HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Mechanical tools and electronics to help human beings in the calculation and data
processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we meet today is a long evolution of
human inventions sejah yore in the form of mechanical or electronic devices.

Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work.
Computers that exist now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among
them is a computer system at the kassa supermarket groceries able to read the code, telephone
exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, network
computer and internet which mennghubungkan various places in the world.

After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times till now can we divided into 4
major categories.

   1. Equipment manuals: the data processing equipment is very simple, and most important
factor
      the use of tools is to use the power of human hands
   2. Mechanical Equipment: the equipment that has been shaped by hand-driven mechanical
manually
   3. Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Mechanical Equipment driven automatically by an
electronic motor
   4. Electronic equipment: Equipment that works in electronic full.

TRADITIONAL TOOLS CALCULATE and MECHANICAL CALCULATOR

Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places until
today, can be regarded as the beginning of computing machines.
This tool allows users to perform calculations using the grain shear sebuh arranged on shelves.
The merchants in those days using the abacus to calculate the trade transaction. Along with the
emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity.
After almost 12 centuries, another finding emerged in terms of computing machines. In 1642,
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical
wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations. This brass
rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add numbers to eight digits.
This tool is a calculator tool based on number ten. The weakness of this tool is only terbataas for
summation.

Year 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-
1716) to improve Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this
mechanical device works by using the wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings
made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine tools. It was only in 1820, mechanical calculators became
popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four basic
arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical
approach in the calculation because the tool can perform summation, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I.
Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that actually formed by seoarng British mathematics professor,
Charles Babbage (1791-1871). 1812, Babbage noticed natural fit between the engine mechanics
and mathematics: the mechanical engine is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without
mistake; is mathematics requires simple repetition of a certain steps. These problems Kemudain
grown to placing the machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's
first effort to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform
calculations differensil equation. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using steam
power, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results
automatically. After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly
inspired to start making general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's
assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in making this machine. He
helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating the
specifications Anlytical Engine to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta on
this machine allows it to make instructions for inclusion in the development of the engine and
also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a
programming language with the name of the ADA as a tribute to him.

Babbage's steam engine, although never completed, it seems very primitive compared to today's
standards. However, these tools describe the basic elements of a modern computer and also
reveals an important concept. Consisting of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the
Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for
the machine. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860 1929) also applies the principle of perforated
cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the
United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880, took seven years to complete
the calculations. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to
complete the census calculations.

Hollerith used perforated cards to enter census data which is then processed by the tool
mechanically. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the results of the census
can be completed within six weeks. Besides having the advantage in speed, the card serves as a
data storage media. The error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later
develop these tools and sell them to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in
1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger.
Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also manufacture perforated card
pembac tool for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to permrosesan data dn
government until 1960.

In the next period, some engineers create new enemuan p other. Vannevar Bush (1890 - 1974)
created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine could solve complex
differential equations that have been considered complicated by academics. The machine was
very large and heavy as hundreds of serrations and the shaft is required to perform calculations.
In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that applied Boolean
algebra electric on electric circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-
1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can
be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical
circuit in the form of connect-off, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electric computer in 1940.
But those projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.

The meaning of Computers

Computers are tools used to process the data according to commands that have been formulated.
Computer word originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations,
with or without assistive devices, but the meaning of this word is then transferred to the machine itself.
Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern
computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.

Broadly, the computer can be defined as an electronic device that consists of several components,
which can work together between the components with one another to produce an information based on
existing programs and data. The computer components are included: Screen Monitors, CPU, Keyboard,
Mouse and Printer (as a complement). Without a computer printer can still perform his duties as a data
processor, but the extent visible on the screen monitor is not yet in print form (paper).

In such a definition have a tool like a slide rule, mechanical calculator types ranging from abacus
and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited to a broad sense such as
"computer"is "that process information" or "information processing systems."

Today, computers are becoming more sophisticated. However, before the computer is not as
small, sophisticated, cool and light as now. In the history of computers, there are 5 generations of
computer history.
Computer Generation

First Generation

At this first stage, the development of computers get positive reinforcement factor
of the outbreak of world war two. In other words, the military who fought well aware that
by conducting research on the computer it will bring technological advances to a victory
of war. They realize the potential capabilities possessed by the computer. Therefore, in
those days a lot of sting abundant funds available for research the development of
computers.

The impact of the abundant availability of funds is very significant, as seen with
the discovery of the type of computer that is named "K3" to design airplanes and
missiles, by Konrad Zuse, 1941 a German scientist. Then do not want to lose imuwan
England in 1943 with the goal to beat Germany, managed to find a machine that is named
Colossus computer is designed to decode password-code of the German army. This
Colossus is one important tool that a capital Allied victory over Germany in World War
II. But unfortunately the birth of the Colossus is not a major impact on world
developments komupeter time, this is caused by the nature of the Colossus's own
characteristics which are not general purpose computers (general purpose computer) that
which is only designed to break the German secret codes and secret the existence
maintained almost a decade because of security reasons to prevent the outbreak of war
again.

From the American side continues to do computer research to continue to keep

growing. In 1900 till 1973, an engineer from Harvard's Howard H. Aiken by working
with IBM managed to create an electronic calculator with a length of half a football field
and has a total cable length of 500 miles for the U.S. Navy project that is named Mark I.

After the Mark I was born, and then created a computer that is multi-purpose
(general purpose computer) made by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W.
Mauchly (1907-1980), named ENIAC. ENIAC was successfully created with the
initiative of cooperation the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC
itself is a continuation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ENIAC
could work at speeds 1000 times faster than the Mark I.

Although the Colossus should not be touched, some research does not stop there!
Beginning in mid-1940, a team of University of Pennsylvania and John von Neumann
(1903-1957) has a great concept to produce a computer with capacity that can be used in
the next 40 years! Of cooperation is created in akhit team in 1945, the computer that is
named the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The core of the
potential value of EDVAC success is the presence of a central processing unit (CPU).
This makes the computer can be controlled and controlled by a single source. Also
EDVAC have memory to accommodate the program or data. So this allows the computer
to be able to stop at a certain time and then be able to set to resume. EDVAC encouraging
the growth of the commercial computer industry, therefore it's no wonder in 1951, was
born the brand UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) became the first
commercial computer that utilizes the work principle EDVAC, made by Remington
Rand.

From the description above shows that the development of first generation
computers are generally designed to perform a specific task in which it is characterized
by the existence of binary-coded program that is very different (machine language). This
makes the system work the first computer generation is very limited. Then the computer
from the first generation usually have the use of vacuum tube (thus making the computer
very large size) and for data storage using magnetic cylinder.
 With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to
develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance computer. This increased
funding to accelerate the progress of the development of computer and computer engineering. In
1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and
missiles.

Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the
British completed the secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to break the secret code
used by Germany. The Colossus's impact influenced the development of the computer industry
because of two reasons. First, the Colossus is not a versatile computer (general-purpose
computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of these
machines kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.

Work done by the Americans at that time produced some other advancement. Howard H.
Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic
calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of
500 miles of cable. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an
electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components.
The machine beropreasi with slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (the
order of calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic
calculations and equations are more complex.

Another computer development at the present time is the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the
United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of
160kW.

This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly
(1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times
faster than Mark I.
 In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of
Pennsylvania in an effort to build a computer design concept that up to 40 years is still used in
computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate both programs or data. This
technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key factor
von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer
functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the Von
Neumann architecture model.

Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the
impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D.
Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions are
made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a different binary code program called
"machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed
and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which
makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.

Second Generation

At this stage it is influenced by the invention of the transistor in 1948. With the
invention of the transistor is very affecting to replace vacuum tubes in television, radio,
and of course on the computer. Officially, the transistor was at work in computers since
1956. This has influenced the results of the size of a computer than if you are still using
vacuum tubes. Shrinking the size of computers increasingly accelerated with the
discovery of other such developments and the development of magnetic core memory.
Some products that use this technology is IBM's computer production with the launch of
schemes such as the gradual and not to be outdone Strecth Sprery-Rand makes a
computer named LARC etc. The development of computers with the more visible
commercial purposes in 1960, with successful ditandainya emerged in the field of
computers for business, government and education. At that time also emerged supporting
accessories such as printers, floppy disks, programs, etc..

Developments described in the preceding paragraph also contributed to the birth

of programming language that can be learned like FormulaTranslator (FORTRAN) and
Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL). Computer industry began to grow
rapidly in the development of second generation computers. Also during this period is
also the starting point for the emergence of new areas of work such as computer systems
specialists, programmers (expert programs) and data analysis.

In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of a computer.
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of
electronic machinery has reduced drastically.

The transistor was used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of
magnetic core memory-assisting the development of second generation computers smaller, faster,
more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes
this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputers, Stretch and Sprery-Rand
makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy
laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms.
The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs,
thereby limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the
Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and
Development Center in Washington DC Second generation computers replaced machine language
with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the
binary code.

In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business,
in universities and in government. The computers of this second generation is fully computer
using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this
time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system and programs.

One important example of the computer at this time is 1401 which is widely accepted in
the industry. In 1965, nearly all big businesses use computers second generation to financial
memprosesinformasi.

The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives
flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business
use. With this concept, the computer could print customer purchase invoices and then run a
product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time.
Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces the
complicated machine with the words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily
understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. A variety of
emerging careers (programmer, systems analyst, and expert computer systems). Industry software
also began to emerge and evolve during this second-generation computer.

Third Generation

The core of the third generation stage was in 1958 the discovery of the IC
(Integrated Circuit). The IC backed by disgruntled at work when used inside a transistor
in which the computer will generate enormous heat that could damage other components
yag. IC quarsa made of rock (rock quarsa) which was invented by a scientist from Texas
instruments, Jack Kilby. It is-also the mendorng important discoveries so that a chip can
represent several components required by the computer. As a result, the computer looks
more friendly and comfortable ketka used because the size is getting smaller.

Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate
considerable heat, which can potentially damage the computer's internal parts. Quartz stone
(quartz rock) to eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed
the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in
a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a
single chip called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as the
components can be squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the
operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs at
once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

Fourth Generation

For the development of computers in this generation may have to the environment
around us. The IC is spectacular before making the development of the computer world is
growing rapidly. This is to be marked with a component found superior to the IC and its
derivatives.

The component in question is as to successfully produced a component that can

mewakilki several components (kapasistanya are superior to the IC) that is large scale
integration (LSI), which can contain hundreds of components in just a chip. Not how long
hose (1980) and its derivatives are also found in the 1980s, the Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI), which has a remarkable ability to be able to load thousands of parts
only in a single chip. And maybe the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI), which has a
more remarkable ability to increase that number into the millions.

With the above findings are expected to have an impact on reducing the cost of
making the computer so the computer-even price will be more cheaper and affordable by
the middle to lower levels of society. One example of the market products that may often
have we heard of until now is the Intel 4004 chip that was made in mid-1971. This
computer was originally created and designed for commercial purposes that can be
affordable for all parties.
 After IC, the goal of development becomes more obvious: reduce the size of circuits and
electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip.
In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a
single chip.

Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to
install so many components in a chip half the size of coins to encourage lower prices and the size
of a computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in
1971membawa progress in IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing
unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a
certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet
all the requirements. Soon, every household devices like microwave ovens, televisions, and
automobiles with electronic fuel injection (EFI) is equipped with a microprocessor.

Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no

longer a dominance of large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer
assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called
minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular
software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as
the Atari 2600 video game attracted the attention of consumers on a more sophisticated home
computer and can be programmed.

In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices,
and schools. The number of PCs that use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units
in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller
size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted
into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).

IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh in getting the computer market. Apple
Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival
was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
 At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM
PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we
know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.

Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore
the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these
computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and
also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a
single electronic cooperation to complete a process task. By using direct wiring (also known as
Local Area Network or LAN), or [cable telephone, this network can become very large.

Fifth Generation

Whether, on the development of computers for the fifth time it's very difficult.
Because it is still in a limited imagination. Maybe for you who read this paper ever
watched a movie called "2001: Space Odyssey" works of Arthur C. Clarke. In the film
represents the future of computers that may be still in the imagination in our minds. In the
film's computer can be programmed so as to approach human thought. What's worse in
the film, the computer is able to program themselves so they can just beat the human
mind might be thinking.

Although visual images are displayed in the computer is still far from our
thoughts and reality, but the signs to make it all already seen. So far there has been a
computer that can be programmed to respond to printah orally and human reason.

Today has been a lot of advances in technology to support the development of

computer technology. Among them was the discovery of parallel processing capability
which is planned to replace non-Neumann model! Parallel processing system where it
will be able to work to coordinate a lot of CPU to simultaneously. There has also been
found in superconducting technology, which can deliver information faster than the
previously used technology. Whatever happens, obviously any sophisticated kemampun a
computer will not be able to defeat the capabilities that make it, namely the human mind.

Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still
very young. An example is the fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000
computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the
desired function from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial
intelligence or AI), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using
visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.

Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the
functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are
capable of imitating human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes
possible. This facility seemed simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated
than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context
and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.

Many advances in the field of computer design and technology that increasingly allows
the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly
parallel processing capability, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model
will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating multiple CPUs to work in unison. Another
advancement is the superconducting technology that permit the flow of electrically without any
obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.

Japan is a country known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer
project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it
happen. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the
success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes to the paradigm of
computerization in the world.