UNIT - 2

DERIVATION OF SHEAR STRESS PRODUCED IN A CIRCULAR SHAFTSUBJECTED TO TORSION

When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, shear stresses are set up in the material of the shaft. To
determine the magnitude of shear stress at any point on the shaft, consider a shaft fixed at one end AA
and free at the end BB. Let CD is any line on the outer surface of the shaft. Now let the shaft is subjected
to a torque Tat the end BB. As a result of this torque T, the shaft at the end BB will rotate clockwise and
every cross-section of the shaft will be subjected to shear stresses. The point D will shift to D will and
hence line CD will be deflected to CD'. The line OD will be shifted to OD'.

Let R = Radius of shaft

L = Length of shaft

T = Torque applied at the end BB

 = Shear stress induced at the surface of the shaft due to torque T

C = Modulus of rigidity of the material of the shaft

Φ = DCD' also equal to shear strain

ϴ = DOD' also equal to shear strain

Shaft fixed at AA and subjected to torque Tat BB.

Now distortion at the outer surface due to torque T

= DD'

:. Shear strain at outer surface

=distortion per unit length

h "
= =
h h h

"
= = tan ∅
 =∅ ( if∅ is very small then tan ∅ =∅)

Shear strain at the outer surface ,

"
∅= ……..(i)

Now from Fig. 16.2 (b ).

Arc DD' = OD X =R

Substituting the value of DD' in equation (i), we get

Shear strain at outer surface

∅= ……(ii)

Now the modulus of rigidity (C) of the material of the shaft is given as

C= =

= ( from equation (ii) , shear strain = )

= ……..(16.1)

∗ ∗
=

Now for a given shaft subjected to a given torque (T), the values of C, and L are constant. Hence
shear stress produced is proportional to the radius R.

α R or = constant …….(iii)

If q is the shear stress induced at a radius 'r' from the centre of the shaft then

= ……(16.2)

But = from equation (16.1)

→ = = .

POWER TRANSMITTED BY SHAFTS

Once the expression for the torque (T) for a solid or hollow shaft is obtained, power transmitted by the
shaft can be determined.

Let, N - r.p.m of the shaft

T - Mean torque transmitted in N-m

ω - Angular speed of shaft.

Power = watts

=Txω
 POLAR MODULUS

Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of a polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft. It is also
called torsional section modulus. It is denoted by . Mathematically,

COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

Major principle stress = (M + √ + )

(For Solid Shaft)
Minor principal stress = (M - √ + )

Maximum shear stress = (√ + )

Major principle stress = (M + √ + )

( )

(For Hollow Shaft)

Minor principal stress = (M - √ + )
( )

Maximum shear stress = (√ + )

( )

1. Find the maximum shear stress induced in a solid circular shaft of diameter 15 cm when the shaft
transmits 150kW power at 180 r.p.m.

Given:

Diameter of shaft, D = 15 cm = 150 mm

Power transmitted, P = 150 kW = 150 ×10 W

Speed of shaft, n = 180 r.p.m.

Let  = Maximum shear stress induced in the shaft

Power transmitted is given by equation (16.7) as

P=

150 ×10 = 2π ∗ 180 ∗

T = 150 ∗ 10 ∗ = 7957.7 Nm = 7957700 Nmm

∗

Now using equation (16.4) as,

T= ∗ ∗

7957700 = ∗  ∗ 150
 ∗
= = 12 N/ . Ans.
∗

2. A solid cylindrical shaft is to transmit 300 kW power at 100 r.p.m.

(a) If the shear stress is not to exceed 80 N/ , find its diameter.
(b) What percent saving in weight would be obtained if this shaft is replaced by a hollow
one whose internal diameter equals to 0.6 of the external diameter, the length, the material and
maximum shear stress being the same ?

Given :

Power, P = 300 kW = 300 ×10 W

Speed of shaft, N = 100 r.p.m.

Max. shear stress, ꞇ= 80 N/

Let D = Dia. Of solid shaft

P=

300 ×10 = 2π ∗ 100 ∗

T = 300 ∗ 10 ∗ = 28647.8 Nm = 28647800Nmm

∗

Now using equation (16.4) as,

T= ∗ ∗
28647800 = ∗ ∗
D = 121.88 .

= 122.0 mm Ans.

3. A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75 kW at 200 r.p.m. Taking allowable shear stress as 70 N/ ,
find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum torque transmitted at each revolution
exceeds the mean by 30%.

Given :

Power transmitted, P = 75 kW = 75 x10 W

R.P.M. of the shaft, N = 200

Shear stress, ꞇ= 70 N/

Let T = Mean torque transmitted

= Maximum torque transmitted = 1.3 T

D = Suitable diameter of the shaft

Power is given by the relation,

P=
 75×10 = 2π ∗ 200 ∗

T = 75 ∗ 10 ∗ = 3580.98 Nm = 3580980 Nmm

∗

= 1.3 T = 1.3 × 3580980 = 4655274 Nmm.

maximum torque transmitted by a solid shaft is given by equation (16.4) as,

= ∗ ∗

4655274 = ∗ ∗
∗ /
D= = 69.57 .
∗

= say 77.0 mm Ans.

4. A hollow shaft is to transmit 300 kW power at 80 r.p.m. lf the shear stress is not to exceed 60
N/ and the internal diameter is 0.6 of the external diameter, find the external and internal
diameters assuming that the maximum torque is 1.4 times the mean.

Given :

Power transmitted, P = 300 kW = 300 x10 W

R.P.M. of the shaft, N = 80 r.p.m

Shear stress,  = 60 N/
= 0.6× External diameter = 0.6

= Maximum torque transmitted = 1.4 T

Power is given by the relation,

P=

∗ ∗ ∗
T= = = 35809.8 Nm.
∗

= 1.4 T = 1.4 × 3580980 = 50133.7 Nm = 50133700 Nm.

Now maximum torque transmitted by a solid shaft is given by equation (16.6) as,
= ∗ ∗

( . )
50133700= ∗ 60 ∗

( . )
= ∗ 60 ∗ = ×60× .8704

∗ /
= = 169.2 = 170 mm. Ans.
∗ ∗ .

D =0.6×170=102 . Ans.

5. Determine the diameter of a solid steel shaft which will transmit 90 kW at 160 r.p.m. Also
determine the length of the shaft if the twist must not exceed over the entire length. The
 maximum shear stress is limited to 60 N/ .Takethe value of modulus of rigidity= 8 x 104
N/ .

Given :

Power, P= 90 kW = 90 ×10 W

Speed of shaft, n = 160 r.p.m.

Angle of twist, θ=1 or radian (1 = radian)

Max. shear stress,  = 60 N/
Modulus of rigidity, C = 8×10 N/

Let D = Diameter of shaft and

L = Length of shaft.

(i)Diameter of shaft,

Using equation (16.7) ,

P=

90 ×10 = 2π ∗ 160 ∗

T = 90 ∗ 10 ∗ = 5371.48 Nm = 5371480Nmm
∗

Now using equation (16.4) as,

T= ∗ ∗
5371480 = ∗ ∗ 160

∗
= = 455945
∗

/
= (455945) = 76.8 N/ . Ans.

(ii) Length of the shaft,


=
∗ ∗ .
. = = = , =
∗

∗ ∗ ∗ .
L= = 893.6 mm. Ans.
∗ ∗

6. Determine the diameter of a solid shaft which will transmit 300 kW at 250 r.p.m. The maximum
shear stress should not exceed 30 N/ and twist should not be more than 1° in a shaft length
of 2 m. Take modulus of rigidity = 1 x 105 N/ .

Given:

Power transmitted, P = 300 kW= 300 ∗ 10 W

Speed of the shalt, N = 250 r.p.m.

Maximum shear stress,  = 30 N/

Angle of twist, θ=1 or radian

Length of the shaft, L = 2 m = 2000m

Modulus of rigidity, C = 1∗ 10 N/

Let D = Diameter of shaft

Power is given by the relation,

P=

300 ×10 = 2π ∗ 250 ∗

T = 300 ∗ 10 ∗ = 11459.1 Nm = 11459.1×10 Nmm

∗

(i)Diameter of the shaft when maximum shear stress,

 = 30 N/
Maximum torque transmitted by a solid shaft is given by equation (16.4) as

T= ∗ ∗
11459100 = ∗ 30 ∗

∗
= = 124.5 mm
∗

(ii)Diameter of the shaft when thetwist should not be more than 1°,

Using equation (16.9),

Where J = Polar moment of inertia of solid shaft

= ×

. ∗
=

∗ ∗
= = 13377.81×10
∗ ∗ .

/
D = (13377.81 ∗ 10 ) = 107.5 mm. Ans.

The suitable diameter of the shaft is the greater× of the two values given by equations (i) and (ii).

:. Diameter of the shaft= 124.5 mm say 125 mm. Ans.

(If diameter is taken smaller of the two values say 107.5 mm, then from equation
 T= ∗ ∗ the value of shear stress will be

11459100 = ∗∗( . )

= = 46.978 N/

which is more than the given value of 30 N/ ).

7. A solid shaft of diameter 80 mm is subjected to a twisting moment of 8 MN and a bending

moment of 5 MN mm at a point. Determine :
(i) Principal stresses and
(ii) Position of the plane on which they act.

Given :

Diameter of shaft, D = 80 mm

Twisting moment , T = 8 MN mm = 8×10 Nmm

Bending moment, M = 5 MN mm= 5×10 Nmm

Major principle stress = (M + √ + )

= (5 ∗ 10 + (5 ∗ 10 ) + (8 ∗ 10 ) )
∗

∗
= (5 + √25 + 64 ) = 143.57 N/ . Ans.
∗

Minor principal stress is given by equation (6.5),

Minor principal stress = (M - √ + )

= (5 ∗ 10 - (5 ∗ 10 ) + (8 ∗ 10 ) )
∗

∗
= (5 - √25 + 64 ) = -44.1 N/
∗

= 44.1 N/ . Ans. (TENSILE)

Position of plane is given by equation (16.3),

∗
tan = = ∗
= 1.6

2 = tan 1.6 = 57 59.68′ 237 59.68′

= 28 59.68′ or . ′
. Ans.

8. A leaf spring carries a central load of 3000 N. The leaf spring is to be made of 10 steel plates 5 cm
wide and 6 mm thick. If the bending stress is limited to 150 N/ . Determine:
(i) Length of the spring and
(ii) Deflection at the centre of the spring.

Take E = 2 x N/ .
 Given:

Central load, W = 3000N

No. of plates, n = 10

Width of each plates, b = 5 cm = 50 mm

Thickness, t = 6mm

Bending stress, = 150N/

Modulus of elasticity, E = 2×10 N/

Let l = Length of spring

= Deflection at the centre of spring.

∗ ∗
150 = ∗ ∗ ∗

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
l= = 600mm. Ans.
∗

. ∗
= = = 11.25 mm. Ans.
∗ ∗ ∗

SPRINGS
Springs are the elastic bodies which absorb energy due to resilience. The absorbed energy may be
released as and when required. A spring which is capable of absorbing the greatest amount of energy for
the given stress, without getting permanently distorted, is known as the best spring. The two important
types of springs are :
1. Laminated or leaf springs and
2. Helical springs.
Laminated or leaf spring:

 The laminated springs are used to absorb shocks in railway wagons, coaches and road
vehicles (such as cars, lorries etc.).
 Laminated spring which consists of a number of parallel strips of a metal having different
lengths and same width, placed one over the other.
 Initially all the plates are bent to the same radius and are free to slide one over the other.
The initial position of the spring, which is having some central deflection.
 The spring rests on the axis of the vehicle and its top plate is pinned at the ends to the
chassis of the vehicle.
 When the spring is loaded to the designed load W, all the plates becomes flat and the
central deflection disappears.

Maximum bending moment, M=

 Total resisting moment by 'n' plates = n x M

Maximum stress developed in plate, =

9. A laminated spring 1 m long is made up of plates each 5 cm wide and 1 cm thick. If the bending
stress in the plate is limited to 100 N/ , how many plates would be required to enable the
spring to carry a central point load of 2 kN? If E = 2.1 x 105 N/ , what is the deflection under·
the load ?

Given :

Length of spring, l= 1m = 1000m

Central load, W = 2 kN = 2000N

Width of each plates, b = 5 cm = 50 mm

Thickness, t =1 cm = 10 mm

Bending stress, = 100N/

Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.1×10 N/

Let n = number of plates

= Deflection at the centre of spring.

∗ ∗
100 =
∗ ∗ ∗

∗ ∗
n= = 6mm. Ans.
∗ ∗ ∗

Deflection under loading,

. ∗
= = = 11.9 mm. Ans.
∗ . ∗ ∗

Helical Springs:
 Helical springs are the thick spring wires coiled into a helix.
 They are of two types :
a. Close-coiled helical springs and
b. Open coiled helical springs.
 Close-coiled helical springs:
 Close-coiled helical springs are the springs in which helix angle is very small or in other
words the pitch between two adjacent turns is small.
 A close-coiled helical spring carrying an axial load. As the helix angle in case of close-coiled
helical springs are small, hence the bending effect on the spring is ignored and we assume
that the coils of a close-coiled helical springs are to stand purely torsional stresses.
Twisting moment on the wire, T = W x R
 Max. shear stress induced in wire, =

Length of one coil = 2 R

Total length of the wire, l = 2 R n

Strain energy stored by the spring, U =

∗
Deflection , =

Stiffness of the spring, s =

10. A close coiled helical spring of 10cm mean diameter is made up of 1 cm diameter nod and has 20
turns. The spring carries an axial load of 200 N. Determine the shearing stress. Taking the value
of modulus of rigidity = 8.4 x 104 N/ . Determine the deflection when carrying this load. Also
calcutate the stiffness of the spring and the frequency ol free vibration for a mass hanging from
it.

Given:

Mean diameter of coil, D = 10 cm = 100 mm

Mean radius of coil, R = 5 cm = 50 mm

Diameter of rod, d = 1 cm= 100 mm

Nwnber of turns, n = 20

Axial load, W = 200 N

modulus of rigidity, C = 8.4×10 N/

let

= Shear stress in the material of the spring

= Deflection of the spring due to axial load s

s = Stiffness of spring

f = Frequency of free vibration.

Using equation (16.24),

∗ ∗
= = ∗
= 50.93 N/ .Ans.

Deflection of spring,

Using equation (16.26),

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
= = = 38.095N/ .Ans.
. ∗ ∗

Stiffness of spring,

Stiffness = = = 5.25 N/ .Ans.

.

Frequency of free vibration,

 = 38.095 = 3.8095 cm

Using the relation, = = = 2.55 cycles / sec. Ans.

.

11. The stiffness of a close-coiled helical spring is 1.5 N/ of compression under a maximum load
of 60 N. The maximwn shearing stress produced in, the wire of of the spring is 125 N/ . The
solid length of the spring ( when the coils are touching ) is given as 5 cm, find: (i) diameter of the
wire, (ii) mean diameter of the coils and,(iii) number of coils required. Take C = 4.5 × N/ .

Given:

Stiffness of spring, s = 1.5 N/

Load on spring, W = 60 N

Maximum shear stress, = 125 N/ .

Solid length of spring, = 5 cm = 50 mm

modulus of rigidity, C = 4.5 ×10 N/

let d = Diameter of wire,

D = Mean dia. of coil, and

R = Mean radius of coil =

n = Number of coils.

Using equation (16.27),

. ∗ ∗
= (or) 1.5 =
∗ ∗ ∗

∗ ∗ ∗ .
= = 0.002133 ∗ …….(i)
. ∗

Using equation (16.24),

∗ ∗
= 125 =
∗

∗ ∗
R= = 0.40906 ……..(ii)
∗

Substituting the value of R in (i) , we get,

= 0.002133 ×(0.40906 ) ×n

= 0.002133×(0.40906) ∗ × n = 0.00014599× ∗
.
= or .n = …….(iii)
. .

Now using equation (16.28),

Solid length = n×d or 50 = n×d

n=
Substituting the value of n in (iii) , we get,

. =
.

/
= (136.99) = 3.42 mm . Ans.

Substituting the value of d in n , we get,

n= = = 14.62 say 15 .Ans.

.