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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

INCORPORATED
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]

Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882/09102493580

School President : 0917 – 127-1826 / 0917 – 127- 1902

Academic Dean : 0906 – 439 – 3454 Registrar : 0935 – 342 – 0564
Guidance Coach : 0949 – 751 – 0953 DSA : 0935 – 119 -0287
SHS Principal : 0950 – 801 – 4326

FINGERPRINT:
PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
LEARNER’S MODULE

Unit Test to Final

TEACHER: CONTACT NO.

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim 09661329882/09102493580

STUDENT NAME:

COURSE, YEAR AND SECTION:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE

UNIT MODULE COVERAGE

(Week-1) Aug 23 – Aug 28
UNIT 1 –Historical Background of Personal Identification -------------------8-35
(Week-2) Aug 30 – Sept 4
UNIT 2 – The Fingerprints-------------------------------------------------------------35-45
(Week-3) Sept 6 – Sept 11
UNIT 3 – Fingerprint Patterns--------------------------------------------------------45-65
(Week-4) Sept 13 – Sept 18 - UNIT TEST EXAMINATION------------------------------66

PRELIM MODULE COVERAGE

(Week-5) Sept 20 – Sept 25
UNIT 4 – Fingerprinting----------------------------------------------------------------67-73
(Week-6) Sept 27 – Oct 2
UNIT 5 – General Fingerprint Rules-------------------------------------------------74-80
(Week-7) Oct 4 – Oct 9
UNIT 6 The Fingerprint Outfit--------------------------------------------------------81-94
(Week-8) Oct 11 – Oct 16 - PRELIM EXAMINATION------------------------------------95

MIDTERM MODULE COVERAGE

(Week-9) Oct 18 – Oct 23
UNIT 7 – Counting and Tracing Fingerprint Patterns--------------------------96-105
(Week-10) Oct 25 – Oct 30
UNIT 8 – Classification of Scarred Patterns Amputations Missing Finger
at Birth--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106-113
- Filing Fingerprint Records
(Week-11) Nov 1 – Nov 6
UNIT 9 – Searching and Referencing----------------------------------------------113-115
(Week-12) Nov 8 – Nov 13 - MIDTERM EXAMINATION----------------------------116

PREFINAL MODULE COVERAGE

(Week-13) Nov 15 – Nov 20
UNIT 10 – Latent Fingerprints----------------------------------------------------117-133
(Week-14) Nov 22 – Nov 27
UNIT 11 – Handling, Packaging and Transporting of Physical Evidence---134-139
- Preparation of Fingerprint Charts for Court Presentation
(Week-15) Nov 29 – Dec 4
UNIT 12 –Palm and Footprint Identification--------------------------------------139-147
(Week-16) Dec 16 – Dec 11 - PRE-FINAL EXAMINATION--------------------148

FINAL MODULE COVERAGE

(Week-17 – Week-18) (Dec 13 – Dec 18)
UNIT 13 –Post-Mortem Fingerprint-------------------------------------------------------149-159
(Week-18) Jan 3 – Jan 8 - FINAL EXAMINATION----------------------------160

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DIAGNOSTIC EXAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------161-163

GLOSSARY- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------164-167

REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------168

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address:[email protected]
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882/09102493580
Program Description: In accordance with the pertinent provisions of
RA no. 7722, otherwise known as the Higher Education Act of 1994.’
In pursuance of an outcome-based quality assurance system as
advocated under CMO No. 46, s. 2012 entitled “Policy Standards to
Enhance Quality Assurance in the Philippine higher education
through an Outcome-based and typology-based QA,’.
The field of Criminology is the study of crime and the various
agencies of justice as they operate and react to crime, criminals and
victims. It is therefore the mission of Criminology program to provide
the community with professionally competent and morally upright
graduates who can deliver efficient and effective service in crime
prevention, crime detection and investigation, law enforcement,
public safety, custody and rehabilitation of offenders, criminological
research among others. HEIs offering the Criminology program are
envisioned as significant educational institutions actively and
continually involved in producing graduates who have the knowledge,
skills, attitude and values in addressing the problem of criminality in
the country and the character and competency to meet the challenges
of globalization in the field of Criminology.

Program Goals;
Criminology Program aims to:
 Encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes,
treatment or punishment of criminal behavior and how criminal
justice agencies function and respond to crime, criminals and
victims.
 Prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law
enforcement, scientific crime detection, correctional
administration, public safety and allied fields.

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 Foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability

and responsibility while serving fellowmen, community and
country.

Program Graduate Outcomes:

Specific to the graduates of BS Criminology Program;
Graduates of BS Criminology program equipped with relevant
knowledge, skills, attitude and valued shall be able to;

 Conduct Criminological research on crimes, crime

causation, victims and offenders to include deviant behavior;
 Internalized the concepts of human rights and victim
welfare
 Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in law
enforcement administration, public safety and criminal justice;
 Utilized criminalistics or forensic science in the
investigation and detection of crime.
 Apply the principles and jurisprudence of criminal law,
evidence and criminal procedure.
 Ensure offenders’ welfare and development for their re-
integration to the community.

FINGERPRINT: Personal Identification

Course Description:
The course covers the organizational set-up, administration and
operation of security agencies, special police and investigation
agencies and deals with the study of Private Security Agency Law and

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its implementing rules and regulations; loss prevention and assets

protection program; and the different methods and techniques used by
security agencies in their law enforcement activities.

Course unit:
This subject has 3 units; 3 units for Lecture (theories, procedure)

Course curriculum map:

Interpretation:
I - Introduction
P- Practice skills with supervision
D- Demonstrated skills without supervision

PREFACE:

Since the establishment of a Fingerprint Branch at the

National Bureau of Investigation, Manila Police Department
(Western Police District), and other police districts in the country,
chiefs of these offices have been confronted with the serious need
for a reference material for fingerprint science.
This problem seriously doubled with the opening of
criminology courses in several educational institutions. Fingerprint
science has undergone changes in name as a subject in the
criminology curriculum and yet the same problem exist today.
It is a great responsibility to write a book which would serve
the need of students and identification personnel in the study of

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fingerprints. This work is intended to provide them the basic

knowledge of fingerprint classification and identification.
It gives abundant illustrations to help student in the proper
interpretation of fingerprint patterns in order to sharpen his skills
in classification. This work provides information on latent
fingerprint techniques necessary for recovery of latent prints at
crime scenes. Included is a brief chapter on Palm and Footprints.

For Assessment and Evaluation: Major Exams (Pre-Mid/Mid-

term/Pre-Final/Final Exam) ……………..….. 60% Activities
(assignments/quizzes ……………… .. 40%

UNIT 1 PRE-TEST

Essay: Give the correct answer in a sheet of bond paper 5 points each, write
your name, year and section. Your answer is based in your stock knowledge.

1. How the ridges form?

2. What is Minutae?
3. Explain the latent prints?
4. How latent prints made visible?
5. How to identify visible fingerprints?

UNIT 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 understand the history of personal identification

 know the persons that are related to the history of personal
identification

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INTRODUCTION

Personal Identification

Methods Through The Ages

Methods of Identification

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

Variety of methods to separate a person among the others:

First tattoos but it signifies a local gang organizations

Second scarification but considered unreliable

Third personal description practice by French Police in 19th century Alphonse

Bertillion named Portrait Parle means speaking likeness but it turn to
unreliable the reason is monozygotic cases like twins and triplets, quadruplets
it also turn to unreliable

Fourth is photography it also unreliable due to the changes of the health

condition of man, ages, accident

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Fifth is anthropometry a system based on the bony structure of the human

body was introduce in police department in Paris France in 1882 by Alphonse
Bertillion it was the improvement overall the previous methods and its
successful identification

Fifth lastly they found out fingerprint system. However there are several
disadvantages it can only be applied to adults. It took long time to apply the
system.

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

DR. N. GREW. 1641- 1712

- Recognize the basic principles of personal identification

Demonstrate the ability in the application of dactyloscopy as the gold

standard in personal identification and other scientific techniques of
personal identification in relation to crime detection and investigation
trough: recognition, collection, preservation, classification, comparison and
identification of latent prints.

- Apply techniques in detection, collection, preservation of forensic

evidence relative to friction ridges and other means of personal
identification and other means of personal identification utilize various
tools and equipment and employ scientific method ACE- V METHOD in
processing latent prints friction ridge details to ensure positive
identification.
- Demonstrate the competence in the examination of identification and
presentation of evidence communicated in format and in content
acceptable in court proceedings.

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ACE-V METHOD

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ACE- Method is the examination method of Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation,

Verification, ACE-V establish method for details in two prints and making
decisions in understanding of the sufficiency with in the method.

Friction Ridge – is a raised portion of the epidermis on a palmar .

Dactyloscopy – the science of fingerprint identification relies on the analysis

and classification of patterns observed

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Ridge Form

Ridge form through the loops, whorl, and arch and follows a number of
pattern:
1. Fingerprints- are made of series of ridges and furrows on the surface
of finger, impressions made by papillary ridges in the ends of
furrows.
2. Individual prints- ridge arrangement on every human being is unique
an d does not alter with every growth.
3. Finger- impressive made by papillary ridges in the ends of the
furrows.

MINUTIE

Minutiae –fingerprints individual characteristics with a number of ridges and

their groupings and not perceptible to our naked eye.

Latent Prints

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Latent prints- are traces of sweat, oil or other natural secretion on the skin and
they are not ordinary. Fingerprints left by people on object that they have
touch can be either visible or latent.

Latent fingerprints make visible by dusting techniques

when the surface is hard and by chemical techniques when the surface is
forms. Visible fingerprints identify may be left behind by substances that stick
to the fingers such as dirt on blood or they may take the form of an

IMPRESSION IN CLAY

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impression made in soft substance like clay

To match the fingerprint to a positive identification criminals or offenders by

identify through practical system for match in points electronically system
called

AFIS.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System or AFIS

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to search rapidly through millions of digitized fingerprint AFIS are examine by

a fingerprint before a positive identification or match is made.

Anthropometry

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Anthropometry was largely suplemented by modern fingerprint develop the

same print of the origin of fingerprinting thousands years ago.

Babylonians- pressed fingerprints into clay

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Chinese- using fingerprints about 800 CE

Spanish- Francis Galton 1894 use a classifying fingerprints

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Britain- classying prints patterns base on Galtons work.

Scotland Yard- In 1901 develop by Sir Edward R. Henry

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English Country- the system become standard fingerprint classification

method.

Fingerprint the extremely strong physical evidence of the police use in

searching criminals cause loops and arch is unique in every person serve to
reveal on individuals true identify despite of personal denial, assume names
and changes in personal appearance resulting from age, disease, plastic
surgery or accidental. Fingerprint means of identification reffered to as
Dactyloscopy, indispensable aid to modern law enforcement.

Epidermis or outer skin dotted with sweat pores for its entire length and
anchored to dermis

dermis or inner skin by double row of papillae ridge area of hand and foot use
as identification.

British scientific journal nature published letters by the English man Henry
Faulds

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SIR William James Herchel

describing the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprint their observations

experimentally verified by

English Scientist Sir Frances Galt0n

SIR Frances Galton his system is the basis of fingerprint classification and
develop by:

Edward R. Henry a chief commission of London Metropolitan Police

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and by Juan Vince Tich of Argentina Galtons fingerprint classification publish in

1901 and became the basis of criminal identification records, now the most
widely most method of fingerprint classification.

Juan Vucetich 1888

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employee of the police provincial of Buenos Aires in 1888 devise an original

system of fingerprint classification publish in the book form Dactyloscopia
Comparado or comparative fingerprinting in 1904 his system still used in
Spanish Speaking Country until today.

JUAN VUCETICH

Fingerprints classified in 3 way process

1. By the shapes and contours of individual patterns
2. By roling the finger positions in pattern types
3. By relative size to determine by counting the ridges and loops and
by tracing the ridges in whorls.

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Fingerprinting Techniques

1. Sound Spectrograph- device graphically such vocal variables as

frequently duration and intensity to produce voice graphs and voice
prints.
2. DNA fingerprinting- to produce voice graphs and voice prints to identify
physical evidence such as blood, semen, hair as belonging to a suspect,
the latest taste has been use in paternity testing as well as in forensics.

The Fingerprint System

Scholars found out that finger tips bear various ridge patterns and that’s the
problem of personal identification.

Thomas Bewick

engraver, author of works on natural history 1753-1828 .Dr. Henry P. De Forest

friction ridges on his fingers and palms predates Christianity by centuries, their

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works demonstrated familiarity with the formation of the skin ridges

distinguished from primitive ones.

Fingerprints are reproduction on some smooth surfaces of the pattern or

design form by the ridges found on the first joint of our fingers.

Fingerprint is the most effective means of personal identification.

Example:

1. Japanese Red Army Man identified through his fingerprint after he change
his facial feature through plastic surgery.

2. A robbery victim of native India a body float inside a drum was found
floating

Down the Pasig River, was identified through fingerprint examination.

3. Lucila Lalu her body was traced through fingerprint identification.

Fingerprint was used for civil and criminal investigation.

HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT

DR. NEHEMIAH GREW

Early Scientific Record

Chine was a writer of fingerprint science, there was a thesis first research was
1.Philosophical Transaction

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In 1684 by DR. Nehemiah Grew 1641-1712, presented on the appearance

and the arrangement of the ridges of the finger and palms and described the
pores.

2. Anatomia Humanis Corpori Govard Bidloo 1865

In 1865, Govard Bidloo. Support the appearance and arrangement of the

ridge on a thumb giving emphasis due to the importance of the epidermal
ridges.

Govard Bidloo – one of the scientific records of earliest anatomy of

dermatologlyphics.

3. De Externo Tactus Organo Marc3lo Malpighi 1628- 1694

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In 1686, DR. Marcelo Malpighi 1628- 1694, Italian anatomist describe the
ridges found on the palmar surface of the hand course in diverse designs and
pores serve as the mouth of the sweat glands.

He discover the Inner means Dermis and Outer means Epidermis.

4. Atlas of Anatomical Illustrations of Fingerprint

In 1788, J.C.A. Mayer pronounced a one of the Fundamental Principles of

Fingerprint Science

“Although the arrangement of the skin ridges is never duplicated in two

persons nevertheless the similarities are closer among some individual”

Herman Welcker 1856

In 1856, proves that ridge characteristics do not change base from his
fingerprints.

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J. P. PURKINJE 1787- 1869

he build a Purkinjes nine types of finger patterns such as:

a. The transverse curves or Plain Arch

b .The Central longitudinal stria or Tented Arch

c. The oblique stripe or Ulnar or Radial Loop

d. The oblique loop or Ulnar or Radial Loop

e. The Almond or Whorl

f. The spiral or Whorl

g. The ellipse elliptical whorl or Whorl

h. The circle circular whorl or Whorl

i. The double Whorl or Composite twin loop

His book such brought about a systematic classification of the varieties of

fingerprint patterns officially publish on December 22, 1823 at Breslau,
Germany such as;

Commentatiotio de Examine Physiologico Organi Visus el Systematis Cutanei

“ A commentary of the Physiological Examination of the Organs of Vision and

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the Cutaneous System”

SIR William Herschel 1833- 1917

Tells the story of unchangeableness of fingerprints over a span of fifty seven

years he publish the book of “The Origin of Fingerprinting” he was the first
European pioneering of the modern period to practice fingerprint
identification he retired in 1878.

DR. Henry Faulds 1843- 1930

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He published the book of On the Skin Furrows of the Hand “ in 1880 he

points out that the chance prints left at the scene of crime would provide
positive identification of offenders when apprehended.

He recommended to use a thin film of printers ink as a transfer medium, just

a fingerprint ink it is generally use today, since then the development of
latent prints have improved much.

Sir Francis Galton 1822- 1911

The first scientist of friction skin identification he is a cousin of Charles

Darwin, he was wealthy and the most able scientist in his day, his pre-
eminence was anthropology, genetics, meteorology and explorer named
after him “The Galton Details “ he discover the;

Three Families of fingerprint patterns

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1. Arch 2. Loop 3. Whorl

He said “ the ridge patterns remain constant throughout the life of an

individual and use in method of classification “

Sir Edward Richard 1859-1931

Father of Fingerprint Science he devise a system of classification, he detail

the combination of numbers and letters base on the appearance of 10 inked
recorded fingerprint patterns he perfect the four- division- Henry Fingerprint
Classification System, in 1900 he published the book of Classification and
uses of fingerprints .1901 he appoint as commissioner of New Scotland Yard
and a Chief of Fingerprint branch it took 78 years to adopt in London, England
on july 1, 1901.

1967 New Scotland Yard moved to a new modern headquarters.

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Marcello Malpighi 1628- 1694

His medallion issued on the occasion of the fourth international congress of

anatomy, Milan 1936.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

Essay: Give the correct answer in a sheet of bond paper 5 points each, write
your name, year and section.

1. How the ridges form?

2. What is Minutae?
3. Explain the latent prints?
4. How latent prints made visible?

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5. How to identify visible fingerprints?

6. How to match the fingerprint to a positive identification of criminals or
offenders?
7. What is AFIS?
8. How AFIS work?
9. What is ACE-V method?
10.Give the correct explanation of ACE-V method?
11.What is science of fingerprint identification?
12.How fingerprints form?
13. 13-14 Give and explain the correct uses of
14. Fingerprint techniques
15. Who is Sir Francis Galton and give his basis

UNIT 2 Pre-Test

Direction: write your answer in a sheet of bond paper write your

name, year and section. Fill in the blanks.

1. ________ is a notorious public enemy no.1 who tried to

remove his fingerprint.
2. ________ is a depression or canals between the ridges
compared with low area in tire tread.
3. ________compose of ridge surface, pore, duct, sweat gland
and epidermis.
4. _______begin to form on the human fetus six months
before birth.
5. _______result of primary and secondary ridge formation in
generating layer.
6. ________is the true skin containing blood vessels.
7. ________is a small opening anywhere across the ridge.
8. ________appear on inside first joint of our fingers and
thumbs never change.

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9. _______cause by development disturbances that cause

imperfect ridge formation.
10. ______ never change during the life of a human being.

UNIT 2
THE FINGERPRINTS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Relate the principles of fingerprints to personal identification and

criminal investigation

THE PAPILLARY STRUCTURE

Three Dimensional Structure of Ridge Skin

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1.Epidermis- outer layer of the skin structure showing the ridge and furrows,
composed of several layers in different structural characteristics the
innermost layer is generating layer, cells in deep layer is active and multiply
rapidly.

Ridge Formation

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2.- Ridges begin to form on the human fetus five to six months before its
basis for fingerprint identification and it seem to continuous line short,
curved, long, straight, islands round contour flatten and straight to
continuous line.

3. Ridge Destruction

– pattern will appear on the first joint of our fingers and thumb never change
except the size. A cut may affect the pattern and destroy the ridge only
temporary the ridge will grow back exactly the same pattern. Some causes to
damage the ridge: Dishwashers, brick layers, electrical shops, laboratory,
welders, paint.

Eight part of Papillary Structure

1 .ridge surface - rough in appearance worn off or slough off this process
result of activities of living cells continuously multiply to replace the dead
skin in stratum corneum

2. pore- is a small opening anywhere across the ridge but usually found in the
center.

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3. duct – serve as a passage way for the watery substance sweat that exists at
its mouth the pore.

4. sweat gland – is where perspiration is discharged.

5. epidermis

6. stratum mucosum

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7. nerve

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8 .dermis – or true skin is the layer containing blood vessels, glands, nerves,
dermal papillae is found.

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

1. RIDGE ENDING.
2. BIFURCATION.
3. LAKE.
4. INDEPENDENT RIDGE.
5. DOT OR ISLAND.
6. SPUR.
7. CROSSOVER.

Dermal papillae- are irregular blunt pegs composed of tissues forming the
ridge of the skin in fingers, palms, toes, soles of the feet.

Furrows – relative to the appearance of ridge and depression found between

them.

Fingerprints cannot be change

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Criminals attempt to destroy their fingerprints patterns but they

were not succeeds example:

1.Jhon Dillenger notorious public enemy no.1 tried to remove his

fingerprint with acid but failed.

Robert James Pitts the man without fingerprint

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this man tried to destroy his fingerprint and wanted to

experiment to alter his fingerprint through surgery.

The fingerprint pattern will never change during the life of a human
being. The ridge of the fingers of new born babies is the same in old
age.

1. Scars and skin deformities prevent correct pattern

interpretation but do not prevent identification.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT

Direction: write your answer in a sheet of bond paper write

your name, year and section. Fill in the blanks.
1. ________ is a notorious public enemy no.1 who tried to
remove his fingerprint.
2. ________ is a depression or canals between the ridges
compared with low area in tire tread.
3. ________compose of ridge surface, pore, duct, sweat gland
and epidermis.
4. _______begin to form on the human fetus six months
before birth.
5. _______result of primary and secondary ridge formation in
generating layer.
6. ________is the true skin containing blood vessels.
7. ________is a small opening anywhere across the ridge.
8. ________appear on inside first joint of our fingers and
thumbs never change.
9. _______cause by development disturbances that cause
imperfect ridge formation.
10. ______ never change during the life of a human being.

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11. ______persist throughout the whole existence of the life

of a person.
12. ______who gained some fame as the man without
fingerprints.
13. ______irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate
connective tissues.
14. ______Is where perspiration is discharge.
15. ______consist of a series of island.

UNIT 3 PRE-TEST

Direction: assemble the following resemblances of

patterns according to divisions of their three sub-
groups. Write your answer in a piece of bond paper
write you name, year and section 10 point each group.
ARCH- 5% LOOP- 60% WHORL-35%

Accidental Whorl Double Loop

Ulnar Loop Central Pocket Loop

Tented Arch Plain Whorl
Plain Arch Double Loop Whorl
Radial Loop Accidental Who

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UNIT 3

FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Identify the different personal identification techniques applied to

investigation and detection of crimes and criminal justice

FINGERPRINT PATTERN GROUPS

PLAIN ARCH TENTED ARCH PLAIN LOOP

PLAIN LOOP WHORL CENTRAL POCKET

LOOP

LATERAL POCKET LOOP TWINNED LOOP ACCIDENTAL

ARCHS, LOOPS, WHORLS

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There are three general groups of fingerprints patterns each

family had the same characteristics or resemblance that
divided into sub- groups or types are as follows:
ARCH – 5% LOOP – 60% WHORL- 35%
Plain Arch Radial Loop Plain Whorl
Tented Arch Ulnar Loop Central Pocket Loop
Whorl
Double Loop Whorl
Accidental Whorl

ILLUSTRATION: L---------W-------A Group

Familiarize these terms:

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RECURVING RIDGE – curves back direction from which it

started looks like hair pin.

CONVERGING RIDGE – closed end in angular and serves as a

point of convergence, usually pointed.

APPENDAGE – short ridge at top or summit of a recurved at

right angle.

TYPE LINES – basic boundaries of fingerprint patterns ridges

run parallel diverge or separate tending to surround the
pattern area.

DIVERGING RIDGE - X and Y are type lines two ridges flowing

side by side and separating going one way to each other

BUFORCATING RIDGE – single ridge splits into two ridges

forming a Y shape referred to a fork.

PATTERN AREA – part of a fingerprint lies with in the area

surrounded by type lines. X and Y are type lines in pattern
area.

Delta - point on a ridge formation in front or near the center

of a divergence of type lines.
Core - point on a ridge usually located at the center of heart
pattern

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DEFINITION of BASIC FINGERPRINT PATTERN TYPES

Plain Arch – pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of a

pattern then flow toward the other side with a rise at the
center.

Tented Arch – the majority of the ridges form an arch and one
or more ridges at the center shape giving an angle of 90%
degrees or less upward thrust having an angle of 45 degrees
or more lacking one or two of essential elements.

LOOP – one or more ridges enter on other side of the

impression then turn around passing and touching the
imaginary line drawn between the delta and the core flow
toward the same side of the impression which the ridges
entered.

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FINGERPRINT PATTERN TYPES

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ACCIDENTAL WHORLS

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DIVISION of a LOOP: Radial and Ulna

Forearm contains two large bones from the elbow to the wrist.

1. Radius Bone – run to the wrist on the side where the thumb
is located called the inner bone of the forearm or radial.

1. Ulnar Bone - situated on the little finger side of the wrist

called ulnar.

Two Division of a Loop

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1. Radial Loop – downward slope or slanting of the ridges

towards the direction of the thumb.
2. Ulnar Loop – ridges flow toward the direction of the little
finger

Photos of Left and Right Hand

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Left hand

NOTE:

RIGHT HAND

RADIAL LOOP – sloop to the left

ULNAR LOOP – sloop to the right

RADIAL LOOP – slope to the right

ULNAR LOOP - slope to the left

REQUISITES of a LOOP

1. Must have a delta

2. Must have a core
3. Must have recurving ridge that passes between the delta and
core
4. Must have a ridge count at least one

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ILLUSTRATION:

RIDGE COUNTING

A process of counting the ridge that touch or cross an

imaginary line drawn between the delta and core of a loop
white space must always intervenes between the delta and
the first ridge to be counted.

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ILLUSTRATION:

Rules in Ridge Counting

1. Locate the point of the core and delta

2. Count all ridges which touch or cross an imaginary line
drawn between the core and delta, the lens is guided by
the red line shown on the disk.
3. Never include the core and delta in the count, count only
those ridges which intervene or pass between the core and
delta.
4. Incipient ridges are never counted, no matter where
appear. The general rule is that in order to be counted. The
width of a ridge must be equal to the width of the other
ridges of the pattern under consideration.

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Ridge subjected to ridge counting with given numerical values are

as follows:

1. A ridge island or that is given one ridge count.

2. A short ridge is given one ridge count.
3. A long ridge is given one ridge count.
4. An abrupt – ending ridge is given one ridge count.
5. A bifurcating ridge – if a ridge bifurcates or branches into two
across the imaginary line, then the count given is two. Should
the imaginary line does not cross the point forking or falls
short of touching it, it crosses only one ridge the count given is
one.
ILLUSTRATION:

6. Ridge enclosures are counted as two ridges.

7. Crossing or meeting of two ridges is counted as two ridges.

ILLUSTRATION: numerical values counting

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THE WHORL FAMILY

Plain Whorl – consist of two deltas at least one ridge, pattern

could be spiral, oval, circular or variant of a circle.

Elements of plain Whorl:

1. A complete circuit
2. Two deltas
3. At least one circuiting ridge is touch or crossed by an
imaginary line traversing between the two deltas.

ILLUSTRATION plain whorl

1.complete circuit with two deltas

2.Required circuit with two deltas although open

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3.another variation of a whorl ridge formation oval shape

The circuiting ridge of a plain whorl recurve loop spoiled at

appendage

A. recurving ridge forming a circuit

D. interpreted as a whorl but a loop with a delta
C. the core

Imaginary line or broken line

The central pocket whorl has several circuiting ridges inside
the pattern area.
Plain Loop

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Recurving ridge

Ridge Distribution

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Double Loop – consist two separate and distinct loop

formation, two sets of shoulders, two deltas.

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Plain Loop
Plain whorl imaginary line will draw between the two deltas
touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the
pattern area.

Central pocket loop whorl – pattern posses two deltas Types

of core formation not included in double loop whorl:
1. The S type core
2. The interlocking type core
3. The formation of a loop inside another loop
ILLUSTRATION:
Fig.1 loop iside another loop

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Interlocking type core- does not conform to the double loop

requirements of two distinct sets of shoulders.One loop inside
another loop – type core does not conform to double loop
requirements of two sets of shoulders.

Accidental Whorl- consist of combination of two different

types of patterns such as loop and whorl

Elements of Accidental Whorl

1. Combination of two different types of patterns with the
exception of the plain arch
2. Two or more deltas

ILLUSTRATION

Fig.1 accidental whorl - combination of a loop a tented

arch

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Fig.2 Accidental whorl- combination of a loop and a plain whorl

Fig.3 Accidental whorl- combination of three

independent loop form

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Accidental- name given under whorl family does not

mean accident has occurred to a particular finger.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

Direction: assemble the following resemblances of

patterns according to divisions of their three sub-
groups. Write your answer in a piece of bond paper
write you name, year and section 10 point each group.
ARCH- 5% LOOP- 60% WHORL-35%

Accidental Whorl Double Loop

Ulnar Loop Central Pocket Loop

Tented Arch Plain Whorl
Plain Arch Double Loop Whorl
Radial Loop Accidental Who

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

FINGERPRINT: PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR UNIT TEST EXAMINATION

TEACHER CONTACT NO COURSE AND SECTION

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim. 09661329882 BS-CRIMINOLOGY

GEMMA A. ENERIO, RCrim. 09661329882 PI

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UNIT 4 Pre- Test

Direction: Fill in the blanks write your answer in a space provided below.
Write your answer in a piece of bond paper write name, year and section.
1._________who instructed to apply definite rules for interpreting fingerprint
patterns.
2._________it is given the preferred classifications.
3._________presented is unusual because of the ridge in the center
of the impression.
4._________this pattern is a central pocket loop whorl with an outer tracing.
5.________ located at point A and point B.
6.________illustrated resembles a central pocket loop type whorl.
7.________S1 at the core of the pattern which inverted represent the word IS
8.________with a meeting tracing
9.________pattern on the flexion crease just below the upright loop
10._______a dot at the center
11.______ridge A is an independent up trust
12.______apparent up thrust A is continuation of the curving ridge B
13.______have ever been found to be exactly alike in every detail
14.______what enters your mind about correct interpretation
15.______pattern cannot be considered as looping ridges because they pass
out on the opposite side.

UNIT 4
FINGERPRINTING
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 identify what are questionable fingerprint patterns

QUESTIONABLE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

The fact that “ No two fingers have ever found to be exactly alike in
every detail” definite rules for interpreting fingerprint patterns the
doubt are the degree of judgment and interpretation of classifying
prints but they respect others classifiers when questionable pattern
appears in a fingerprint card.

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Fig.1 Questionable Patterns Tented Arch

A.Sketch enters on one side of the impression and flows to the

other side with the ridge

C.striking into A

C. not considered as a bifurcating ridge

D. form a tented arch because of the angular formation even the

rest of the pattern is absent.

Fig.2 Plain Arch a dot at the center is not up thrust if it thick and
heavy surrounding ridges is not considered to any purpose but for
ridge count and fixing a delta.

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Fig.4

Tented Arch independent up thrust not continuation of ridge

fig.5 Plain Arch- ridge shown in pattern not considered as looping

ridges because they pass out on the opposite side looping ridge
pass out the side from which it enter.

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fig. 6 Tented arch

up thrust not an ending ridge rising a sufficient degree from the

horizontal plain spike type of ridge is perpendicularly

fig. 7 Tented Arch ridges enter of one side then pass out on the
opposite side with a short ridge spike degree of rise from the
horizontal plane.

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Fig.8 Tented Arch- two equally good loop formation presents but
one delta but not classified as a whorl type as a whorl of the double
loop whorl arbitrary classification of tented arch

Fig.9 Plain Whorl over a dot with a second delta, a does not
consider up thrust unless elonginated vertically

QUESTIONABLE PATTERN

Fig.1 BIRDS HEAD ARCH

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Fig.2 GHOST BUSTER WHORL

Fig.4 INTERESTING PATTERN HAVING LETTER S WHORL

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

Direction: Fill in the blanks write your answer in a space provided

below. Write your answer in a piece of bond paper write name,
year and section.
1._________who instructed to apply definite rules for interpreting fingerprint
patterns.
2._________it is given the preferred classifications.
3._________presented is unusual because of the ridge in the center of the
impression.
4._________this pattern is a central pocket loop whorl with an outer tracing.
5.________ located at point A and point B.
6.________illustrated resembles a central pocket loop type whorl.
7.________S1 at the core of the pattern which inverted represent the word IS
8.________with a meeting tracing
9.________pattern on the flexion crease just below the upright loop
9._______a dot at the center
10.______ridge A is an independent up trust
11.______apparent up thrust A is continuation of the curving ridge B
12.______have ever been found to be exactly alike in every detail
13.______what enters your mind about correct interpretation
14.______pattern cannot be considered as looping ridges because they pass
out on the opposite side.
15.______two equally good loop formation

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UNIT 5 Pre- test

Direction: Matching Type. Match your answer from column A to

column B and write your answer in a piece of bond paper. Write
your name, year and section.

A B

1. River Line
2. Fingerprints Point
3. Dot River
4. Ridge latent
5. Delta Lake

UNIT 5
GENERAL FINGER PRINT RULES
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 enumerate the rules of fingerprint

 apply the general rules in locating focal points, counting and tracing the
ridges of fingerprint patterns.

Delta Formation

Pattern area of a loop and whorl type fingerprints enclosed by type

lines fixed local points known as delta and core. Delta location
taken first next is core.

Delta is a point on a ridge formation located in front of the nearest

the center of the type lines. Physical feature of a river and delta in

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fingerprint patterns are similar. Like a banks of a river when a delta

is reach lines run parallel and diverge when they reach to delta.

Feature of a river and a lake compared to a fingerprint pattern

X means two banks of a river

Y means fingerprint

Six delta formation

1.Delta as bifurcating ridge fig.1

2.Delta as an ending ridge fig.2

Delta as a short ridge

1. Delta as dot

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2.Delta as a converging ridge

Delta as a point and long ridge

Rules Governing the Choice between two or more possible

Deltas:1.Delta not located at a point of bifurcation must open up
toward the pattern line

2.Bifurcation is always selected as a delta note there is a dot ridge

equally centered.

3.Pattern shows a series of bifurcation nearest the core chosen as a

delta

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4.Delta may located at the ridge running toward the core

Delta outer terminous

Note: two legs of a bifurcation as type lines when open to core legs
distance before they diverge.

Core Formation

Core is inner terminus, center of a finger impression, heart of a

patter ,surrounded by type lines, at locate at center or near of
center, a point of a ridge formation located at center of heart
pattern.

Rules in Core Formation

1. Form in a variety of ways found in recurving type.

ILLUSTRATION: X and Y are type lines

Fig.1 Core is on the shoulder of recurving ridge far the delta

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Fig.2 core is on summit of a rod close the recurving ridge

Innermost recurve ridge contain no ending ridge or rod rising as

high as shoulder of a loop , core is place on the shoulder of a loop
far the delta

ILLUSTRATION: core place on shoulder of a loop

1.R
ecurving ridge contain uneven number of rods high as
shoulders , core is place at end of the center rod touching the
looping ridge or not

2.Curve ridge contain uneven number of rods high as shoulder

core located at end of the far two center rods center rod
connect to ridge.

ILLUSTRATION:

Fig.1 two loop intersect the center ,core considered A and D joint at
the top form a curve ridges B and C as bars of loop A and D , core
will in shoulder of ridge B far from delta.

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Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.2 Ridge A and D joint to form a loop with ridges B and C as bars
within the loop A and D core is shoulder of ridge C.

Fig.3

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Fig.3 appendage appear the tween shoulders shows to curve

,spoiled, next ridge form recurving ridge, core end of appendage.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

Direction: Matching Type. Match your answer from column A to

column B and write your answer in a piece of bond paper. Write
your name, year and section.

A B

2. River Line
3. Fingerprints Point
4. Dot River
5. Ridge latent

Delta Lake

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UNIT 6 Pre- Test

Enumeration: 1-5 give the 5 tools of personal identification

UNIT 6
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 enumerate the tools of personal identification

 understand the use of the tools of personal identification

THE FINGERPRINT OUTFIT

Science and technology in crime detection with specialized training

effective of police work, modern techniques, use in crime
laboratories, used in daily crime problems, specialized training is
necessary for crime scene technicians called Latent Print Examiners
equipped with fingerprint kits. In major crime such as robbery,
murder must complete search of the scene with maximum results,
better result attain in laboratory.

The Finger Kit for General Fingerprint Work

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Careful review of many phase of crime detection work with

important tools with best trained and skilled technician can
accomplish a tremendous job.

Fingerprint kits used by evidence technicians contain a greater

variety instruments for the nature evidence to examine.

Old magnetic applicator

New magnetic applicator

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Other brand applicator

Fingerprint rollers

Latent Print Specialist Kit

The most complete latent kit in the world today containing all
latest state of art components, a must kit for all investigative
branches police departments and government agencies.

Latent kit

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The following fingerprint outfit:

Fingerprint link

Fingerprint roller

Fingerprint card

Fingerprint card holder

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Fingerprint liquid cleaner

Finger print table

Items that make up a fingerprint

1.Ink Roller - spreading the ink on the glass

2.Ink Slab- a glass ¼ thick and 6 inch long

3.Card Holder – gadget for clipping the fingerprint card to avoid

movement during printing

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1. Fingerprint Ink- manufactured ink for purpose of

fingerprint
2. Magnifying glass- use to examine develop latent prints 3
inch wide
3. Fingerprint powders – 2 kinds black, white and gray apply
on contrasting background
4. Fingerprint brushers- 3 fiberglass brushers if magnetic
powders are carried, used magnetic device for application
5. Finger print lifting tips – 3 kinds frosted, rubber and
transparent
6. Latent fingerprint Transfer cards- to preserved develop
latent fingerprints
7. Fingerprint Cards- record the ink for comparison
8. Flash Light- for searching and focusing on develop latent
prints
9. Roller or Tape Measure- measure a crime scene sketch
10. Pair of Forceps- picking up objects
11. Graph Paper- sketching purposes the location of latent
prints, indicating measurement, exact location of objects.
12. Evidence identification or tags- to identify objects or
physical evidence
13. Scissors – cutting latent print tapes
14. Rubber gloves- protect the technicians finger for leaving
his own prints
15. Post Mortem Fingerprinting Equipment- contains
hypodermic syringe, spoon, tissue builder solvent, tissue
cleaner
16. Carrying Case – a box attach type may suffice.
17. Inkless inking device- porelon pad, sensitized fingerprint
cards, purpose not to stain the fingers the fingers touch to

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inkless pad and sensitized card and instantly a permanent

readable print will develop without staining the fingers

The Important of Legible Fingerprints

One method was used to record fingerprint impression a

lamp black was awkward, unsatisfactory, today several
method are used
Early days Galtons applied a method that is used today by
spreading a thin film ink and record the inked fingers on
paper or card form it become popular, inking porelon pads
and sensitized card forms come to exist, technicians
printers ink has used as printing process.

Recording Fingerprints

Patients and concentration in recording fingerprints, person taking

fingerprint is called prints recorder he must know what is the single
clear classifiable pattern, and pattern is complete. The outer
terminus deltas are often missed in rolled impressions its

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important, if delta is shown its good, good ink for good result,
consist a devise to hold a card, fingerprint ink, a glass plate,
fingerprint roller, first thing, clean the inking plate and the hands is
clean and dry, if perspiring freely wipe off used alcohol wipe clean
cloth, if hard and dry put a little lotion and massage. Place dub of
ink in a glass slab rolled the film ink, proper arrangement of
paraphernalia is important, glass slab place in left of the table,
record card in right of the inking plate, stand the subject directly to
the table facing too near, operator have control to hold the hands,
recorder must be on subject left, recording rolled prints on right
hand , first record the thumb to little finger ,finger is rolled to other
side, roll the finger on the card lightly to obtain clear impression ,
subject must relax, for plain impression all the fingers of the right
hand should pressed lightly upon inking plate to lower right hand
corner of the card in the space provided similar to left hand.

Two types of ink impressions recorded:

1. rolled impressions
2 .plain impressions.
Rolled impressions not placed on the proper blocks, plain
impressions of the right hand four finger : index, middle,
ring, little and thumb place on specified blocks, plain
impression of left hand printed on left side corner on the
card below ,plain purpose for reference of rolled card, to
accurate show local points core and delta for ridge counts
and tracing.
Fig. proper method for printing rolled impression

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Fig.2proper method of holding finger

Fig.3 proper method taking plain impressions

Fig.4 proper method of taking plain impressions of thumbs

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Causes of Imperfect Ink Impressions

It required good operator to get good quality of fingerprints use for

pattern impression, ridge counting, ridge tracing, the error is trace
directly who did the work, causes of error lack of control of hand,
careless, ignorance, unclean apparatus, open exposure, uncovered.

Examples of Poor Quality Ink Records

1.A print from unclean apparatus

2.A print lacking sufficient lacking

3.A print whose digits are not inked and printed below the first
joint of the finger

4.A print using a very poor grade of ink

5.A print in which finger end joints were not ink high enough to
record the top of the patterns

a.A print with too much ink

b.A print with too little ink

c.A print due to lack of control of the subjects hand during the
printing operation

Importance of the Fingerprint Card

Identification Division of NBI uses fingerprint cards size 8 by 8 inch.

Card is colored white 10 individual blocks for recorded rolled
impressions the first column for right hand from thumb, index,
middle, ring and little.2nd column for left hand thumb, index,
middle, ring, little blocks for right no. 1 thumb, 2right index, 3 right
middle, 4 right ring, 5 right little finger,6 left thumb,7 left index, 8
left middle, 9 left ring, 10 left little finger. Below the rolled

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impressions are for plain impressions for right 4 fingers while on

left side is for left four fingers plain impressions.

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION FIGURE

Placing Information on the Card

Subjects name, alias, sex, color, signature recorded on the card.

”Reference “ classification approximating ridge count and trace.
The PNP subject surname is written first, given name, middle name,
complexion, race, height, weight, hair, eyes, build, sex, scars,
marks, amputations, signature of subject and technician official,
business or provincial address of subject, civil status, educational
attainment, languages, dialects spoken, voters I.D card, name of
parents, religion, organization, citizenship, apprehension data and
final disposition of case , name of contributor, address, photo of
subject, criminal history, police record data, notified in case of
emergency, classification, operators and subject signature,
computerize or type written work but usually card filled up with
pen, ink or ball pen.

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Problems in Recording

1.Temporary Disabilities

2.Permanent Disabilities

3.Deformities

Many cases involving taken temporary and permanent disabilities

or deformities must use the good judgment in taken the impression
and make comments at the back of the card as to what the
abnormality is.

Photos of persons with abnormal fingers Jonas and Isaac they are
twins displaying their hands with extra thumb.

Fig. with extra finger

Photos of Isaac Right and Left hand with their counts

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Temporary Disabilities

A problem of n officer is temporary dis ability, occupational

problems are acid workers, plasterers, cement mixers, assembly
workers in electrical appliance, the prints show faint ridges, patters
not change the ridges will come back clear and sharp.

Permanent Disabilities

Amputated finger technician make a notation on the particular

block of amputated finger exact as to what part of the joint, missing
fingers at birth or born without fingers proper notation on the
fingerprint card is made, use spatula of certain inking devices,
roller, curve card strip holder.

Photos of uses of curve card for taking rolled impressions of bent

fingers

Deformities

Person with extra fingers, subject may have two thumbs

or two little finger extra digit may appear on index,
middle, ring, two split or webbed fingers, should fully
rolled and notation on the card, split digit most often on
thumb with complete joints only the inner thumb is used
outer not given consideration recorded in natural order
Fig.1 Mortuary Photography showing double thumb

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Fig.2 A Japanese men with extra left Thumb

Fig.3 Another example of deformity finger

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

Enumeration: 1-5 give the 5 tools of personal identification

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

FINGERPRINT: PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

TEACHER CONTACT NO COURSE AND

SECTION

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim. 09661329882 BS-CRIMINOLOGY

GEMMA A. ENERIO, RCrim. 09661329882 PI

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UNIT 7 Pre Test

Enumeration: 1-5 give the major division of personal identification

UNIT 7
COUNTING AND TRACING FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Identify and understand the fingerprint classification formula

THE FINGER PRINT CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

Symbols of Fingerprint patterns in Blocks

Plain Arch -------------------------A

Tented Arch -------------------------T
Radial Loop--------------------------/ Right Hand
“ “ ---------------------------- \ Left Hand
Ulnar Loop ---------------------------\ Right Hand

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“ “ -----------------------------------/ Left Hand

Plain Whorl ------------------------W
Central Pocket Loop Whorl-----C
Double Loop Whorl --------------D
Accidental -------------------------X

Note: The diagonal line symbol should be used in loops

radial and ulnar must always follow the slope of the
innermost sufficient recurve. Block numbers 1 to 5 are
for the right hand fingers while block numbers 6 to 10
are left hand fingers.

ILUSTRATION: Right and Left Hand photos of no.1 to 5

Blocks

Division Classification Formula

1.Primary Classification – result of summation of all numerical

values assign to whorls 110 finger print express as numerators and
denominators plus pre-establish fraction of 1

2.Secondary Classification

a.Capital Letter Group

b.Small Letter Group

1.Subsecondary Classification

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2.Major Classification

3.Final Classification

4.Key

Classification Line Photos

Division of patterns as to Numerical Values

1.Patterns with numerical values

All whorl type patterns

2.Patterns without numerical values
Arches and Loop- Type patterns
4 steps to attain the primary classification

1. Pairing – 10 fingerprints divided into pairs, total 5 pairs in

all first pair – Right Thumb and right index finger blocks 1
and 2

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Second pair right middle finger and right ring finger blocks
3 and 4
Third Pair right little finger and left thumb block 5 and 6
Fourth pair left index and left middle finger blocks 7 and 8
Fifth pair left ring and little finger blocks 9 and 10.

ILLUSTRATION:
Photos of right hand blocks pair

Block number 1 and 5 are right hand finger

Block numbers 6 to 10 for left hand fingers

2. Assigning numerical values to whorl patterns only
Correspond fingers permanent, first pair numerical value of
16 for each whorl, second pair numerical value of 8 each
whorl

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Third pair, numerical value of 4 each whorl fourth pair

numerical value of 2 each whorl fifth pair numerical value
of 1
3. Knowing the numerators and denominators in the pairs
First pattern denominator, second pair is numerator, five
numerators and five denominators in set of ten fingers.

Illustration OF RIGHT HAND AND LEFT HAND denominator

and numerator

Fingers 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 are denominators

Fingers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are numerators

4. Summing up the numerical values of whorls assign to the

fingers plus the pre establish fraction of 1/1. To determine
the exact primary classification get the total value of
numerators add fraction 1/1 for total value of all
denominators add fraction of 1/1 pre establish fraction of
1/1 always added, the absence of numerical value this
fraction1/1 exhibit in the classification line to complete the
primary formula for filling purposes

ILLUSTRATION: a set of points with primary classification of 32/32”

Numerators block no.2, 4, 6, 8, 10 whorl type numerical

values 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, total primary numerator 32.

Denominators by block # 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 whorl type patterns numerical

values 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, primary denominator 32 the pre establish

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fraction 1/1 always added to both numerator and denominator

Secondary Classification

A. Capital Letter Group

symbol capital letters presented 2 index fingers right index

is the numerator, left index denominator
Following symbols:

Plain Arch--------------------------------------------- A
Tented Arch ----------------------------------------- T
Radial Loop ------------------------------------------ R
Ulnar Loop ------------------------------------------- U
Plain Whorl ----------------------------------------- W
Central Pocket Loop Whorl --------------------C
Double Loop Whorl ------------------------------ D
Accidental Whorl --------------------------------- X
ILLUSTRATION classification 15 R
19 D

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Classification Line a line placed on the right upper corner of the

finger print classification formula is exhibited

B.Small Letter Group

3 types of finger print patterns plain arch, tented arch, radial loop,
two index fingers symbol small letter, a plan arch, t tented arch, r
radial loop, / secondary classification 4 finger right hand
numerators, 4 fingers left hand are denominators

ILLUSTRATION:
1 Ratr

17 Rrt

The Subsecondary Classification

Ridge trace result of that is represent in letter symbols I, M, O

meaning inner meeting or outer placed on the right upper corner of
the blocks. Right index, middle, ring fingers, are the numerators
while the opposite fingers from left hand are denominators, plain
arch and tented arch are ridge counted nor ridge trace represent by
a dash – on classification file.

Symbols of Whorls as a result of ridge tracing

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1.Three or more intervening ridges between trace ridge and right

delta known as inner represent capital letter I put on right upper
corner of block.

2. Ridge passes outside of the right delta there are 2 intervening

ridge known as meeting sign is M put on right upper corner of the
block.

3.Ridge passes outside or below right delta there are 3 intervening

ridge known as outer sign is O put on upper corner of the block.

The Major Division

Derive to subsecondary classification only applies to thumb by

ridge counting and ridge tracing whorls on thumb result put on
right upper corner of the block loop is found by a letter symbol, two
loops appear on thumb placed the symbol of major division is on
left side of classification line, right thumb numerator and left is
thumb is denominator.

ILLUSTRATION :Fig.1 right little finger plain whorl showing doted as

imaginary line. Note delta use is left delta treated as an ulnar loop.

Fig.1

Fig.2 plain whorl imaginary line drawn from the right delta patterns
come from little finger as ulnar loop.

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Fig.3 double loop whorl, derive final classification ridge count

derive from upright loop

Fig.4 whorl family accidental rule ridge count least # of ridge count.

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Ridge Tracing for Whorls

Ridge Tracing- process of tracing the ridge originates from left delta
towards right delta constitute three division: Inner, Meeting, Outer
or I, M, O.

Key Classification

The derived by ridge counting first loop in asset of prints. First loop
come from right thumb except little finger put on extreme left
classification line as numerator, Ulnar loop place on left upper
corner , arch appear in all prints symbol is -.

Rules for Ridge Count of Loop and symbol

1.Ridge count of 1 -9 inclusive ach index finger is inner symbol I,

count of 10 inner symbol O,

2.Ridge count1- 10 middle finger, symbol I, count of 11 outer

symbol O

3.Ridge count 1 – 13 ring finger inner symbol I, count of 14 outer

symbol O.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

1-10. Give the rules of Ridge Count of Loop and symbol.

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UNIT 8 PRE-TEST

1-10. Enumerate the Secondary Classification

UNIT 8
 CLASSIFICATION OF SCARRED PATTERNS AMPUTATIONS
MISSING FINGERS AT BIRTH
 FILING FINGERPRINT RECORDS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Enumerate the classification of scarred patterns and how filing fingerprint

records be identify

Photos of Mr. Bratose with left thumb replace by left big toe,
transplanted toe has a clear loop pattern

Standard Procedure to be followed

Problems of scared impressions and amputated, missing

finger.

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1.Scar general pattern is unrecognized, ridge count and tracing

undetermined, impression given same pattern interpretation
correspond finger on the other hand.

2.Scared general pattern determine, ridge cannot be counted or

trace, ridge count giving value to other hand

PHOTO of white traversing the ridges are not scars but flexion
crease marks

If all fingers are missing must consider correspond of the other

finger, if all 10 fingers are out off, interpreted as meeting whorls as
a result the classification will be

M 32 MMM
M 32 MMM

The goal of technical operations is filling of sets of classified

fingerprint records, set of fingerprints not filled by their names
instead of serial # the reason for early location or retrieval of a
duplicate set of prints that previously filed, they can change their
name,, personal appearance , fingerprint do not change the fact all
fall within certain well defined groupings basis upon fingerprint
classification and ultimate filling are founded. A fingerprints
classified today the same classification even after many years. Filing
means locating the fingerprint file. Searching means the act of
looking fingerprint file. CATCH or IDENT means operation successful
made identification by finding duplicate record file. Identification
officer do all the recording, classifying, searching, filing. Large
bureaus assign only one special task classifying, searching and
filing.

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FILING FINGERPRINT RECORDS

Filing System

Filed and arrange regularly, placing a group classified sets correct

filing order.

SEQUENCING OPERATION

1st step separate all classified card into 5 piles

Pile 1 all cards denominators 1

Pile 2denominators of 2 to 12 inclusive

Pile 3 denominators 13 to 9

Pile 4 denominators 20 to 27

Pile 5 denominators 28 to 32

How to file a set of Prints having this classification

8 S 1 U III 10

S 2 R III

Look at primary groups, every front panel of drawer primary

classification cards, primary denominators are key # to cabinet, ½
primary classification, primary denominator 2 guide cards these

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drawers guide filers. Primary denominator arrange from front to

back along left compartment, right behind each primary
denominator 32 individual primary denominator tabs # 1 to
32.Upon seeing the primary denominator 2, find primary
numerator 1, find secondary denominator R capital letters A, T, R,
U, W, C, D, X black background 1st letter tab across denominator
remaining letters are numerators.

Subsecondary III

III the same in denominator, and numerator

Denominator failed before numerator shown below:

1. Primary denominator 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 fingers

2. Primary numerator 3, 6, 1, 8, 10, fingers
3. Secondary numerator left index fingers
4. Secondary numerator Right index fingers
5. Subsecondary denominator left, index, middle, right finger
6. Subsecondary numerator right, index, middle, right finger
7. Major division denominator right thumb finger
8. Major division numerator right thumb finger
9. Final numerator right index finger
10. Key right, middle, ring, index

The Secondary Classification

Classification line by capital letter symbols both index fingers

symbols by secondary classification are:

Symbol Pattern Type

A--------------------------------------------------------------------- Arch

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T--------------------------------------------------------------------- Tented
Arch
R -------------------------------------------------------------------- Radial
Loop
U ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ulnar
Loop
W ------------------------------------------------------------------ Plain
Whorl
C ------------------------------------------------------- Central Pocket
Loop
D --------------------------------------------------------- Double Loop
Whorl
X ------------------------------------------------------------ Accidental
Whorl Chart of sequence filing A, T, R, U, W, C, D, X, 64
combinations

The Subsecondary Combination

Photos of all loops sets prints Index, Middle, Ring, both hands 64
combinations

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Chart showing sequence for filing IMO

secondary combinations photos for whorl patterns index,

middle, ring of both hands

Full sequence denominator or numerator of small letter group in

secondary classification

Combination numerator and denominator 160 combinations in

numerator denominator given 25,600 small letter primary
classification by I and A by A Index can be substitute by T, R, U, W,
C, D, X, pattern on the index finger, small letter remain constant,
arrangement is the same, index is arch, tented arch, radial loop,
ulnar loop, or any whorl types patterns 25,600 small letter
combinations, A over A sections the same no. each in

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T R U W C D X

A A A A A A A

A T R U W C D X

T T T T T T T T

A T R U W C D C

A T R U W C D X

R R R R R R R R

A T R U W C D X

U U U U U U U U

A T R U W C D X

W W W W W W W W

A T R U W C D X

C C C C C C C C

A T R U W C D X

D D D D D D D D

A T R U W C D X

X X X X X X X X

PURPOSE OF REFERENCE TABLE USE TO ACQUINT FILING ORDER

OF SMALL LETTER SETS GUIDE CARDS USE IN FILING ACCORDING
TO THE SEQUENCE FOR THE FILER

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT

1-10. Enumerate the Secondary Classification

UNIT 9 PRE-TEST

ESSAY

1-5 Explain the Reference Classification

UNIT 9
 SEARCHING and REFERENCING
 CLASSIFYING QUESTIONABLE PATTERNS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 classify questionable patterns

Reference Classification

Second choice classification refer to reference work classifiers

guided some factors affect classification work, factors are: amount
of ink use, pressure exacted the process of recording, different in
eyesight, individual judgment, imprints worn out due to
occupation, crippled, amputated fingers, scars.

The use of reference classification insures a record.

The searching process

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Technicians assign to search the file verified classified records

begin his search to a final classification of 10, next 8, next 12,
the important of this search having two ridges below and above
final classification possible variations in ridge counting not to
miss a counterpart card that had been filed.

Classifying Questionable patterns

Classifying a set of fingerprints with Questionable Patterns

Relate to combination- subdivision or part of a classification

compose of fingerprint life, symbol of capital letter I, FOR INNER
AND CAPITAL O for outer I and O are combinations, ridge tracing
letter symbols I, M, O combinations. Right index finger arch A,
tented arch T, radial Loop R, ulnar loop U, whorl W, central pocket
loop whorl C, double loop whorl D, accidental whorl X.

Development of classification photos right and left hand photos

Classification: 16 S I T -OI 6

L I U OOO

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The reference classification:

16 S I R IOI 6

L I U OOO

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

ESSAY

10 points explain the classification card

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

FINGERPRINT: PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR MIDTERM EXAMINATION
TEACHER CONTACT NO COURSE AND SECTION

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim. 09661329882 BS-CRIMINOLOGY

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UNIT 10

Per- Test

Enumeration:

1-5 Give at least five method of personal identification

UNIT 10

LATENT FINGERPRINTS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 discuss methods of fingerprints

 understand different types of fingerprint
 differentiate latent prints and ridge pattern

Ridge Patterns basis for positive identification

Photos of latent prints developed on different surfaces

Positive identification based the ridge characteristics appear on

bulb palmar side of the joint of fingers and thumbs, latent
fingerprint technique phase of fingerprint science, fast solution of a
crime depend on the mechanics, techniques, ,procedure used in
recovery of latent prints of the crime scenes.

Fingerprint found in crime scene known as Latent Print

Visible fingerprints devide into two:

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1. molded prints imprints on colored substance such as: paint,

ink, grease, blood, dirt.

2. soft substance such as: soap, clay, butter, melted candle,

chocolate, paraffin, wax.

Common Latent Print Locations for Stolen Automobiles

1. Rear view mirror

2. Windshield
3. Dashboard area
4. Steering wheel hub and post
5. Seat control lever
6. Outside mirror
7. Top of door
8. Outside edges of door
9. Door handles
10. Window handles
11. Back area touched when car is pushed

Photo of common latent print locations of car

Photos of super glue booth for large objects

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Photos of iodine fuming chamber

Protecting the crime scene

Hands Off initiated the first officer arrive at the scene, avoid to
destruct the physical evidence, most important phase of print
work. Restrict # of persons at a crime scene area police men
posting outside to prevent outsider to enter. Technician be careful
in handling the object to avoid smudging any hidden prints.

Finger Marks maybe made in different ways by Jackson 1962

1. Perspiration mark made by clean finger

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2. Dirty finger
3. Envelop gums, chocolates, cheese, melted candles, putty,
paraffin
4. Blood marks
5. Dust
6. Greasy object

Technician done in following manner

1. Use powders those found in paper, notebook use chemical

ninhydrin
2. Photography if mark is faint or light seen try use powder o
show some ridges, do not brush.
3. Light arrangement
4. If no development photograph is need
5. Good photographic result may be obtain

Factors affecting latent print

Conventional method brush and powder use of chemicals depend

on condition before and during, after, developing, collecting,
preserving, given first if not given right away there is possibility to
lose their value due to careless or premature handling of objects.

Stability of latent prints affected by the following:

1. Climatic conditions
2. Subject factors physical characteristics of individual
3. Nature of the surface

Latent Fingerprints Method

Most frequently class belonging to invisible or hidden type requires

techniques to develop before they are see and photograph.

Photos of lightning opaque rubber latent print lifters

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Rubber lifters are used to transfer powder latent prints from

surfaces not lend photography can be through transparent
protective covering for presentation in court, sheets measure 4”x
91/2” for 20 single latent prints 2 colors white and dark powders,
black use on latent dusted with light powders.

3 Reason why powdering latent fingerprints by scoots fingerprint

mechanics by Olsen R>D Sr. 1978

1. To make the images visible

2. To develop contrast for photographic purposes
3. To develop powdered images for lifting and preserving

Photos of Transferred Latent Print card

Photos of sketch and remarks of latent print card

Two points to develop latent impression powder

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1. The application of powder with brush

2. Lifting the impressions

Powdering Method

Developing a latent print with powder means applying powder to

the print in a manner that powder will adhere to the moisture left
by the ridges.System of Application Use of powder will get the
result, little powder will bring out clear latent print, just add if
necessary, use the brush lightly, don’t press the powder to latent
print, brush is the instrument for applying powder to latent prints,
by sweeping brush back and fort come to point if stop brushing,
brush the arch from one side to other side, for loop brush from top
to the loop to exit, for whorl a circular motion.

Lifting Latent Fingerprints

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Latent prints develop should be transferred and lifted, if person is

right handed hold the role of cellulose tape, end tape in left thumb
and forefinger, place the end of tape one half ink in front of the
print and firmly press the tape over the print with your finger, no
air bubbles, raise the right hand with the hold of tape off surface on
develop print grasp the loose end of the tape between the left
thumb and index, place to latent print transfer card in the same
manner put word of caution: don’t touch the gummed side of the
lifting tape near the spot ,write the address of the scene, date,
name of technician and witness.

Chemical Development of latent prints

Another technique, use by European and U.S police in 1896, iodine

technique as early as 1888 by Eber in Berlin, Germany, determining
factor lies in the hand of forensic chemist to know proper
composition of chemical, 99.0 to 99.5% perspiration is water with
0.5 to 1.0% solid by Olsen Sr.1978, one half of organic substance,
one half salt, strong is sodium chloride, potassium chloride ratio is
9.1,react chemically with silver nitrate solution, silver chloride,
darkens when expose to light, fingerprints contain oils, fats, form of
sebum secretion of sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles
from scalp, scrotum, nose, external air.

The Cold Iodine Method

Half of teaspoonful of iodine crystals in a glass, place document in

the box, face down toward the crystals means latent, put 2 wooden

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box, fume is dark brown in color, crystals light, take 5 to 30 minutes

and fumes affect the organic structure of paper, more crystals fast
development put in large bowl as we can see the development
process, gases, prints shows sharp, clear ridges, photograph
immediately image fade in few minutes fumes and ammonia to
remove coloration.

Hot Iodine Method

Few crystals on shallow dish, place a small alcohol burner in bottom

of glass cage, tripod stand on top which place dish crystals, use low
flame place a document to be examine 2 inches above the crystals,
fumes begin show latent develop, older prints take several

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minutes, timing of development, station of crystals, to avoid bad

develop prints careful not to large volume of gas place the prints in
document in 2 sheets of glass, keep in several days to develop, mix
½ ounce calcium chloride in 4 ounces of water and 50 grains of
potassium bromide put in a sprayer spray on develop prints. By
Cooke T. G. Chicago.

Photos of iodine transfer method with iodine fuming pipe and

silver transfer set

The Iodine Transfer Method

The old and fresh latent prints, multi colored objects tin can labels,
magazine covers might work white powder use show dark prints
this method by Dr. Mc Morris of California fuming pipe of 2 glass
tubes, top is anhydrous calcium chloride crystals are put in smaller

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tube, two glass tube connect to rubber cork with hole in center,
don’t inhale while using chemicals.

How to Transfer latent print develop by iodine fuming with silver

plate method

Transfer impression show up silver plate, in dark brown color with

clear ridge turn off strong light, photograph transferred print on
silver plate, keep the plate in a dark envelope.

The silver nitrate method

Silver nitrate react in salt to form silver chloride.

3% solution silver nitrate

3grams of silver nitrate crystals

100 cubic cen. Of distilled water

1/10 quart solution

Pour into porcelain tray the object suspected immersed in solution

all surface are covered with silver nitrate solution, remove the
solution, clean white blotting paper light with flood bulb a mercury
arc or carbon arc, darkens upon exposure to light, all latent prints
will become visible as dark brown outlines, photograph the develop
prints, to remove stain put mercuric nitrate in wash in distilled
water.

The Ninhydrin Method

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Ninhydrin method base the solution of amino acid, by Swedish

scientist Oden and Hofsten 1954.

0.2% solution by oden

1.5% solution by Sheriff of L.A 1964
0.4% solution longer reaction latent to fully develop by
Moenssens 1971
1.0% dark blue color by Shulenberger 1963
0.6% solution most effective
Test conducted at U.S Army lab. Georgia show the best result
is 0.6% and 1.0% . the solution applied to surface of spicemen
by spraying, dipping, brushing, swabbing the ninhydrin
solution may spray into the item being examine in the form of
fine mist, the prints will appear in 24 hours with a
temperature of 2hours.
The process of development by heat of 100degree celcius with
electric steam iron by blowing heated air into the specimen,
the result will remain in long period, photograph when
develop ninhydrin applied the following:
writing paper, envelopes all kinds, hard wrapping paper,
rough blotting paper, bank notes, all type of textiles or in wall
papers.
Note: ninhydrin solution will irritate the respiratory passages,
need free ventilated area.

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Iodine Spray Reagent

Effective in most surfaces porous and nonporous

`Formula:
Solution A: 1gram iodine in 1liter cyclohexane.
Solution B: 1grams of a-naPTHOFLAVONE in 40 ml of
methylene chloride dichloramethane

Working Solution:
Add solution 2ml of B to 100 ml of solution A, mix with
magnetic stirrer for 5 minutes spray on the specimen using
aerosol mini spray gun, spray the suspected area until prints
develop, wear protective clothing and breathing apparatus
Solution put in room temperature in 30 days, solution B
refrigerated in 30 days. A and B use in 24hours after mixing.
Propanol use to remove stain of the iodine spray reagent.

Ninhydrin and Zinc Chloride

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Expensive and easiest use process for developing prints in paper

document can be spray.

Ninhydrin Formula no.1

Mix 20grams of nunhydrin crystals with 3,300 ccs of acetone, dip in

paper twice and dry, iron on paper, store solution in darkness use
in 1 month.

Ninhydrin Formula #2

Dissolve 5grams of ninhydrin inn 30ml of methanol add 40 ml of 2

propanol, stir add 930ml petroleum dip the paper document in
solution and dry, heat with iron, not touch directly the iron to
paper, it will exceed 1year.

Zinc Chloride Formula

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Spray the paper with zinc solution put in room with light
temperature. 5grams of zinc, 2ml acetic acid, 100ml methyl alcohol,
400 ml of 1.1.2mix.

Amino Black

Protein dye use to develop latent prints with blood stain friction
skin take sample of blood before using.

DFO 1,8- Diazaflouren-9-1

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The use in a paper documents before use ninhydrin view DFO-

develop latent prints with light source.

Dissolve 1gram DFO in 20 ml acetic acid add 180 of methanol

Mix in order 60ml of DFO stock solution 2propanol,50 ml acetone,

xylene 830 ml of petroleum of ether or pentane.

Physical Developer

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Use after DFO and ninhydrin on paper type like checks, paper
currency, cardboard, raw wood.

Colloidal Gold

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Method called multi metal deposition, develop latent prints on

porous and non porous used on paper items after ninhydrin
provide zinc chloride.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT
1-5 Differentiate latent prints and ridge patterns.
6-10. Give the fingerprint methods

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UNIT 11 Pre- Test

Essay: five points explain physical evidence

UNIT 11
 HANDLING, PACKAGING and TRANSPORTING of
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
 PREPARATION OF FINGERPRINT CHARTS FOR COURT
PRESENTATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;
 Demonstrate competence in collecting questioned and standard fingerprints as
evidence in criminal investigation

Photos of pistol with fingerprint

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Physical evidence in the form of fingerprints

Packing of evidence having latent prints, pack not to contact

in any object, remit to laboratory should not be touch or
move to any person, handle, packed, transport, search,
conservation, handling, packaging, transport in qualified
person.

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PREPARATION of FINGERPRINT CHARTS for COURT

PRESENTATION
Photos of index finger molded in wax on police revolver,

4 important elements examiner in comparing 2 fingerprints

1. Must be same type of patterns

2. Quality of friction ridges must conform in both prints
3. Number of charted ridge characteristics must correspond in
both latent and ink prints
4. Location ,direction, distances of friction ridges must be
agreement in both latent and ink prints

Marking Fingerprint Charts for Use in Court

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Photos in latent prints

Photos of ink prints

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Photos of two fingerprints having identical characteristics

being charted o

Palm fingerprint

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

ESSAY

1-10. Explain what is Physical Evidence

UNIT 12 Pre- Test Enumeration:

1-5 Types of Finger Tip

UNIT 12
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Identify the names of Palm and Footprint

PALM and FOOT PRINT IDENTIFICATION

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Poroscopy

Poroscopy is an important branch of science of fingerprinting study

of pore structure found on epidermal ridges of the skin as a means
of identification.

Palm Prints Use as Identification Medium

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photos of foot impression

Photos of palm print pattern zones

How to record palm prints

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Photos of ink roller

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Palmar Flexion Crease

Photos of foot prints

Photo of foot with ridge impression portion of adams right foot

print

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Photos of different ridge

Photos of known ridge asbaugh 1983

Photos of ridge edges with unique characteristics

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Characteristics:

1.Straight ----edge is straight

2.Concave---edge is convave joining two other edge characteristics

3.Convex-------- edge is convex

4.Table----- edge is protruding with narrow base o broad flat top

5.Peak--- point flat top

a.Pocket---having one side open

b.Angle---angle joining

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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT

1-10 Give the ridge characteristics

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

FINGERPRINT: PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR PRE-FINAL EXAMINATION
TEACHER CONTACT NO COURSE AND SECTION

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim. 09661329882 BS-CRIMINOLOGY

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UNIT 13 Pre- Test

Enumeration:

1- 5 Explain the mummification

UNIT 13

Post- Mortem Fingerprint

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to;

 Review the different principles, jurisprudence and related laws in the

different personal identification.

Fig.1 latest Identification Aid

epidermis is taken off the finger and epidermis put on around the
finger

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photos of fingerprint pattern in good value

photos of question fingerprint

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Photo of comparison fingerprint

Flaws of sight of recognition

Today fingerprint used in any field: governmental, political, social,

business, industry, military, police, civil registration, being able to
identify an unknown corpse in the course of investigation one of
the most satisfying duties an identification officer perform in public
career, known the body from unmark burial.

Problem in taking ink record in deceased person:

1.Recent death

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Rigor mortis has already set in

3.Lapse of time since death and bacterial exists and decomposition

Fingerprinting a newly dead body

Taken ink record of dead body wash clean and dry and secure the
prints in each finger, or be practical to cut the 10 squares of finger
card and take the impression in each finger .Another method use
the spatula use thin coating of ink.

Taking print impression of dead in rigor mortis already set in

Straightening the hand of the deceased used inking device and card
square to secure the fingerprint.

Three General Categories in Fingerprinting Dead Bodies:

1.Mummification or dried out

2.Decomposition or advanced stage of decay

3.Maceration or water-soaked

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Photos of Mummification or dried hand right and left hand

Used in Rubber Latex in obtaining Fingerprints from cadavers

Materials:

1.Natural rubber latex 60% low ammonia2.Coagulant Solution 30%

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Latent fingerprints matching fingers

This would be the problem in obtaining the prints in usual way,

inking not the outer surface of the skin but the inner surface,
concave side skin is pressed down on fingerprint cars from left to
right appears ridges and furrows. If skin does not peel off soak the
skin in hot water for a few minutes dry then peel off the skin and
prepare the following:

1.Bottle of formalin

2.10lean small bottles

3.10 small gummed label

THE FINGERPRINT WITNESS IN COURT

Police officials, lawyers, judges have been strict in the used of

expert witness has a very definite place in American and Philippine
jurisprudence. Testimony of expert identification of latent
impressions accepted in courts and jurisdictions. Legal authorities
agree that an expert is a person who has a special and competent

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knowledge of a subject and obtain his special knowledge through

study and experience.

Who is Fingerprint Expert?

A person through experience, training, education with complete

knowledge and skills in the science of fingerprints, very well poses
the requisite qualification.

Qualifying the expert

Fingerprint expert the preliminary question are often to us

qualification: Name, address, occupation, where and when, how
long he studied the subject about he testify, experience, study
where when how long he had been engage in the work, how many
fingerprints he had taken, classified, filed, compared, equipment
and instrument he used.

The Facsimile System

Advancing toward less paper work system introduce facsimile

communication early seventies, a fast transmission and reception
of fingerprint information, shorten the time to identify the identity
of the offender, Police fax system one of the most efficient
methods of transmitting data worldwide via telephone, microwave,
television channels, radio or satellite, criminal history record is
electronically scan converted into electrical impulses sent over a
telephone channel to a remote recorder, information recorded in
sheet of paper to produce exact copy of the transmitted document.
Factors required establishing fax network:

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1.Quality

2.Speed

3.Telephone transmission channel

4.Economics

Direct Electronic Fingerprint Live Screen photos

Photo of scanned print

INTERESTING FINGERPRINT

LATENT FINGERPRINTS

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Fig.1 RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

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Fig.2

Fig.3

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Fig.4

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSESSMENT

1-10. Give the three General Categories in Fingerprinting Dead

Bodies and explain each category.

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SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

FINGERPRINT: PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR FINAL EXAMINATION

TEACHER CONTACT NO COURSE AND SECTION

GEMMA A. ENERIO RCrim. 09661329882 BS-CRIMINOLOGY

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Diagnostic Test
Direction: write your answer in a piece of bond paper, name,
year and section. Write your answer right after the question.
1.What do you mean by epidermal ridge?
2.Are fingerprints made up of ridges?
3.What are furrows?
4.What is meant by minutiae?
5.Of what value are they in fingerprint identification?
6.How many layers f skin are there?
7.What is the average techniques of skin on the palmar?
8.What is poroscopy?
9.Is poroscopy a science of identification?
10.What is an ink impression
11.What is a latent print?
12.What are pattern reas ,flexion, and tension crease of the
palm.
13.Can palm prints like fingerprints , use to establish identity?
14.What is edgeoscopy?
15.Who first introduce the concept?
16.and term?
17.and why did it not become popular?
18.When conducting a comparison?
19.What point in time do you conclude an identification?
20. or eliminate a person?
21.What are the basic premises of fingerprint identification?
22.Is fingerprint identification and exact science?
23.and why?
24.If yes, why would two examiners examiners differ in their
opinion?

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25.could you determined exactly the age of a latent

impression?
26.What is a latent print transfer card?
27.How is latent print lifting done?
28.What is latent print?
What method are employed in development of latent prints?
29.How do they work?
30.How long will a latent print last?
31.What is meant by a smudge print?
32.Is smudge print the same in no value?
33.How many points of identification found in a normal rolled
impression?
34.of what value are they?
35.can fingerprint be forge?
36.Is it possible that prints you found are forge prints?
37.What is ninhydrin ?
36.and how does it work?
37.What is the scientific term of ninhydrin?
38.What is iodine fuming?
39.What method and how does it work?
40.What are sebaceous oil?
41.What is poroscopy?
42.What is fingerprint?
43.How to file fingerprint records?
42.What is amputation?
43.What is delta?
44. What is dermis?
45.how about epidermis?
46.Explain the dermal papelai
47.hoe does it work the fingerprint classification formula?
48.What are the achievements of Galton?

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49.What is deformities?
50. permanent disabilities does make it heal?

Enumeration
51-53 What are the problems in recording ink fngeprints?
54-60 Give at least six person who contributed in the name of
fingerprint classification?
61-67 What are the characteristics of ridge?
68-76 Give the fingerprint pattern groups
77- 79 give the following arch family
80-83 Give the Loop Family
84- 88 Give the Whorl Family

Definition:
89.Plain Arch
90.Tented Arch
91.Dermis
92.Epidermis
93.Dactyloscopy
94.Fingerprint
95.Latent print
96.ACE-V Method
97.Classifier
98.Delta
Essay:
99. How do you explain Personal Identification from the
beginning?
100.Explain your own understanding in the field of Personal
Identification fingerprint.

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GLOSSARY

1. Accidental Whorl- a combination of two or more different

types of fingerprint patterns such as loop , whorl, central
pocket loop or any combination of two different loop,
cannot be combination of any plain arch pattern.
2. An Expert- person with competent knowledge of a subject
through study an experience.
3. Appendage- short ridge at the top or summit or recurve
usually at right angle.
4. Approximating patterns- with extreme complexities in
formation.
5. Battley Single Fingerprint Method- system of classifying and
filing single fingerprints.
6. Bifurcation- single ridge splits into 2 ridge forming Y shape.
7. Blocking Out- fingerprint card placing all the result.
8. Catch or Ident- location of previously filed duplicate record
card of the subject.
9. Central Pocket Loop Whorl- fingerprint pattern posses 2
deltas, 1 core, with more ridges forming oval, spiral,
circular, or a variant of circle.

10.Classification- formula derive a complete set of ten fingerprint

patterns

11.Classification of approximating patterns- writing of all possible

classification.

12.Combination- set of fingerprints produce loop, inner or outer: I or

O.

13.Converging Ridge- closed end is angular

14.Core- point of a ridge located at center of heart of the pattern.

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15.Dactyloscopy- application of fingerprints process of identification

by fingerprint comparison.

16.Dactylography- scientific study of fingerprints as a means of

identification.

17.Delta- point of the first ridge formation directly at the center.

18.Dissociated ridges- unusual ridge structures no well define

pattern.

19.Diverging ridges- 2 ridges running side by side and separating one

ridge going one way to another.

20.Double loop whorl- pattern have 2 separate loop formation, 2

deltas.

21.Edgeoscopy- study of characteristics formed by side or edges of

papillary ridges.

22.Enclosure-the bifurcation not remain open with legs of bifurcation

come together to form single ridge.

23.Envelop- single recurve ridge enclosing bars.

24.FBI fingerprint classification- system devised and perfected by

federal bureau of investigation.

25.Filing- refers to operation of locating the proper place of

fingerprint file.

26.Filing out- entering on a fingerprint record card.

27.Fingerprint- reproduction of smooth surfaces or the pattern form

by the ridges on end joint of a finger or thumb.

28.Fingerprint classification index- guide cards having tabs.

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29.Friction ridges- raised strips of skin of our finger and thumbs also
called papillary or epidermal ridges.

30.Furrows- canals between the ridges.

31.Incipient ridges- ridge found in a small percentage of patterns,

short, narrow.

32.Inner whorl- ridge of inner delta to right delta symbol: I

33.Latent prints- fingerprints found at the crime scene of a crime.

34.Loop- pattern one or more ridges start at one side run toward to
upper corner of opposite side and curve start back came originally
forming a loop with a core in the center and delta at the edge.

35.Meeting whorl- symbol: M, from left delta toward right.

36.Non-numerical patterns- primary classification, patterns,

38.Numerical patterns- primary classification assign number values.

39.Outer whorl- symbol: O ridge being trace from left delta toward
right.

40.Plain arch- ridge enter at the side of the pattern flow towards the
other side.

41.Pattern area- part of fingerprint lies with in the area surrounded

by type lines.

42.Plain whorl- two deltas, one ridge turn make one complete circuit.

43.Plain impression- ink finger directly to fingerprint card without

rolling motion.

45.Podoscopy- science of identification through friction ridge

characteristics existing on the sole of the human foot.

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46.Poroscopy- science of identification by means of the pores.

47.Post – mortem fingerprinting- fingerprint of decease person for

identification purposes.

49.Polydactylism- appearance of extra finger.

50.Recording- placing fingerprint in proper spaces on the card.

51.Recurving ridge-curves back in direction from which it started.

52.Ridge characteristics- ridges of fingerprint patterns use comparing

and identify fingerprints.

53.Ridge counting- counting the ridge that touch or cross an

imaginary line drawn between the core and delta, loop.

54.Ridge counter- small pointed instrument use for counting ridges.

55.Ridge tracing- process of tracing the ridge originates from left

delta towards the right delta and flows to right delta.

56.Ridgeology- study of poroscopy, edgeoscopy and ridge

characteristics foe the purpose of positive identification of
fingerprints.

57.Rod or bar- single ending ridge in the center of a recurve ridge of

a loop pattern.

58.Sequencing- group of classified sets prints in correct filing.

59.Tented arch- fingerprint pattern majority of the ridges form an

arch and one or more ridges center form tent outline giving angle of
90degree, upward angle 45 degree, similar to loop.

60.Type lines- boundaries of fingerprints form run parallel, start from

the lower flow inward and upward.

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References

Cooke, T.G. the Blue Book of Crime, Chicago: Institute of

Applied Science 1952.
Cooke T.G A Study of Fingerprints : Their Uses and Classification
Chicago, Illinois: Institute of Applies Science 1952
Cummins, Harold and Midlo, Charles, Fingerprints, Palms an
Sole: An Introduction of Dermatologlyphics, New York: Dover
Publication, INC 1961
Dilworth, Donald C. Silent Witness, The Emergence of Scientific
Criminal Investigation. Gaithersberg, Maryland: International
Association of chiefs of Police 1960.
FBI, the science of Fingerprints. Washington, D.C.: U.S
Department of justice, U.S. Government Printing office,1976
Jackson, Richard Leofric, Criminal Investigation London: sweet
and Maxwell limited, 1962
Kessler, William F. and Weston, Paul b. The Detection of
Murder. New York : Greenberg, 1953
Olen, Robert D. Sr. Scoots Fingerprint Mechanics, Springfield,
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1978
Turner, William W. and Editorial Staff of the Bancroft Whitney
Co, Criminalistics. San Francisco, California: Jurisprudence
Publishers,INC

IDENTIFICATION CHART
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GROUP PATTERN

Symbol:

ARCH LOOP WHORL

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___ A – Plain Arch ___ R – Radial Loop (Right Hand) ___ W – Plain Whorl
___ T – Tented Arch ___ R – Radial Loop (Left Hand) ___ C – Central Pocket Loop
Whorl
___ T – Exceptional Arch ___ U – Ulnar Loop (Right Hand) ___ D – Double Loop Whorl

___ U – Ulnar Loop (Left Hand) ___ X – AccidAssisted by;

______________________ Verified by;__________________
Crime Laboratory Technician Professor

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PREPARED BY: GEMMA A. ENERIO

CRIMINOLOGY INSTRUCTOR

REVIEWED BY: HAMILCAR S. MONCEDA RCrim,

DEAN OF COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CHECKED BY: ELRHINE DECIN NICOLAS MSCRIM

PROGRAM CONSULTANT

REVIEWD BY: NANCY CHIONG MAGBANUA MSIT

ACADEMIC DEAN

NOTED BY: EUFEMIO “VIC” JAVIER JR. DDM

SCHOOL PRESIDENT

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