Surya InfoEdge

SQA: UNIT 1
By Zeeshan Sir

Address: UG 304 Dreams Mall Bhandup West Contact Number: 9821257630

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Unit I
INTRODUCTION

Q1. What is quality? (Is it fact or perception?)

 Quality means different thing to different people at different times, place and products.
 For Ex: for some users, quality product is the one which has no or less defect, for some
product could match cost and delivery schedule along with services offered.
 Some defined quality as – quality is fitness for use.
 Quality can be defined as conformance to specifications because software engineering
don’t have to make changes in design & will suit users expectations like less cost, fast
delivery & good service support.
 Quality can also be defined as extent to which customers believe that product meets or
surpasses needs & expectations.
 Others believe that quality means delivering products that meet customer standard
defined by customer or some bodies.
 Standard is defined by market forces & likes, dislikes of users.
 Extra feature which is to be added should be specified prior to transition & if any feature
is not possible it should be specified before.
 Future requirement should also be considered.

Q. Definition of Quality.

 There are different perception towards quality of products.

 A. Customer-based definition of quality:
 Quality product must meet customer needs, expectation and satisfaction.
 B. Manufacturing based definition of quality:
 It means customer is not fully aware about requirements & requirements are defined by
architects designed on feedback survey.
 C. Product-based definition of quality:
 Production must add some new appreciable feature on comparison to similar product in
the market.
 D. Value-based definition of quality:
 A product is the best combination of price and features required by the customers the
cost of the product has direct relationship with the value that customer find in it
 E. Transcendent quality:
 It means that customer purchased the product because of specific feature
absent/present in the product.

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Q. Verification versus Validation.

Verification Validation

Verification verifies that product Validation confirms that the

meets the requirement system meets the customer’s
specification throughout SDLC requirement at the end of SDLC

It describes whether o/p is It described whether S/W is

according to I/P or not accepted by users or not
It verifies plans, requirement It validates actual software
specification design specification,
code, test cases
It is done by QA team It is done by testing team

It involve activities like review, It involve white-box & black-box

walk-through & inspection testing
Verification is perform prior to Validation is perform after
validation verification

It does not involve execution of It does involve execution of code

code

Cost of errors caught in Cost of errors caught in validation

verification is less than errors is more than errors found in
found in validation verification

Q. Core components of quality

 Cycle of improvement:
 Define
 Measure
 Monitor
 Control
 Improve

 Quality is based on customer satisfaction:

 It talks about the ability of product or service to satisfy customer needs & purpose.
 Organization must define quality parameters to decide whether product quality has been
achieved or not
 For improvement of quality, a cycle must be followed:

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 A. Define:

 Supplier must know what must be, should be & could be feature present in the product
assigned by customer.
 B. Measure:
 Measurement gives difference between what is expected by customer& what is
delivered to him.
 C. Monitor:
 Progress must be monitored in development, testing & deployment.
 Deviation must be analysed & reason must be sorted.
 D. Control:
 Quality control, verification & validation, organisational control leads to quality
assurance.
 E. Improve:
 Continual improvements are necessary to maintain on going customer satisfaction.

 Quality of product must be driven by management & participated by all employees.

 Every word and action by management may be seen & adopted by employees.
 Quality must be improved to prove advantageous to producer as well as customer.

Q. Write a note on quality view.

 If project becomes successful, stakeholder will get benefited & if project fails they suffer.
 Different stakeholders are:
 Customer:
 Customer is the main stakeholder who pays for the product.
 For customer, quality means getting all the features in scheduled time.

 Supplier:
 Supplier provides input for making product.
 As organization becomes successful, he will get more profit & his business will expand.

 Employee:
 People working in project or organization
 For them, quality means getting better pay according to skill set.

 Management:
 People managing the organization/project.
 It may be divided into project management, staff management, senior management,
investors etc.
 They gain more profit, recognition & turnover improvement.
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 Society:
 It is an individual perception towards successful organization.
 It can increase resource availability like water, roads, power supply etc.

 Government:
 They have benefits like high tax, high export, foreign currency etc.

Q. Financial aspect of quality:

 It is believed that product with high price represents better quality.

 Price is decided by manufacturer depending upon cost of inspection, testing & sorting
 Sales price = cost of manufacturing + cost of quality + profit.
 If cost is less, volume of sales will get increased but in competitive environment equation
changes.
 Profit =sales price – (cost of manufacturing + cost of quality).
 Cost of manufacturing:
 Cost involved in requirement analysis, design, coding and other resources
 Cost of prevention:
 Investment by organization to define process, guideline, standards for development &
testing
 It is known as green money
 Cost of appraisal:
Cost include in first time review & testing is called as cost of appraisal
 It is known as blue money
 Cost of failure:
 It involves cost of rework, retesting, sorting & regression testing etc.
 It is known as red money

Q. Total Quality Management.

 Total means made up of the whole.

 Quality means degree of excellence a product or service provides
 Management means manner of handling, controlling & directing.
Why TQM?

 A question of survival in the intense competitive environment

 Increasing customer consciousness
 TQM is a structured organization management approach that focuses on continuous
quality improvement of product & services by using continuous feedback.
 In TQM, all members improve product, process, services & culture in which they
work.
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 Progress is monitored on performance metrics with the help of fact-based decision
making.
Q. Quality principle of TQM are

 Customer focus:
 It doesn’t matter if the organization improve in training , Quality design, OS, Software ,
buying new measuring tools but the customer determining whether it is worthy or not.

 Total employee involvement:

 Employee could equally participate towards goal
 People environment & empowerment helps in total employee commitment

 Process-Centred:
 It focus on process thinking.
 Process is a service of steps that taken input from supplier & provides output to
customer.

 Integrated system:
 Micro-process integrates to form business process required for defining an implementing
strategy.
 Everyone must understand vision & guiding principle as well as quality process,
objective & critical process of organisation.

 Strategies & Systematic approaches:

 In this step, strategic plan is formulated which can provide quality software.

 Continual improvement:
 Organization should be creative & analytical to become more competitive & effective.

 Fact-based decision making:

 Data is collected to analyse in order to improve decision making and allow prediction
based on past history.

 Communication:
It plays important role in maintaining morale & motivating employees at all roles.

Q. Write a note on quality in different areas.

 Different domain needs different quality factors.

 It must be delivered from customer point of view.

 Airline industry:
 On time arrival and departure.
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 Comfortable journey.
 Low cost service.
 Reliability & safety

 Health-care industry:
 Correct diagnosis & treatment
 Minimum waiting time
 Lower cost
 Safety and security.

 Food service industry:

 Good product
 Fast delivery
 Good taste
 Good ambiance
 Clean environment.

 Academic: Proper preparation for future & on time knowledge delivery.

 Communication industry:
 Clear communication
 Faster access
 Cheaper service

 Automotive industry:

Defect free product

Less fuel consumption
Safe journey.

 Consumer Product industry:

 Properly made to suite individuals
 Defect free product
 Cost-effective
Q. Write a short note on continual improvement cycle?
Or
Q. Explain PDCA (Plan Do Check Act)

 Continual improvement cycle focus on process with small improvement within system.
 It is a concept to make changes in the existing system for better results.
 PDCA is an iterative four stage approach for improving process, product or services.

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 It is a process of testing best solution among possible solutions & implementing it.
 It is used for problem solving & change management.
 It promotes testing improvement on small-scale before updating company-wide
procedure & work methods.
 It is also known as plan-do-study-act cycle (PDSA), Deming cycle & Shewhart cycle.

 PDCA Cycle:
 P → Plan
 It is about identifying the problem, collecting relevant data & understanding the
problem’s root cause, developing hypothesis about issue & deciding which one to test.
 It is done by conducting the small experiment & deciding how to translate result in to full-
fledged implementation.

 D → Do
 Develop a solution & decide it’ s effectiveness
 C → Check
 It must be done periodically to check whether the progress is in proper direction
or not.
 Study the result & decide whether hypothesis is supported or not.
 A → Act
 If there is a deviation between expected output & actual output, decide an action,
document it, inform others & recommend it for further PDCA cyles.

Q . Quality Management through Cultural Changes.

 Maintaining & establishing quality culture is challenging for an organization.

 In order to maintain quality culture, organization must include following behaviours:
 Awareness
 Make sure that leadership is managed.
 Empower employees & encourage self-development.
 Recognize & give rewards.
 Make attractive changes so the people want to be a part of it.
 Add new value to that culture.
 Changes must reflect in years, not weeks or months.

Cultural Changes

Old Culture TQM Culture

1. Product oriented. 1. Customer oriented
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2. Second to service & cost. 2. Equal to service & cost.
3. Short term. 3. Long term.
4. Detection. 4. Prevention.
5. Operation. 5. System.
6. Quality control. 6. Everyone.
7. Managers 7. Teams
8. Price. 8. Life cycle cost, partnership.
9. plan, assign, control, enforce 9. Delegate, Coach, facilitate,
mentor.

Q. Write a note on Software Development Process.

 Software development is process of dividing software development work in to different

phases.
 It is also known as SDLC.
 Phases are:
 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Development & Implementation
 Testing
 Maintenance

 Planning:
 Specific goals are determined & allocate adequate resources like time, work &
meeting space, people, developmental hardware & software.
 Analysis:
 It specifies the functional capabilities needed in the software
 Use cases is an important tool for communication about requirement between
developer & client.

 Design:
 In this step, architecture is built for the project.
 Development & Implementation:
 Coding is done during development phase &product functioning is checked in
implementation phase.

 Testing:
 Finding bugs & documenting it
 Deployment:
 In this step, project is handover to a client.
 Maintenance:
 In this phase updates, patches & service support is provided.
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Q. Explain Waterfall model in detail?

 Waterfall model is also known as sequential life cycle model.

 In, waterfall model each phase must be compiled before starting the next phase.
 The phases of waterfall model are:-
 Requirement gathering & analysis:
 The requirements are collected & documented in SRS.
 System Design :
 It helps in specifying hardware & system requirement & designing the overall system
architecture.
 Implementation :
 System is developed in small program call unit where each unit is tested with the help
of unit testing.
 Integration & Testing :
 All the units are integrated and tested for faults or failures.
 Deployment of System :
 Once a functional & non-functional testing is done the product is release in market.
 Maintenance :
 Maintenance phase is done to provide updates i.e. new features & patches to fix
bugs.

Advantages :

 Simple & easy to understand.

 One phase at a time.
 Suitable for small projects.

Disadvantages :

 Not suitable for complex & OOP’S projects.

 It is not flexible for changing requirement.

Q. Iterative Model?

 Iterative model is also called as incremental process model. This model follows the
development of software in increments & iterations
 It is incremental from one requirement to next requirement simultaneously.

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Advantages :-

 Once software is developed in increment, testing becomes easier.

 Iterative model includes two process model :-
 Incremental model.
 RAD model.

Incremental Model :-

 When the customer approaches the software engineer then the developer starts
collecting requirements from the user.
 The development immediately jumps to analysis & design phase.
 The design gets converted into codes.
 When the testing of first feature get over then customer comes up with new
requirements.
 When the first module is ready for deployment then the second module gets started.
 When the maintenance phase of first module is going on then the second module coding
goes on simultaneously and client may ask for third requirement.
 Example of incremental model :-
 Customer ask client to develop word processor editing features to be included.
 When the first requirement is deployed the customer asks for new feature like cut, copy
& paste.
 When the first feature reaches the maintenance phase then the customer comes up with
third requirement likes spelling & grammar check.

Advantages :
 Less time consuming.
 Less employee’s requirement.
 Customer satisfaction.

Disadvantages :-
 Delivery date could not be decided.
 Can require large space.
 Speed can be slow.

Q. Write a short note on RAD model?

 RAD stands for Rapid Application Development Model.

 It is based on prototyping & iterative development with no specific planning involved.
 The process of writing the software involves.

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 The planning required for developing the product.
 It is a methodology that favours rapid prototyping.
 Prototype is similar to a component of the product.
 In RAD model the modules are developed in parallel to make the complex software.
 It involves small team consisting of developer, domain expert, customer representative &
other resource working progressively for prototype.
 Following are the phases of RAD model:-

1] Business Modelling :

 A complete business analysis is perform to find important information for business, how
it can be obtained , how & when the information is process & what are the future
planning successful flow of information.

2] Data Modelling :

 The attributes of all data set is identified and analysed.

 The relation between data objects is established.

3] Process Modelling :

 Description about adding, deleting and modifying data objects are given.

4] Application Generation :

 In this phase, coding is done.

5] Testing & Turnover :

 It takes less time since all the prototype is already tested in every iterations.

Advantages :
 Increase re-usability.
 Reduce development time.
 Takes customer feedback.

Disadvantages :
 Suitable for costlier & modularized projects.

Q. Write a short note on prototyping model?

 This model is followed when the customer does not have idea about software
development and developer doesn’t have idea whether the proposed will work or not.

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 It begins with requirement gathering phase the problem identification, requirement
analysis & mandatory parts are defined.
 Next focus is on preparing a GUI.
 Built in Prototype :
 Input
 Data validation
 Performing calculation
 File interaction
 Producing output
 Application generator.
 It is built application tools like:
 Input data screen with data validation.
 Meaningful prompt message.
 Tables with column & row heading.
 Label, messages, colour & fonts are decided.
 Report Generation :
 Reports are generated from records extracted database.

 Customer Evolution :
 In this phase feedback is taken from customer.

 Refining Prototype :
 In this phase the improvements are done according to customer feedback.
 Engineered Prototype :
 The complete software is hand over to the client as specified.

Advantages :
 Customer satisfaction.
 Less cost.
 Prototypes are tested.

Disadvantages :
 Deadline can’t be pre-decided.
 Risk of the project are not considered.

Q. Write a short note on Spiral Model?

 Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process & sequential linear

development model.
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 It allows the incremental release of the software or incremental refinement through each
iteration around spiral.
 Spiral model has focus phases :-
 Identification :
 It starts with collecting the business requirements.
 In this subsequent spiral as the product matures the identification or system
requirement, sub-system requirement are all done.

 Design Phase :
 It involves architectural design, logical design, physical product design & the final
design.

 Construct or Built :
 It refers to the production of actual software product at every spiral.
 In this phase, built is produced with a version number and are sent to customer for
feedback.

 Evaluation & Risk analysis :

 In this phase, technical feasibility is monitored regarding time & budget.

Advantages :
 Flexible for changing requirement.
 User see’s the system early.

Disadvantages :
 Spiral may go on indefinitely.
 End of the project may not be known early.

Q. Principals of Agile Methodology?

 There are twelve principle defined to achieve agility :-

 Customer Involvement :
 Customer satisfaction by continues delivery of the software.
 Accept Changes :
 Always accept a change in requirement though it is late in development.
 Incremental Delivery :-
 Deliver working model frequently in short span.
 People not Process :
 Customer & developer both should be involved during the course of the project.
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 Motivate, Provide resources & trust them to get job done.
 Do face to face communication if it is important.
 Progress to be measure in terms of working model.
 Employees performing good task should be promoted.
 Collect information about work not done and find reason about it.
 Collect requirement & fulfilled them by using best architecture.
 Continuously think about the progress of the team. How it should be increase.

Q . Explain Extreme Programming Process Model in detail? (Draw the diagram from
textbook)

 Extreme programming is a light weight efficient, low risk, flexible, predictable & fun way
to be developing a software.
 It is developed to address the specific needs if software development by small teams in
the phase of wage & changing requirement.
 It provide values & principals to guide the team behavior.
 A key assumption of extreme programming is the cast of changing program content on
time this can be achieved by :-
 Continuous feedback from customer.
 Short iterations
 Designing & redesigning
 Coding & testing properly
 Customer involvement throughout the development
 Delivery working product to the customer
 Extreme programming involves writing a unit test before programming
 Starting with a simple design & ordering when required
 Pair programming
 Integration testing
 Minimum module is provided
 Constant feedback

Q. Why Software has Defects?

 Mis-communication or No-communication :

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 Unclear about requirements & misinterpretation in the requirement are the two factors
causing defects in software.
 Defects are introduced in the development phase because exact requirement are not
communicated & provided to a development team.

 Software Complexity:

 The complexity of current software applications can be difficult for anyone without
experience in modern-day software development.
 Windows-type interfaces, client-server & distributed applications, data communications,
enormous relational databases and sheer size of applications have all contributed to the
exponential growth in software/system complexity.
 The use of object-oriented techniques can complicate instead of simplifying a project
unless it is well-engineered.

 Programming Errors:
 Inexperienced programmer or programmer without proper domain knowledge can do
mistakes while coding.

 Changing Requirement:
 If requirements are changed by customer, re-designing& re-scheduling are done which
ultimately affects the project.
 If changes affect dependencies, it may result in errors.

 Time pressure:
 Un-realistic schedules which may happen in small organization or companies may result
in to bugs.
 If time is not enough for designing, coding & testing then it ultimately leads to defects.

 Poorly-documented code:
 If the code is poorly documented then it is difficult to maintain or modify the code & it
may result in to a software bug

Q. Write a note on benchmarking & Metrics:

Benchmarking is referred to as process by which an organization measures their product,

services & practices against its most difficult competitors
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 It is defined as measuring our performance against that of best-in-class companies,
determining how the best-in-class achieve those performance levels & using the
information as a basis for our own company’s targets, strategies & implementation.

Why benchmarking?
 To promote improvements in performance
 To establish competitive edge

The process of benchmarking:

 Organization that benchmark adapt the process to best fit their own needs & culture.
 Although number of steps in the process may vary from organization to organization
 The following six steps contain core techniques:
 What to benchmark?
 Understand Current Performance
 Plan
 Study others
 Learn from data
 Use findings

Quality metrics:

 Quality metrics should be measurable, actionable and tractable.

 Without good metrics, you are just guessing that you are giving quality product to
customer
 Performance metrics are tied to outputs, customer requirements & business needs
 Diagnostic metrics:
 It is associated with internal process steps & inputs received from suppliers.

Q. Write a note on customer is king.

 Customer is anyone who is provided with good, products or services.

 Customer is king because he keeps every business afloat.
 Customer are generally key to your business success.
 Whether an organization offer a product or service, it cannot remain in business if it
cannot find group of people willing to become customers.
 Development, testing & maintenance are according to customer requirements.
 Customer should be informed about extra features prior only in order to avoid surprises.
 Customer satisfaction helps because customer promotes to other customer which helps
in booming business & customer comes with repeated orders.

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 Organization should satisfy internal as well as external customers & suppliers.

Q. Write a note on requirements of product:

 Stated/implied requirements:
 Some requirement should be stated & some are understandable
 Functional & non-functional requirements should be stated & they are documented

 General/Specific requirements:
 Usability is generic requirement & that doesn’t needs to be specified
 Messaging, email service are specific requirements that needs to be specified

 Present/Future Requirements:
 Let’s take an example of banking application
 Suppose bank currently wants 50k saving accounts and application on 2-tier architecture
 But in future they might need 50 lacs saving accounts & that should be changeable.

 Requirements are categorized according to priorities:

 Must and Must not requirements:
 It has highest priority
 It adds value to the product.

 Should be and Should not be requirements:

 It has lower priority than must be requirements
 They are appreciated by customer

 Could be and could not be requirements:

 It has lowest priority
 It adds competitive advantage because customer buys product in comparison to same in
the market.

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