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Xplaim mleral5 eatemal commardls

O OS.
Tonternal DoS comamods.: Imtermal com mamofs
amy Commamd that rectdes imthe (oMMAND-COM
Gmy
le. ytpes-efmtermal commamadc_are as
describeal below:-
diCLS: cls is an imtermal Com mamo: Lt is use to
clear all the fmformaton fromm clisploy Scheen
bearin only SyStamprombt k a c ursor an
uper eft cormer OSceem
Symta2C
C:/2ds
DDate:This Conmamd is ugacl to view syStem
by the DoS.
clate ,i.e., olate as maimtaimedCuttemt
It is als uSed fo_chamae date to
that emterel by he T (s usefulim
Hae
Case whem Our COmputer has mo eal
clock
SymtaX:
C:/ date

Curent date is Mom 09-09-2co

Emter mew olate (mm-dol-y yl

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iti Tme:It lisplays the Current System's tme This

Commamo allows us to chamge the tme also
fwe clo not lamt to chamge 1he fme s t wite
Com mamd press emter no chamge woulo be
aode
SymtaX
C:/2time
Current hme is 12:39-48:36p
Enter mew time-

yER: I t dtsplays the versfom f DoS being

useclCLutremtly:
Symta2
C/ve2r
MS- DoS versiom 6:20
CopyCard
VoL: Tt dltsploys the dtsk volume labelomc
Sertal numberif they extst for drive
Speifieol Tf mo drive ts Specif
ted it displays
for actve clriveo
SymtaC-

VOLLdrive;]

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Extemal DOS Commands: The Xtermalcommands are

used
LuSed less cquantly_amo are Sterecl in ome
extermal files that are Stokelim Sane seomoary
Storage clevice.Whonaver Om exte ral comm mamol
is to be
be executed then extermalile im which
that arttular Lommamod is stoteol im_transferteod
from SeLomdlany Storage
Xtermal Commands are
LOXCoby XCopy fs a more robuct versfom oE
Copy Commad with ocldlitiomal features TCE
is capable of movng files, directories amo eve
whole olrivesfrom ome locattom to amother
SumtaaC
C\ XLoPY SourLe ldlesinatiom

attrib; Ihe Command is useo to set attrrbutes

lke reaod omly hidolen, okchtve fOr amorma|
frle Tt drsblayc sets OF removes the attributes.
SymtaC-
CAATTRIBL+R]-RI(tA1-A1lGS-S] L+H I-14] lpath]
Cfrle namel
L Back up: This Comn marmol is Used to restore the
Vartous filesthat ae Stored om hard oKk
to that Of aloppy dfsk to protect E
fronmCraghes amol olamaueX that OCcu due
to varous rCasomg
Symtaac
CiBACkuP[Soure:\fath\ Frle mame|Taraet
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V) FoaT: his Commamdts uscd to moke a OSK

uSable for oeratima Sysiemby dividimg the
ne
disk into magmeticttackS Omd sec tors-
amtax
C\ FoRMAT volume
the
sys: The Sys command is usaolto
systenftles from cme olrive to amother allowia
the secmd driue to be bootable
Symtaac
CASys_ Colriue1:1Cfath]odrive 2:

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 Mn1-maY- Eclit
ut Hm
Tttle bar
Memu StHCky ntton
Sutton
konsoe
@ daviol 1:~ Sheli
Session Edit View Settimas Help

New

Corner
Frane
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Page No. * o a * * * * **a***aa ****

Draw & Cxplaim breif amalomy of

wimctowsS
a Ttle bar Tt is a hortzomtal bar that olishlayc the
ttle of wimdow with Color_atterm: I t alsO
the
Comtaim the Coatrol box that hamolles the
wimolow the axmim x dose buttom

omtrol Memu- A Small box om left hamel Side

tttle ame O wimdow s kmouwm as Comtro

bOX
i Min, Max & close buutom- The title bar of a window
Comtalons three buttomS Om top_ raht hamo
Comer Of the wimdo- Mimimize, maximi2e amo
cose buuttom
CiABordersCorners- They appear_im each wimdow
Vbu Cam drag them uith mouse ponte GS
per yOur FAuirem@nt c as to Chamge z e
O wimdow

Workarea- Lt is that area of widow fhom

where yOu camt y e m te c Yau Cay also
with
view al files, folders ,oriver alomg
their Cotemts

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.write a Shorf mote on:

CiRecycle Bim: Recyce bm is an icomom
Om the
the
ulindows desktop that represonts adirectory where
Icleleted ffles are temporarily stored Thfs nables
YOu to retrieve files that yDu may ave
Alldenta lly deletecl. Ttems im Recycle Bim ramam
there umtil you decide fo bemanemtly deete them
YO your Camputtr These items will stake u
harcd disk Space amdcan be undeleted or estoed
bck to_Origimal locatiom
i0Notepad Notepacis a generie text editor includeo
wth al versioms f Mtckosoft Wndous that allows
you tp Crate opem Omd read blaintext ftles: Tf
frie Lomtains special formattimg or is not a plaintext
Htle it omnot be taaol im Notepod-
atCotrol Pamel: The Control lamelis a Ccmement
Microsoft wimdows that provides the ability to view
ad chamge System settimas. Lt_Ccnsist èt a set
ofapplets that clude gdding Or rnovma hardware
hardware
el software Controllima userCcumts,Chamgim
acesstbllity opttoms accessmg etworkima Sechom

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vMy Documemts: My dauments ard documemts are

MiCrosctt Windows foldersthat Store Computer
clocumemts amd other ftles associated with
progrms Om your (onputer

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10ELxpbm:
dut: The Cut Connmamd removesS the selected olata
Yom lts oriaimal pos ttion:,0bjects that Can be Cuu
imclude text maaesaudlio amo video segmernts
r d other types Of dota

J opy Coby the oct of dupltahing text, data,ftes

Or alisks Proclucimg two Or moe of the
Same ftle or seqmnts fdata
t Paste: Paste is anoferatng Syst@m anol proarams
actiom that allows you t Cocoy am obfect or
text from ne locatim amd pace it to
to omo the
location'
tvFhd: Fid commamdL clescri bes locating a Speific
tex fte, dom@nt ok other ohjccts i a
le or Om (mternet

Repoce: Replace is the act offinding text amd

reploctmg the foumdl text with m alBermative
Momy Software prcqramg Supbort the abillhy to fihd
orSearch mdreplace text withim a doaum@mt
trom Edtt ftle memu

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11How do We_cheale Heders Foters

Headers& Footers Cam be crented by followimg
steps
oMove the poit@r over the top or ottomm of a

oae until yeu Sae the heder foter area, then

ltck ahy of three fields
amd
T y o u don't see the flebs, turm On hades
amd

buttom
fcoters for document (dick the odocume
tab at the top of
im toolar, Click the documemt Check
Sfdebar, them select the header d footer
Obxes
citi Type your text, Or cltck tmsert page mumber op up
menu0cl choosea Mumberma Style

T y o u alfaoly added a eage mummber om

Gnother oge You domt ee the img2rt
ge muomber pop-up memu ImS tead cl k insert
memu
memua buttom m tbol bor amd choose page Mumber

your darume uses facng paes d you

wont to enter different mfotmatiom om left arol
rant oges, click the documpnt button ad
seect the "Left amc right maes are dtfferent
checkbox See Set up 1acing Page for more
nformat iom

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Page No.-

VDlo set the heaoler ard fmter marains, m the

Doumemt siclebar cltck the arrows Or enter
alues im the header 2 faotet Maralns field
l o adljust headers amcl footers for aPage, click
C blank spot om thepage clitk the Format
buttom in the toolbar then Select amy af the
followina.
vith Show header And fcoter: Seect_or deselect the
checkbox to show or hide the heoker Qnd
footer

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Expt. No. ************************ Page No. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a * **

12what isma merge!Lxpatn Variou

SIeps Ivolveol in mall mere
Matl merge is a homdy feature that incorporates
data from bath Microsoft Word and Microsoft
Exue ad allows you to Create multipedacuments
at once Such as letters, Savimg you the time
time
amc effort of retyplmg the Same let ter over
amd 0ver,
There are stx steps Invdued in matl merge:
Step 1: Select a Document Type
The first step is to seect what worod Calls aa
ddument fype" In the Matl merae task ear
Pame what kind of matl merge you want to
to
umdertake : from letters, e. mall e scagesenvelopes
for mass mailings, Or a_okirectory
Step2: cect a Starting 0oc ument
What Worc calls the Starting cdcumemt is the
document im which the meratmgtakes place
In Case of labels and envelopes you tell Word
what stze labels or Cnvelopes you mtemol to
phint om In the caseoffom letterse- mail
messaes and directo riesyo Supply text either
by makima use of
by daunemt you've writte
alreocdy oY wiHng a new douomemt:

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Step3: ekct Rect ptents

nStep3, you tell Word where to get thne data
that you will Ymerge_into the starti4 documemt

you You Cam

Created o r Supplied In step2 You
retrtevethe data rom a table (m_a word
table or
documenmt am Acess databace or query
the address book where you store oddresses
Step4: Write/ Arraonae Your ocumemt
y o u msert the erge fields, the parts
step
Of the startmgdocument that olifferfrom
retplent to rectptemt By mserhmg merge
flelds you tell Word where to Pug nformatiOm
from data Soutce imto
fhom tarttmg clocumemt
You also tell Word which data to take from
olata Source
Step 5: Preview Your Dacument
Ln SteP5 you get a Chamce fo See what yaur
letters, e. mail messaaeS ,emvelopes, labels
form
Or lirectoty wtll be look l i k e after they
are
they out
printed or cemt. In This Step, you frimd
how your doument look like when Ral dlata
is Puggedl in

Step6: (omplete the Merge

Step 6is where you complete
the merae by by
mew docum@mt oF Savimg the
the
either printing lata
4fle amd printna t ater By Savima merga
n e new fileyou Can edit befare
Printnait
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1What is Lalt eeemcingt txplain Fbsoute

Reative refevencimg
A ell teference in Excel
refers to the Value Of
Cdifferent celL or cell range m the cutrem
wDrksheet or a differpntworkSheet withib fhe
SpreackSheet A_cell eferemeCan be usec as
a artable m a formula
Acsolute refererctinig: Situuations arise in
cell reference mst remaim the Same whichh whem
Copiecd or whem usima AutoEill Dollar Sigms
are uSed to hold a colum Qmdlor ow
refeom(e Cons tamt
Relative referemcima: This Is the mOSt widey
used tyPe Of cell reference im formulas kelahive
Cellreferemes ate basic Cell refereniS that
adiust and chanae whem Copied o r whem uSI
AutoFtl.

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Page No.

Explain Sort Filter in MS Excel

Sort: Sortima is a commn Spreadsheet task

that allowsyou to eastly reorcler your data
The mOst_commom type Of Sortimg i s alphakehica
orderima
Types tSortimg
lo sort tm alphabeticol order: Select Sort A toz
NOw the im#ormattom im Categony Coumn i s
orgamlzed nalphobetical arder

Tocort from Smallest to largest: Select hom

Srnallegtto largest Na imformatonis Organized
thom Smallest tola rgest amaunt.

To Sort multiple levels: Cick sort commano

to opem theCustom Sort diala box FrOm
here yOu am Sort by mee item or mulhple
itprnS

Elker: Filterima Or tenp0rarily hlnq data

n a spreadsheèt is simple: This allows you t
foCus Om speCfic sprealsheet emties

To ftlter olata: Click ftlter comomamdOm ataa

fab Click olrop dowm arow mext to the heaclima
yOu would ike tofilter

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a s s***************************
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1E.What is Macros ? How to cteote useMacros

A Mactos is a piece of Programmimg code that
runs im_ excel enuirom memt, Gond it helps to
automate rOutime tasks. Tm_ other Words
macro is a tecorolma 04 your reqular Steps
imexcel whlch you can replay u ng
Simale outom
To Create Omd ruma mactO Îm PPT Worc
WorC
documemt Exce wOrkok Ot any other l e
yau must cdisplay the developer tob. or this,
click Eile tobz optioms. A a result Optioms dtaloa
is displayed. Now clitk Cutomize Ribbom Categony
Gond click developer check box.Click Ok buttom
ToRum a Macro
1 o to Vew Macros amd select view Macros
from drop- clown m@nu
A Maeros dtaloa box will appear cm sCre0m
Select a Mactolest that you Want to um from
Macro Mame:

3.Ctck OM Kum Dutto n

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er+avonaas

hat are Variousfaatures of MS buer Paimt?

The arious features of MS Poer Paint a e :
Allowsyou tu Publish your Sltde Show om
Lnermet amc Tmtonet
iAllows to share presomtations with fiemds amd
Co- workers lhey can review the slide and
imertCOm memts to nhgmce the_ presemta tiom.
i) lemplates.The templates include a mumbe Of
sltde Styles with varymg Colummns amd daiams
heseim- built slfdes gies us predefmed layOuts
These
for our presente.tem to which
no odestgms
we Can_add oul Owm materfa

(tSumo Effecis We (am apply vorlous mmatioms

a c SOmol Offects alma with OuY PresentatlonS
| Various_m<blutlt saumd efects a e phovid@d
intetally by MS- PowerPont Bes toles thfs we
am also dd new Soumd effectS Narratfons
at
Can be relorded amd edited one slide
Can
a tfme ivimg yOu gkeater flexibilty when
rearmg Sóumoltrack.

Foct4iled_pres@ntation with_plemty of graphs

Chorts: MS PbWerpo mt's_araph Organizattonchatt
Om Table mOdules cam help to Create e laborate
ViSualsthat depict umeric imtotmatom detail
the structure of am Orgamí2@tOh_
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make Lomparisom amomg ideas

vOne Can chomge the layout of the slides using

Vorious on-buflt layouts.Onecan also add various

hype of ontmations casily

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