) 1200 3
7. A 7 × 25 × 40 cm box is lying on the floor on one of its 7 × 40 cm faces. An ant,
located at one of the top corners of the box, must crawl along the outside of the
box to reach the opposite bottom corner. What is the length of the shortest
such path?
(1) 24 cm (2) 8 41 cm
(3) 2834 cm (4) 72 cm
8. All the three quadrilaterals ADEC, ABIH and BCGF are squares and angle ABC
= 90°. If the area of ADEC = x2 and area of AHIB = y2 (x2 > y2), then the area of
BCGF is.
D

E
A
H

I B C

F G
(1) (x + y)(x-y) (2) (x + y)2
(3) (x - y)2 (4) None of these
47
 GEOMETRY

9. ABCD is a parallelogram with AB = 6 3 cm, BC = 6 cm and angle ABC = 120°.

The bisectors of angles A, B, C and D form a quadrilateral PQRS. The area of
PQRS (in cm2) is
D C
P

Q
S
R
A
B

(1) 18 3(2 – 3) (2) 18 3 (3 – 2)

(3) 18(2 – 3) (4) 18(2  3)
3
10. There is a rectangular box 8 x 4 x 18 m . An insect starts from the corner P, crawls
along the outer surfaces (faces only) and reaches the corner T by the shortest
possible route as shown in the figure. If we assume that the insect continu-
ously keeps on ascending to reach its destination, then distance travelled by it
is

S
T

18

Q
4
P
8

(1) 40 m (2) 30 m
(3) 25 m (4) 20 m
11. Which of the following sets of values for w, x, y and z respectively, are possible
if ABCD is a parallelogram? B C
x° y°
I. 50°, 130°, 50°, 130°
II. 60°, 110°, 70°, 120°
III. 60°, 150°, 50°, 150°
w° z°
A D
(1) I only (2) II only
(3) I and II only (4) I and III only

48
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

12. In the adjoining figure, the chords AB and DC are produced to meet outside the
circle at P. The chords AC and BD are meet inside the circle at Q. If A = a° and
AQD = q°, then P is equal to
D

C
Q

P A
B
(1) (q + a)° (2) (q – a)°
(3) 2 (q – a)° (4) (q – 2a)°
13. A basketball with a radius of 8 inches sits in the corner of a room, touching the
floor and two walls simultaneously. A softball sits on the floor between the
basketball and the same corner. The softball touches the floor, the two walls,
and the basketball. What is the radius of the softball?

(1) 8 3 
(2) 8 2  3 

(3) 8 2 – 3  (4) 8  2 3

DIRECTIONS for the questions 14 to 15: (sin 54 = 0.8)

A regular polygon with n sides is such that the angle subtended by its sides at its
centre is 12 more than the angle subtended by an (n + 1) sided regular polygon. If
the area of the circle which inscribes the n-sided polygon is 3850 mm2, then:
14. The area of the n-sided polygon will be
(1) 2490 mm2 (2) 1470 mm2
2
(3) 1650 mm (4) 2940
15. The area of the polygon with (n + 1) sides (sides being equal to that of the n-
sided regular polygon) will be
(1) 3441 3 mm2 (2) 2221 2 mm2
(3) 3434 mm2 (4) 3180
C
D

P B
A

49
 GEOMETRY

16. In the adjoining figure DP is parallel to AC, then the ratio of area of triangle PCB
and quadrilateral ABCD is
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2
(3) 1 : 4 (4) 2 : 3
17. If two parallel sides of a trapezium are 60 cm and 77 cm and other non-parallel
sides are 25 cm and 26 cm then the area of the trapezium will be nearly
(1) 1724 sq. units (2) 1550 sq. units
(3) 1475 sq. units (4) 1644 sq. units
18. Four equal circles touch each other externally such that each of them touching
the two other circles. If P, Q, R and S are the points where these circles meet,
then
(1) PQRS is a Rectangle (2) P, Q, R & S are concyclic.
(3) Both (l) & (2) (4) None of these
19. In the figure given below, ABCD is a rectangle. A1B1C1D1 is the figure formed by
joining the mid–points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. A2B2C2D2 is the
figure formed by joining the mid–points of D1A1, A1B1, B1C1 and C1D1 respec-
tively. A3B3C3D3 is the figure formed by joining the mid–points of A2B2, B2C2,
C2D2 and D2A2 respectively. This process of joining the mid-points is contin-
ued indefinitely.

D C1 C

D2 C3 C2
D4 C5 C4
D1 D3 D5 B5 B3 B1
A4 A5 B4
A2 B2
A3

A A3 B

Area of (ABCD + A 2 B2 C 2 D2 + A 4 B4 C 4 D 4 +..........)

Find the ratio Area of (A B C D + A B C D + A B C D + ..........)
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5

(1) 5 : 4 (2) 4 : 3
(3) 3 : 2 (4) 2 : 1

50
QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

20. There are four equal circular paths with centres C1, C2, C3 and C4 – one touching
the other as shown below. The path E1E2E3E4, also touches the circles as shown.
D1, D2, D3, D4, are the points where C1E1, C2E2, C3E3 and C4E4 intersect the
circles. Three cyclists start from points C1, D1 and E1 to traverse the square
paths C1C2C3C4, D1D2D3D4 and E1E2E3E4 respectively.

E1 E2

D1 D2

C1 C2

C3 C4

D4 D3

E4 E3

Let the radius of each circular path be r and the distances traversed by cyclists
C, D and E be C, d and e respectively. Which of the following holds true?

 
(1) c = e – d = 2 4– 2 r  
(2) c + e – d = 4 2– 2 r

(3) c + e – d = 4  2+ 2  r (4) c + e – d = 4  4– 2  r

51
 4
Circles
A set of all points which lies at a certain distance from a fixed point, forms a
circle or you can say that a circle is the locus of all points equidistant from a central
point. The fixed point is called the center and the distance from the center to these
points is called radius. It is denoted by ‘r’. Circles are simple closed curves, dividing
the plane into an interior and exterior part.
M x
A B

C D
O
y
E F

1. Radius : The distance from the center to any point on the circumference of
the circle. In the above fig, OC and OD are the radius of the circle.
2. Chord : A line segment whose end points lie on the circle is called a
chord. In the above fig, AB is the chord of the circle.
3. Diameter : The chord which passes through the center of the circle is
called the diameter. In the above fig, CD is the diameter. The length of the
diameter is 2 times the length of the radius. The diameter is the longest
chord for any circle.
4. Secant : A line which intersects the circle at two distinct points is called
secant. In the above fig, line y is a secant.
5. Tangent: A line, which passes through a single point on the circle, is called
as tangent. In the above fig, line x is the tangent.
6. Arc : An arc is a part of the circumference of the circle. It is of two types
depending on its length, major arc greater than the semicircle and minor
arc less than the semicircle.
In the above fig, arcAMB is the minor arc and arcAFB is the major arc.
CIRCLES

7. Circumference : Th e distan ce ar oun d t he ci rcl e is cal led t he

circumference of the circle.
22
Circumference = 2r where  = or 3.14 and r = radius
7

8. Length of arc : l = × 2r where  is the angle subtended by the
360
arc at the centre
9. Area of the circle: Area = r2

10. Area of the sector: Area = × r 2 where  is the angle subtended
360
by the arc at the centre
Some circle combination that we may chance upon are
1. Congruent circles : Circles with equal radius.
2. Concentric circles : Circles with same center and lying in the same
plane, having different radius.
3. Tangent circles : Circles with only one common point and lying in
the same plane.
MEASURING AN ARC
B

A C
D
* The measure of the minor arc is equal to the measure of that it subtends on
the center of the circle. (central angle)
In the above fig, m(arcABC) = m(AOC)
* The measure of the major arc is equal to the measure of the corresponding
minor arc subtracted from 360°
In the above fig, m (arcADC) = 360°– m (arcABC)
* The measure of semicircle is 180°
53
 GEOMETRY

PROPERTIES OF CIRCLE
1. A perpendicular drawn from the center of the circle to any chord of the
circle, bisects the chord.

X
A B

If OX  AB, then XA = XB
2. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.

A X B

C Y D

If AB = CD then, OX = OY
3. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the center of the circle.

A B

O
D
 

C
If AB = CD then, AOB = COD

54
CIRCLES

4. Tangent passing through any point of the circle is always perpendicular to

the radius at the same point

x
P
OP  Tangent x
5. The angles inscribed by the same arc ON the circle are equal.

X Y

A B

AXB = AYB
6. The measure of the angle inscribed on the circle is half the angle inscribed
at the center by the same chord/arc.

A B

O
 

C
ACB = ½ AOB.

55
 GEOMETRY

7. The angle formed by secant and tangent is half of the intercepted arc.

O
B
C

D x
P

m DPA = ACP = ½ m(arc ABP) on center ‘o’.

8. (a) If two secants intersects in the exterior of a circle, the angle which forms
will be equal to the half of the difference of the measures of arc intercepted
by them.
C
A
X
B
D

m CXD = ½ { m (arcCD ) – m ( arc AB )}.

(b) Also CX × AX = DX × BX.
9. (a) If two secants intersects in the interior of a circle, the angle which forms
will be equal to the half of sum of the measures of the arc intercepted by
them.

A
C
O
B
D
1
AOC = {m (arcAC ) + m ( arc BD )}.
2
(b) Also AO × OD = CO × OB.

56
CIRCLES

10. (a) If a secant and a tangent intersects in the exterior of a circle, the angle
which forms will be equal to the half of the difference of the measures of arc
intercepted by them.

O Z

m XOZ = ½ {m ( arc XY ) – ( arc YZ )}

(b) Also, OZ2 = OX × OY
11. (a) Let for two circle-s with centre O and Q, AB and CD be the direct
common tangent.

A
B

O Q

D
C

Length of the direct common tangent

= (distance between centers) 2 – (r1 – r2 ) 2

Where r1 and r2 are the radius of the circles.
(b) Let for two circles with centre O and Q, AB and CD be the transverse
common tangent.

57
 GEOMETRY

A
D

O Q

B
C

Length of the transverse common tangent

= (distance between centers) 2 – (r1 + r2 ) 2

Also, in both the direct and indirect common tangents, the tangents and
the line joining centers are collinear.

12. The angle subtended by a diameter :

Z
A B
O

 The diameter of the circle subtends an obtuse angle at any point in the
interior of the circle. In the above fig, m AZB > 90º.
 The diameter of the circle subtends a right angle at any point on the
circumference of the circle. In the above fig, m AYB = 90º.
 The diameter of the circle subtends an acute angle at any point in the
exterior of the circle. In the above fig, m AXB < 90º.

58
CIRCLES

Important points to remember

1. There is one and only one circle, which can pass through three non-collinear
points.
2. There is one and only one tangent, which can pass through a given point on
the circle.
3. Two tangents can be drawn on the circle from a point in the exterior of the
circle.
4. The point at which common tangent of any two tangent circle passes lies on
the line joining the center of the circles.

13. Incircle : A circle touching three sides of a triangle internally is called an

incircle.
X

P Q
O

Y R Z

 The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by any sides of the triangle
is equal to the sum of half the measure of the angle opposite to that side
and 90º
In the above fig, XOY = ½ Z + 90º.
Cyclic Quadrilateral :A quadrilateral whose all the vertices lie on a circle is
called Cyclic Quadrilateral.
Q

 
S T
R

59
 GEOMETRY

The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the opposite angle of its
adjacent angle. In the fig above, SPQ = QRT

 Area of the cyclic quadrilateral = (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (s-d)

where, s is the semi perimeter and a, b, c and d are the sides of the
quadrilateral.
 In case of rectangle and square inscribed in the circle, the diagonal is equal
to the diameter of the circle.

ILLUSTRATION
1. In the given figure, RS = 6 and radius of circle is 5. Find PB
A

R S
P

Solution : (CS) = (PC) + (PS)2

2 2

52 = (PC)2+(3)2 = 25–9
PC = 4
PB = 4+5 = 9cm
2. Three circles with centers X, Y and Z with unit radius touch each other at O,
P and Q. Find the area of the shaded region.
Q
X Y

O P
Z

Area of the shaded region = Area of equilateral ABC – 3( Area of the sector)

3 60 22
= × 22 – 3 × × × 12
4 360  7
= 0.16 sq. units

60
CIRCLES

3. CT is the tangent to the circle with O as a center. CT = 6 and BC = 4. Find the

radius of the circle.

A
O B C

If r is the radius of the circle

( r2 + 4 )2 = r2 + 62 [Phythagoras theorem]

20
r = = 2.5
8
4. In the fig given below, RS = 16, OA = 6, PQ = 12. OA and OB are perpendicular
to RS and PQ respectively. Find OB.

Q
B
P

R S
A

AS = ½ × RS
[ Perpendicular from the center of the circle bisects the chord]
(OS)2 = (OA)2 + (AS)2
OS = 10
Also, OS = OQ = 10 [ radii of the same circle]
(OB)2 = (OQ)2 – (BQ)2
Therefore, OB = 8

61
 GEOMETRY

EXERCISE
1. A circle is divided into 8 equal parts by 8 points a1, a2, a3, …………a8. Find the
measure of X.
a8 a2

a7
X a3

a6 a4
a5
(1) 22.5 (2) 45
(3) 112.5 (4) 67.5
2. AB is the diameter of a circle whose radius is 10. CA of length 48, is the tangent
to the circle at A. Find CB  DB.
C

A B

(1) 1040 (2) 2304

(3) 400 (4) 520
3. AB and CD are the arcs of circle. If the arcs subtend an angle of 120º at their
respective centers, find the area of the shaded region in the fig below. ABCD is
a square of side 1.
A D

B C

(1)
8 – 6 3  (2)
8 – 6 3 
12 6

(3)
12  6 3 – 8  (4)
6  6 3 – 8 
12 6

62
CIRCLES

4. In the figure below, the shaded rectangle at the corner measures 6cm × 12cm.
What is the radius of the circle ?

(1) 6 (2) 30
(3) Either of (a) or (b) (4) Data insufficient
5. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle and a square is inscribed in the
circle. Find the ratio of area of the triangle to the area of the square.

3 3 4
(1) (2)
4 3 3

2 3 3
(3) (4)
3 3 2
6. Chords PQ and RS of a circle intersect at a point T at right angles to each other.
If the segment PT, TQ and TS are of length 2, 3 and 6 units respectively, what
is the diameter of the circle?

5
(1) 5 2 (2)
2
(3) 2.5 2 (4) Data insufficient
7. Let PQRS be a convex quadrilateral in which QPR = 50° and RPS = 60°. P lies
at the center of the circle and Q, R, S at the circumference of the same circle. If
T is the point of intersection of PR and QS, find PTQ.
(1) 85 (2) 95
(3) 110 (4) None
8. In the diagram given below, P and Q are the centers of the two circles. ABC is a
common tangent drawn to the circles from the point A, which lies on the passing
line through P and Q. Distance between P and Q is 17cm and the distance
between the points of contact of the circle (i.e., BC) is 15cm.
(a) What is the diameter of the smaller circle
(1) 8 (2) 9
(3) 16 (4) 18
63
 GEOMETRY

(b) What is the ratio of the areas of the triangle ABP and triangle AQC?

C
B

A
P Q

(1) 1 : 64 (2) 17 : 81
(3) 64 : 81 (4) 8 : 9
9. The area of a circle inscribed in a regular hexagon is 500. Find the area of the
hexagon.
(1) 1000 3 (2) 1250 3
(3) 1250 (4) 4000
10. Find the length of the common chord of the two circles of radii 6cm and 8cm
with their centers 10cm apart.
(1) 4.8 (2) 9.6
(3) 9 (4) 7.5
11. In the figure given below O is the center of the circle. OP = 7.5cm, AB = 5cm and
radius OR = 4.5. Find PB.

R P

O A

(1) 6 3 (2) 6
(3) 4 (4) 9
12. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 49mm. Find the distance traveled by
its outer end in 25 minutes.
(1) 30.8 (2) 770
(3) 12.8 (4) 22
64
CIRCLES

13. In the regular nonagon ABCDEFGHI, AF =

F
G E

H D

I C

A B
(1) AB + AC (2) AB + BC
(3) AC + FC (4) None of these
14. The diagram shows that ABCD is a rhombus of side 40 m, one of the sides AB
being the diameter of the circle with centre O and BAD = 60°. A man starts
from C and travels along the outer edge of the figure CBGAFED and back to C.
What is the distance (approximate) travelled by him?
B

A C
F
E
D
(1) 160 m (2) 172 m
(3) 184 m (4) 191 m
15. If the side of the outermost square is ‘a’, then what is the area of the inner
equilateral triangle? (ABCD is a square)
A
G

B O D

E F

2 2
3 3a 3 3a
(1) (2)
32 64
2 2
5 3a 3a
(3) (4)
32 16
65
 GEOMETRY

16. A circle touches the sides of a quadrilateral ABCD at P, Q, R and S respectively.

D R
C

S
Q

A P B
The angles subtended at the centre by a pair of opposite sides are
(1) Supplementary (2) Complementary
(3) Equal (4) unequal
17. A square is inscribed in a quarter of a circle in such manner that two of its
adjacent vertices lie on the radii at an equal distance from the centre, while the
other two vertices lie on the circular area. If the square has sides of length x,
then the radius of the circle is
16x 2x
(1) (2)
π + 4 
(3) x 2.5 (4) x 2

DIRECTIONS: Refer to the following data to answer the questions that follow.A
wooden plank is on the roller as shown. It is pushed from the side as indicated by
the arrow such that the angle P becomes 60° and the horizontal distance between
the point P and centre O is now 10 m.

90°
O
r
30°
18. What is the radius of the roller.
10 5
(1) 2)
3 3
15
(3) (4) None of these
3
66
CIRCLES

 o 3 – 1 
19. What is the length of the plank?  tan15 = 
 3 + 1

(1)
10  3 +2  (2)
20  3 +2 
3 3

(3)
15  3 +2  (4) None of these
3
20. In the following figure, two circles of equal radius touch each other externally at
point C, and AB is the common tangent to thecircle. Find thevalue of CAB.
A M B

(1) 45° (2) 30°

(3) 60° (4) 40°

67
 5
Mensuration

Measurement generally refers to the process of estimating/determining the

ratio of magnitude of a quantitative property or relation to a unit of the same type of
quantitative property/relation. A process of measurement involves the comparison
of physical quantities of objects or phenomena, or the comparison of relations
between objects (e.g. angles). A particular measurement is the result of such a
process, normally expressed as the multiple of a real number and a unit, where the
real number is the ratio obtained from the measurement process. For example, the
measurement of the length of an object might be 5 m, which is an estimate of the
object’s length, a magnitude, relative to a unit of length, the meter.

SOLIDS
Solids are 3-dimensional objects which have area and volume. It is bounded
by planes which are called faces.

EULER’S THEOREM
Number of faces + number of vertices = 2 + number of edges.
Mensuration deals with the measurement of areas, volumes etc. of various
solid figures. In this chapter, we will briefly go through the various results relating
to the volumes and areas of the following solid figures.
(a) Cuboid (b) Cube
(c) Cylinder (d) Cone
(e) Sphere (f) Ring
(g) Pyramid

Note:
It is essential to remember all the results relating to the various solid figures to
solve the questions quickly. Also while solving the problems of mensuration
keep an eye on the units of measurement given.
MENSURATION

CUBOID

A cuboid is akin to a room, if it is split from one of the corners, the four walls can
be opened as a single sheet with one of the dimensions being height and the other
being the perimeter of the room.
We need to add the areas of root and floor to get
Lateral surface area = perimeter of the base × height
= 2 ( b+ l ) h
Total surface area = 2 [l × b + b × h + h × l]
Volume = Length  breadth  height
=l×b×h
Length of the body diagonal = l² + b² + h²

CUBE
A square having the same height is called as cube. It has six equal square faces.

b
l

In a cube length = breadth = height

Now, can you relate the cuboid concepts above to get the following !
Illustration 1: There is a hollow cube of side 5cm whose sides are made of smaller
cubes of side 1cm. Now, if the outer surface of the outer cube is painted, how many
sides of the smaller cube will remain unpainted?
Solution: First let us find the number of smaller cubes required to make one larger
hollow cube. 25 smaller cubes make one side of the larger cube. Similarly the same
goes for the side opposite to it. Let these sides be the top and bottom of the cube.
Now, taking two opposite sides, we find that although each is again made of 25

69
 GEOMETRY

smaller cubes but we have already counted 5 cubes lining the top and 5 lining the
bottom. So we count only 15 cubes for each. Taking the other two remaining opposite
sides, we only count 9 cubes for each, the other cubes being already counted.
Total number of smaller cubes = 2 × 25 + 2 × 15 + 2 × 9 = 98
Total number of sides = 98 × 6 = 588
Each side of the larger cube has 25 smaller sides
Total number of painted sides = 25 × 6 = 150
Thus, the number of unpainted sides = 588 – 150 = 438
The number of cubes can also be counted as 53–53 = 98 (Think how !)
Illustration 2: If the cost of painting 1m2 is Rs. 50, then what will be the maximum
amount saved in painting the room in the most economical way, if the sum of
length, breadth and height is 21m, and all sides are integers? [ floor is not painted]
Solution: Area of the room will be maximum if length, breadth and height are equal.
Total area = 2[ lb + bh + hl ] = 2 [ 49 + 49 + 49 ] = 294 m2
Area to be painted = 294 – [49] = 245m2 {floor is not painted}
Area of the room will be minimum if length is19mbreadth is 1m and
height is 1m
Total area = 2[ lb + bh + hl ] = 2 [ 19 + 1 + 19 ] = 78 m2
Area to be painted = 78 – 19 = 59 m2 { floor not painted }
Maximum amount spent = 245 × 50 = Rs.12250
Minimum amount spent = 59 × 50 = Rs.2950
Amount saved = 12250 – 2950 = Rs.9300

RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

A circle having height is called a cylinder. The base and the upper face are
circles of equal area.

70
MENSURATION

We can slit a cylinder along the height and open it to get a rectangular sheet,
one of them being height and the other being the perimeter of the base.
Curved surface area = perimeter of the base × height
= 2 r h
We need to add the base and top circle area to get
Total surface area = 2 r[r+h]
Volume = Area of the base  height
=  r² h
Volume of material in a hollow =  ( R² – r² ) h
Cylinder R is the radius of outer and r is the
radius of the inner cylinder.

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

The base of right circular cone is circular.

h l

Use pythagoras theorem to get

Slant height = r2 + h2
We can slit the cone along any line at the curved surface. We will get a sector
once it is opened.

71
 GEOMETRY

Curved surface area =  r l

Total surface area =  r [ r + l ]
1
Volume = volume of a cylinder
3
1
=  r² h
3
Note :
Area of a cone is always 1/3rd of the cylinder having the same height and
radius.
Illustration 3: A rectangular sheet of iron foil is 76 cm long and 20 cm wide. A
cylinder is made out of it by rolling the foil once along the width. Find the volume
of the cylinder.
Solution: The cylinder obtained from the foil has the base circumference 76cm and
height 20 cm.
38
For Base Radius  2r = 76  r= cm
π
38 38 2660
Volume of the cylinder = r2 h = × × × 20 = cm3.
π π 11
Illustration 4: A rectangle 14 cm×8 cm is rotated about its smaller edge as axis.
Find the curved surface area and volume of solid generated.
Solution: If we rotate a rectangular sheet along its breadth, then it will form a
cylinder with the length of the sheet as its radius and breadth as its height.
Curved surface area = 2rh
22
= 2× × 14 × 8
7
= 704 cm2
Volume of solid = r2h
22
= × 14 × 14 × 8
7
= 4928 cm3
Illustration 5: A cylindrical vessel is completely filled with milk. The content of
this vessel is poured into a conical container of the same height and same base
radius as that of the cylinder, until it is completely full. The cylinder is then filled

72
MENSURATION

with water until it is completely full. The contents of both the vessels are then
emptied into a third vessel. When 7 litres of water is further added to this vessel,
the ratio of milk and water becomes 2:3. Find the volume of the conical vessel?
Solution: The catch here is the volume of the cylinder is 3 times the volume of the
cone having the same height and the base radius.
Hence in the third vessel the ratio of milk and water is 3:1. Then final ratio is 2:3.
Since the amount of milk has not changed, we compare the two ratios as
initial = 6 : 2 and final = 6:9.
Hence the addition of 7litres has increased the parts of water by 7 (from 2 to 9)
Total volume of the third vessel is 8litres.
Volume of the conical vessel is 2litres.

FRUSTUM OF A CONE
It is the lower part of the cone including the basewhen a plane cuts the cone
parallel to the base. Please visualise an inverted bucket.

h l

Illustration 6: If the radii of the ends of a bucket of height 90 cm are 56 cm and

14cm. What is the capacity of the bucket?
h
Solution: Volume =  ( R² + r² + Rr )
3
90
=  ( 562 + 142 + 56 × 14 )
3
= 388080 cm3
SPHERE
The set of all points in any plane which are at a certain distance from a fixed

73
 GEOMETRY

point is called a sphere. The fixed point is the centreand the fixed distance is ‘r’.
Surface area = 4  r²
4
Volume =  r³
3 r
4
Volume of material in a hollow =  ( R³ – r³ )
3
where R is the outer radius and r is the inner radius of the sphere.

HEMISPHERE
When a plane passing through the centre of the sphere cuts it into two parts, it
forms two hemispheres. The upper face of hemisphere is a circular region.

Illustration 7: A ball of diameter 15cm is floating so that the top of the ball is 5cm
above the smooth surface(water) of the pond. What is the circumference in
centimeters of the circle formed by the contact of the water surface with the ball?
Solution:
A

M C N

B
Let O be the center of the sphere and MCN be the smooth surface of the water.
We have MC = CN [ radius of the circle formed by the contact of water surface
with the ball
MC  CN = AC  CB
(MC)2 = 5  MC = 5 2
Circumference of the circle formed = 2r

74
MENSURATION

= 2 × × 5 2 = 10 π
Illustration 8: If the weight of a hollow and symmetric spherical shell is 7/8 of
what it would be if it were a solid shell, then what is the ratio of inner and outer
radii of the shell?
4
Solution: Wsolid = R3
3
4
Whollow =  ( R3 – r3 )
3
{ r = inner radiusR = outer radius }
7
Given Whollow = Wsolid
8
r
Thus, = 1: 2
R
SOLID RING
A cylindrical rod with inner radius ‘r’ and outer radius ‘R’ joined end to end
forms a solid ring.
Curved surface area = (R² – r²)
π
Volume = (R – r) ² (R + r)
4
PYRAMID
A solid figure whose base is a polygon and lateral faces are triangular with a
common vertex is called a pyramid.

Tetrahedron Square Pyramid Hexagonal Pyramid

Number of vertices : n+1

Number of faces : n+1
Pythagoras theorem will be used here at its best
Lateral surface area : ½ × perimeter of the base × slant height

75
 GEOMETRY

Total surface area : base area + ½ × perimeter of the base × slant height
1
Volume : × base area × height
3
Illustration 9: Three spheres of radius 1cm are resting on a horizontal table with
each touching the other. Another sphere is placed on top with its center above the
center of the triangle formed by the three spheres. What is the height of the center
of the top sphere above the table?
Solution: The center of the spheres forms a regular tetrahedron, with the length of
the edge 2cm.
2 3 2
The distance from the vertex to the centre of the face is = =
3 3
The distance from the top vertex to the bottom of face is
2
 2  2 2
= 22    =
 3 3
2
2
Therefore, height of the bottom face is 1 +
3
Illustration 10: A hexagonal pyramid of height 40cm and perimeter of the hexagon
120 cm has density of 3 gm/cc. Find the weight of the pyramid?
120
Solution: Length of side = perimeter/ number of sides = = 20cm
6
1
Volume of pyramid = × base area × height
3

1 3 3
= × × 202 × 40
3 2
= 8000 3 cc
now, weight = volume × density
= 8000 3 × 3 = 24000gm = 24 kg

76
MENSURATION

EXERCISE
1. A hall-room 39m 10cm long and 35m 70cm broad is to be paved with equal
squares tiles. Find the largest tile so that the tiles exactly fit break also find the
number of tiles required.
(1) 10 cm (2) 70 cm
(3) 5 cm (4) None
2. A rectangular hall 12m long and 10 m broad, is surrounded by a verandah 2
meters wide. Find the area of the verandah.
(1) 104 (2) 88
(3) 96 (4) None
3. A path 2m wide running all round a square garden has an area of 9680 sq. m.
Find the area of the part of the garden enclosed by the path.
(1) 1464100 (2) 1459264
(3) 364816 (4) 361025
4. A path all around the inside of a rectangular park 37m by 30m occupies 570 sq.
m. Find the width of the path.
(1) 5 m (2) 4 m
(3) 2 m (4) None
5. An oblong piece of ground measures 19m 2.5dm by 12m 5dm. From the center
of each side a path 2m wide goes across to the center of the opposite side. Find
the cost of paving these paths at the rate of Rs 1.32 per sq. meter.
(1) 79.86 (2) 81.18
(3) 78.54 (4) Data insufficient
2
6. A rectangular tank, measuring internally 11 m in length, 12 m in breadth and
3
8m in depth, is full of water. Find the weight of water in metric tons, given that
one cubic meter of water weighs 1000 kg.
(1) 3584 (2) 3.584
(3) 3.584 × 106 (4) None
7. A closed wooden box measures externally 9 cm long, 7 cm broad, 6 cm high. If
the thickness of the wood is half a cm, find the weight supposing that one cubic
cm. of wood weighs 0.9 gm.
(1) 340.2 (2) 153.33 g
(3) 138 g (4) 124.2 g
77
 GEOMETRY

8. A cubic meter of gold is extended by hammering so as to cover an area of 6

hectares. Find the thickness of the gold?
(1) 0.0017 cm (2) 0.17 cm
(3) 0.000017 cm (4) None
9. Each of the radius and the height of a cone is increased by 20%. Then find the
% increase in volume.
(1) 20% (2) 44%
(3) 68.6% (4) 72.8%
10. Two brothers Ajay and Vijay invited friends for a party. A hemisphererical bowl
full of ice cream of diameter 18 cm was served for dessert. Each of them has
three scoops of ice cream. If the ice cream was served in a hemispherical scoop
of radius 1cm, how many friends did they have for their party?
(1) 723 (2) 241
(3) 80 (4) None
11. A pyramid-shaped box has an internal volume of 256cc and a square base of
length 8cm. How many small solid pyramids each with a volume of 4cc and
square base of length 2cm, can we pack wholly in the box?
(1) 44 (2) <44
(3) 64 (4) Data insufficient
12. A sphere has a diameter of 500cm. We fit the largest possible cube inside this
sphere. Now we fit another sphere of largest possible diameter inside the cube.
Find the ratio of the volumes of the two spheres.
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 2 : 1
(3) 5.2 : 1 (4) 2.82 : 1
13. A square ground of edge 10m is dug up to a depth of 5m in a circular field so that
the vertices of the square lie on the circumference of the field. The mud is
spread over the field, there by increasing the height of the field. Find the height.
(1) 8.77 (2) 8.75
(3) 3.18 (4) 5
14. A right circular cone 8cm in diameter and slant height 12cm is set into a sphere
of radius 3cm such that the vertex of the cone and the center of the sphere
coincide. Find the surface area of solid thus formed.
(1) 82 (2) 73
(3) 66 (4) None
78
MENSURATION

15. The weight of a right circular cone varies as the square of radius of the base and
also its height. If the radius of the base is 5cm, height 30cm and weight 5.5kg,
find the radius of the cone of weight 2.464kg and height 21cm?.
(1) 5 (2) 4
(3) 2.5 (4) None
16. The lower part of a tent is a right circular cylinder and its upper part is a right
cone. The diameter of the base is 80 m and the total height is 70m and the height
of the cylindrical part is 40m. Find the cost of material at Rs. 10 per sq.m.
(1) 13280 (2) 132800
(3) 251200 (4) None
17. In a foundry a solid rectangular block of iron is cast into a pipe. The dimensions
of the block are 8m, 6m and 4m. The pipe has external diameter of 100cm and a
internal diameter of 80cm. What will be the length of the pipe?
(1) 306 (2) 244.8
(3) 680 (4) None
18. A right-angled triangle with perpendicular sides 6.3 cm and 10 cm is made to
turn round on the longer side. What is the volume and surface area of the solid
thus formed?
(1) 358.8 (2) 1076.4
(3) 717.6 (4) None
19. Find the length of the string wound on a cylinder of height 48cm and a base
1
diameter of 5 1 1 cm. The string makes exactly 4 complete turns round the cylinder

while its two ends touch the cylinder’s top and bottom.
(1) 80 (2) 90
(3) 70 (4) 160
20. The external length, breadth and height of a closed box are 10cm, 9cm and 7cm
respectively. The total inner surface area of the box is 262cm2. If the walls of the
box are of uniform thickness Wcm, find W ?
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 0.5 (4) 0.9

79
 GEOMETRY

21. A cube is painted and divided into 64 identical small cubes. Then all the cubes
with 3 painted sides are removed. The remaining part of the cube is painted
again without rearranging it. Again those cube with 3 painted sides are removed
and the cube is once again painted. How many cubes have two sides painted
now?
(1) 0 (2) 12
(3) 4 (4) 8
22. The capacities of two hemispherical vessels are 6.4 liters and 21.6. The area of
the inner curved surfaces of the vessels will be in the ratio of?
(1) 6.4 : 21.6 (2) 640 : 216
(3) 4 : 6 (4)  : 1.5
23. The solid is made of a right circular cylinder and two right circular cones of the
same base radius of 3cm, one above and one below the cylinder. The height of
the upper and the lower cones are in the ratio of 3:2. The height of the cylinder
is 2cm. The volume of the whole solid is 198cm3. What is the height of the solid
formed?
(1) 5 (2) 10
(3) 15 (4) 17
24. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube
of edge 42cm is.
(1) 19404 (2) 58212
(3) 74088 (4) None
25. A cube is cut into three pieces such that two of the pieces are cuboids with two
sides exactly half of the bigger cube and the third side same as the original
cube. The third solid has two dimension same as the original cube. Find the
ratio of the total surface area of the cuboid and the third solid.
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 5 : 8
(3) 3 : 8 (4) 3 : 4
26. Four pipes each of diameter 3cm are to be replaced by a single pipe discharging
the same amount of water. What should be the radius of the single pipe, if the
speed of the water is the same.
(1) 12 (2) 6
(3) 3 (4) 5.19

80
MENSURATION

27. The section of a right circular cone cut by a plane containing the vertex and
perpendicular to the base is an equilateral triangle of side 6cm. Find the volume
of the cone
(1) 36 3 (2) 36
(3) 27 (4) 30 3
28. A sheet in a particular shape is cut into different patterns and all these pieces
are rearranged to get some meaningful shapes. If a circular sheet of diameter
14cm is cut into some patterns and rearranged to form a parallelogram of base
14cm, what will be the height of that parallelogram?
(1) 0 (2) 5.5
(3) 22 (4) 11
29. Four horses are tethered at four corners of a square plot of side 63m, so that
they just cannot reach one another. Find the area that remains ungrazed.
(1) 0 (2) 850.5
(3) 3115.5 (4) 3969
30. A circular playground is to be leveled using a road roller of 2m width. The road
roller makes 5 rounds of concentric circle to level the whole playground. What
is the overall distance traveled by a point on the midpoint of the drum of the
road roller?
(1) 30 (2) 60
(3) 25 (4) 50

81
 6
Coordinate Geometry
Co-ordinate geometry was developed with the idea to specify the position of a
point or an object. In mathematics as applied to geometry, physics or engineering, a
coordinate system is a system for assigning real numbers to each point in an n-
dimensional space. Everything in this world is made of points, and we can locate a
specific place with points. That’s why the coordinate system is developed.
Coordinate system is used throughout life from air trafficking to ocean navigation.
Number Line: A line on which all real numbers can be represented is called a
number line. The number Zero is present in the center of the number line, and it
denotes in the origin. The positive real number ‘+n’ can be represented on the
number line, whose distance from origin is ‘n’ units on the right side of the origin.
The negative real number ‘-n’ can be represented on the number line, whose distance
from origin is ‘n’ units on the left side of the origin.
X

3/2 –1 –½ 0 ½ 1 3/2
In the above number line co-ordinate of point X is – ½

CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. Two dimensional coordinate system :
The modern Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a
rectangular coordinate system) is commonly defined by two axes, at right angles to
each other, forming a plane (an xy-plane). The horizontal axis is labeled ‘x’, and the
vertical axis is labeled ‘y’.
2. Three dimensional coordinate system :
In a three dimensional coordinate system, another axis, normally labeled
‘z’, is added to the two dimensional system, providing a sense of a third dimension
of space measurement. The axes are commonly defined as mutually orthogonal to
each other (each at a right angle to the other).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Here in this chapter we will restrict to Two-dimensional system

X’OX and YOY’ are the two axes intersecting at origin.

4
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
3
B A
2 x
1 y
C
X’ X
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1

–2

–3

–4
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4

Y’

As shown in the fig, above

 The horizontal line X’ OX is called the x-axis.
 The vertical line YOY’ is called the y-axis.
 On x-axis, the positive numbers are on the right side and negative numbers
are on the left side of the origin.
 On y-axis, the positive numbers are above and the negative numbers are
below the origin.
 The x-axis and y-axis divide the plane into four quadrants viz, first, second,
third and fourth, which are (in the above fig) XOY, YOX’, X’OY’, Y’OX
respectively.
 If A is a point in the 1st quadrant and AB, AC are perpendicular to the x-axis
and y-axis respectively (above fig ) then the lengths of AB, AC are called
the co-ordinates of A.
83
 GEOMETRY

 The length of AB is called x-co-ordinate or abscissa. It is denoted by ‘x’.

 The length of AC is called y-co-ordinate or ordinate. It is denoted by ‘y’.
 The co-ordinate of a point is written in 1st bracket. The first number is
x-co-ordinate and the second number is y-co-ordinate.
e.g., the co-ordinates of origin are (0,0)
The following table will illustrate the signs of co-ordinates of a point in different
quadrant.

QUADRANT x-co-ordinate y-co-ordinate Sign of both

co-ordinates
First quadrant + + (+, + )
Second quadrant – + ( –, + )
Third quadrant – – ( –, – )
Fourth quadrant + – ( +, – )

The coordinate geometry is not difficult. Here we list the most commonly used
results of coordinate geometry. By knowing these results and the funda behind it is
very easy to visualise and work the problems of co-ordinate geometry..

POINT
A point in geometry has no size, orientation, or any other feature except position.
The location of a point can be described in 2-D space with two real numbers. E.g,
P = ( 5, 3 )
It implies that the point is at a distance of 5 units from the y-axis and 3 units from
the x-axis. We can also say that it gives the distance of the point from the origin.
Similarly the location of a point in 3-D space can be described by three real
numbers. P(x, y, z)

POINT & POINT

1. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
If two points are given we can easily find the distance between them using the
following result (pythagoras theorem).
The distance between two points of co-ordinates ( x1, y1 ) and (x2, y2)

( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2

84
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Illustration 1: Find the value of ‘p’ if the distance between S( p, 3) and T( 7, p)

is 8 units
Solution : (ST) = (p – 7)² + ( 3 – p)²

= p² – 14p + 49 + 9 – 6p + p²

8 = 2p² – 20p +58

8 = 2p² – 20p + 58
4 = p² – 10p + 29
 p² – 10p + 25 = 0
 p = 5.

2. SLOPE
Slope is defined, as by how much should the value of Y be changed if we were
to change the value of X by unity. If for a unit increase in X, the value of Y increases,
the slope is positive, and if the value of Y decreases, the slope is negative
(elementary!!).
Mathematically, the slope of two points is the difference between the
Y-Coordinates divided by the difference between the X-Coordinates of the two
points.
So the equation for the slope of two points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is
y 2 -y1
Slope =
x 2 -x1

Note:
All segments of the line joining two points have equal slopes.

Illustration 2: Find the slope of the line containing the two points A(–2,–4) and
B(6,1)?
y –y
Slope = 2 1
x 2 –x1
1  (4) 5
Slope = =
6  (2) 8

85
 GEOMETRY

LINE
A straight line is a set of points which extends infinitely far in a given direction
and the opposite direction. It has infinite length and zero width and breadth.
EQUATION OF A LINE
It is the condition satisfied by all the points P (x, y) on a line, expressed in x or y.
Different forms of equation of the line:
I. General form: It is a linear equation (of first degree) in x and y. It is of the form
Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, C are real numbers.
II. Point slope form:The equation of the line passing through point (x1, y1) and
slope m is in the form
y – y1 = m ( x – x1 )
III. Two point form: The equation of the line passing through two points
(x1,y1) and (x2, y2) where x1  x2 is
y – y1 y1 – y2
=
x – x1 x1 – x 2
IV. Slope intercept form: The equation of the line making intercept ‘c’ on the
y-axis and having slope m is
y = mx + c
V. Double intercept form:The equation of the line making intercepts ‘a’ and ‘b’
x y
on x-axis and y-axis respectively is a
+ b = 1 where a  0, b  0
VI. Trigonometric form: If a perpendicular of length ‘l’ is drawn from the origin
to a line making an angle ‘’ with the x-axis, then
Y

P
(x, y)

0
X
O
l = x cos + y sin 

86
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

VII. Symmetric form: The equation of the line passing through a point (x1, y1)
and making an angle ‘’ with the x-axis
x – x1 y – y1
=
cos θ sin θ

SLOPE
Inclination of a line :If a straight line intersects the x-axis, the angle it makes
with the x-axis (measured anti-clockwise) is called the inclination of the line.
If a line is parallel to the x-axis, its inclination will be 0.
The slope ‘m’ of a line with inclination to the x-axis is
m = tan
Y

0
X’ x
O

Y’

 The slope of a line perpendicular to x-axis is not defined, as tan 90º is not
defined.
 The slope of the line parallel to x-axis is zero
 If the angle of inclination is acute the slope is positive.
 If the angle of inclination is obtuse the slope is negative.
 Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are perpendicular to each other only
if m1 × m2 = –1 or m1 = 0 and m2 does not exist
Also if the slope of a line is m then the slope of the line perpendicular to it
1
will be – .
m
 Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are parallel to each other only if
m1 = m2.

87
 GEOMETRY

Equation of the line parallel to x-axis and y-axis :

 The equation of the line parallel to x-axis and at a distance ‘d’, above
the x-axis is y = d. y = d is also called the y intercept.
 The equation of the line parallel to x-axis and at a distance ‘d’, below
the x-axis is y = – d. y = – d is also called the y intercept.
 The equation of the line parallel to y-axis and at a distance ‘d’, right of
the y-axis is x = d. x = d is also called the x intercept.
 The equation of the line parallel to y-axis and at a distance ‘d’, left of
the y-axis is x = – d. x = – d is also called the x intercept

Important points
Let Ax + By + C = 0 be a equation of the line. Then

A  coefficient of x 
 Slope m = – = – 
B  coefficient of y 

C  constant term 
 x intercept = – = – 
A  coefficient of x 

C  constant term 
 y intercept = – = – 
B  coefficient of y 

LINE & LINE

In 2-Dimensions, two lines can either be parallel or intersecting. A special case
of the lines being parallel is overlap of the two lines, i.e. they represent the same line.

CONDITION OF PARALLEL LINES

We can verify if the two given lines are parallel by the following conditions:

1. Distance between two lines

The distance between two lines will exist only when both the lines are parallel
to each other. We can find the distance between two given lines only if, the coefficient
of both x and y is same for both the lines, i.e., both the lines are parallel.

88
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Mathematically, the distance between two parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and

Ax + By + C2 = 0 is
| C1 – C2 |
A2  B2
2. Slope of the two lines
If the slopes of the two respective lines are given and the slopes are equal, we
can infer that the two lines are parallel.

CONDITION OF INTERSECTION
1. Point of intersection between two lines
The point of intersection of two lines
A1x +B1y +C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0 can be obtained by solving the two
equation simultaneously for x and y.

2. Slope of two lines

If the slopes of the two respective lines are given and the slopes are not equal,
we can infer that the two lines are intersecting.

3. Angle between two lines

If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two lines A1 x+B1 y+C1=0 and A2 x+B2 y+C2=0 such
that m1  m2 then the acute angle ‘  ’ is
| A1B2 – A 2 B1 |
tan  = | A1A 2 – B1B 2 |
Special Cases: Numerator = 0 i.e. m1 = m2 i.e. parallel line
Denominator = 0 i.e. perpendicular line

POINT & LINE

1. Distance of a point from a line
The distance of a point from a line can be calculated by the following result. If
the distance is equal to zero, then we can say that the given point lies on the same
line.

89
 GEOMETRY

Mathematically, the perpendicular distance of a line Ax + By + C = 0 from a point

P (x1, y1) is
|Ax1 + By1 +C|
A 2 + B2
2. Distance of origin from a line
To find the distance of origin from a line, we can put the co-ordinates of origin
i.e. (0, 0) in the above result.
The perpendicular distance of a line Ax + By + C = 0 from the origin is
|C|
A 2 +B2
POINT – POINT – POINT
Three points in a plane can either be collinear or be non-collinear. If the three
points are non-collinear, we can draw a triangle joining the three points.
1. Area of Triangle: (Test of collinearity)
Area enclosed by three points can be calculated using the following results,
only if the three points are non-collinear. If the area is equal to zero, we can say that
the three points are collinear. So, the result given below can also be used as a test
for collinearity.
If P (x1, y1), Q (x2, y2), R (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle, then

x1 x2 x3
Area of the PQR = ½ y1 y2 y3
1 1 1

= ½ [ x1 ( y2 – y3 ) + x2 ( y1 – y3 ) + x3 ( y1 – y2 )]
If the area of the three points equals to 0 then the three points are collinear.
2. Comparing slopes: (Test of collinearity)
If the slopes of any two pair of points(among three given points) are equal then
we can say that the there are points are collinear.
e.g, if there are three points X(a, b), Y(c, d), Z(e, f)
m1 is the slope of X and Y : m2 is the slope of Y and Z
and if m1 = m2, then points X, Y, Z are collinear.
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY

3. Section formula ( between three points) :

If three collinear points are given we can find the distance and also the co-
ordinates of the point dividing the other two points (internally or externally).
(a) Internally
m n

S (x1, y1) P (x, y) T (x2, y2)

If P is a point dividing the line segment S(x1, y1)T(x2, y2) internally in the ratio of
m:n (SP:PT), then the co-ordinates (x,y) of P is
 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
P ( x, y ) =  , 
 m+n m+n 
(b) Externally
m

S (x1, y1) T (x2, y2) P (x, y)

n

If P is a point dividing the line segment S(x1, y1)T(x2, y2) externally in the ratio
of m:n (SP:PT), then the co-ordinates (x,y) of P is
 mx 2 – nx1 my 2 – ny1 
P ( x, y ) =  , 
 m–n m–n 
(c) Mid point of a segment :
If P is the mid-point dividing the line segment S(x1, y1)T(x2, y2), then the co-
ordinates (x, y) of P is
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y2 
P ( x, y ) =  ,
 2 2 
Illustration 3 : If P divides a segment ST internally in the ratio of 2:3. Find the co-
ordinates of P if the co-ordinates of S and T are (–7,–2) and (5,3) respectively.
 2 × 5 + 3 ×  –7  2 × 3 + 3 ×  –2  
Solution : P =  , 
 2+3 2+3 
 10 – 21 6 – 6   – 11 
=  ,  =  , 0
 5 5   5 
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 GEOMETRY

Illustration 4 : Find a if the points P(–1,4), Q( 2, 5), R( 3, a) are collinear

Solution : The above three points will be collinear if their area is 0

–1 2 3
4 5 a
 ½ =0
1 1 1

½ [ –1 (5–a) –2 (4–a) + 3 (4–5)] = 0

½ [ –5 + a – 8 + 2a – 3] = 0
 ½ [ 3a – 16 ] = 0 3a – 16 = 0

16
 a = .
3

POINT & TRIANGLE

1. Centroid of a triangle:
We know that the point at which the three medians of the triangle intersect is
called the centroid. The co-ordinates of the centroid can be calculated by using the
following result.
If P (x1, y1), Q (x2, y2), R (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle, then the co-
ordinates of the centroid C (x,y) of thePQR is
 x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y3 
P ( x, y ) =  , 
 3 3 
2. Incentre of a triangle :
We know that the point at which the three angle bisectors of the angles of a
triangle intersect is called as incentre. The co-ordinates of the incentre can be
known using the following result.
If P (x1, y1), Q (x2, y2), R (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle, then the co-
ordinates of the incentre I(x,y) of the PQR is
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
P ( x, y ) =  , 
 a+b+c a+b+c 
where a = QR, b = PR, c = PQ

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY

LINE – LINE – LINE

1. Three lines forming a triangle:
Three lines A1x + B1y + C1 = 0, A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
and A3x + B3y + C3 = 0 form a triangle if
A3 (B1C2 – B2C1) + B3 (C1A2 – C2A1) + C3 (A1B2 – A2B1) 0
2. Concurrency of three lines:
There are infinite number of lines which passes through a single point. These
are called concurrent lines.
If the equation mentioned above is equal to zero than the lines will be concurrent
and hence will not make a triangle.
Mathematically, three lines A1x + B1y + C1 = 0, A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
and A3x + B3y + C3 = 0 are concurrent if
A3 (B1C2 – B2C1) + B3 (C1A2 – C2A1) + C3 (A1B2 – A2B1) = 0
PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram is a geometric figure with two pairs of parallel sides. The opposite
sides are equal in length and the opposite angles are also equal. We can say that the
slopes of parallel lines (in this instance, the opposite sides of the parallelogram) are
equal.
Co-ordinates of a parallelogram :
Four non-collinear points are joined to form a quadrilateral. It will be a
parallelogram only if it satisfies the following condition.
If P (x1, y1), Q (x2, y2), R (x3, y3), S (x4, y4) form a parallelogram(conversely) then,
x1 + x3 = x2 + x4 and y1 + y3 = y2 + y4
Illustration 5: In parallelogram PQRS, the co-ordinates of P, Q, R are (1,0) ; (4,5),
(1, 2) respectively. Find the co-ordinates of S.
Solution : Let the co-ordinate S = ( x4, y4)
x1 + x3 = x2 + x4 1+1 = 4 + x4 x4 = –2
y1 + y3 = y2 + y4 0+2 = 5 + y4 y4 = –3
Therefore the co-ordinates of S are (–2,–3)

93
 GEOMETRY

CIRCLE
Equation of a circle :
A circle is the set of all points in a plane such that the distance (radius) from a
given point (center of the circle) is constant. The standard equation of a circle with
center (a, b) and radius r is
r = (x–a)² + (y–b)²
The general form of the circle is x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
where g = –a, f = –b and c = a² + b² – r².

LOCUS
A set of all points, which satisfies a given condition, is called as a locus. The
path of the point moving according to some fixed rules is the locus of the point. Its
co-ordinates will satisfy corresponding algebraic relations.
Illustration 6 : If a point (4, a) lies on the locus x³ + 2y³ = 20x . find a
Solution : (4, a) have to satisfy the equation x³ + 2y³ = 20x
so, 4³ + 2 a³ = 20 × 4
64 + 2 a³ = 80
2 a³ = 80 – 64 =16
a³ = 8 or a = 2.
ELLIPSE
In mathematics, an ellipse is an algebraic curve where the sum of the distances
from any point on the curve to two fixed points is constant. The two fixed points are
called foci (plural of focus).
x2 y2
The equation of the ellipse is : + b2 = 1 where a and b are major and
a2
minor axes
Area of an ellipse is : (ab)
Perimeter of the ellipse : (a + b)

94
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

EXERCISE
1. The vertices of a triangle are the points (0, 0), (3, 3) and (0, 6). Find the radius of
the circumcircle of the triangle.
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 3
2. A triangle is formed by the co-ordinates (0, 0), (0, 25) and (25, 0). Find the
number of points with integral coordinate that lie strictly inside the triangle.
(both x and y coordinates should be integers)
(1) 351 (2) 325
(3) 276 (4) 274
3. Find the area of the triangle ABC in the figure given below.

y=x+4
y = 11x – 16

y+x+4=0 C

(1) 30 (2) 60
(3) 15 (4) 45
4. What is the area of the triangle formed by x = 5, y = 4 and 4x + 5y – 20 = 0?
(1) 10 (2) 15
(3) 20 (4) 18
5. Find the equation of the line which passes through (–3, 2) and is perpendicular
to the line 2x + 3y – 2 = 0.
(1) 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 (2) 3x – 2y = 2
(3) 2x + 3y + 12 = 0 (4) 3x – 2y + 13 = 0

95
 GEOMETRY

6. Let Q represent the region in the graph formed by the intersection of curve
(x + 50)2 = – 3(y – 100) and line x – 2y + 100 = 0. In which quadrant does the
maximum area of Q lies?
(1) 1st (2) 2nd
rd
(3) 3 (4) 4th
7. Find the equation of the line which passes through the origin and the point of
intersection of y = x +4 and x + y = 6.
(1) x = y (2) y = 5x
(3) x = 5y (4) None
8. Lines y = x and y = –x are diagonals of a rhombus. If x = 5y +12 is one of the
sides, find the equation of any adjacent side.
(1) 5x – y = 12 (2) 5x + y = 12
(3) y + 5x = –12 (4) y + 5x = 12
9. In the figure given below, find the equation of the line PQ.

R x = 50

y = 150
P
y = 100

S Q

(1) 2x – y = 150 (2) x + y = 150

(3) 2x + y = 250 (4) x – y = –50
10. A triangle has vertices A (4, 1), B (–2, 3) and C (2, –3). Find the equation of the
altitude through A i.e. the line which passes through A and is perpendicular to
BC.
(1) x + 3y + 6 = 0 (2) x + 3y – 6 = 0
(3) 3x + y + 6 = 0 (4) 3x + y –6 = 0
11. M is the midpoint of the line joining the point Q (7, –5) to the point P. If the
coordinates of M are (3, –2), find the coordinates of the point P.
(1) (5, –3.5) (2) (–1, 1)
(3) (–1, –1) (4) (10, –7)

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12. The x and y intercepts of a line are equal. If the area of the triangle formed by the
line and the two axes is 12.5sq.units, then find the equation of the line?
(1) x + y = 5 (2) x + y = –5
(3) x – y = 5 (4) All of these
k k
13. The co-ordinates of S are (k, , ). Find the length of PR in the fig below
3 5

y
Q
R
P S

k
(1) k (2)
5

k 26 k 10
(3) (4)
5 3
14. What kind of triangle is PQR. If the co-ordinates are
P(6, 0), Q(12, 8) and R(–2, 6)?
(1) Scalene (2) Right
(3) Isosceles (4) Equilaten
15. What type of quadrilateral is PQRS, if the co-ordinates are
(8, 3), (0, –1), (–2, 3), (6, 7) respectively?
(1) Rectangle (2) Rhomlaus
(3) Traperium (4) Square
16. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 3) and inclined at an
angle of 45° to the line 4x + y – 6 = 0.
(1) 3x + 5y = 21 (2) 5x + 3y = 1
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None

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17. What is the area enclosed by the curves x = |y|, x + y = 2 and x – y = 2?

(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 4 (4) 8
18. Find the area bounded by x2 + y2 = 9, x  y and x  0, y  0.
9
(1) 9 (2)
2

9 9
(3) (4)
4 8
19. What is the area of the quadrilateral PQRS if the co-ordinates are
P(2a, 0), Q(0, –a), R(–a, 0) and S(0, a)?

O B

(1) a2 (2) 3a2

(3) 2a2 (4) 6a2
20. ‘O’ is the centre of the circle, equation of the line OP is y = x 3
[O(0,0), P( 3 , 1) ]. Find the length of the tangent AB.

16
(1) 8 (2)
3

8 64
(3) (4)
3 3
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21. A line segment joins the points P(–3, –2) and Q(4, –4). Find the ratio in which x-
axis divides the segment. Also find the point of division.
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1
(3) 3 : 1 (4) 1 : 3
22. The point (–6, q) lies on the line segment joining the points (12, 5) and (6, 2).
Find q.
(1) 4 (2) –4
(3) 8 (4) None
23. Find the equation of the line which intersects the line 3 x + y = 7 at 90  .
(1) 3x – y  7 (2) 3 x – 3 y  7

(3) x  3 y  7 (4) None

24. R(3,3) is the one end of the diameter of a circle with centre C(–1,2). Find the co-
ordinates of the other end of the diameter.
(1) (–5, 1) (2) (1, 1.5)
(3) (2, 5) (4) (1, –5)
25. Two lines 3x – 5y – 12 = 0 and x + y + 3 = 0 intersects at a point P. Find the
gradient of P and the other point Q(3,2).
(1) 5 (2) 27
5
(3) 5.4 (4)
27
26. Find ‘k’ if the segment with endpoints (4, 3) and (k, –5) is bisected by the line
x + 2y = 3?
(1) 6 (2) –6
(3) 0 (4) 3
27. Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and perpendicular to
the line 8x – 3y + 5 = 0
(1) 8x + 3y = 0 (2) 8x – 3y = 0
(3) 3x – 8y = 0 (4) 3x + 8y = 0
28. In the triangle PQR the co-ordinates of the vertices are P(1, 3), Q(2, –1) and
R(–12, 4). Find the co-ordinates of the centroid.
(1) (–9, 6) (2) (–3, 2)
(3) (–6, 4) (4) None

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29. Find the equation of the line parallel to the line 3x + 4y –10 = 0 and at a distance
of 3.5 units.
(1) 3x + 4y + 16 = 0 (2) 6x + 8y + 15 = 0
(3) 4x – 3y + 15 = 0 (4) None
30. The co-ordinates of the centroid of a triangle is (4/3, 5/3). If the co-ordinates of
the vertices of the triangle are (a, 3), (2, 4) and (3, b). Find a and b.
(1) (–1, –2) (2) (1, 2)
(3) (–1, 2) (4) None

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ANSWERS

ANSWERS TRIANGLE
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (4)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (3)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (2)

ANSWERS QUADRILATERALS & POLYGONS

1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (2)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (2)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (4)
16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (4)

ANSWERS CIRCLES
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4)
6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (2)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1)

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 GEOMETRY

ANSWERS MENSURATION
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4)
6. (1) 7. (4) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (2)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (2)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (4) 24. (1) 25. (2)
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (4) 29. (2) 30. (4)

HINTS (MENSURATION)
For a cube
Length of the body diagonal = 3  l
For the frustum, let’s get the desired results
(with the theoretical & visual background done)
Slant height = h 2 + (R 2 - r 2 )
Curved surface area = (R+r )l
Total surface area =  ( R² + r² + Rl + rl )
h
Volume =  ( R² + r² + Rr )
3
Curved surface area = 2  r²
Total surface area = 3  r²
2
Volume =  r³
3

ANSWERS COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (4)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (1)
11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (3)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (4)
26. (1) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (1)

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