Subst

ant
ive l
aw:t
he f
unct
ion ofsubst
ant
ive l
aw i
fto def
ine,cr
eat
e orconf
er
subst
ant
ivel
egalr
ight
sorl
egalst
atusort
oimposeanddef
inet
henat
ureand
ext
entofl
egal
studi
es.

Pr
ocedur
all
aw:t
hef
unct
ionofpr
ocedur
all
aw i
stopr
ovi
det
hemachi
ner
yort
he
manneri
nwhi
cht
hel
egalr
ight
s,st
atusordut
iesmaybeenf
orcedorr
ecogni
zed
byacour
tofl
aw oranyot
her
spr
oper
lyconst
it
utedt
ri
bunal
.

Hi
stor
yofCpc

 Bef
ore1
859,nocodi
fi
edpr
ocedur
all
aw andt
hecour
tusedt
odeci
det
he
mat
teront
hei
rownt
erms.

 Duet
othemut
inyof1
857,t
hecr
owni
ntr
oducedCPC i
n1859i
nthesmal
l
causescour
tandpr
esi
dencycour
ts.

 I
n1877,CPCwasl
argel
yamendedandanew CPCwasbr
oughti
n.

 I
n1882,agai
nnew CPCwasi
ntr
oducedbymaki
ngt
remendouschanges.

 Thr
oughcommondi
aloguewi
thI
ndi
ans,new CPCi
ntheyearof1
908was
i
ntr
oducedwhi
chwasenf
orcedonal
lcour
ts.I
twassi
mpl
i
fiedver
sionand
pr
ovi
dedf
orspeedyt
ri
als.

 I
n1951
,ami
noramendmentwasmadet
omakeCPC mor
esor
tofI
ndi
an
l
aw.

 I
n1976,CPCwasf
urt
heramended.

Obj
ect
sofCPC1
908

 Al
i
tigantshoul
dgetaf
airt
ri
ali
naccor
dancewi
tht
heaccept
edpr
inci
plesof
nat
ural
just
ice.

 Ever
yef
for
tshoul
d be made t
o expedi
tet
he di
sposalofci
vi
lsui
tsand
pr
oceedi
ngssot
hatj
ust
icemaynotbedel
ayed.
  Thepr
ocedur
eshoul
dnotbecompl
i
cat
edandshoul
dtot
heext
entpossi
ble
ensur
eaf
airdeal
tot
hepoor
estsect
ionsoft
hecommuni
tywhodonothave
t
hemeanst
oengageapl
eadert
odef
endt
hei
rcases.

Obj
ect
sofamendi
ngCPCi
n1976:

 I
ncl
usi
onofdoct
ri
neofr
esj
udi
cat
a.

 Powert
otr
ansf
erpr
oceedi
ngsf
rom onehi
ghcour
ttoanot
herhi
ghcour
tis
gi
vent
oSupr
emeCour
t.[
jayl
ali
thaCase,f
rom Tami
lNadut
oKar
nat
aka]

 Fr
eedom f
orm at
tachmentofapor
ti
onofsal
aryt
oal
lsal
ari
edempl
oyeesi
s
gr
ant
ed.

 Pr
ovi
si
onofgi
vi
ngnot
iceunder§80bef
oret
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
tagai
nst
t
he gover
nmentf
ora publ
i
c of
fi
ce was made l
ess st
ri
ngentso as t
o
f
aci
l
itat
ejust
icedel
i
ver
y.

 Rest
ri
cti
on wasi
mposed on t
he r
ightofappealand r
evi
si
on.Appeali
s
mer
elyast
atut
orypr
ovi
si
on.

 Pr
ovi
si
onswer
emadet
oensur
ethatwr
it
tenst
atementanddocument
sar
e
f
il
edbef
oredel
ay.

 I
mpor
tantchangeswer
emadet
opr
ovi
der
eli
eft
opoor
ersect
ionsoft
he
soci
ety.

Let
ter
spat :anappeal
ent canmovel
ater
all
ywi
thi
nonehi
erar
chycour
t.

Butevenaf
tert
his,agover
nmentr
epor
tsuggest
edt
hatt
heaver
aget
imet
akenf
or
di
sposali
s5-6year
sandcasesar
enotf
ast
lyr
esol
ved.Undert
hechai
rmanshi
pof
Just
iceMal
l
imat
h,acommi
tt
eewasf
ormedwhi
chpr
ovi
dedf
ort
hef
ast
erdi
sposal
ofcases.

TheSupr
emeCour
tevenpoi
ntedoutt
hesamet
hingsi
nthecaseofSal
em Bar
Associ
ati
onI
,wher
eSC f
ocusedt
hatessent
ialamendment
sar
eneededt
obe
under
taken.

The amendment
sof1
999 and 2002wer
eimpl
ement
ed butanew scopewas
cr
eat
ed t
hrough gr
antofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
othe j
udgesf
orf
inalsay.The
r
eason bei
ng t
he pr
otestf
rom t
he advocat
es on genui
ne gr
ounds ofj
ust
ice
del
i
ver
yandSal
em I
Icase.

Maj
oramendment
sbr
oughti
nthr
ough1
999-2002amendment
s:

 I
nsever
almat
ter
ssuchasi
ssuanceofsummons,f
il
ingofwr
it
tenst
atement
,
amendmentofpl
eadi
ngs,pr
oduct
ion ofdocument
sand exami
nat
ion of
wi
tnessesat
imel
i
miti
spr
escr
ibed.I
twasamat
terofsel
fimposeddut
yon
t
hecour
ts.Al
i
mitof7dayswasmadebuti
twasf
urt
herdi
l
utedt
hrought
he
Sal
em I
Icaseandi
fther
ear
egenui
negr
oundsofdel
ay,suchdel
aycoul
d
beaccept
ed.

 A new pr
ovi
si
on f
orset
tl
ementofdi
sput
esout
side t
he cour
thasbeen
i
ntr
oduced.Outoft
heboundsoft
hecour
ttechni
cal
i
ties.Thecour
tmay
even appoi
ntan appr
opr
iat
e per
son f
ort
he set
tl
ementoft
he di
sput
e
out
sidet
hecour
tandaf
tert
hef
inal
i
tyoft
heset
tl
ement
,theset
tl
ementhas
t
obepr
esent
edi
nthecour
tandadecr
eewoul
dbei
ssueont
hosegr
ounds
sot
hatanyoft
hepar
ti
esmaynotr
ever
tthemat
terbackt
othecour
taf
ter
somet
ime.

 Thenumberofadj
our
nment
shasbeenr
est
ri
cted.I
nit
ial
l
yitwasr
est
ri
ctedt
o
3.

 A pr
ovi
si
on of r
ecor
ding t
he evi
dences by t
he cour
t appoi
nted
commi
ssi
onerwasi
ntr
oducedt
osavet
het
ime.Qual
i
fiedt
obeal
awyer
,is
neut
ralt
othemat
terandknowst
hecour
tpr
ocedur
e.Suchper
sonhast
obe
submi
tther
epor
tofal
lhi
sfi
ndi
ngs,evi
dencesandwi
tnessesst
atement
sto
t
hecour
tandhavet
oaut
hent
icat
etheevi
dencespr
oducedi
nthecour
t.
Af
tert
he di
l
uti
on,t
he advocat
es can ask t
he cour
tnott
o appoi
ntt
he
commi
ssi
onerand cour
tmay exer
cise di
scr
eti
on by notappoi
nti
ng t
he
 commi
ssi
oner
.

 Endl
essar
gument
swer
eai
medt
obeshor
tenedbyempower
ingt
hecour
tto
f
ixa t
ime l
i
miton or
alar
gument
s and by per
mit
ti
ng t
o pl
ace wr
it
ten
ar
gument
sonr
ecor
dbyt
hepar
ti
es.Ayodhyacase,SCor
der
edt
hespeci
al
CBIcour
ttocompl
etet
hehear
ingwi
thi
n2year
sbyl
i
mit
ingt
hear
gument
s.
Di
l
uti
on:Thecour
tmayf
ixandont
hegr
oundofgenui
nei
ssuest
hecour
t
mayext
endt
hepr
e-f
ixedt
imel
i
ne.Ther
efor
e,nor
igi
dpr
ovi
si
onwaspl
aced.

 Thescopeoff
ir
stappeal
,secondappeal
,let
ter
spat
entappealandr
evi
si
on
hasbeencur
tai
l
ed.Onwhatgr
oundst
heappeali
spr
efer
red,suchgr
ounds
shoul
d be except
ionaland can t
he same quest
ion be r
aised bef
oret
he
appel
l
atecour
t.Andeveni
fsomear
gumenti
snotpr
esent
edi
nal
ower
cour
tandsuchpoi
nti
srai
sedi
ntheappel
l
atecour
t,suchar
gument
sar
e
r
est
ri
cted.Revi
si
oni
sonl
yrest
ri
ctedt
odealwi
tht
heer
rorpr
esenti
nthe
exi
sti
ngj
udgment
.

I
fanypoi
nti
sdeal
tbyCPC,t
henCPCbecomesexhaust
iveandhaveagr
eat
ersay.
I
not
hercases,pr
ovi
si
onofCPC maynotbeappl
i
edbecausei
fappl
i
edi
tcan
maket
hemat
ter
scompl
i
cat
edbef
oresuchmat
ter
swer
edel
i
ber
atel
ynoti
ncl
uded
i
nCPCsoast
oeaset
hej
ust
icedel
i
ver
y.[
Thecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
eisexhaust
ive
onmat
ter
swhi
char
especi
fi
cal
l
ydeal
tbyi
tbuti
tisnotexhaust
iveont
hosepoi
nts
whi
char
enotspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
tori
ntendedt
obet
ouchedupont
her
ein.Manohar
Lalv.Set
hHi
ral
alAI
R1962SC527]
.
I
mpor
tantdef
ini
ti
ons:

 Decr
ee:t
hedecr
eei
sdef
inedunderS2(
2)ofCPCwher
eitsayst
hatdecr
ee
means t
he f
ormal expr
essi
on of adj
udi
cat
ion by t
he cour
t whi
ch
concl
usi
vel
y det
ermi
nesal
lorany oft
he mat
ter
sin cont
rover
sy i
nthe
pr
esentsui
twhi
chmayei
therbepr
eli
minar
yorf
inal
.Itshal
lbedeemedt
o
i
ncl
ude t
he or
derofr
eject
ion ofa pl
aintbutshal
lnoti
ncl
ude- any
adj
udi
cat
ionf
rom whi
chanappeall
i
esasori
nthef
orm ofanappealf
rom
anor
der(
appeal
abl
eor
der
),anyor
derofdi
smi
ssal
ofsui
tfordef
aul
t.

Essent
ial
condi
ti
onsofadecr
ee:

o Ther
emustbeadj
udi
cat
ion:weessent
ial
l
yincl
udej
udi
cialorquasi
j
udi
cialadj
udi
cat
ion.Fort
he pur
pose ofdecr
ee,adj
udi
cat
ion shal
l
mean j
udi
cialdet
ermi
nat
ion oft
he mat
teri
n di
sput
e.Ther
efor
e,a
deci
si
ononamat
terofadmi
nist
rat
ivenat
ureoranor
derdi
smi
ssi
ng
t
hesui
tfordef
aul
tofappear
ancebypar
ti
escannotbet
ermedasa
decr
ee.Si
mil
arl
yandor
derpassedbyanof
fi
cerwhoi
snotacour
tor
notvest
edwi
thanyki
ndofj
udi
cialpowerbyl
aw i
snotadecr
ee.
[
DeepChandv.LandAcqui
sit
ionOf
fi
cer
,AI
R1994SC1
901
]

o Suchadj
udi
cat
ionmustbet
her
einasui
t.Sui
tisnotdef
inedi
ncpc.I
t
wasdef
inedi
nthecaseofHansr
ajGupt
av.Of
fi
ciall
i
qui
dat
orsof
Dehr
adunmussoi
reel
ect
ri
ctr
amwaycompanyl
mt.[
AIR1
933PC63]
wher
ethecour
tst
atedt
hat
,anycour
tpr
oceedi
ngi
ncpci
nit
iat
edby
t
hepr
esent
ati
onofapl
aint
.Thewor
dsui
t or
dinar
il
ymeansaci
vi
l
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nst
it
utedbyt
hepr
esent
ati
onofapl
aint
.Thusever
ysui
t
hast
obei
nst
it
utedbypr
esent
ingapl
aint
,andwi
thoutbei
ngasui
t,
t
her
ecannotbeadecr
ee.

o Ri
ghtofpar
ti
es i
n cont
rover
sy ar
eto be det
ermi
ned:subst
ant
ive
r
ight
sandnotpr
ocedur
alr
ight
s.Foranyki
ndofpr
ocedur
alor
der
,it
s
mer
elya f
orm ofor
derand nota decr
ee.Such pr
ocedur
alr
ight
s
woul
dbeexer
cisedbysubmi
ssi
onofcer
tai
nappl
i
cat
ions.Wher
eas
 t
hesubst
ant
iver
ight
sar
edet
ermi
nedt
hrought
hemer
itandsubj
ect
mat
teroft
he case.The wor
dri
ght
s,f
ort
his pur
pose essent
ial
l
y
means,subst
ant
iver
ight
soft
hepar
ti
esandnotmer
elyapr
ocedur
al
r
ight
.[Dat
tat
rayav.RadhaBaiAI
R1921Bom 220]
.Thesubst
ant
ive
r
ight
s oft
he par
ti
es,i
ncl
udes any r
ight
srel
ati
ng t
othe st
atus,
j
uri
sdi
cti
on,f
rameoft
hesui
tet
c.t
husanor
derf
ordi
smi
ssalofasui
t
f
ordef
aul
tofaappear
anceoranor
derofr
efusi
ngt
hel
eavet
osuei
n
i
nfor
mapauper
iset
c.donotdet
ermi
net
hesubst
ant
iver
ight
soft
he
par
ti
esandhencear
enotconst
ruedt
obeadecr
ee.I
nthecondi
ti
ons
wher
epr
ocedur
alr
ight
sar
eevendet
ermi
nedwi
thsubst
ant
iver
ight
,
suchor
der
swoul
devenbecal
l
eddecr
ee.

o Concl
usi
vedet
ermi
nat
ionofr
ight
s:t
hecour
thasf
inal
l
ydeci
dedone
r
ighti
nasui
tandt
hatdet
ermi
nat
ionr
emai
nsf
inalr
emai
nsf
inalf
or
t
he ent
ir
e sui
tint
hatpar
ti
cul
arcour
t.I
fmul
ti
pler
ight
sar
eto be
det
ermi
ned,det
ermi
nat
ionofever
ysi
ngl
eri
ght
swoul
dbecal
l
edas
decr
eeevent
houghal
lther
ight
smaynotbedet
ermi
nedatt
hatst
age.
Thedet
ermi
nat
ionmustbef
inal
andconcl
usi
veasr
egar
dst
obecour
t
whi
ch passesi
t.[
Nar
ayan chandr
a v.Pr
ati
rodh Sahi
ni]
.An i
nter
l
ocut
oryor
derwhi
chdoesnotdeci
det
her
ight
sofpar
ti
esf
inal
l
yli
ke
r
efusalofadj
our
nmentet
c.ar
enotdecr
eesbecauset
heydonotl
ead
t
oanyconcl
usi
vedet
ermi
nat
iononmer
it
soft
hecase.

o For
malexpr
essi
on:t
her
e mustbe a f
ormalexpr
essi
on ofsuch
adj
udi
cat
ionwhi
chmeanst
hatal
lther
equi
rement
soft
hef
orm orsui
t
mustbe compl
i
ed wi
th and i
tmustbe del
i
ber
atei
n mannerand
shoul
dbeaccor
dingt
othepr
ocedur
epr
escr
ibedbyt
hel
aw.I
ncase
off
ormalexpr
essi
oni
tist
hedecr
eewhi
chf
oll
owst
hej
udgmentand
mustbe dr
awn up separ
atel
y.Shakul
tal
a deviv.kunt
alkumar
i.
Oper
ati
veor
deract
sasj
udgmentwhenmul
ti
pledecr
eesar
epassed
bef
oret
heact
ual
judgment
.

Or
derordeci
si
onswhi
char
edecr
ees:
  Or
derofabet
mentofsui
t:deci
si
onofl
egalgr
oundr
egar
dingt
hef
actt
hat
t
he par
ti
es ar
e havi
ng cer
tai
nri
ght
s ornot
.Or
derofi
ntegr
ati
on and
di
si
ntegr
ati
onofr
ight
sevenar
ecal
l
eddecr
ees.Deci
si
onont
hemer
it
sof
t
hecasewhi
chcar
ri
est
heef
fectofconcl
usi
vedet
ermi
nat
ionofr
ight
.

 Di
smi
ssalofappealast
imebar
red:t
her
ightofr
eachi
ng t
othecour
tis
exhaust
edandt
her
efor
ethi
sdeci
si
onact
sast
heconcl
usi
vedocumentof
t
heappeal
.Ther
efor
e,t
heor
igi
nal
orderoft
hel
owercour
tst
ands.

 Di
smi
ssalofsui
torappealf
orwantofevi
denceorpr
oof
:theseki
nd of
mat
ter
sandcauseofact
ionsar
emer
ecl
aimsasnoevi
dencear
epr
oduced.
Andt
hisdi
smi
ssali
sresj
udi
cat
asot
hatt
heyt
hepar
ti
escannotgot
ocour
t
oft
hesamel
evel
.Evensuchdeci
si
onsar
ebei
ngmadeonmer
it
soft
he
case,t
her
efor
eithavet
heef
fectofadecr
ee.andt
hishasani
ndi
rectef
fect
ont
heot
herpar
tyast
hisor
deral
l
owst
hedef
endant
stocont
inuet
odo
what
evert
heywer
edoi
ngbef
oret
hissui
t.

 Or
derhol
dingappealnotmai
ntai
nabl
e:t
hedeci
si
onofl
owercour
tst
and
and t
he par
ti
es ar
e di
rect
ed t
o do what
evert
hey wer
e doi
ng.I
ndi
rect
concl
usi
vedeci
si
onont
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
es.

 Or
derhol
dingt
hatr
ightt
osuedoesnotar
ise:asi
tmer
est
atut
oryr
ight

 Or
derhol
dingt
hatt
her
eisnocauseofact
ion:

 Or
derr
efusi
ng one oft
he sever
alr
eli
efs:t
he r
eli
efswhi
ch ar
erej
ect
ed
cannotber
aisedi
ncour
tagai
nandt
her
efor
esuchdeci
si
oni
sal
sof
inal
.

Deci
si
onswhi
char
enotdecr
ees:

 Di
smi
ssalofappealf
ordef
aul
t:nomer
itoft
hecasesdi
scussed.Butex
par
tedeci
si
onsar
edecr
ees.

 Appoi
ntment of commi
ssi
oner t
o t
ake account
s:mer
e col
l
ect
ion of
evi
dences.Subj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
tisnoti
nanywaybei
ngdeci
ded.Just
 t
hesubmi
ssi
onofr
epor
tregar
dinghi
sst
udi
es.

 Ret
urnofpl
aintf
orpr
esent
ati
ont
oapr
opercour
t:

 Rej
ect
ionofappl
i
cat
ionf
orCondonat
ionofdel
ay:i
tnott
hedi
scussi
onoft
he
mer
itoft
hecase.

 Or
derdi
rect
ingassessmentofmesnepr
ofi
ts.

Pr
eli
minar
ydecr
eeandf
inal
decr
ee

Apr
eli
minar
ydecr
eei
sonewhi
chdecl
arest
her
ight
sandl
i
abi
l
iti
esoft
hepar
ti
es
l
eavi
ngt
heact
ualr
esul
ttobewor
kedouti
nfur
therpr
oceedi
ngsasar
esul
tof
i
nqui
ri
esconduct
edpur
suantt
othepr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee,t
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
es
woul
dthenbef
ull
ydet
ermi
nedandadecr
eei
spassedi
naccor
dancewi
thsuch
det
ermi
nat
ionwhi
chi
sfi
nal
.Bot
hthedecr
eeshast
obei
nthesamesui
t.Af
inal
decr
eemaysai
dtobef
inali
ntwoways:1
.Whent
het
imef
orappealhasexpi
red
wi
thoutanyappealbei
ngf
il
edagai
nstt
hepr
eli
minar
ydecr
eeort
hemat
terhas
been deci
ded byt
he hi
ghestcour
t2.When t
he t
ime f
orappealhasexpi
red
wi
thoutanyappealbei
ng f
il
ed agai
nstt
he pr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee and t
he mat
ter
st
andscompl
etel
ydi
sposedof
.[Shankarv.Chandr
akantAI
R1995SC1
211
].

Pr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee:whenanadj
udi
cat
iondeci
dest
her
ight
sandl
i
abi
l
iti
esoft
he
par
ti
eswi
thr
egar
dtoal
loranyoft
hemat
ter
sincont
rover
syi
nthi
ssui
tbutdoes
notcompl
etel
ydi
sposeoft
hesui
t,i
tiscal
l
edaspr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee.i
tisonl
ya
st
agei
nwor
kingoutt
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
eswhi
char
etobef
inal
l
yadj
udi
cat
edby
af
inaldecr
ee and t
il
lthen t
he sui
tcont
inues.[
MoolChand v.Di
rect
or,
Consol
i
dat
ionAI
R1995SC2493]

Thecpcpr
ovi
desf
orpassi
ngofpr
eli
minar
ydecr
eesi
nfol
l
owi
ngci
rcumst
ance:

 Sui
tsf
orpossessi
onandmesnepr
ofi
ts,or
der20r
ule1
2

 Sui
tfordi
ssol
uti
onofpar
tner
shi
p,or
der20r
ule1
5

 Sui
tforpar
ti
ti
onandsepar
atepossessi
on,or
der20r
ule1
8
  Sui
tsf
orsal
eofmor
tgagedpr
oper
ty,or
der34r
ule4and5

 Sui
tforr
edempt
ionofamor
tgage,or
der34r
ule7and8.Acour
tmaypass
apr
eli
minar
yincasesnotexpr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedbyCPC.

st
Si
tuat
ionwher
emul
ti
plepr
eli
minar
ydecr
eescanbepasses:e.
g.1 and3rd f
rom
abovel
i
st.Phoolchandv.Gopall
al[
AIR1
967SC 1
470]t
her
eisnot
hingi
ncpc
whi
chpr
ohi
bit
spassi
ngofmor
ethanonepr
eli
minar
ydecr
eei
ftheci
rcumst
ances
j
ust
if
ythesameandi
tmaybenecessar
yfort
hecour
ttodoso.Li
mit
ati
on:butt
he
aboveobser
vat
ioni
srest
ri
ctedt
opar
ti
ti
onsui
tsal
one.Lat
eron,t
hel
i
mit
ati
onwas
l
i
ftedandnow i
tal
ldependsont
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
twhi
chmaydeci
dei
ton
t
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ances.

Fi
nal
decr
ee:f
inal
decr
eei
ssai
dtobef
inal
int
woways:

1
.whenwi
thi
nthepr
escr
ibedper
iod,noappeali
sfi
l
edagai
nstt
hedecr
eeort
he
mat
terhasbeendeci
dedbyt
hehi
ghestcour
t.

2.whent
hedecr
ee,sof
arasr
egar
dst
othecour
tpassi
ngi
t,compl
etel
ydi
sposes
oft
hesui
t.[
Shankarv.Chandr
akant1
9953SCC41
3]

Ther
ecanbemor
ethanonef
inaldecr
ee.buti
tmaydef
eatt
heessenceofCpcas
mul
ti
ple appeal
shast
o be made f
ormul
ti
ple decr
ees,asi
tmay make t
he
pr
ocedur
esl
ow.

1
.Gul
sum Bi
viv.AhmadasaRowt
her
,Ai
R191
9Mad998:or
der20,r
ule1
2and1
8
waschal
l
enged,t
hecour
thel
dthat
:nei
theroft
heser
ulescont
empl
atesmor
ethan
one pr
eli
minar
y decr
ee and one f
inaldecr
ee i
n one sui
t.The cpc nowher
e
cont
empl
atesmor
ethanonef
inaldecr
eei
nonesui
t.Tohavet
wof
inaldecr
ees
andt
ocal
lonedecr
eef
inalort
hef
ir
stoneast
hef
inaldecr
eewi
l
lbe ami
snomer
asi
twi
l
lnotbef
inal
.(
disabl
i
ngi
nter
pret
ati
ons)

2.KasiV.Ram Nat
hanChet
ti
ar1
9472MLJ523:t
hecour
tobser
vedt
hatt
he
quest
ioni
snotwhet
hercpcal
l
owsmor
ethanonepr
eli
minar
ydecr
eeoronef
inal
decr
eet
obemadebutwhet
hert
hecodecont
ainsapr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nstt
hecour
t
i
n a pr
opercase passi
ng mor
ethan one such decr
eesand t
he cour
ttooka
di
ver
gentvi
ew andhel
dthatt
her
ecoul
dbemor
ethanonepr
eli
minar
yandone
f
inal
decr
eei
nasui
t.(
Negat
iveI
nter
pret
ati
on)(
enabl
i
ngi
nter
pret
ati
on)

3.Shankarv.Chandr
akantAI
R1995SC 1
211
:iti
saset
tl
edl
aw t
hatmor
ethan
f
inal
decr
eecanbepassed.

Par
tl
ypr
eli
minar
yandpar
tyf
inaldecr
ee

Adecr
eemaybepar
tl
ypr
eli
minar
yandpar
tl
yfi
nall
i
kei
nasui
tforpossessi
onof
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
tywi
thmesnepr
ofi
tswher
ethecour
t,

1
.decr
eest
hepossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
ty

2.di
rect
sanenqui
ryi
ntot
hemesnepr
ofi
ts

Thef
ormerpar
tofdecr
eei
sfi
nal
wher
east
hel
att
erpar
tispr
eli
minar
y.

Rej
ect
ionandr
etur
nofPl
aint
:Ther
eisal
waysj
uri
sdi
cti
onr
emai
nsi
nthecour
t.I
t
havet
henat
ureofdecr
ee.Sect
ion2(
2)speci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ovi
dest
hatr
eject
ionofpl
aint
shal
lbe deemed t
o be a decr
ee wher
eas an or
derr
etur
ning a pl
aintor
memor
andum ofappealt
obepr
esent
edt
opr
opercour
twi
l
lnotbeadecr
ee.t
he
r
easoni
sthatsuchanor
derdoesnotnegat
eanyr
ight
soft
hepl
aint
if
forappel
l
ant
i
nanymannerandt
her
efor
eitcannotbet
ermedasadeci
si
onr
elat
ingt
othe
mat
ter
sincont
rover
syi
nthesui
t.

Rest
it
uti
on:onl
yifi
tis demanded as a r
ight or demanded as a r
eli
ef.
Det
ermi
nat
ionofanyquest
ionunderSect
ion1
44orwi
thi
nit
smeani
ngi
ster
med
asr
est
it
uti
onandi
sincl
udedwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofdecr
eef
ort
hepur
poseof
gi
vi
ng t
he r
ightt
o appealonl
yundert
he ci
rcumst
anceswher
eitl
eadst
othe
adj
udi
cat
ion on t
he aspect
soft
he r
ight
sint
he cont
rover
sy.Ot
her
wise i
fiti
s
nei
thermadei
nasui
tnori
saskedasamat
terofr
ightt
heni
twi
l
lnotbet
ermedas
apar
tofdecr
ee.

Appeal
abl
eor
der
s:anadj
udi
cat
ionf
rom whi
chanappeall
i
esj
ustl
i
keanappeal
f
rom oragai
nsta decr
ee ar
eter
med as appeal
abl
e or
der
s e.
g.or
der
sli
ke
r
etur
ningpl
aintf
orpr
esent
ati
ont
oapr
opercour
torr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
iont
oset
asi
deanexpar
tedecr
eeoranor
derr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
ionf
orper
missi
ont
osue
as an i
ndi
gentper
son ar
e cal
l
ed as appeal
abl
e or
derand notdecr
ees.The
di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenadecr
eeandanappeal
abl
eor
derl
i
esi
nthef
actt
hati
ncase
ofadecr
eesecondappeall
i
esi
ncer
tai
ncaseswher
easf
oranappeal
abl
eor
der
t
her
eisnopr
ovi
si
onf
orsecondappeal
.

Judge:i
tmeanst
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
cerofaci
vi
lcour
t.Al
thought
het
erm cour
thas
notbeendef
inedi
nCPC,i
tcancommonl
yber
efer
redasassembl
yofj
udgesor
ot
herper
sonsact
ingasat
ri
bunal
inci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
caseswher
ethej
ust
icei
s
j
udi
cial
l
yadmi
nist
ered.[
E.D.Si
ncl
airv.L.
P.D Br
ougt
on]

Judgment
:Sect
ion2(
9),i
tmeanst
hest
atementgi
venbyaj
udgeoft
hegr
oundsof
adecr
eeoranor
der
.Iti
smor
esor
tofuni
ver
salnat
ure.Essent
ialel
ement
sof
j
udgment
:

 Theessent
ialel
ement
sofaj
udgmenti
sthatt
her
eshoul
dbeast
atement
l
ayi
ng downt
hegr
oundsoft
hedeci
si
on.[
VidyaChar
anShukl
av.Khub
ChandBaghel
,AI
R1964SC1
099]

 Ever
yjudgmentot
hert
hant
hatofsmal
lcausescour
tshoul
dcont
ain

o Aconci
sest
atementoft
hecase;

o Poi
ntsofconsi
der
ati
on;

o Thedeci
si
ont
her
eon;

o Ther
easonsf
ort
hedeci
si
ons.

Bal
rajTanej
av.Suni
lMadanAI
R1999SC3381
:aj
udgecannotmer
elysay‘sui
t
decr
eedorsui
tdi
smi
ssed.
’ Thewhol
epr
ocessofr
easoni
nghast
obesetoutf
or
deci
dingt
hecaseonewayort
heot
her
.Event
hesmal
lcausescour
tjudgment
s
mustbe i
ntel
l
igi
ble and mustshow t
hatt
he j
udge hasappl
i
ed hi
smi
nd.The
j
udgmentneednotbeonal
lthei
ssuesi
nacaseandmayevenbeonapr
eli
minar
y
i
ssuei
tsel
f.
Di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenj
udgmentanddecr
ee:

 Aj
udgmenti
sthest
atementgi
venbyt
hej
udgel
ayi
ngdownt
hegr
oundsof
adecr
ee.Wher
easdecr
eei
stheenf
orcementoft
her
ight
sdevel
opedon
t
hebasi
soft
her
easoni
ngpr
onouncedi
nthej
udgment
.

 I
tisnotnecessar
ythatt
her
eshoul
dbeaf
ormalexpr
essi
onofever
yor
der
i
nthej
udgmentt
houghi
tisdesi
rabl
e.Wher
easf
oradecr
eei
tessent
ial
l
y
hast
obeaf
ormal
expr
essi
on.

 Aj
udgmenthast
oincl
udepr
eci
sel
yther
eli
efgr
ant
ed,r
ule6-Aofor
der20
i
nser
tedby1
976amendment
.

Or
der
:or
dermeanst
hef
ormalexpr
essi
onofanydeci
si
onbyt
heci
vi
lcour
twhi
ch
i
snotadecr
ee.sect
ion2(
14)
.

Or
deri
sal
soaf
ormalexpr
essi
on.Or
dermayal
soi
ncl
udeadet
ermi
nat
ionbyt
he
cour
tonaspeci
fi
cissueandevendeci
det
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
es.Buti
tdoesnot
pr
onouncet
heconcl
usi
vedet
ermi
nat
ion.Asagener
alr
uleanor
derofacour
tof
l
aw i
sbased onobj
ect
iveconsi
der
ati
onsandmaycont
ainadi
scussi
onoft
he
quest
ionati
ssueandt
her
easonswhi
chpr
evai
l
edwi
thi
nthecour
twhi
chl
eadt
o
t
hepassi
ngoft
heor
der
.

Si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenor
deranddecr
ee:

 Bot
hrel
atest
omat
ter
sincont
rover
sy

 Bot
har
ethedeci
si
ongi
venbyt
hecour
t.

 Bot
har
ejudi
cial
adj
udi
cat
ionpr
onouncedbyt
hecour
t

 Bot
har
efor
mal
l
yexpr
essi
onofadeci
si
on.

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenor
deranddecr
ee:

 A decr
ee can onl
y be passed i
n a sui
tor ci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs whi
ch
commencedwi
thpr
esent
ati
onofapl
aintwher
easandor
dermayor
igi
nat
e
 evenf
rom apr
oceedi
ngwhi
chcommencedt
hroughanappl
i
cat
ion.

 A decr
ee i
s an adj
udi
cat
ion concl
usi
vel
y det
ermi
ning t
he r
ight
s oft
he
par
it
ieswi
thr
egar
dtoal
loranyoft
hemat
tersi
ncont
rover
sy.Wher
east
he
or
dermayormayl
eadt
oanconcl
usi
vedet
ermi
nat
ionofanysuchr
ight
.

 A decr
eemaybe pr
eli
minar
yorf
inalorpar
tl
ypr
eli
minar
yorpar
tl
yfi
nal
wher
east
her
ecannotbeapr
eli
minar
yor
der
.

 Excepti
ncer
tai
nsui
ts,most
ly,asui
twi
l
lhavet
wodecr
ees,onepr
eli
minar
y
andonef
inalormayevenhaveasi
ngl
efi
naldecr
ee.wi
thi
nci
vi
lsui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngdepedi
ngont
henumberofappl
i
cat
ions,t
her
ecanbemul
ti
ple
or
der
s.

 Ever
ydecr
eei
sappeal
abl
eunl
essot
her
wiseexpr
essl
ypr
ovi
ded.Onl
ythose
or
der
sforwhi
chapr
ovi
si
onf
orappeal
isment
ionedi
nCPCar
eappeal
abl
e.

 Asecondappeall
i
est
othehi
ghcour
toncer
tai
ngr
oundsf
rom t
hedecr
ee
passed on f
ir
stappeal
.No second appeali
s al
l
owed even i
n case of
appeal
abl
eor
der
s.

Decr
eehol
der
:Anyper
soni
nwhosef
avoradecr
eehasbeenpassedoranor
der
capabl
eofexecut
ionhasbeenmadei
scal
l
eddecr
eehol
der
.Sect
ion2(
3).Decr
ee
hol
derneednotnecessar
il
ybeapl
aint
if
f.

Judgmentdebt
or:anyper
sonagai
nstwhom adecr
eehasbeenpassedoran
or
dercapabl
eofexecut
ionhasbeenmade.Sect
ion2(
10)
.

For
eign cour
t:f
orei
gn cour
tmeans a cour
tsi
tuat
ed out
side i
ndi
a and not
est
abl
i
shedorcont
inuedbyt
heaut
hor
it
yofcent
ralgover
nment
.E.
g.Pondi
cher
ry
i
n1908.

Legalr
epr
esent
ati
ve:l
egalr
epr
esent
ati
vemeansaper
sonwhoi
nlaw r
epr
esent
s
t
heest
ateofadeceasedper
sonandi
ncl
udesanyper
sonwhoi
nter
meddl
eswi
th
t
he est
ate oft
he deceased per
son and wher
e a par
ty suesori
ssued i
na
r
epr
esent
ati
vechar
act
er,t
heper
sononwhom t
heest
atedevol
vesont
hedeat
hof
t
hepar
tysosui
ngorsued.

Decr
eeandl
egaldocument
sar
eevenpar
tofest
ate.Soi
tist
ransf
erabl
easset
andcanbear
esponsi
bil
i
tyeven.

MesnePr
ofi
ts:mesnepr
ofi
tsmeanst
hosepr
ofi
tswhi
cht
heper
soni
nwr
ongf
ul
possessi
onofsuchpr
oper
tyact
ual
l
yrecei
ved ormi
ghtwi
thor
dinar
ydi
l
igence
haver
ecei
vedt
oget
herwi
thi
nter
estonsuchpr
ofi
tsbutshal
lnoti
ncl
udepr
ofi
ts
duet
oimpr
ovement
smadebyt
heper
soni
nsuchwr
ongf
ulpossessi
on.Sect
ion
2(
12)

Obj
ectofmesnepr
ofi
ts:ever
yper
sonhasar
ightt
opossesshi
spr
oper
tyand
whenhei
sdepr
ivedofsuchpossessi
on,hei
snotonl
yent
it
ledt
other
est
orat
ionof
suchpossessi
onbutal
sodamagesonaccountofsuchwr
ongf
ulpossessi
on.Thus
t
heobj
ectofdecr
eef
ormesnepr
ofi
tssit
ocompensat
etheper
sonwhohasbeen
keptoutofpossessi
on ofhi
spr
oper
tyand hasbeen depr
ived ofhi
sri
ghtof
peacef
ulenj
oymentof hi
s pr
oper
ty even t
hough he was ent
it
led t
o such
possessi
ont
her
eof
.[LucyKochuvar
eed v.P.Mar
iappaGounderAI
R1979SC
1
214]

Cr
it
eri
on f
or Assessmentof Mesne Pr
ofi
ts:a per
son who i
sin wr
ongf
ul
possessi
on and enj
oymentofi
mmovabl
e pr
oper
tyi
sli
abl
eformesne pr
ofi
ts.
Wher
etheownerorpl
aint
if
fisdi
spossessedbysever
alper
sonsever
yoneoft
hem
woul
dbel
i
abl
etopaymesnepr
ofi
tsevent
hought
heymi
ghtnotbei
nact
ual
possessi
onort
hepr
ofi
tshavenotbeenr
ecei
vedbyt
hem.I
nsuchcasest
hecour
t
mayhol
dal
lthepossessor
sjoi
ntl
yandsever
all
yli
abl
eleavi
ngt
hem t
ohavet
hei
r
r
ight
sadj
ust
edi
nasepar
atesui
tforcont
ri
but
ionorwi
thi
nthesamesui
tthr
ough
di
vi
si
onofl
i
abi
l
ityamongeachoft
hem.

Mesnepr
ofi
tsar
eint
henat
ureofdamagesandwhi
l
eassessi
ngt
hemesnepr
ofi
ts
t
hecour
tusual
l
ytakei
ntoaccountwhatt
hedef
endanthasgai
nedorr
easonabl
y
mi
ghthavegai
nedbyhi
swr
ongf
ulpossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
ty.Thecour
tmay
deci
det
hemesnepr
ofi
tsaccor
dingt
othef
act
sandci
rcumst
ances.[
Fat
ehChand
v.Bal
kishandasAI
R1963SC1
405]
.

Thet
estt
oascer
tai
nmesnepr
ofi
tsi
snotwhatt
hepl
aint
if
fhasl
ostbybei
ngoutof
possessi
onbutwhatt
hedef
endanthasgai
nedormi
ghtr
easonabl
ywi
thor
dinar
y
pr
udencehavegai
nedbysuchwr
ongf
ulpossessi
on.[
Mar
shal
lSons&Co.v.Sahi
or
it
ransPvt
,Lt
d.AI
R1999SC882]

Pr
inci
plesf
orcal
cul
ati
onmesnepr
ofi
ts:

 Nopr
ofi
tsbyaper
soni
nwr
ongf
ulpossessi
on.

 Rest
orat
ionofst
atusbef
oredi
spossessi
onofdecr
eehol
der
.

 Uset
owhi
chadecr
eehol
derwoul
dhaveputt
hepr
oper
tyi
fhehi
msel
fwas
i
npossessi
on.

I
nter
estovermesnepr
ofi
ts:i
nter
esti
sani
ntegr
alpar
tofmesnepr
ofi
tswhi
chhas
t
obeal
l
owedi
ncomput
ati
onofmesnepr
ofi
tsi
tsel
f.t
her
ateofi
nter
estal
l
owed
overmesne pr
ofi
tsshal
lnotexceed 6% perannum and such i
nter
estcan be
al
l
owed t
il
lthe dat
e off
inalpayment
.[MahantNar
ayan Das j
iv.Ti
ruumal
ai
Ti
rupat
iDevast
hananAI
R1965SC1
231
].

Af
fi
davi
t:i
tisadecl
arat
ionoff
act
sreduced t
o wr
it
ing and af
fi
rmed orswor
n
bef
oreanof
fi
cerhavi
ngaut
hor
it
ytoadmi
nist
eroat
hs.I
tshoul
dbedr
awnupi
n
f
ir
stper
sonandshoul
dcont
ainst
atement
sandnoti
nfer
ences.

CauseofAct
ion:bundl
eofessent
ialf
act
swhi
char
enecessar
yfort
hepl
aint
if
fto
pr
ovebef
orehecansucceed.I
tisanant
ecedentt
othesui
tandi
fthepl
aintf
ail
sto
di
scl
oset
hecauseofact
ion,t
hecour
twi
l
lrej
ectsuchpl
aint
.

Caveat
:caveati
sanof
fi
cialr
equestt
hatacour
tshoul
dnott
akeapar
ti
cul
aract
ion
wi
thouti
ssui
ngnot
icet
othepar
tyl
odgi
ngt
hecaveatandwi
thoutaf
for
dingan
oppor
tuni
tyofhear
ingt
hem.Goi
ngt
othecour
tbef
oret
heot
herpar
tyappr
oaches.

Pl
aint
:a pl
ainti
s a st
atementofcl
aim,a documentora memor
ialby t
he
pr
esent
ati
onofwhi
chasui
tisi
nst
it
uted.I
tcont
ainst
hegr
oundsonwhi
cht
he
assi
stanceoft
hecour
tissoughtbyapl
aint
if
fandal
sor
efer
redt
oast
hepl
eadi
ngs
oft
hepl
aint
if
f.

Summons:i
tisadocumenti
ssuedf
rom t
heof
fi
ceofacour
tcal
l
ingupont
he
per
sont
owhom i
tisdi
rect
edt
oat
tendbef
oreaj
udgeoranof
fi
ceroft
hecour
tfor
acer
tai
npur
pose.I
tisawr
it
tenor
dert
hatl
egal
l
yobl
i
gat
essomeonet
oat
tenda
cour
tofl
aw ataspeci
fi
eddat
e.

Wr
it
tenst
atement
:iti
sconsi
der
edasar
epl
yoft
hedef
endantagai
nstt
hepl
aint
f
il
edbyt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
tisr
efer
redaspl
eadi
ngoft
hedef
endantdeal
i
ngwi
thever
y
mat
eri
alf
actr
aisedi
nthepl
aint
.Itmayal
socont
ainnew f
act
sdi
scussedwhi
ch
ar
einf
avorofdef
endantorl
egalobl
i
gat
ionsagai
nstt
he cl
aimsofa pl
aint
if
f
br
oughtbef
oret
hecour
t.

Jur
isdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t:al
i
tiganthavi
nggr
ievanceofci
vi
lnat
urehasar
ightt
o
i
nst
it
ute a ci
vi
lsui
tin a compet
entci
vi
lcour
tunl
essi
tscogni
zance i
sei
ther
expr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
ybar
redbyanyst
atut
e.[
AbdulWaheedKhanv.Bhanwani
AI
R1966SC1
718]
.Asui
tfori
tsmai
ntai
nabi
l
ityr
equi
resnoaut
hor
it
yofl
aw andi
tis
enought
hatnost
atut
ebar
sit
.[GangaBaiv.Vi
j
ayKumarAI
R1974SC1
126]
.The
cour
tcannotconf
erj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oit
sel
f,i
tisonl
yint
hepoweroft
hel
egi
sl
atur
eto
deci
det
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hej
udi
ciar
y.Anydecr
eepassedwi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
s
nul
li
neyesofl
aw.Consentt
ofi
xthej
uri
sdi
cti
onofanempower
edcour
tisval
i
d.

Jur
isdi
cti
onmeanst
hepoweroraut
hor
it
yofacour
tofl
aw t
ohearanddet
ermi
ne
a cause ora mat
ter
.Iti
sthe powert
o ent
ert
ain and deci
de a sui
torci
vi
l
pr
oceedi
ng.

I
nthecaseofOf
fi
cialTr
ust
eev.Sachi
ndr
aNat
hAI
R1969SC823,t
hecour
thel
d
t
hatacour
tmustnotonl
yhavej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
ythesui
tbr
oughtbutmustal
so
havet
heaut
hor
it
ytopasst
heor
dersoughtf
or.Jur
isdi
cti
onmusti
ncl
udepowert
o
hearanddeci
det
hequest
ionati
ssueanddeci
det
hepar
ti
cul
arcont
rover
syt
hat
hasar
isenbet
weent
hepar
ti
es.i
fthecour
tcannotpasst
her
eli
efpr
ayedf
or,t
hen
t
hecour
tdonotpossesst
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oadj
udi
cat
ethecase.
Jur
isdi
cti
onandconsent
:[ARAnt
ulayv.RSNayakAI
R1988SC1
531
],t
hepower
t
ocr
eat
eandenl
argej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
slegi
sl
ati
vei
nchar
act
erandsoal
sot
hepower
t
o conf
era r
ightofappealorcoul
dtake awayt
he r
ightofappeal
.No cour
t
whet
hersuper
iorori
nfer
iororbot
hcombi
nedcanenl
arget
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onof a
cour
tordi
vestaper
sonofhi
sri
ght
sofr
evi
si
onandappeal
.

Hi
rendr
aNat
hv.Sudhi
rVer
maAI
R1964SC 1
300:i
fthecour
thasnoi
nher
ent
j
uri
sdi
cti
onnei
theracqui
escencenorwai
vernorest
oppelcancr
eat
eit
.Sucha
basi
candf
undament
aldef
eatcannotbecur
edbyconsentofpar
ti
esorbyt
he
j
udgmentoror
derpassedbyacour
t.Thedecr
eesopassedi
snul
landvoi
dand
canbechal
l
engedatanyst
age.

Thecour
tcannotcr
eat
ejur
isdi
cti
onbutcanenl
argei
t.I
nter
pret
ati
onofj
uri
sdi
cti
on
i
sal
l
owedbutconf
err
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
ononi
tsel
fisnotal
l
owed.

Ki
ransi
nghvchamanPaswanAI
R1954SC340:i
tisaf
undament
alpr
inci
plewel
l
est
abl
i
shedt
hatadecr
eepassedbyacour
twi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
sanul
l
it
yandt
hat
i
tsi
nval
i
dit
ycoul
dbeset
upwheneverandwher
everi
tissoughtt
obeenf
orcedor
r
eli
edupon.Evenatt
hest
ageofexecut
ionandeveni
ncol
l
ater
alpr
oceedi
ngs.A
def
ectofj
uri
sdi
cti
onst
ri
kesatt
hever
yaut
hor
it
yoft
hecour
ttopassanydecr
ee
andsuchadef
ectcannotbecur
edbyconsentofpar
ti
es.

Jur
isdi
cti
on ofa cour
tis a publ
i
c pol
i
cy and passed by t
he par
li
amentand
t
her
efor
eindi
vi
dual
scannotdeci
det
hej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nthei
rpr
ivat
ecapaci
ty.

Lack ofj
uri
sdi
cti
on and i
rr
egul
arexer
cise ofj
uri
sdi
cti
on:t
her
eis al
ways a
di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenwantofj
uri
sdi
cti
onandi
rr
egul
arexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Once
i
tishel
dthatacour
thast
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odeci
deamat
terandt
oent
ert
aini
t,t
he
cor
rect
nessoft
hedeci
si
ongi
vencannotbesai
dtobewi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nas
much ast
he powert
o deci
de necessar
il
ycar
ri
eswi
thi
tthe powert
o deci
de
wr
ongl
yaswel
lasr
ight
ly.[
Ujj
am Baiv.St
ateofUPAI
R1962SC1
621
].I
facour
t
hast
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onbuti
tisi
rr
egul
arl
yexer
cisedandt
hedef
ectdoesnotgot
othe
r
ootoft
he mat
terand t
he er
rori
fany i
n exer
cisi
ng t
he j
uri
sdi
cti
on can be
r
emedi
edi
nappealorr
evi
si
onandwhent
her
eisnosuchr
emedyori
snotavai
l
ed
oft
hent
hedeci
si
oni
sfi
nal
.

I
tt
yavi
raMat
haiv.Var
keyAI
R1964SC 907:t
hecont
ent
ionwast
hatt
hedecr
ee
passedbyt
hecour
tisnul
l
it
yast
hesui
twast
imebar
redandt
hecour
tdi
dnott
ake
i
ntocogni
zanceoft
hisf
actsot
her
ewasl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.I
fthepar
tyaggr
ieved
doesnott
akeappr
opr
iat
est
epst
ohavet
heer
rorcor
rect
ed,t
heer
roneousdecr
ee
wi
l
lhol
dgoodandwi
l
lnotbeopent
ochal
l
engeont
hebasi
sofi
tbei
nganul
l
it
y.I
t
i
sregul
arexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
onandasnost
epswer
etakenbyt
heaggr
ieved
par
ty,nor
emedyavai
l
abl
e.

I
nthecaseofAni
smi
nicLi
mit
edv.f
orei
gncompensat
ioncommi
ssi
on1
969(
1)Al
l
ER208,t
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heset
wot
ermsi
sbei
ngassi
mil
ated.

M LSet
hiv.RPKapur1
9722SCC427,af
terani
smi
niccase,ever
yer
rorofl
aw i
s
aj
uri
sdi
cti
onaler
ror
.Thedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenj
uri
sdi
cti
onalandnonj
uri
sdi
cti
onal
er
rori
sbaseduponaf
oundat
ionofsand.Muchoft
hesuper
str
uct
urehasal
ready
cr
umbl
ed.Whatr
emai
nsi
sli
kel
ytoqui
ckl
yfal
lawayast
hecour
tsr
ight
lyi
nsi
stt
hat
al
ladmi
nist
rat
iveact
ionsshoul
dbesi
mpl
ylawf
ulwhet
herornotj
uri
sdi
cti
onal
l
y
l
awf
ul.

Basi
sofdeci
dingaj
uri
sdi
cti
on:t
hecour
tgoesbyt
hedeci
si
onoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on
onl
yont
hef
act
sment
ionedi
nthepl
aint
.Ift
hepl
ainti
snotcl
ear
,thecour
twi
l
lsee
t
hati
fthewr
it
tenst
atementcont
ainsanyl
egalobj
ect
ionr
egar
dingt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on.
I
tisawel
lset
tl
edpr
inci
plet
hatf
ordeci
dingt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heci
vi
lcour
t,t
he
aver
ment
smadei
nthepl
aintar
emat
eri
alort
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tshoul
d
nor
mal
l
ybedeci
dedont
hebasi
soft
hecaseputf
orwar
dbyt
hepl
aint
if
finhi
s
pl
aintandnotbyt
hedef
endanti
nhi
swr
it
tenst
atement
.

Abdul
l
ahbi
nAl
iv.Gal
appaAI
R1985SC 577,t
hesupr
emecour
tobser
vedt
hat
t
her
eisnodenyi
ngt
othef
actt
hatt
heal
l
egat
ionsmadei
nthepl
aintdeci
det
he
f
orum.The j
uri
sdi
cti
on does notdepend upon t
he def
ence t
aken by t
he
def
endant
sint
hei
rwr
it
tenst
atement
s.

Bankofbar
odav.mot
ibaiAI
R1985SC 545:ont
hequest
ionofj
uri
sdi
cti
onone
mustal
wayshaver
egar
dtot
hesubst
anceoft
hemat
terandnott
othef
orm oft
he
sui
t.Thewayi
nwhi
chsui
tisbr
oughti
snotr
elevant
.

Sect
ion9ofcpc:j
uri
sdi
cti
on

Ki
ndsofj
uri
sdi
cti
on:

 Ci
vilandcr
imi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on:anci
ent
,ci
vi
ldeal
swi
tht
hepr
ivat
eri
ght
sof
t
hei
ndi
vi
dual
s.

 Ter
ri
tor
ialorl
ocalj
uri
sdi
cti
on:wher
eist
hepar
ti
cul
arcour
twhi
chhear
sthe
par
ti
cul
art
ypeofmat
ter
.Ont
hebasi
sofl
i
mit
edgeogr
aphi
call
i
mit
,cer
tai
n
cour
tswoul
dbeest
abl
i
shedwhowoul
dent
ert
ainmat
ter
sper
tai
ningt
othat
geogr
aphi
calar
ea.Ever
ycour
thasi
tsownl
ocalort
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
sbeyond
whi
ch i
tcannotexer
cise i
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.These l
i
mit
s ar
efi
xed by t
he
l
egi
sl
atur
e orgover
nment
.The di
str
icthast
he aut
hor
it
yto exer
cise t
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
thi
nadi
str
ict
,thehi
ghcour
thast
heaut
hor
it
ywi
thi
nthest
ate
wher
eiti
ssi
tuat
edoranyot
hert
err
it
oryvest
edt
oitbyl
aw.Acour
thasno
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
yasui
tfori
mmovabl
epr
oper
tysi
tuat
edbeyondi
tsl
ocal
li
mit
.

 Pecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
on:cpcpr
ovi
desacour
twi
l
lhavej
uri
sdi
cti
ononl
yover
t
hosesui
tst
heamountofval
ueoft
hesubj
ectmat
terofwhi
chdoesnot
exceed t
he pecuni
aryl
i
mit
s ofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Ther
e ar
e cer
tai
n cour
ts
wi
thoutanypecuni
aryl
i
mitandot
hercat
egor
iesmayhaveapecuni
aryl
i
mit
.

 Subj
ectmat
terj
uri
sdi
cti
on:pr
eval
entf
orm ofj
uri
sdi
cti
on:di
ff
erentcour
ts
havebeenempower
edt
odeci
dedi
ff
erentt
ypesofsui
ts.Cer
tai
ncour
tsar
e
pr
ecl
udedf
rom ent
ert
aini
ngacer
tai
ncat
egor
yofsui
ts.Fore.
g.pr
esi
dency
cour
tshavenoj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
ysui
tsf
orspeci
fi
cper
for
mancebecause
speci
fi
cper
for
mancemaynotpr
ecl
udeanyspeci
fi
cAct
.

 Or
igi
naland appel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
on:or
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on i
sthe j
uri
sdi
cti
on
i
nher
entorconf
err
eduponacour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ance.Appel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
s
t
hepoweroraut
hor
it
yconf
err
eduponasuper
iorcour
ttor
ehearbywayof
 appealofr
evi
si
onofmat
ter
swhi
chhavebeent
ri
edanddeci
dedbyt
he
cour
tsofor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on.

 Excl
usi
ve and concur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
on:excl
usi
ve j
uri
sdi
cti
on i
sthatwhi
ch
conf
erssol
e poweron one cour
tort
ri
bunalt
otr
yand deci
de a case.
Concur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
on i
sthe j
uri
sdi
cti
on whi
ch may be exer
cised by
di
ff
erentcour
tsoraut
hor
it
iesbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esatt
hesamet
ime
overt
hesamesubj
ectmat
terandt
heopt
ioni
spr
esentt
oal
i
tigantt
oinvoke
j
uri
sdi
cti
onofanysuchcour
t.

 Legalandequi
tabl
ejur
isdi
cti
on:Legalj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
saj
uri
sdi
cti
onexer
cised
by t
he common l
aw cour
tsi
n Engl
and whi
l
e equi
tabl
ejur
isdi
cti
on i
s
exer
cisedbycour
tofequi
ty.I
nindi
a,t
hecour
tsar
eofbot
hlawandequi
ty.

Jur
isdi
cti
onofaci
vilcour
t:

Sect
ion9,t
hecour
tsshal
lhavej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
yal
ltheci
vi
lsui
tsoft
heci
vi
lnat
ure
except
ingsui
tsofwhi
cht
hecogni
zancei
sei
therexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
ybar
red.

Expl
anat
ion1
:fr
om t
hei
ncept
ion

Expl
anat
ion2:i
nser
tedt
hroughamendmenti
n1976.

Thecondi
ti
onsofsect
ion9:cour
thavej
uri
sdi
cti
onsubj
ectt
otwocondi
ti
ons:

 Thesui
tmustbeofci
vilnat
ure:i
tper
tai
nst
opr
ivat
eri
ght
sandr
emedi
esof
aci
ti
zenasdi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom cr
imi
nalpol
i
ticalorr
eli
giousmat
ter
.Thusa
sui
tis ofci
vi
lnat
ure,i
fthe pr
inci
ple quest
ion t
her
einr
elat
es t
othe
det
ermi
nat
ionofaci
vi
lri
ghtandenf
orcementt
her
eof
.Pol
i
ticalandr
eli
gious
quest
ionsar
enotcover
edbyt
hisexpr
essi
on.E.
g.asui
twhi
cht
hepr
inci
ple
quest
ion ofa cast
e orr
eli
gion i
snotofci
vi
lnat
ure buti
fthe pr
inci
ple
quest
ioni
sofci
vi
lnat
ureandi
tinci
dent
all
ycar
ri
est
hequest
ionofcast
eand
r
eli
gious r
ight
s,i
tdoes notcease t
o be a sui
tofci
vi
lnat
ure and t
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heci
vi
lcour
tisnotbar
red.[
P M A Met
ropol
i
tanv.Mor
an
MarMar
thomaAI
R1995SC 2001
].I
nthi
scase,i
twashel
dthatt
heci
vi
l
 sui
tsr
elat
edt
othemat
tert
hatt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofacour
tispr
esumedi
fit
ent
ail
swi
thi
naquest
ionofpr
ivat
eri
ghtorobl
i
gat
ion.Nocour
tcanr
efuset
o
ent
ert
ainsuchmat
ter
sift
hecogni
zancei
snotbar
red.Thesect
ion9woul
d
t
her
efor
e be avai
l
abl
ein ever
y case wher
ethe di
sput
e was of t
he
char
act
eri
sti
cofaf
fect
ingone’sr
ight
swhi
char
enotonl
yci
vi
lbutofci
vi
l
nat
ure.Al
lther
ight
smaybeci
vi
lbutnotofci
vi
lnat
ure.Const
it
uti
onal
mat
ter
,
pol
i
ticalmat
terandr
eli
giousmat
ter
sar
eevenci
vi
lmat
ter
sbutnotofci
vi
l
nat
ureast
heyar
etheel
ement
sofpubl
i
cpol
i
cies.

 Thecogni
zancemusthavebeenbar
redei
therexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
y

o Sui
tsexpr
essl
ybar
red:asui
tissai
dtobeexpr
essl
ybar
redwheni
tis
bar
redbyanyenact
mentf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce.I
tisopent
oa
compet
entl
egi
sl
atur
etobarj
uri
sdi
cti
onofci
vi
lcour
twi
thr
espectt
oa
par
ti
cul
arcl
assofsui
tsofci
vi
lnat
urepr
ovi
ded t
hati
ndoi
ng so i
t
keepsi
tsel
fwi
thi
nthef
iel
dofl
egi
sl
ati
onconf
err
edoni
tanddoesnot
cont
ravene any pr
ovi
si
on oft
he const
it
uti
on.[
Stat
e ofVi
ndhya
Pr
adeshv.Mor
adhwajSi
nghAI
R1960SC796]
.Thi
spr
ovi
si
oni
sal
so
r
elat
ed t
othe conceptofdoct
ri
ne ofsepar
ati
onofpower
s.Ever
y
pr
esumpt
ionshoul
dbemadei
nfavoroft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofaci
vi
lcour
t
and t
he pr
ovi
si
on of excl
usi
on of j
uri
sdi
cti
on must be st
ri
ctl
y
const
rued.I
fther
eisanydoubtaboutt
heoust
ingofj
uri
sdi
cti
onofa
ci
vi
lcour
t,t
he cour
twi
l
llean t
o an i
nter
pret
ati
on whi
ch woul
d
mai
ntai
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
on.[
Dhul
aBhaiv.St
ateofM PAI
R1969SC78
andBhar
atkal
aBhandarPvt
.Lt
d.v.Muni
cipalCommi
tt
eeDhaman
Gaon AI
R1966 SC 249]
.Fur
ther
,ift
he r
emedy pr
ovi
ded by t
he
st
atut
eisnotadequat
eandal
lquest
ionscannotbedeci
dedbyt
he
speci
alt
ri
bunal
,thej
uri
sdi
cti
onofaci
vi
lcour
tisnotsai
dtobebar
red.
[
Stat
eofTami
lNaduv.Raml
i
ngaSami
galAI
R1986SC794]
.

o I
mpl
i
edBar
:asui
tissai
dtobei
mpl
i
edl
ybar
redwheni
tisbar
redby
gener
alpr
inci
plesofl
aw.Wher
easpeci
fi
cremedyi
sther
egi
venbya
st
atut
e,i
tther
ebydepr
ivest
heper
sonwhoi
nsi
stsuponar
emedyof
 anyot
herf
ormt
hant
hatgi
venbyt
hest
atut
e.[
Premi
erAut
omobi
l
esv.
Kaml
ekerShant
aram AI
R1975SC 2238]
.Int
hiscase,i
twasal
so
hel
d t
hat wher
e an act cr
eat
es an obl
i
gat
ion or enf
orces i
ts
per
for
mance i
n a speci
fi
ed manner
,thatper
for
mance cannotbe
enf
orcedi
nanyot
hermanner
.Cer
tai
nsui
ts,eveni
fofbei
ngaci
vi
l
nat
ure,t
hecogni
zancemaybebar
redbyt
heci
vi
lcour
tont
hebasi
s
ofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy.[
Indi
anAi
rl
inesCor
p.v.Sukhdevr
aoAI
R1971SC
1
828]
.Theci
vi
lcour
tshasnoj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oadj
udi
cat
eorenl
argei
ts
mandat
etot
akeupt
her
eli
efsoughtofanyot
hernat
ureandt
her
eby
i
tact
sasani
mpl
i
edbaroversucht
ypesofr
eli
ef.

Sui
tsofci
vi
lnat
urear
e

 Sui
tsr
elat
ingt
other
ight
stopr
oper
ty;

 Sui
tsr
elat
ingt
otaki
ngoutofr
eli
giouspr
ocessi
on;

 Sui
tsr
elat
ingt
oshar
esi
nof
fer
ings;

 Sui
trel
ati
ngt
ospeci
fi
cper
for
manceofcont
ractordamagesf
orbr
eachof
cont
ract
;

 Sui
tsf
orr
est
it
uti
onofconj
ugal
right
sanddi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age;

 Sui
tsr
elat
ingt
ori
ght
stof
ranchi
se;

 Sui
tsf
orr
ent
s;

 Sui
tsf
oraccount
s.

Sui
tswhi
char
enotofci
vi
lnat
ure

 Sui
tsi
nvol
vi
ngpr
inci
pal
l
ycast
equest
ions;

 Sui
tsi
nvol
vi
ngpur
elyr
eli
giousr
ight
sandcer
emoni
es;

 Sui
tsf
orr
ecover
yofvol
unt
arypayment
sorof
fer
ings;
  Sui
tsagai
nstexpul
si
onsf
rom cast
e.

Obj
ect
ionast
oexcl
usi
onoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heci
vilcour
t:al
i
tiganthavi
nga
gr
ievanceofci
vi
lnat
urehasi
ndependentofanyst
atut
ear
ightt
oinst
it
uteasui
tin
a ci
vi
lcour
tunl
essi
tscogni
zance i
sei
therexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
ybar
red.The
excl
usi
on ofj
uri
sdi
cti
on ofci
vi
lcour
tis nott
o be r
eadi
l
yinf
err
ed and such
excl
usi
onshavet
obepr
ovedbeyondr
easonabl
edoubt
sinor
dert
oest
abl
i
sht
he
obj
ect
ionast
ojur
isdi
cti
on.[
Dhul
aBhaivSt
ateofMPAI
R1969SC78]
.

1
.Secr
etar
yofSt
atev.Maskandco.AI
R1940PC1
05:i
twashel
dthati
tisset
tl
ed
l
aw t
hatexcl
usi
onofj
uri
sdi
cti
onofci
vi
lcour
tsi
snott
ober
eadi
l
yinf
err
edbutt
hat
suchexcl
usi
onmustei
therbeexpl
i
cit
lyexpr
essedorcl
ear
lyi
mpl
i
ed.I
tisal
sowel
l
est
abl
i
shedt
hateveni
fsuchj
uri
sdi
cii
toni
ssoexcl
uded,t
heci
vi
lcour
tswi
l
lhave
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oexami
nei
ntot
hecaseswher
ethepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heacthavenot
beencompl
i
edwi
thort
hest
atut
oryt
ri
bunalhasnotact
edi
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
he
f
undament
alpr
inci
plesofj
udi
cial
procedur
e.

2.set
hRadhakr
ishanv.Admi
nist
rat
orMuni
cipalCommi
tt
ee,Ludhi
anaAI
R1963
SC 1
547:asui
tinaci
vi
lcour
twi
l
lal
waysl
ayt
oquest
iont
heor
derofat
ri
bunal
cr
eat
edbyast
atut
eeveni
fit
sor
deri
sexpr
essl
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ions
madef
inal
,ift
hesai
dtr
ibunalabusesi
tspowerordoesnotactundert
heAct
,but
i
nvi
olat
ionofi
tspr
ovi
si
on.

3.Dhul
aBhaiv.St
ateofMP(
just
icehi
dayt
ull
ah)
:

Pr
inci
plesl
aiddownast
otheexcl
usi
onoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on;

 Wher
east
atut
egi
vesf
inal
i
tyt
oor
der
sofspeci
alt
ri
bunal
s,t
heci
vi
lcour
t’s
j
uri
sdi
cti
onmustbehel
dtobeexcl
udedi
fther
eisadequat
eremedyt
odo
whatt
heci
vi
lcour
tswoul
dnor
mal
l
ydoi
nasui
t.Suchapr
ovi
si
onhowever
doesnotexcl
udet
hosecaseswher
ethepr
ovi
si
onsofapar
ti
cul
arActhave
notbeencompl
i
edwi
thort
hest
atut
oryt
ri
bunalhasnotact
edi
nconf
ormi
ty
wi
tht
heest
abl
i
shedpr
inci
plesofj
udi
cial
procedur
e.

 Wher
ether
eis an expr
ess bar on t
he j
uri
sdi
cti
on of t
he cour
t,an
 exami
nat
ion oft
he scheme oft
he Actt
ofi
nd outt
he adequacy or
suf
fi
ciencyoft
her
emedi
espr
ovi
dedmayber
elevantbutt
hisi
snotdeci
si
ve
f
orsust
aini
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofaci
vi
lcour
t.Ther
easonbei
ngt
hatwher
e
t
her
eis no expr
ess excl
usi
on,t
he exami
nat
ion oft
he r
emedi
es and
schemesoft
hepar
ti
cul
aractandt
heenqui
ryl
aidwi
thi
ntoanal
yzesomay
bedeci
si
vef
ort
hepur
poseofexcl
usi
veofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

 Chal
l
engest
othepr
ovi
si
onsofapar
ti
cul
arActasul
tr
avi
rescannotbe
br
oughtbef
oret
ri
bunal
sconst
it
uted undert
hatAct
.Even t
hehi
ghcour
t
cannotgoi
ntot
hatquest
ionbei
ngbr
oughti
nfor
m ofr
evi
si
onorr
efer
ence
agai
nstsucht
ri
bunal
s.

 Whenapr
ovi
si
oni
sal
readydecl
aredunconst
it
uti
onalort
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
ty
ofany pr
ovi
si
on i
sto be chal
l
enged,a sui
tis al
ways open.A wr
itof
cer
ti
orar
imayi
ncl
udeadi
rect
ionf
orr
efundofcl
aimsi
fthecl
aimi
scl
ear
ly
wi
thi
nthepur
view oft
heActbuti
tisnotacompul
sor
yremedyt
orepl
ace
t
hesui
t.

 Wher
ethepar
ti
cul
arActcont
ainsnomachi
ner
yforr
efundoft
axcol
l
ect
ed
i
nexcessoft
heconst
it
uti
onal
li
mit
sori
sil
l
egal
l
ycol
l
ect
ed,asui
tli
es.

 Quest
ionsofcor
rect
nessofanassessmentcannotbebr
oughtt
hrougha
ci
vi
lsui
tift
heActl
aysdownt
hem t
obef
inalandbi
ndi
ngort
her
eisan
expr
ess pr
ohi
bit
ion under t
he par
ti
cul
ar i
tsel
f maki
ng such sui
ts not
mai
ntai
nabl
e.

 An excl
usi
on ofj
uri
sdi
cti
on ofci
vi
lcour
tisnotsupposed t
o be r
eadi
l
y
i
nfer
redunl
esst
hecondi
ti
onsabovesai
dar
eappl
i
cabl
etot
hecaseora
par
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.

Anot
heri
mpor
tantcasei
spr
emi
erAut
omobi
l
esV.Kaml
ekerShant
aram,i
tis
r
elat
edt
oissueofi
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
eandi
ssueofconf
li
ctofj
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
tht
he
ci
vi
lcour
t
  I
fadi
sput
eisnotani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
enordoesi
trel
atest
oenf
orcement
ofanyr
ight
,undert
hest
atut
eoranyAct
,thent
her
emedyi
ntheci
vi
l
cour
t.

 I
fadi
sput
eisani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
e,ar
isi
ngoutofar
ightorl
i
abi
l
ityunder
t
hegener
alorcommonl
aw,andnotundert
heAct,t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
ci
vi
lcour
tisal
ter
nat
ive,l
eavi
ngi
ttot
hesel
ect
ionoft
hesui
tororper
son
concer
nedt
ochoosehi
sremedyf
ort
her
eli
efwhi
chi
scompet
entt
obe
gr
ant
edi
nthepar
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.

 I
fan i
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
erel
ates t
othe enf
orcementofa r
ightoran
obl
i
gat
ioncr
eat
edundert
heAct
,thent
heonl
yremedyavai
l
abl
etot
he
sui
tori
stogetadj
udi
cat
ionundert
heActi
tsel
f.

 I
fther
ightwhi
chi
ssoughtt
obeenf
orcedi
sar
ightcr
eat
edundert
heAct
such asChapt
erV-A t
hen t
he r
emedyf
ori
tsenf
orcementi
sei
ther
Sect
ion33-Cort
her
aisi
ngofani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
e,ast
hecasemaybe.

Rsr
tcv.kr
ishnakantAI
R1995SC1
715:

 Wher
eadi
sput
ear
isesf
rom t
hegener
all
aw ofcont
ractt
hati
swher
erel
eif
s
ar
ecl
aimedont
hecl
aimedont
hebasi
sofobl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngoutofsuch
cont
ractmaynotbesai
dtobemai
ntai
nabl
eint
heci
vi
lcour
tseveni
fsuch
di
sput
esconst
it
utei
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
ewi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion2(
k)ofI
T
Act
.

 Wher
e a di
sput
einvol
ves r
ecogni
ti
on orobser
vance ofany r
ight
s or
obl
i
gat
ions cr
eat
ed by t
he Act
,the onl
yremedy i
sto appr
oach t
he
adj
udi
cat
ionf
orum est
abl
i
shedundersuchAct
.

 Wher
ethedi
sput
einvol
vest
her
ecogni
ti
onofr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
he
si
sterenact
mentt
othe maj
orl
aw enf
orced whi
ch may notpr
ovi
de a
separ
ateadj
udi
cat
ionf
orum f
orr
edr
essalofdi
sput
es,t
heonl
yremedyshal
l
bet
oappr
oacht
hef
orumscr
eat
edbyt
hemaj
orl
aws,whet
hert
hemaj
or
 r
ighti
snotsoughtt
obeenf
orcedt
hrought
hemaj
orl
aw.

 Thepowert
omaker
efer
enceconf
err
edupont
hecent
ralgover
nmenti
sto
beexer
cised t
o ef
fect
uat
etheobj
ectoft
heenact
mentand hencesuch
di
scr
eti
oni
snotungui
ded.Thepur
poseoft
hisr
efer
ent
ialr
ulei
stoavoi
d
t
otal
l
yfr
ivol
ous cases on t
he f
ace oft
he r
ecor
d ot
her
wise t
he power
conf
err
edt
omakear
efer
encei
snott
hepowert
omakeadeci
si
on.Though
i
tisobser
vedt
hatgover
nmenti
sent
it
ledt
oexami
newhet
heramat
teri
s
f
ri
vol
ousnotmer
it
ingadj
udi
cat
ion.

 Thepol
i
cygoi
ngi
nconsi
stencewi
tht
hepol
i
cyofl
aw,t
heSChasobser
ved
t
hatt
hepar
li
amentshoul
dmakeanenabl
i
ngpr
ovi
si
ont
oenabl
ewor
kman
t
oappr
oachl
abourcour
tswi
thoutt
hepr
iorsanct
ionoft
hegover
nmentas
t
hiswoul
dgoi
nal
ongwayt
oest
abl
i
shpar
it
ybet
weenci
vi
lcour
tsandt
he
l
abourcour
ts.

 The pol
i
cy of l
aw emer
ging f
rom t
he i
ndust
ri
alActand t
hei
r si
ster
enact
menst
sist
opr
ovi
deal
ter
nat
ivedi
sput
eresol
uti
onpr
ovi
si
onwhi
chi
s
speedy,i
nexpensi
ve,i
nfor
maland unencumber
ed by t
he pl
ethor
a of
pr
ocedur
all
awsandatt
hesamet
imear
efarmor
eext
ensi
vei
nthesense
t
hatt
heycangr
antanyr
eli
efwhi
cht
heydeem f
itandappr
opr
iat
einagi
ven
si
tuat
ioni
nor
dert
opr
ovi
desubst
ant
ial
just
ice.

I
nthef
urt
hercaseofChandr
akantv.Muni
cipalCor
pofAhmadabad20022
SCC 542,i
twashel
dthatt
hepowerofi
ndust
ri
alcour
tsi
swi
deenoughand
such f
orums ar
e ent
it
led t
o gr
antadequat
erel
i
efas t
hey t
hink j
ustand
appr
opr
iat
e.I
tisi
nthei
nter
estoft
hewor
kmant
hatt
hei
rdi
sput
esi
ncl
udi
ngt
he
di
sput
esofi
l
legal
ter
minat
ionar
eadj
udi
cat
eduponbyani
ndust
ri
alf
orum.

Doct
ri
neofr
essubj
udi
ce(
Sect
ion1
0):sect
ion1
0dealwi
tht
hest
ayofci
vi
lsui
ts.I
t
pr
ovi
dest
hatnocour
tshal
lpr
oceedwi
tht
het
ri
alofanysui
tinwhi
cht
hemat
teri
n
i
ssuei
sdi
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuewi
thapr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
utedsui
tbet
ween
t
he same par
ti
esand t
hatt
he cour
tin whi
ch t
he pr
evi
oussui
tispendi
ng,i
s
compet
entt
ogr
antt
her
eli
efcl
aimed.
Doct
ri
neofr
esj
udi
cat
a:Sect
ion1
1ont
heot
herhandr
elat
edt
oamat
teral
ready
adj
udi
cat
edupon.I
tbar
sthet
ri
alofasui
torani
ssuei
nwhi
cht
hemat
terdi
rect
ly
andsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuehasal
readybeenadj
udi
cat
eduponi
napr
evi
oussui
t.

Twopi
l
lar
sofdoct
ri
neofr
essubj
udi
ce

 Themat
teri
sdi
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssue;

 Thecour
tinwhi
cht
hemat
teri
spr
evi
ousl
ychal
l
engedwasacompet
ent
f
orum.

ScopeofSect
ion1
0:t
her
uleofsect
ion1
0appl
i
est
oat
ri
alofasui
tandnott
he
i
nst
it
uti
ont
her
eof
.Ital
sodoesnotpr
ecl
udeacour
tfr
om passi
ngi
nter
im or
der
suchasgr
antofi
njunct
ion,st
ayorappoi
ntmentofr
ecei
veret
c.

Obj
ectofsect
ion1
0:t
heobj
ectofsect
ion1
0ist
opr
eventcour
tsofconcur
rent
j
uri
sdi
cti
onf
rom si
mul
taneousl
yent
ert
aini
ngandadj
udi
cat
ingupont
wopar
all
el
l
i
tigat
ionsi
nrespectoft
hesamecauseofact
ion,t
hesamesubj
ectmat
terandt
he
samer
eli
efsought
.Thepol
i
cyofl
aw i
stoavoi
dtwocont
radi
ctor
yjudgment
sor
possi
bil
i
tyoft
wocont
radi
ctor
yjudgment
sont
hesamei
ssuewi
thsamesor
tof
r
eli
efi
nor
dert
oavoi
dthehar
assmentoft
hepar
ti
esandavoi
dtheconf
li
ctof
deci
si
onf
rom t
hecour
ts.Thedoct
ri
neofsubj
udi
cebar
sthet
ri
aloft
hesui
tand
nott
he i
nst
it
uti
on t
her
eof
.Ifa j
udgmenthasbeen r
ecei
ved byt
he cour
tthe
subsequentsui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedbyt
hiscour
tinwhi
chi
twasi
tinst
it
utedmay
di
smi
sst
hesui
tther
eof
.[Nat
ionalI
nst
it
uteofMedi
calHeal
thandNeur
osci
encev.
Cpar
meshawar
aAI
R2005SC242]

Condi
ti
onf
orappl
i
cat
ionf
orsect
ion1
0:

 Ther
e shoul
d be t
wo sui
ts one pr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
uted and t
he l
att
er
subsequent
lyi
nst
it
uted.

 The mat
teri
nissue i
nthe subsequentuni
torsubsequentsui
tmustbe
di
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuei
nthepr
evi
oussui
t.
 Bot
hthe sui
ts mustbe bet
ween t
he same par
ti
es orbet
ween t
hei
r
r
epr
esent
ati
ves.

 Thepr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
utedsui
tmustbependi
ngi
nthesamecour
tinwhi
cht
he
subsequentsui
tisbr
oughtori
nanyot
hercour
tinI
ndi
aori
nanyot
hercour
t
beyond t
he l
i
mit
s ofI
ndi
a butcar
ri
ed on by t
he aut
hor
it
y ofCent
ral
Gover
nmentort
heyhavebeenbef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
a.

 Thecour
tinwhi
cht
hepr
evi
oussui
tisi
nst
it
utedmusthavet
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
o
gr
antt
her
eli
efcl
aimedi
nthesubsequentsui
t.

 Suchpar
ti
esmustbel
i
tigat
ingundert
hesamet
it
lei
nbot
hthesui
ts.
 Thecour
tishavi
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
her
efor
einst
it
uti
oni
snotbar
red,onl
ythe
t
ri
ali
sbar
red

Sect
ion1
0doesnott
akeawayt
hepoweroft
hecour
ttoexami
net
hemat
ter
s
onmer
it
s.I
fthecour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatsubsequentsui
tscanbedeci
dedpur
ely
onal
egalpoi
nt,i
tisopent
othecour
ttodeci
desuchsui
t.[
Pukhr
ajD.Jai
nv.G
GopalKr
ishnaAI
R2004SC3504]
.

I
nher
entpoweroft
hecour
t[Sect
ion1
51]

Evenwher
ethepr
ovi
si
onofsect
ion1
0ofcpcdonotst
ri
ctl
yappl
y,aci
vi
lcour
thas
i
nher
entpowerundersect
ion1
51t
ost
ayt
hesui
tinor
dert
oachi
evet
heendsof
j
ust
ice.A cour
thasi
nher
entpowert
o consol
i
dat
e di
ff
erentsui
tsbet
ween t
he
samepar
ti
esi
nwhi
cht
hemat
teri
nissuei
ssubst
ant
ial
l
ythesame.[
P.V.Shet
tyv.
BSGi
ri
dharAI
R1982SC83.
]

Ef
fectofcont
ravent
ionofsect
ion1
0

Adecr
eepassedi
ncont
ravent
ionofsect
ion1
0isnotanul
l
it
yandt
her
efor
ecannot
bedi
sregar
dedi
ntheexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngs.[
Pukhr
ajD.Jai
nv.G GopalKr
ishna
AI
R 2004SC 3504]hencei
tthepar
ti
eswai
vet
hei
rri
ghtandexpr
essl
yaskt
he
cour
ttopr
oceedwi
tht
hesubsequentsui
t,t
heycannotaf
ter
war
dschal
l
enget
he
val
i
dit
yoft
hesubsequentpr
oceedi
ngs.[
MuniLalv.Sar
vaj
eetAI
R1984Raj22]
.

Doct
ri
neofr
esj
udi
cat
a:

Const
ruct
ive ResJudi
cat
a:t
he r
ule ofdi
rectr
esj
udi
cat
aisl
i
mit
ed t
o mat
ter
s
di
rect
lyoract
ual
l
yini
ssueal
l
egedbyonepar
tyanddeni
edoradmi
tt
eddi
rect
lyor
i
mpl
i
edl
ybyt
heanot
herpar
ty.Ther
uleofconst
ruct
iver
esj
udi
cat
aasengr
aft
edi
n
expl
anat
ionno.4or§1
1suggest
sthati
fapl
eacoul
dhavebeent
akenbyapar
ty
i
napr
oceedi
ngbet
weenhi
m andhi
sopponent
,heshoul
dnotbeper
mit
tedt
otake
t
hesamepl
eaagai
nstt
hesamepar
tyi
nasubsequentpr
oceedi
ngwi
thr
efer
ence
t
othesamesubj
ectmat
ter
.[St
ateofUPvNawabHussai
nAI
R1977SC 1
680]
.
Thi
srul
ehel
psi
nrai
si
ngt
hebarofr
esj
udi
cat
aandt
hati
swhyi
tist
ermedas
const
ruct
iver
esj
udi
cat
awhi
chi
nreal
i
tyi
sanaspectorampl
i
ficat
ionofgener
al
pr
inci
plesofr
esj
udi
cat
a.[
Wor
kmanv.Boar
dofTr
ust
ees,Cochi
nPor
tTr
ust
,AI
R
1
978SC1
283]
.Itwashel
dint
hiscaset
hatwhenanymat
terwhi
chmi
ghtorought
t
ohavebeenmadeagr
oundofdef
enseorat
tacki
naf
ormerpr
oceedi
ng,butwas
notsomade,t
hensuchamat
teri
ntheeyesofl
aw,t
oavoi
dmul
ti
pli
cit
yofl
i
tigat
ion
andt
obr
ingaboutf
inal
i
tywi
thi
nit
,isdeemedt
ohavebeenconst
ruct
ivel
yini
ssue
andt
her
efor
eist
akenasdeci
ded.

For
war
dcont
ruct
ioncompanyv.pr
abhatMandalAI
R1986SC 391
:itwashel
d
t
hatt
hepr
inci
pleunder
lyi
ngexpl
anat
ion4i
sthatwher
ethepar
ti
eshavehadan
oppor
tuni
tyofcont
rover
ti
ngamat
tert
hatshoul
dbet
akent
obet
hesamet
hingas
i
fthemat
terhadbeenact
ual
l
ycont
rover
tedanddeci
ded.I
tist
ruet
hatwher
ea
mat
terhasbeenconst
ruct
ivei
nissue,i
tcannotbesai
dtohavebeenact
ual
l
y
hear
danddeci
ded.I
tcoul
donl
ybedeemedt
obehear
danddeci
ded.

Devil
almodivSTO AI
R1965SC 1
150,CJIGaj
endr
aGadkar
:thecour
tsdeal
i
ng
wi
tht
hei
ssueofi
nfr
ingementoft
hef
undament
alr
ight
sendeavort
obr
ingal
lthe
mat
ter
sinquest
ioni
nor
dert
ocompr
ehensi
vel
ydeci
det
hesi
tuat
ioni
nhandbuti
t
woul
dnotber
ightt
oignor
ethepr
inci
plesofr
esj
udi
cat
aal
ltoget
heri
ndeal
i
ng
wi
th wr
itpet
it
ions f
il
ed by t
he ci
ti
zens cont
raveni
ng t
he vi
olat
ion of t
hei
r
f
undament
alr
ight
s.Theconsi
der
ati
onofpubl
i
cpol
i
cycannotbei
gnor
edwhi
l
e
deal
i
ngwi
tht
hei
ssuesoff
undament
alr
ight
s.I
fsuchacour
sei
sal
l
owedt
obe
adopt
edwher
ethemat
ter
soff
undament
alr
ight
svi
olat
ionar
ekeptbeyondt
he
publ
i
cpol
i
cyofr
esj
udi
cat
a,t
hedoct
ri
neoff
inal
i
tyofj
udgment
sbyt
hiscour
t
woul
dal
sobemat
eri
all
yaf
fect
ed.

Mat
ter
swhi
char
ecol
l
ater
all
yori
nci
dent
all
yini
ssue:

i
sherSi
ngh v sar
van si
ngh,AI
R1965 SC 948:a mat
teri
s col
l
ater
all
y and
i
nci
dent
all
yini
ssuei
fiti
snecessar
ytodeci
dei
tinor
dert
ogr
antr
eli
eft
oapl
aint
if
f
ort
oadef
endantandt
hedeci
si
ononsuchi
ssueei
therwaydoesnotaf
fectt
he
f
inal
judgmentoft
hecour
t.

Resj
udi
cat
abet
weenco-def
endant
s:asamat
teroff
actr
esj
udi
cat
aappl
i
es
bet
ween pl
aint
if
fand def
endantas wel
las co-pl
aint
if
fand co-def
endant
s.
Adj
udi
cat
ionwi
l
loper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
abet
weenco-def
endant
sift
hef
oll
owi
ng
condi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied:

 Ther
emustbeaconf
li
ctofi
nter
estbet
weent
heco-def
endant
s;

 I
tmustbenecessar
ytodeci
det
hatconf
li
cti
nor
dert
ogi
ver
eli
eft
othe
pl
aint
if
f;

 Thequest
ionbet
weenco-def
endant
smusthavebeenf
inal
l
ydeci
ded;

 Theco-def
endant
swer
enecessar
yorpr
operpar
ti
esi
nthef
ormersui
t.

I
fthesecondi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied,t
headj
udi
cat
ionwi
l
loper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
a
bet
weent
heco-def
endant
s.[
SheodanSi
nghv.Dar
yaoKunwar
,AI
R1966SC
1
332]
.

Resj
udi
cat
abet
weenco-pl
aint
if
fs:i
fther
eisaconf
li
ctofi
nter
estbet
weent
he
pl
aint
if
fsandi
tisnecessar
ytor
esol
vet
hesamebyacour
tinor
dert
ogi
vet
he
r
eli
eft
oadef
endantandt
hemat
teri
sinf
actdeci
ded,i
twi
l
loper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
a
bet
ween t
he co-pl
aint
if
fsi
nthe subsequentsui
ts.[
Ift
kaarAhmed v Sayyed
Maher
banAl
iAI
R1974SC749]

Pr
ofor
maDef
endant
:adef
endantt
oasui
tagai
nstwhom nor
eli
efi
scl
aimedi
s
cal
l
edapr
ofor
madef
endant
.Aper
sonmaybeaddedasapr
ofor
madef
endanti
n
asui
tmer
elybecausehi
spr
esencei
snecessar
yforacompl
eteandf
inaldeci
si
on
ofquest
ionsi
nvol
vedi
nasui
t.Si
ncenor
eli
efi
ssoughtagai
nsthi
m,af
indi
ngof
t
he cour
tdoesnotoper
ate asr
esj
udi
cat
afort
he mat
terofsubsequentsui
t.
[
Rahi
m Bhoyv.Char
lesAgnew Tur
ner
,ILR1
893(
17)Bom 341
].

FOREI
GNJUDGMENT[
SECTI
ON1
3AND1
4OFCPC]

Sect
ion1
3and1
4ofCPCenactar
uleofr
esj
udi
cat
aincaseoff
orei
gnj
udgment
whi
ch embodi
es t
he pr
inci
ples ofpr
ivat
eint
ernat
ionall
aw t
hata j
udgment
del
i
ver
edbyaf
orei
gncour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
oncanbeenf
orcedbyanI
ndi
an
cour
tandwi
l
loper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
abet
weent
hepar
ti
est
her
etosubj
ectt
othe
condi
ti
onsspeci
fi
edundersect
ion1
3.

Thepr
ovi
si
onsment
ionedundersect
ion1
3ar
enotconf
inedi
nit
sappl
i
cat
iononl
y
t
opl
aint
if
fsbutequal
l
yent
it
leadef
endantt
onon-sui
tthepl
aint
if
font
hebasi
sof
af
orei
gnj
udgment
.[BadatTr
adi
ngCompanyv.EastI
ndi
anTr
adi
ngCompany,
AI
R1964SC538]
.

Obj
ect
:thej
udgmentofaf
orei
gncour
tisenf
orcedont
hepr
inci
plest
hatacour
tof
compet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
onhasadj
udi
cat
eduponacl
aim,al
egalobl
i
gat
ionar
isest
o
sat
isf
ythatcl
aim.Ther
ulesofpr
ivat
eint
ernat
ional
law ofeachst
atemaydi
ff
erbut
t
hrought
hecomi
tyofnat
ionscer
tai
nrul
esar
erecogni
zedascommont
odi
ff
erent
ci
vi
li
zed j
uri
sdi
cti
ons.Thus as a par
tofj
udi
cialsyst
em ofeach st
ate,t
hese
commonr
uleshavebeenadopt
edi
nor
dert
oef
fect
uat
ethej
udgment
soff
orei
gn
cour
tsi
ncer
tai
nmat
ter
sthr
ought
hei
rownmut
ualr
ecogni
ti
onort
hroughcer
tai
n
i
nter
nat
ional
convent
ion.[
Nar
simhaRoav.Venkat
aLakshi(
1991
)3SCC451
].

Comi
tyofnat
ionse.
g.:commonl
awj
udgment
s

Pr
inci
pleofr
eci
proci
ty:apr
ocessofmut
ualr
ecogni
ti
onwher
eonecount
ryhave
r
eci
procat
edi
nrecogni
zi
ngt
hej
udgmentofonecount
ryandi
tcast
stheobl
i
gat
ion
ont
heot
hercount
ryt
oreci
procat
ethej
udgmentofsuchot
hercount
ry.Her
e,one
i
ndi
vi
dual
nat
ionmayr
ecogni
zeot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
nat
ionorgr
oupofnat
ions.

Bi
ndi
ngnat
ureofsuchf
orei
gnj
udgment
s:Af
orei
gnj
udgmentshal
lbeconcl
usi
ve
t
o anymat
tert
her
ebydi
rect
lyadj
udi
cat
ed upon bet
ween t
he same par
ti
esor
bet
weent
hepar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem i
sli
ti
gat
ingsubj
ectt
othe
condi
ti
onsment
ionedunderSect
ion1
3(a)– (
f).[
Sat
yav.Tej
aSi
ngh1
975(
1)SCC
1
20]

 For
eignj
udgment
snotpassedbyacour
tofcompet
entnat
ure:t
hepr
inci
ple
ofcompet
encyi
ssi
mil
art
oourownj
udi
cialsyst
em.Wewoul
dchecki
fthe
cour
tpassi
ngt
hej
udgmenthast
hecompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
onr
elat
ingt
oany
aspect
.Iti
saf
undament
alpr
inci
pleofl
aw t
hataj
udgmentoror
derpassed
 by whi
ch have no j
uri
sdi
cti
on i
s deemed t
o be nul
land voi
d.Thus a
j
udgmentpassed bya f
orei
gncour
tmustbepr
onounced byacour
tof
compet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on[
RVi
shswant
hanvs.Rukn-un-Mul
kSyi
dAbdulAI
R
1
963SC1
]andsuchacompet
encymaybet
hroughbot
hbyt
hel
aw oft
he
st
atewhi
chest
abl
i
shi
tandi
nani
nter
nat
ionalscenar
ioi
tmustbedi
rect
ly
adj
udi
cat
edupont
hemat
terwhi
chi eadedasr
spl esj
udi
cat
a.I
nthecaseof
Gur
dayalSi
nghv.Raj
aofFar
idkot
e.

 For
eign j
udgment
snoton mer
it
s:I
n or
dert
o oper
ate asr
esj
udi
cat
a,a
f
orei
gn j
udgmentmusthave been gi
ven on t
he mer
it
s oft
he case.A
j
udgmenti
ssai
dtobegi
venonmer
it
swhenaf
tert
aki
ngevi
dencesand
appl
yi
nghi
smi
ndr
egar
dingt
het
rut
horf
alsi
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f’scaset
he
j
udgedeci
dest
hecaseonewayort
heot
her
.Thus,whenasui
tisdi
smi
ssed
ondef
aul
tofappear
anceoft
hepl
aint
if
forf
ornonpr
oduct
ionofdocument
,
even bef
oref
il
ing oft
he wr
it
ten st
atementar
e notdeemed on mer
it
s.
[
int
ernat
ionalwool
enmi
l
lsvsst
andar
dwoolUKl
td.AI
R2001SC21
34]

 Thatt
hef
orei
gnj
udgmentshoul
dnotbeagai
nsti
nter
nat
ionalorI
ndi
anl
aw:
aj
udgmentbaseduponani
ncor
rectvi
ew ofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw orr
efusalt
o
r
ecogni
zet
hel
aw ofI
ndi
a,wher
esuchl
aw appl
i
cabl
eisnotconcl
usi
ve,but
t
hemi
stakepr
esentmustbeappar
entont
hef
aceoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs.[
R
Vi
shwanat
hanv.Rukn-ul
-mul
kSyi
dAbdul
].

Ther
efor
e,af
orei
gnj
udgmentwhi
chi
sfoundonj
uri
sdi
cti
onoronagr
ound
notr
ecogni
zedbyI
ndi
anl
aw orgoesi
ncont
ravent
ionofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw,
such j
udgmenti
sdeemed t
o be i
ndef
iance oft
hel
aw.Hence i
tisnot
concl
usi
ve on t
he mat
ter
s adj
udi
cat
ed t
her
ein and t
her
efor
e becomes
unenf
orceabl
einourcount
ry.[
Nar
simhaRaov.Venkat
aLaxmi
].

 For
eignj
udgmentgoi
ngagai
nstt
hepr
inci
plesofnat
uralj
ust
ice:i
tist
he
essence oft
he j
udgmentofa cour
tthati
tmustbe obt
ained af
terdue
obser
vanceoft
hej
udi
cialpr
ocessi
.e.t
hecour
trender
ingt
hej
udgment
mustobser
vet
hemi
nimum r
equi
rement
sofpr
inci
plesofnat
uralj
ust
ice
 (
whi
chmaybet
hatt
hepr
ocessmustbecomposedofi
mpar
ti
alper
sons,
f
airact
ionwi
thoutbi
as,pr
esenceofgoodf
ait
h,r
easonabl
enot
icet
othe
par
ti
esf
rom t
hecour
tandaf
for
dingeachpar
tyadequat
eoppor
tuni
tyf
or
pr
esent
inghi
scase)
.aj
udgmentwhi
chi
sther
esul
tofbi
asorel
ement
sof
mal
afi
de i
ntent
ion ar
e pr
esenton par
toft
he j
udge,t
hen t
he ent
ir
e
1
j
udgmenti
sdeemedt
obenul
l
it
yandt
het
ri
albecomesCor
um nonj
udi
ce.

 For
eignj
udgmentobt
ained byf
raud:i
tisawel
lest
abl
i
shed pr
inci
pleof
pr
ivat
eint
ernat
ional
law t
hati
faf
orei
gnj
udgmenti
sobt
ainedbyf
raudi
twi
l
l
notoper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
a.Fr
audandj
ust
icecanneverdwel
ltoget
heror
2
f
raudanddecei
toughtt
obenef
itnone.Fr
ausetj
usnunaqum cohabi
tant
.
Addi
ti
onal
l
y,i
twas al
so hel
dthatf
raud may be def
ined as an actof
del
i
ber
ate decept
ion wi
th t
he desi
gn of secur
ing some unf
air or
under
ser
vedbenef
it
sbyt
aki
ngundueadvant
ageofanot
her
.Inf
raudone
gai
nsatt
hecostofot
her
.Fr
audi
sthusanext
ri
nsi
ccol
l
ater
alactwhi
ch
vi
ti
atesal
ljudi
cialact
swhet
heri
nrem ori
nper
sonum.Thepr
inci
pleof
f
inal
i
tyofl
i
tigat
ioncannotbest
ret
chedt
otheext
entofanabsur
dit
ythati
t
can be ut
il
ized asan engi
ne ofoppr
essi
on bydi
shonestorf
raudul
ent
l
i
tigant
s.

 Thef
orei
gnj
udgmentshoul
dbei
ncont
ravent
ionofI
ndi
anLaw:eveni
fthe
pr
inci
plesofpr
ivat
eint
ernat
ionall
aw al
l
ow such f
orei
gnj
udgment
s,but
t
hosepr
inci
plesgoesi
ncont
ravent
ionoft
heI
ndi
anl
aw,suchj
udgment
s
cannotbef
oll
owedi
nIndi
a.

Sect
ion1
4

Pr
esumpt
ion ast
ofor
eign j
udgment
s:sect
ion 1
4 decl
arest
hatt
he cour
tshal
l
pr
esumeupont
hepr
oduct
ionofanydocumentpur
por
ti
ngt
obeacer
ti
fi
edcopy
oft
hef
orei
gnj
udgmentandt
hatsuchj
udgmentwaspr
onouncedbyacompet
ent
cour
tunl
esst
hecont
rar
yispr
ovenonr
ecor
d.

1
Gur
dayal
SinghvRajaofFar
idkot
;Vishwanat
hanvsayi
dabdul
.
2
ABPapayyaShast
ryv.GovernmentofAndhraPr
adesh,AI
R2007SC1
546.
ButSC hashel
dthatmer
epr
oduct
ionoft
hephot
ost
atecopyofadecr
eeofa
f
orei
gncour
tisnotsuf
fi
cient
.Iti
srequi
redt
obecer
ti
fi
edbyar
epr
esent
ati
veofa
3
cent
ral
gover
nmentort
hej
udi
cial
off
iceroft
hecount
ry.

3
Nar
simhaRaovVenkat
aLakshi
.
 PLACEOFSUI
NG

Sui
tsmaybeofdi
ff
erentt
ypesbaseduponcont
ract
s,t
ort
s,movabl
epr
oper
ty,
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
tyet
c.Thej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
ttoent
ert
ain,dealwi
thand
deci
de a sui
tmay be r
est
ri
cted by a var
iet
y ofci
rcumst
ances,i
ncl
udi
ng t
he
deci
si
onofpl
aceofsui
ng.Sect
ion1
5to20r
egul
atest
hef
orum f
ort
hei
nst
it
uti
on
ofsui
ts.

Scheme:sect
ion1
5requi
rest
hepl
aint
if
ftof
il
easui
tint
hecour
toft
hel
owest
gr
adecompet
entt
otr
yit
.Sect
ion1
6to1
8deal
swi
thsui
tsr
elat
ingt
oimmovabl
e
pr
oper
ty.Sect
ion1
9appl
i
est
osui
tsf
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongt
oper
sonort
o
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty.Sect
ion20i
sar
esi
duar
ysect
ionanddeal
swi
thpowerofci
vi
l
cour
tinr
elat
iont
osui
twhi
chhasnotbeencover
edf
rom sect
ion1
5tosect
ion1
9.

Pecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
on:ever
ysui
tshal
lbei
nst
it
utedi
nthecour
toft
hel
owestgr
ade
compet
entt
otr
yit
.

Nat
ureandscope:sect
ion1
5oft
heCoder
efer
stot
hepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he
cour
t.Ther
ulel
aiddowni
nthesect
ioni
sar
uleofpr
ocedur
eanddoesnotaf
fect
t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t.Hence,adecr
eepassedbyacour
tofahi
ghergr
ade
4
cannotbesai
dtobewi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
on. I
tismer
elyani
rr
egul
ari
tycover
edby
5
Sect
ion99oft
heCodeandt
hedecr
eepassedbyt
heCour
tisnotanul
l
it
y.

Obj
ect
:

 Toseet
hatt
hecour
tsofhi
ghergr
adeshal
lnotbeover
bur
denedwi
tht
he
sui
ts

 Toaf
for
dconveni
encet
othepar
ti
esandwi
tnesseswhomaybeexami
ned
i
nsuchsui
t.

Modeofval
uat
ion:

Pr
ima f
aci
eiti
sthe pl
aint
if
f’s val
uat
ion i
nthe pl
aintt
hatdet
ermi
nes t
he

4
GopalvShamrao,AI
R1941Nag21.
5
Ki
ranSinghv.ChamanPaswan,AI
R1954SC340.
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tandnott
heamountf
orwhi
chul
ti
mat
elyt
hedecr
eemaybe
6
passed. Theval
uat
ionoft
hesui
twhi
chi
slow att
het
imeofi
nst
it
uti
onmaynotact
asani
mpedi
mentont
hepower
soft
hecour
ttogr
antgr
eat
erdamages.

Power
sanddut
iesoft
hecour
tinsuchval
uat
ions:

 I
fthe pl
aint
if
fdel
i
ber
atel
y under
val
ues orover
val
ues t
he cl
aim f
ort
he
pur
poseofchoosi
ngt
hef
orum,t
hepl
aintcannotbesai
dtobecor
rect
ly
val
uedandi
tist
hedut
yoft
hecour
tinsuchci
rcumst
ancest
oret
urnt
he
pl
aintt
obef
il
edi
npr
opercour
t.

 Buti
fthecour
tisunabl
etocomet
oaf
indi
ngr
egar
dingt
hecor
rectval
uat
ion
oft
hesubj
ectmat
ter
,thecour
thast
oacceptt
heval
uat
ioncomput
edon
7
behal
foft
hepl
aint
if
f.

Ter
ri
tor
ialj
uri
sdi
cti
on:

 Typesofsui
t:f
ort
hepur
poseoft
err
it
ori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
ts,sui
ts
maybedi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourcat
egor
ies:

o Sui
tsi
nrespectofI
mmoveabl
epr
oper
ty(
Sec1
6-1
8):cl
auses(
a)t
o(e)
ofsect
ion 1
6 deal
s wi
th sui
tsf
ori
mmovabl
e pr
oper
ty under5
cat
egor
ies:

 Sui
tsf
orr
ecover
yofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty;

 Sui
tsf
orpar
ti
ti
onofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty;

 Sui
tsf
orf
orecl
osur
e(i
nrel
ati
ont
omor
tgage)
;

 Sal
eorr
edempt
ioni
nthecont
extofmor
tgageoranyot
her
char
ge;

 Sui
tsf
or det
ermi
nat
ion of any ot
her r
ightor i
nter
esti
n
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty;

6
Kir
anSinghv.ChampanPaswan,
7
TaraDeviv.Shi
rThakurRadhaKr
ishnaMahar
aj,AI
R1987SC2085.
  Sui
tsf
ort
ort
scommi
tt
edagai
nsti
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty.

These sui
tsmustbe f
il
ed i
nthe cour
tswi
thi
nthe l
ocall
i
mit
sofwhose
j
uri
sdi
cti
on t
he pr
oper
tyi
s si
tuat
ed.sect
ion 1
7is cal
l
ed cont
ingency
pr
ovi
si
onwhi
chsayst
hatwher
easui
tist
oobt
ainar
eli
efi
nrel
ati
ont
oa
damagei
ntor
tst
othei
mmovabl
epr
oper
tysi
tuat
edwi
thi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
di
ff
erentcour
ts,suchsui
tmaybef
il
edi
nthecour
twi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sof
whosej
uri
sdi
cti
onanypor
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
edpr
ovi
dedt
hati
t
doesnotbr
eacht
hepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onofsuchcour
t.

o Movabl
epr
oper
ty(
19)

 A sui
tforwr
ongt
omovabl
epr
oper
tymaybebr
oughtatt
he
opt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fei
theratt
hepl
acewher
ethewr
ongi
s
commi
tt
ed or wher
e t
he def
endant r
esi
des, car
ri
es on
busi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n.

 Wher
esuchwr
ongconsi
stofaser
iesofact
s,asui
tcanbe
f
il
edatanypl
acewher
eanyoft
heact
shasbeencommi
tt
ed
si
mil
arl
ywher
eawr
ongf
ulacti
scommi
tt
edatonepl
aceand
t
he consequence ensue atanot
herpl
ace,a sui
tcan be
i
nst
it
uted att
he opt
ion oft
he pl
aint
if
fwher
ethe cause of
act
ionhasar
isenort
heconsequenceshasensue.

o Sui
tsf
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongcommi
tt
ed(
tor
ts)(
19)

 Asui
tforcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongorat
ortt
oaper
sonmaybe
i
nst
it
utedatt
heopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fei
therwher
esuchwr
ong
i
scommi
tt
ed orwher
ethe def
endantr
esi
desorwher
e he
car
ri
esonbusi
ness.

o Ot
hert
ypesofsui
ts(
resi
duar
ysui
ts)(
20)
:Itpr
ovi
desf
oral
lthesui
ts
whi
chhavenotbeencover
edt
hroughsec1
6to1
9.Al
lsuchsui
tsmay
bef
il
edatt
heopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fint
hef
oll
owi
ngmanner
:
  Wher
ethecauseofact
ionwhol
l
yorpar
tl
yar
ises;

 Wher
ethe def
endantr
esi
des or car
ri
es on busi
ness or
per
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n;

 Wher
ether
ear
etwoormor
edef
endant
s,anyoft
hem r
esi
des
orcar
ri
es on busi
ness may be added t
othe sui
tand t
he
pl
aint
if
fmayathi
sopt
ion

 Ei
thert
hrought
hel
eaveoft
hecour
t;or

 Thr
ought
hedef
endant
swhodonotr
esi
deatt
hatpl
ace,
mayacqui
escei
nsuchi
nst
it
uti
on.

For
um shoppi
ng:i
tisawel
lset
tl
edpr
inci
pleofl
aw t
hatconsentcannei
therconf
er
norcant
akeawayt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofacompet
entcour
tandt
hesamepr
inci
plei
s
appl
i
cabl
ewhi
l
eoust
eri
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tandbynomeansofconsent
,
wai
ver
,orest
oppelcanst
opt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecompet
entcour
t.Butwher
e
t
wo ormor
e cour
tshave j
uri
sdi
cti
on t
o ent
ert
ain a sui
t,an agr
eementbyt
he
par
ti
est
osubmi
ttot
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofoneofsuchcour
tst
otheexcl
usi
onofot
her
8
cour
tsi
sval
i
d,bi
ndi
ngandenf
orceabl
e.

ESSENTI
ALSOFTHESUI
T

Ther
ear
efouressent
ial
sofasui
t:

 Opposi
ngpar
ti
est
oasui
t;

 Subj
ectmat
teri
ndi
sput
e;

 Causeofact
ion;and

 Rel
i
efsought
.

8
UnionofI
ndi
av.OswalWool
enMil
lsLt
d.,AI
R1984SC1 264;Mor
ganSt
anl
yMut
ualFundv.Kar
ti
k
Das,(1
994)4SCC225;ONGCv.Ut
palKumarBasu,(
1994)4SCC71 1
.
Par
ti
est
othesui
t(Or
der1
):or
derIdeal
swi
tht
hepar
it
iest
oasui
t.I
tal
socont
ains
pr
ovi
si
ons f
oraddi
ti
on,del
eti
on and subst
it
uti
on ofpar
it
ies t
hrough j
oinder
,
mi
sj
oinderandnon-j
oinderofpar
ti
es.

Joi
nderofpar
ti
es:t
hequest
ionofj
oinderofpar
ti
esmayar
iseei
therasr
egar
dst
o
t
hepl
aint
if
forasr
egar
dst
othedef
endant
s.Anactmaybedonebyasi
ngl
e
i
ndi
vi
dualandmayaf
fectanot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
.Thequest
ionofj
oinderofpar
ti
es
ar
isesonl
ywhenanacti
sdonebyt
woormor
eper
sonsori
taf
fect
stwoormor
e
per
sons.

Joi
nderofpl
aint
if
fs(
rul
e1)
:itst
atest
hatal
lper
sonsmaybej
oinedi
nonesui
tas
pl
aint
if
fsi
nthef
ulf
il
lmentoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
ons:

 Ther
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
egedt
oexi
sti
neachpl
aint
if
far
isesoutoft
hesameact
ort
ransact
ion;and

 Thecasei
sofsuchachar
act
ert
hat
,ifsuchper
sonsbr
oughtsepar
atesui
ts,
9
anycommonquest
ionsofl
aw orf
actwoul
dar
ise.

Thewor
d‘and’ bet
weencl
auses(
a)and(
b)makesi
tcl
eart
hatbot
htheabove
condi
ti
ons shoul
d be f
ulf
il
led whi
ch means t
hatt
hey ar
e cumul
ati
ve and not
al
ter
nat
ive.

Joi
nderofdef
endant
s(r
ule3)
:itst
atest
hatal
lper
sonsmaybej
oinedi
nonesui
t
asdef
endant
sift
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied:

 Ther
ightt
orel
i
efal
l
egedt
oexi
stagai
nstt
hem ar
isesoutoft
hesameactor
t
ransact
ion,and

 Thecasei
sofsuchachar
act
ert
hat
,ifsepar
atesui
tswer
ebr
oughtagai
nst
suchper
sons,anycommonquest
ionofl
aworf
actwoul
dar
ise.

The under
li
ning obj
ectofr
ule3i
sto avoi
d mul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
tsand needl
ess

9
Kr
ishnaLaxmanv.Nar
shi
nghr
aoVi
thal
rao,AI
R1973Bom 358.
 10
expenses.

Necessar
ypar
ty:i
tisonewhosepr
esencei
sindi
spensi
blet
otheconst
it
uti
onof
t
hesui
t,agai
nstwhom t
her
eli
efi
ssoughtandwi
thoutwhom noef
fect
iveor
der
canbepassed.

A pr
operpar
tyi
sonei
nwhoseabsenceanef
fect
iveor
dercanbepassedbut
whosepr
esencei
snecessar
yforcompl
eteand f
inaldeci
si
onont
hequest
ion
1
1
i
nvol
vedi
nthepr
oceedi
ngs. Thi
scaseal
sol
aysdownt
wot
est
sfordet
ermi
ning
t
hequest
ionwhet
herapar
ti
cul
arpar
tyi
sanecessar
ypar
tyi
snecessar
ypar
tyt
oa
pr
oceedi
ng:1
.Ther
emustbear
ightt
osomer
eli
efi
nrespectoft
hequest
ion
i
nvol
ved i
nthe pr
oceedi
ngs;2.I
tshoul
d notbe possi
blet
o passan ef
fect
ive
decr
eei
nabsenceofsuchapar
ty.

I
fther
eisadi
sput
eoracauseofact
ionbet
weencer
tai
nper
sons,al
lofsuch
per
sonsbecomesnecessar
ypar
ti
es.

NonJoi
nderandmi
sj
oinderofpar
ti
es[
Rul
e9]
:wher
eaper
sonwhoi
sanecessar
y
par
tyorapr
operpar
tyt
oasui
thasnotbeenj
oinedasapar
tyt
othesui
t,i
twi
l
l
becomet
hecaseofnonj
oinder
.Ont
heot
herhand,i
ftwoormor
eper
sonsar
e
j
oinedaspl
aint
if
fsanddef
endant
sinonesui
t,i
ncont
ravent
ionofr
ule1andr
ule3
ofor
der1
,andt
heyar
enei
thernecessar
yorpr
operpar
ti
es,t
heni
twi
l
lbecome
t
hecaseofmi
sj
oinderofpar
ti
es.

Thegener
alr
ulei
sthatasui
tcannotbedi
smi
ssedonl
yont
hegr
oundofnon
j
oinderormi
sj
oinderofpar
ti
esnoradecr
eepassedbyacompet
entcour
ton
mer
it
s wi
l
lbe setasi
de on t
he gr
ound ofmi
sdescr
ipt
ion oft
he def
endant
.
12
However
,thi
srul
edoesnotappl
yincaseofnonj
oinderofanecessar
ypar
ty.

Obj
ect
ionsast
ononj
oinderormi
sj
oinderoft
hepar
ti
es:r
ule1
3,or
der1
:al
lthe
obj
ect
ionsont
hegr
oundofnonj
oinderormi
sj
oinderofpar
ti
esmustbet
akenat
t
heear
li
estpossi
bleoppor
tuni
ti
es.Ot
her
wiset
heywi
l
lbedeemedt
ohavebeen

1
0
IshwarBhaivHariharBehera,(
1993)3SCC457.
1
1
Kastur
ivs.I
yyam Perumal,AIR2005 SC2183.
1
2
DiwakarSri
vast
avv.St at
eofMP,AI R1984SC468.
wai
ved,buti
ftheobj
ect
ionast
ononj
oinderhasbeent
akenbyt
hedef
endantat
t
heear
li
estst
ageandt
hepl
aint
if
fdecl
i
nest
oaddt
henecessar
ypar
ti
es,hecannot
besubsequent
lyal
l
owedi
nappealt
orect
if
ytheer
rori
nappealbyappl
yi
ngf
or
1
3
amendment
s.

Addi
ngorsubst
it
uti
ngorst
ri
kingoutpar
ti
esRul
e10Or
der1
:Rul
e10(
1):i
faf
tert
he
f
il
ing oft
hesui
t,t
hepl
aint
if
fdi
scover
sthathecannotgett
her
eli
ef,heseeks
wi
thoutj
oini
ngsomeot
herper
sonasapl
aint
if
fandal
sowher
eiti
sfoundt
hat
some ot
herper
son and nott
he or
igi
nalpl
aint
if
fis ent
it
led t
othe r
eli
efan
appl
i
cat
ionf
oraddi
ti
onorsubst
it
uti
onoft
hepl
aint
if
fscanbemade.Tobr
inga
caseundert
hisr
ule,t
hreecondi
ti
onsmustbesat
isf
ied:

 Thesui
thasbeenf
il
edi
nthenameofawr
ongper
sonasapl
aint
if
f;

 Suchmi
stakemustbebonaf
ide;and

 Thesubst
it
uti
onoraddi
ti
onoft
hepl
aint
if
fisnecessar
yfordet
ermi
nat
ionof
1
4
t
her
eal
mat
teri
ndi
sput
e.

Obj
ectoft
hisr
ule:t
o save honestl
i
tigant
sorpl
aint
if
fsbel
i
evi
ng i
n bona f
ide
mai
ntai
nabi
l
ityoft
hei
rcl
aimsbei
ngnon-sui
tedonamer
etechni
calgr
ound.The
pol
i
cyi
stodeci
det
her
ealquest
ioni
ncont
rover
sybet
weent
hepar
ti
esbypassi
ng
t
he mer
e t
echni
calobj
ect
ions f
or def
eat
ing a j
ust and honest cl
aim by
15
di
scour
agi
ngt
hecont
estpur
elyont
echni
cal
i
ties.

St
ri
kingoutoraddi
ngt
hepar
ti
es,Rul
e10(
2):t
hisr
uleempower
sthecour
ttoadd
anyper
sonaspar
tyt
othesui
tonanyoft
het
wogr
oundsal
ter
nat
ivel
y:

 Suchper
sonoughtt
ohavebeenj
oinedasapl
aint
if
forasadef
endantori
s
notsoj
oined;or

 Wi
thouthi
spr
esencet
hequest
ioni
nvol
vedi
nthesui
tcannotbecompl
etel
y

1
3
NabaKumarv.RadhaKumar ,AI
R1931PC229.
1
4
Razi
yaBegum vsSahebj
adiAmwarBegum.
1
5
Ani
lKumarv.Shi
vNath,(1
995)3SCC1 47.
 16
hear
dordeci
ded.

Thi
spr
ovi
si
onconf
ersawi
derdi
scr
eti
onont
hecour
ttomeetwi
thever
ycaseof
def
ectofpar
ti
esandi
snotaf
fect
edbyt
hei
nact
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
ftobr
ingt
he
necessar
ypar
ti
esont
her
ecor
d.Addi
ngofpar
ti
esi
saj
udi
cialdi
scr
eti
onandhas
1
7
t
obeexer
cisedj
udi
ciousl
y.

Forexer
cisi
ngt
hepower
sunderRul
e10(
2),t
hecour
thast
obasei
tsdeci
si
onon
soundj
udi
cialpr
inci
pleskeepi
ngi
nmi
ndal
lthef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesoft
he
case.Thet
woconsi
der
ati
onswhi
cht
hecour
tshoul
dfol
l
ow whi
l
eexer
cisi
ngsuch
power
sar
e:

 Thepl
aint
if
fisdomi
nusl
i
ti
sint
hecase,whi
chmeanshei
sthebestj
udgeof
hi
sreal
int
eresti
nthecaseandnor
mal
l
ythecour
tshoul
dnotcompel
himt
o
f
ightagai
nstaper
sonwhom hedoesnotwantt
ofi
ght
;

 I
fthecour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatt
hepr
esenceofapar
ti
cul
arper
soni
snecessar
y
t
o ef
fect
ivel
y and compl
etel
y adj
udi
cat
e al
lthe di
sput
es bet
ween t
he
par
ti
esi
rr
espect
iveoft
hewi
shesoft
hepl
aint
if
fthecour
tmayexer
ciset
he
18
powerandj
oinaper
sonaspar
tyt
othesui
t.

Razi
ya Begum vsSahebj
adiAmwarBegum:SC hasl
aid down f
ew pr
inci
ples
r
egar
dingt
hepower
soft
hecour
ttoaddont
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tunderr
ule1
0(2)
:

 Thequest
ionofaddi
ti
onofpar
ti
esunderr
ule1
0ofor
der1i
sgener
all
ynotof
i
nit
ialj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tbuti
saquest
ionofj
udi
cialdi
scr
eti
on(
thi
sis
nott
hewayofassumi
ngj
uri
sdi
cti
on)whi
chhast
obeexer
cisedi
nvi
ew ofal
l
t
he f
act
s and ci
rcumst
ances of t
he par
ti
cul
ar case but may r
aise
cont
rover
siesi
ndet
ermi
ningt
hepower
soft
hecour
t;

 I
nasui
trel
ati
ngt
oapr
oper
ty,aper
sonmaybeaddedasapar
tyi
fhehasa
di
recti
nter
esti
nthe subj
ectmat
terasdi
sti
ngui
shed f
rom a commer
cial
1
6
Razi
yaBegum vsSahebj
adiAmwarBegum;Ani l
Kumarv.Shi
vNath,(1
995)3SCC147.
1
7
RameshHir
achandvs.Munici
palCorporat
ionofGreat
erBombay,(
1992)2SCC524.
1
8
RameshHirachandvs.MunicipalCorpor
ationofGreat
erBombay,(1992)2SCC 524;Razi
ya
Begum vsSahebj
adiAmwarBegum.
 i
nter
est
;

 Wher
ethesubj
ectmat
terofl
i
tigat
ioni
sdecl
arat
ionasr
egar
dtot
hest
atus
orl
egalchar
act
er,t
her
uleofdi
recti
nter
estmayber
elaxedi
nasui
tabl
e
casewher
ethecour
tisoft
heopi
niont
hatbyaddi
ngt
hepar
tyi
twoul
dbei
n
a bet
ter posi
ti
on ef
fect
ual
l
y and compl
etel
yto adj
udi
cat
e upon t
he
cont
rover
sy.

n 2nd poi
I nt,i
twas a sui
tforowner
shi
p and gr
ant
ing t
he possessi
on oft
he
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty,i
nthe3rd poi
nt,i
tisonl
yasui
tfordecl
arat
ionandt
her
efor
e
commer
ciali
nter
estcanbei
ncl
uded.Sui
tsunder3rd poi
nti
snotf
ort
her
ight
sover
t
hepr
oper
ty,i
tsonl
yforget
ti
ngadecl
arat
ion.

 The r
ule of exer
cisi
ng t
he di
scr
eti
onar
y power shoul
d be exer
cised
caut
iousl
yint
hecasesofsect
ion42and43oft
hespeci
fi
crel
i
efact
.

REPRESENTATI
VESUI
T[ORDER1
,RULE8]

Rul
e8i
sanexcept
iont
othegener
alpr
inci
pleofci
vi
lli
ti
gat
ionwher
eitpr
ovi
des
t
hatwhent
her
ear
enumberofpar
ti
essi
mil
arl
yint
erest
edi
nthesui
t,oneormor
e
oft
hem,canwi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
hecour
t,orupont
hedi
rect
ionsf
rom t
he
1
9
cour
t,maysueorbesuedonbehal
foft
hemsel
vesandot
her
s.

Ar
epr
esent
ati
ve sui
tisf
il
ed byoragai
nstone ormor
e per
sonson behal
fof
t
hemsel
vesandot
her
shavi hesamei
ngt nter
esti
nthesui
t.Ei
thert
hepar
ti
esar
e
af
fect
edbyt
hesamecauseofact
ionorar
esi
mil
arl
yaf
fect
edbyt
heact
sofot
her
par
ti
es.

Cl
assAct
ionSui
t:usedi
ntheUSj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Di
ff
erencebet
weencl
assact
ionsui
tandr
epr
esent
ati
vesui
t??

Obj
ectofr
epr
esent
ati
vesui
t:t
ofaci
l
itat
ethedeci
si
onsi
nvol
vi
ngl
argenumberof
per
sonswhoar
esi
mil
arl
yint
erest
edwi
thoutr
ecour
singt
otheor
dinar
ypr
ocedur
e

1
9
Di
wakarSr
ivast
avvs.St
ateofMP.
of CPC. Thi
s hel
ps i
n savi
ng t
ime and expenses and ensur
es a si
ngl
e
compr
ehensi
vet
ri
alofal
lthequest
ionsi
nvol
vi
ng such numer
ousper
sonsand
20
avoi
dingt
hehar
assmentofpar
ti
est
hroughmul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
ts.

The r
epr
esent
ati
ve sui
tisan enabl
i
ng pr
ovi
si
on,whi
ch al
l
owsone t
o use t
his
pr
ovi
si
on,buti
tisnotmandat
oryt
ogetasui
trepr
esent
ed.Or
der1Rul
e8i
san
enabl
i
ngpr
ovi
si
on,i
tnei
thercompel
sani
ndi
vi
dualt
orepr
esentabodyofper
sons
havi
ng t
he same i
nter
estnoti
tdebar
s a memberoft
he communi
tyf
rom
21
mai
ntai
ningasui
tinhi
sownr
ighti
nrespectofawr
ongdonet
ohi
m.

Condi
ti
onst
obef
ulf
il
ledt
omakeasui
trepr
esent
ati
ve

 Thepar
ti
esmustbenumer
ous,i
tisnotr
equi
redt
hatt
henumberofper
sons
shoul
d be cl
ear
lycer
tai
n nori
tamount
stot
he f
actt
hatnumer
ouswi
l
l
r
epr
esenti
nnumer
abl
e.Ther
efor
etheonl
yquest
ioni
sthatt
hecr
it
eri
onof
numer
ousshal
lbedeci
dedbyt
hecour
tbasedupont
hef
act
sofeachcase
whi
l
etaki
ngi
ntoaccountt
henat
ureofcont
rover
syandsubj
ectmat
teri
n
22
di
sput
e;

 Theymusthavesamei
nter
esti
nthesui
t:t
het
erm samei
nter
estmeanst
hat
ani
nter
estmustbecommont
oal
loft
hem ort
heymusthaveacommon
gr
ievance agai
nst whi
ch t
hey want t
o seek r
edr
essal
. Ther
efor
e, a
communi
tyoft
hei
nter
esti
sessent
ialandact
sascondi
ti
onpr
ecedentf
or
23
br
ingi
ngar
epr
esent
ati
vesui
t.

 Theper
missi
onmusthavebeengr
ant
edordi
rect
ionsmusthavebeengi
ven
byt
hecour
t;and

 Not
ice musthave been i
ssued t
othe par
ti
es whom i
tis pr
oposed t
o
r
epr
esenti
nthesui
t.

20
Kodi
aGoundervs.Vel
andiGaunder
,AIR1955Mad281.
21
T.N.housi
ngBoardv.T.N.Ganapathy,AI
R1990SC642.
22
HasanAl
iv.MansurAl
i,AI
R1948PC66.
23
Kodi
aGoundervs.Vel
andiGaunder,AIR1
955Mad281;T.N.housi
ngBoar
dv.T.N.Ganapat
hy,
AIR1 990SC642.
Fr
ameoft
heSui
t(Or
der2)
:

Ever
ysui
tmusti
ncl
udet
hewhol
eofpl
aint
if
f’scl
aimi
nrespectofcauseofact
ion
sot
hatasf
araspr
act
icabl
ethatal
lmat
ter
sindi
sput
ebet
weent
hepar
ti
esshal
lbe
di
sposedof
ffi
nal
l
y.I
tist
hedut
yoft
hecour
ttoseewhet
heri
twaspr
act
icabl
eon
par
toft
hepl
aint
if
ftoi
ncl
udet
heent
ir
ecl
aim whi
chhehad ei
theromi
tt
ed or
i
ntent
ional
l
yrel
i
nqui
shed.[
Order2,Rul
e1]

UnderOr
der2,Rul
e2,i
fapl
aint
if
ffai
l
stobr
ingt
hecauseofact
ionorhehas
omi
tt
edori
ntent
ional
l
yrel
i
nqui
shedapor
ti
onoft
hecl
aimt
henheshal
lnotbe
al
l
owedaf
ter
war
dsf
ori
nvoki
ngt
hepor
ti
onsoomi
tt
edorr
eli
nqui
shed.Theobj
ect
oft
hisr
ulei
stopr
otectt
hedef
endantf
rom bei
ngvexedt
wicef
ort
hesamecause,
i
tisacount
erwi
l
li
ngmeasur
eagai
nstt
wot
ypesofmal
pract
icesbei
ngpr
act
icedi
n
t
hecour
twhi
char
e:

 Spl
i
tti
ngupofcl
aims;

 Spl
i
tti
ngupofr es24
emedi

I
twashel
dint
hesecasest
hatt
her
ule2ofor
der2pr
ovi
dest
hatasui
tmust
i
ncl
udet
hewhol
eoft
hecl
aim whi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fisent
it
ledt
omakei
nrespectof
t
hecauseofact
iononwhi
chhesuesandi
fheomi
tst
osuef
oranyr
eli
eft
owhi
ch
hi
s cause ofact
ion woul
d have ent
it
led hi
m,he cannotcl
aim i
tthr
ough a
subsequentsui
tast
heobj
ectoft
hisst
atut
oryr
ulei
stopr
eventmul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
ts.

i
nthecaseofDevaKumarvsI
shwarChand,1
9956SCC 733,i
twashel
dthat
Or
der2Rul
e2i
sbasedacar
dinalpr
inci
plet
hatadef
endantshoul
dnotbevexed
t
wicef
ort
hesamecause.

Or
der2r
ule2andr
esj
udi
cat
a

The pr
ovi
si
on ofor
der2 r
ule 2 ar
e penali
n nat
ure and t
her
efor
e shoul
d be
const
rued st
ri
ctl
y.Thi
spr
ovi
si
on i
shi
ghl
ytechni
caland depr
ivesa par
tyt
oa

24
NabaKumarvs.RadhaShyam,AI
R1931PC239;MohammedKhal
i
lvs.MahboobAl
i
,AI
R1949
PC78.
l
egi
ti
mat
eri
ghtwhi
ch wasot
her
wise avai
l
abl
eto hi
m.Hence t
he pl
ea ofr
es
j
udi
cat
aincont
extofor
der2r
ule shoul
d notbehi
ghl
yuphel
d and such pl
ea
25
shoul
dber
aisedatt
heear
li
estoppor
tuni
ty.

26
Condi
ti
onsofappl
i
cat
ionofor
der2r
ule2

 Thesecond sui
twhi
chi
sbr
oughtmustbei
nrespectofsamecauseof
act
ionast
hatonwhi
cht
hepr
evi
oussui
twasbased;

 I
nrespectoft
hatcauseofact
ion,t
hepl
aint
if
fwasent
it
ledt
omor
ethanone
r
eli
ef;

 Bei
ngt
husent
it
ledt
omor
ethanoner
eli
eft
hepl
aint
if
fwi
thoutt
hel
eaveof
t
hecour
tomi
tt
edt
osuef
ort
her
eli
eff
orwhi
cht
hesecondsui
thasbeen
f
il
ed.

Test
slai
ddowni
nMohammedKhal
i
lvs.MahboobAl
i
,AI
R1949PC78.

 Thecor
rectt
estoft
hecasesf
all
i
ngunderOr
der2Rul
e2i
swhet
hert
he
cl
aimi
nthenew sui
tisi
nfactf
oundeduponacauseofact
iondi
sti
nctf
rom
t
hatwhi
chwast
hef
oundat
ionoft
hef
ormersui
t.

 The cause ofact

ion meansever
yfactwhi
ch wi
l
lbe necessar
yfort
he
pl
aint
if
ftopr
ovei
ftr
aver
sedi
nor
dert
osuppor
thi
sri
ghtt
ojudgment
.

 I
ftheevi
dencet
osuppor
tthet
wocl
aimsi
sdi
ff
erentt
hent
hecausesof
act
ionar
eal
sodeemedt
obedi
ff
erent
.

 Thecasuesofact
ioni
nthet
wosui
t,maybeconsi
der
edt
obet
hesamei
fin
subst
ancet
heyar
eident
icaland mer
elyt
hel
anguageofpr
esent
ati
oni
s
di
ff
erent
.

 Thecauseofact
ionhasnor
elat
ionwhat
soevert
othedef
encet
hatmaybe
setupbyt
hedef
endantnordoesi
tdependupont
hechar
act
eroft
her
eli
ef

25
GurubuxSi
nghvBur
aLal
,AI
R1964SC1
810.
26
I
bid.
 pr
ayedf
orbyt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
tref
erst
othemedi
auponwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
f
askst
hecour
ttoar
ri
veataconcl
usi
oni
nhi
sfavor
.

Or
der2Rul
es4and5:Joi
nderofCl
aims

Rul
e4 l
aysdown t
hati
nthe sui
tforr
ecover
yofi
mmovabl
eofi
mmovabl
e
pr
oper
ty,apl
aint
if
fisnotent
it
ledt
ojoi
nanycl
aim wi
thoutt
hel
eaveoft
hecour
t
except
:

 Cl
aimsf
ormesnepr
ofi
ts;

 Ar
rear
sofr
enti
nrespectoft
hepr
oper
tycl
aimedoranypar
tther
eof
.

 Cl
aimsf
ordamagesf
orbr
eachofcont
ractunderwhi
cht
hepr
oper
tyor
antpar
tther
eofi
shel
d.

 Cl
aimsi
nwhi
cht
her
eli
efsoughti
sbasedont
hesamecauseofact
ion
i
ntheongoi
ngsui
t.

Rul
e 5,whi
ch deal
swi
tht
he sui
tbyoragai
nstt
hree cl
assesofper
sons,i
.e.
execut
ors,admi
nist
rat
orsandl
egalhei
rs.I
tpr
ovi
dest
hatnocl
aim byoragai
nst
suchper
sonsi
nthei
rrepr
esent
ati
vecapaci
tyshal
lbej
oinedwi
tht
hecl
aimsbyor
agai
nstt
hem per
sonal
l
yint
hesamesui
texcept
:

 Wher
etheper
sonal
ari
sewi
thr
efer
encet
otheest
ateher
epr
esent
s;

 Wher
e hewasent
it
ledt
oorl
i
abl
efort
hosecl
aimsj
oint
lywi
tht
hedeceased
whom her
epr
esent
.

Themai
nobj
ectoft
hisr
ulei
stopr
eventar
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom i
ntermi
ngl
i
ngt
he
asset
sofhi
stest
atorwi
thhi
sownest
ates.

Or
der4:i
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
t

 Or
der4r
ule1r
eadwi
thsect
ion26t
alksaboutpr
esent
ati
onofpl
aint
.Itl
ays
downt
hatever
ysui
tmustbei
nst
it
utedbyt
hepr
esent
ati
onoft
hepl
ainti
n
dupl
i
cat
eori
nanyot
hermanneraspr
escr
ibedbyt
hecour
tbyt
hepl
aint
if
f
 hi
msel
forbyhi
sadvocat
eort
hroughhi
srecogni
zedagent
.

 Apl
aintmustbepr
esent
edt
othecour
toranysuchof
fi
cerasi
sappoi
nted
i
nthatbehal
f.The pr
esent
ati
on oft
he pl
aintt
akespl
ace i
nthe gener
al
wor
kingdaysdur
ingt
hewor
kinghour
s.

 Ever
ypl
aintmustcont
ainnecessar
ypar
ti
cul
arsl
i
ket
henameoft
hecour
t,
t
het
it
le,t
hecauseofact
ion,andt
her
eli
efsoughtet
c.

 Par
ti
cul
arsofever
ysuchsui
twi
l
lhavet
obeent
eredi
nther
egi
ster
soft
he
ci
vi
lsui
tsasmai
ntai
nedbyeachcour
t.

 I
fasui
tisi
nst
it
utedbyani
ndi
gent(
whosepr
oper
tyi
sval
uedbel
ow orequal
t
ors.1
000)per
sonoronbehal
fofmi
nororonbehal
fofdeadper
son,t
hena
st
atementgi
vi
ngt
heef
fectt
othesamemustbei
ncl
udedi
nthepl
aint
.

Ci
vilPl
eadi
ng(
Order6)

Or
der6,Rul
e1:pl
eadi
ngsi
ncl
udebot
hpl
aintandwr
it
tenst
atement
,inot
herwor
ds,
pl
eadi
ngsar
ethest
atement
sinwr
it
ingdr
awnupandf
il
edbyeachpar
tyt
oacase
st
ati
ngwhathi
scont
ent
ionswi
l
lbeatt
het
ri
alandgi
vi
ngal
lsuchdet
ail
sashi
s
opponentneedst
oknow i
nor
dert
opr
epar
ehi
scasei
nanswer
.

Obj
ect
soft
hePl
eadi
ngs:t
hewhol
eobj
ecti
stobr
ingpar
ti
est
odef
ini
tei
ssuesand
t
o di
mini
sh and del
ayt
he expensesand t
o pr
eventsur
pri
sesatt
he st
age of
hear
ing.I
thel
psi
nascer
tai
ning t
her
ealdi
sput
esbet
weent
hepar
ti
es,t
her
eby
nar
rowi
ng downt
hear
eaofconf
li
ctandpr
ecl
udi
ng onepar
tyf
rom t
aki
ng t
he
27
ot
herbysur
pri
sesoast
opr
eventmi
scar
ri
ageofj
ust
ice.

28
I
nGaneshTr
adi
ng CompanyvsMoj
iRam, i
twashel
dthatpl
eadi
ngsi
nci
vi
l
casesar
emeantt
ogi
veeachsi
dei
nti
mat
ionoft
hecaseoft
heot
hersot
hati
tmay
enabl
ethecour
ttodet
ermi
net
her
eal
issueathandbet
weent
hepar
ti
es.

27
Dhr
obvs.Holdswor
th.
28
AI
R1 978SC484.
 29
I
nVi
rendr
aKashi
nat
hvs.Vi
nayakJoshi
, i
twashel
dthatt
heobj
ectofpl
eadi
ngs
i
stwof
olds:

 Toaf
for
dtheot
hersi
dei
nti
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
hepar
ti
cul
arf
act
sofhi
scase
sot
hatt
heymaybemetbyt
heot
hersi
de;

 Toenabl
ethecour
tindeci
dingt
heact
ualdi
sput
eorcont
rover
syemer
ging
outoft
hef
act
ual
proposi
ti
on.

Basi
cRul
eforPl
eadi
ngs(
Order6,Rul
e2)
:

 SubRul
e1,Rul
e2:ever
ypl
eadi
ngshal
lcont
ainandcont
ainonl
yast
atement
naconci
i sef
orm oft
hemat
eri
alf
act
sonwhi
cht
hepar
typl
eadi
ngr
eli
esf
or
hi
scl
aim ordef hecasemaybe,butnott
ence,ast heevi
dencebywhi
ch
t
heyar
etobepr
oved.Addi
ti
onal
l
y,nol
aw i
sevenpl
eaded.

 Gener
alpr
inci
plesgover
ningpl
eadi
ngs:

o Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dst
atef
act
sandnotl
aw

 KedarLalvsHar
iLalandRam Pr
asadvsSt
ateofM.
P.:The
const
ruct
ionofpl
eadi
ngscanbesummar
izedas“pl
eadf
act
s
andnotl
aw,whi
chi
sbasedonapr
inci
plet
hataj
udgei
fbound
t
oappl
ythecor
rectl
aw eveni
fincor
rectl
aw i
fpl
eadedbya
par
ty,however
,ami
xedquest
ionoff
actandl
aw shoul
dbe
speci
fi
cal
l
yrai
sed orpl
eaded.Fore.
g.t
he exi
stence ofa
cust
om orusage orest
abl
i
shi
ng t
he i
ntent
ion ofa par
tyi
s
t
ermedasquest
ionoff
act
s.”

o Thef
act
sabovest
atedmustbemat
eri
alf
act
s(t
hosebundl
eoff
act
s
whi
cht
hepar
ti
eshast
opr
ovet
oest
abl
i
shone’scaseandwhi
ch
gi
ves r
ightt
othe r
eli
ef or act
s as val
i
d shi
eld and def
ence)
.
Addi
ti
onal
l
y,ot
herf
act
swhi
ch hel
pin est
abl
i
shi
ng such i
mpor
tant
f
act
sar
eeveni
ncl
uded;

29
AI
R1999SC1
62.
  Udhaw Si
nghvs.MadhavRaoSci
ndi
a:

 Vi
rendr
alalvs.st
apalsi
ngh:al
lthepr
imar
yfact
swhi
char
eto
bepr
ovedatt
het
ri
albyapar
tyt
oest
abl
i
sht
heexi
stenceofa
causeofact
ionorhi
sdef
encei
ster
medasmat
eri
alf
act
s.I
tis
absol
utel
yessent
ialt
hatal
lthebasi
candpr
imar
yar
epl
eaded
and est
abl
i
shed by t
he par
ty beyond r
easonabl
e doubt
,
howevert
her
eexi
stsadi
ff
erncebet
weenmat
eri
alf
act
sand
par
ti
cul
arswher
enonsuppl
yofmat
eri
alf
act
smayent
ailt
he
di
smi
ssaloft
hesui
tbutnonsuppl
yofessent
ialpar
ti
cul
arsmay
notl
ead t
othe same consequence as mat
eri
alf
act
s ar
e
essent
ialt
obepr
ovedandmat
eri
alpar
ti
cul
arsmayber
efi
ned
oramendedevendur
ingt
hest
ageofpl
eadi
ngs.

o Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dnotst
atet
heevi
dences(
annexur
ecanbei
ncl
uded
j
ustt
osubst
ant
iat
ethecl
aim)

 RM Shashadr
ivs.GBaSantPai
:thepl
eadi
ngsshoul
dcont
aina
st
atementofmat
eri
alf
act
swhi
cht
hepar
tyr
eli
esbutnott
he
evi
dencest
hroughwhi
cht
hosef
act
sar
etobepr
oved.Ther
e
ar
etwot
ypesoff
act
s:

 Fact
a pr
obanda:t
he f
act
srequi
red t o be pr
oved
(
mat
eri
alf
act
s)

 Fact
apr
obant
ia:t
hef
act
sbymeansofwhi
chmat
eri
al
f
act
sar
epr
oved(
par
ti
cul
arsorevi
dences)
.

o Thef
act
sst
atedi
nthepl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbei
nconci
sef
orm

 Char
anl
alSahuvs.GyaniZai
lSi
ngh:al
lthemat
eri
alf
act
smust
best
atedi
nsummar
yfor
m accor
dingt
othenat
ureoft
hecase.
I
mmat
eri
alaver
ment
sandunnecessar
ydet
ail
smustbeomi
tt
ed
and mat
eri
alal
l
egat
ions and necessar
y par
ti
cul
ars mustbe
i
ncl
uded.i
fdue car
eist
aken t
hrough syst
emat
ic pr
ocess
 pl
eadi
ngscanbesavedf
rom t
aut
ology.

 Ot
herr
ulesofpl
eadi
ngs:

o Wher
emi
srepr
esent
ati
on,f
raudorbr
eachoft
rustorunduei
nfl
uence
ar
epl
eadedi
nthepl
eadi
ngs,t
henpar
ti
cul
arswi
thdat
esand t
ime
shoul
dbest
atedspeci
fi
cal
l
y.

 Di
shnu dev v.sar
oganir
ai:i
nthe cases off
raud,undue
i
nfl
uenceorcoer
cion,t
hepar
ti
espl
eadi
ngi
tmustsetf
ort
hful
l
par
ti
cul
arsandt
hecasecanonl
ybedeci
dedont
hebasi
sof
t
hepar
ti
cul
arsasl
aiddowni
nthecour
t.

o Theobj
ectoft
hepl
eadi
ngi
stonar
row t
hecont
rover
siessoast
o
deci
de t
he i
ssueswi
th pr
eci
si
on so ast
o gi
ve pr
opernot
ice and
i
ncl
udi
ng al
lthe essent
ialpar
ti
cul
arswi
thi
nthe not
ice i
tsel
fto be
submi
tt
ed t
o ei
therpar
ti
esoft
he case.Ther
efor
e,t
he par
ti
cul
ars
st
atedi
nthepl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbesuf
fi
cientandspeci
fi
candt
hecour
t
shoul
dspeci
fi
cal
l
yinsi
stupont
hepar
ti
cul
arsbef
orepr
oceedi
ngwi
th
t
het
ri
aloft
hesui
t.

o Theper
for
manceofcondi
ti
onpr
ecedentneednotbepl
eadedasi
tis
al
readyi
mpl
i
edi
nthepl
eadi
ngs.Nonper
for
manceoft
hecondi
ti
on
pr
ecedenthowevermustbespeci
fi
cal
l
ypl
eadedandi
ncl
udedbyt
he
par
ti
es.

o Depar
tur
efr
om t
hepl
eadi
ngsi
stoper
missi
bleandexceptbywayof
amendment
,nopar
tycanr
aiseanygr
oundofcl
aim oranyal
l
egat
ion
off
acti
nconsi
stentwi
thpr
evi
ouspl
eadi
ngs.

o Abar
edeni
alofcont
ractbyt
heopposi
tepar
tywi
l
lbeconst
ruedonl
y
asadeni
aloff
act
um ofcont
ractandnott
hel
egal
i
tyorenf
orceabi
l
ity
oft
hecont
ract
.

 Kal
yanpurLi
meWor
ksl
td.v.St
ateofBi
harAI
R1954SC1
65:
 o Document
sneednotbesetoutatl
engt
hint
hepl
eadi
ngsunl
esst
hey
ar
edeemedmat
eri
al.

o Whenevergi
vi
ngofnot
icet
oanyper
soni
snecessar
yoracondi
ti
on
pr
ecedent
,pl
eadi
ngs shoul
d onl
y st
ater
egar
ding gi
vi
ng ofsuch
not
icewi
thoutset
ti
ngoutt
hef
orm orpr
eci
set
ermsorsuchnot
iceor
t
he ci
rcumst
ancesf
rom whi
ch i
tist
o be i
nfer
red unl
esst
heyar
e
mat
eri
al.

o I
mpl
i
edcont
ract
sorr
elat
ionsbet
weenper
sonsmaybeal
l
egedasa
f
actandt
heser
iesofl
ett
ersconver
sat
ionsandt
heci
rcumst
ances
f
rom whi
cht
heyar
etobei
nfer
redshoul
dbepl
eadedgener
all
y.

o Fact
swhi
cht
hel
aw pr
esumesi
nfavorofapar
tyorast
owhi
cht
he
bur
denofpr
oofl
i
esupont
heot
hersi
deneednotbepl
eaded.

o Ever
ypl
eadi
nghast
obesi
gnedbyt
hepar
tyorbyoneoft
hepar
ti
es
orhi
spl
eader
s.

o Pl
eadi
ngs shoul
d suppl
y t
he det
ail
ed addr
ess of t
he par
ti
es
cont
endi
ngaswel
last
headdr
essoft
heopposi
ngpar
ti
es.

o Ever
ypl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbever
if
iedonaf
fi
davi
tbyt
hepar
tyoroneof
t
hepar
ti
esorbyaper
sonacquai
ntedwi
tht
hef
act
sofsuchf
act
s.

o Ever
y pl
eadi
ng must be di
vi
ded i
nto par
agr
aphs number
ed
consecut
ivel
y and each new aver
mentoral
l
egat
ion ordef
ence
shoul
dbest
atedi
nsepar
atepar
agr
aphsandanydat
eoramounthas
t
obest
atedi
nbot
hfi
gur
esaswel
laswor
ds.

Al
ter
nat
ivepl
eadi
ngs:i
tconveysachoi
ceonbehal
fofapar
tyt
oal
i
tigat
ionand
mayi
ncl
udei
nhi
spl
eadi
ngst
woormor
efact
sorcl
aimsorr
eli
efswhi
chmayact
asanal
ter
nat
ivet
othepr
evi
ousr
eli
ef.

I
nconsi
stentpl
eadi
ngs:i
tmeansmut
ual
l
yrepugnant
,cont
radi
ctor
yanddest
ruct
ive
orr
econci
l
abl
epl
eadi
ngsduet
owhi
chbot
hthepr
evi
ousorpr
esentpl
eadi
ngmay
notst
andi
nthecour
tofl
aw becauseaccept
anceofonepl
eadi
ngnecessar
il
y
i
mpl
i
esabr
ogat
ionorabandonmentoft
heot
hersetofpl
eadi
ngs.

Themai
nobj
ectofal
l
owi
ngal
ter
nat
epl
eadi
ngi
nonel
i
tigat
ioni
stoobvi
atet
he
necessi
ty ofanot
herl
i
tigat
ion and t
o deci
de t
he cont
rover
sy i
n one l
i
tigat
ion
compr
ehensi
vel
yandt
hecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
esuppor
tst
heal
ter
nat
ivesetof
30
pl
eadi
ngs.

How t
oconst
ructpl
eadi
ngs:st
ri
ctandspeci
fi
c;i
tisuni
for
mlyst
atedorhel
dbyt
he
Cour
tst
hatpl
eadi
ngsi
nIndi
ashoul
dbeconst
ruedst
ri
ctl
yinr
elat
iont
otheact
ual
r
eli
efsoughtundert
hest
atut
ebutshoul
dnotbeconst
ruedst
ri
ctl
yinr
elat
iont
othe
f
orm ofpl
eadi
ngst
her
eofand f
ort
he same i
tmaybe i
nter
pret
ed l
i
ber
all
y.I
n
MadanGopalvs.maniRam,AI
R1976SC461
,wher
eitwashel
dthatt
hepl
eadi
ngs
i
nIndi
aar
eloosel
ydr
aft
edi
nthecour
tsandt
hecour
tsshoul
dnotscr
uti
nizet
he
pl
eadi
ngswi
thsuchmet
icul
ouscar
esoast
odebart
hegenui
necl
aimsont
ri
vi
alor
t
echni
cal
clai
ms.I
nRam Swar
oopvsBi
shnuNar
ayanI
ntercol
l
ege,i
twashel
dthat
pl
eadi
ngsshoul
drecei
ve a l
i
ber
alcont
ruct
ion so ast
ofaci
l
itat
ethe cause of
j
ust
iceandpedant
ic(
nar
row andt
echni
cal
)appr
oachshoul
dnotbeadopt
edt
o
def
eatt
hej
ust
iceonhai
rspl
i
tti
ngt
echni
cal
i
ties.I
tisnotdesi
rabl
etopl
acehi
gher
emphasi
sonf
orm butsubst
anceshoul
dbel
ookedi
ntospeci
fi
cal
l
y.

St
ri
kingoutpl
eadi
ngs(
Rul
e16,Or
der6)
:thecour
tisempower
edt
ost
ri
keoutany
pl
eadi
ng i
fiti
s unnecessar
y,scandal
ous,f
ri
vol
ous orvexat
ious ort
ends t
o
pr
ejudi
ceorembar
rassordel
ayt
hef
airt
ri
aloft
hesui
tori
sot
her
wisedeemedas
anabuseoft
hepr
ocessoft
hecour
t.I
nvi
j
aykumarvst
otasi
ngh,2006(
13)SCC
353,t
hecondi
ti
onswher
ecour
tcoul
duser
ule1
6wer
elai
ddown:

 Wher
esuchpl
eadi
ngi
sunnecessar
y,scandal
ous,f
ri
vol
ous;

 Wher
esuchpl
eadi
ngt
endst
opr
ejudi
ceorembar
rassordel
ayt
hef
ail
rtr
ial
oft
hesui
t

 Wher
e such pl
eadi
ng i
s ot
her
wise deemed as an abuse oft
he cour
t

30
Ar
undhat
iMi
shr
avs.Ram Char
it
raPanday,1
994(
2)SCC29.
 pr
oceedi
ngs.

The powert
o st
ri
ke down pl
eadi
ngs i
s ext
raor
dinar
yin nat
ure and mustbe
exer
cisedbyt
hecour
twi
thext
remecar
e,caut
ionandci
rcumspect
ion.

Rul
e14-1
5,Or
der6:si
gnat
ureandver
if
icat
ionofpl
eadi
ngs

Asagener
alr
ule,ever
ypl
eadi
ngmustbesi
gnedbyt
hepar
tyorbyoneoft
he
par
ti
esorbyhi
spl
eader
.Buti
fthepar
tyi
sunabl
etosi
gnt
hepl
eadi
ngs,i
tcanbe
si
gnedbyanyper
sonsoaut
hor
izedbyhi
m.Thever
if
icat
ionmustbesi
gnedonan
af
fi
davi
tbyt
heper
sonver
if
yingandmustcont
aint
hedat
eonwhi
chandt
hepl
ace
atwhi
chi
twassi
gned.Theper
sonver
if
yingt
hepl
eadi
ngshoul
dal
sof
urni
shan
af
fi
davi
tinsuppor
tofhi
spl
eadi
ngs.I
tisawel
lset
tl
edpr
inci
plet
hatapar
tycanbe
per
mit
ted t
o adduceevi
denceont
hebasi
soft
hecasepl
eaded byhi
m i
nhi
s
pl
eadi
ngandhecannotset
upacasei
nconsi
stentwi
thhi
sownpl
eadi
ngs.The
pur
posef
orsuchr
ulei
stwof
olds:

 Toappr
aiset
heopposi
tepar
tydi
sti
nct
lyandspeci
fi
cal
l
yoft
hecasehei
s
cal
l
edupont
oanswersot
hathemaypr
oper
typr
epar
ehi
sdef
enceand
maynotbet
akenbysur
pri
se;

 To mai
ntai
n an accur
ater
ecor
d oft
he cause ofact
ion asa pr
otect
ion
agai
nstsecondorsubsequentpr
oceedi
ngf
oundedupont
hesamequest
ion
31
ofl
aw.

Anobj
ect
iont
opl
eadi
ngshoul
dbet
akenatt
heear
li
est
.Ifatanappr
opr
iat
est
age
suchanobj
ect
ioni
snotr
aised,i
tisdeemedt
ohavebeenwai
vedasi
tisbasedon
t
hepr
inci
plet
hati
nsuchcasesi
tcannotbehel
dthatapr
ejudi
cehasbeencaused
t
othepar
tybyr
aisi
ngapl
eadatabel
atedst
age.

Amendmentofpl
eadi
ngs [
rul
e17-1
8]:as a gener
alr
ule mat
eri
alf
act
s and
necessar
ypar
ti
cul
arsmustbest
atedi
nthepl
eadi
ngsandt
hedeci
si
onoft
hecour
t
cannotbebasedont
hegr
oundsout
sidet
hepl
eadi
ngsbuti
fthepar
tycomesup

31
Om pr
akashvs.r
am kumar
,AI
R1991SC409.
wi
th af
resh i
nfor
mat
ioni
n or
dert
o del
i
ber
atet
her
ealcont
rover
syathand,i
t
necessi
tat
est
her
eshapi
ngofcl
aimsanddef
ence.

Theobj
ectoft
her
ulei
sthatt
hecour
tshoul
dtr
ythemer
it
soft
hecaset
hatcomes
bef
oret
hem and shoul
d consequent
ly al
l
ow al
lamendment
sthatmay be
necessar
yfordet
ermi
ningt
her
ealquest
ioni
ncont
rover
sybet
weent
hepar
ti
es
pr
ovi
dedi
tdoesnotcausei
njust
ice,pr
ejudi
cet
otheot
hersi
de.Thecour
twhi
l
e
doi
ng compl
etej
ust
ice mayal
l
ow such amendmentappl
i
cat
ionsi
nthe l
arger
i
nter
estoft
hepar
ti
esf
ormeet
ingt
her
elevantcr
it
eri
onsofl
i
tigat
ion.

Rul
e17conf
ersawi
derdi
scr
eti
onont
hecour
ttoal
l
ow ei
therpar
tyt
oamendhi
s
pl
eadi
ngatanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngonsucht
ermsasi
tmaydeem f
it
.Such
di
scr
eti
on howevershoul
d be exer
cised j
udi
cial
l
yand i
nconsonance wi
th wel
l
est
abl
i
shed pr
inci
ples ofl
aw.The pr
ovi
si
on ofr
ule1
7is notexhaust
ive and
wher
everr
ule1
7doesnotappl
y,r
esor
tcanbet
akent
osect
ion1
51.

Leavet
oamendwhencanbegr
ant
ed:

Theamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsappl
i
cat
ioncanbegr
ant
edsoast
oenabl
ether
eal
quest
ioni
nissuebet
weent
hepar
ti
est
ober
aisedi
nthepl
eadi
ngst
her
efor
e,an
amendmentappl
i
cat
ioncanber
aisedi
nfol
l
owi
ngci
rcumst
ances:

 Whet
hert
heamendmenti
snecessar
yfort
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofr
ealquest
ion
i
ncont
rover
sy;

 Canbeamendmentbyal
l
owedwi
thoutcausi
ngi
njust
icet
otheot
hersi
de.

Thef
ir
stcondi
ti
onmustbesat
isf
iedbef
oreappr
ovi
ngt
heamendmentappl
i
cat
ion
ast
hecar
dinalt
estf
orgr
ant
ing amendmentr
emai
ns‘t
her
ealcont
rover
syi
n
i
ssue.
’ Noamendmentshoul
dbeal
l
owedwheni
tdoesnotsat
isf
ythi
scar
dinal
32
t
est
.

Leavet
oamendwhencanber
efused:

32
Ki
shandasvs.r
achappavi
thoba,1
909I
LRBom.
Thepowert
ogr
antamendmenti
sadi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweraswel
lasal
egalpower
andnol
egalpowercanbeexer
cisedi
mpr
oper
ly,unr
easonabl
yorar
bit
rar
il
y.I
n
GangaBaivs.Vi
j
ayKumarAI
R1974SC1
126,i
twashel
dthatt
hepowert
oal
l
ow
anamendmenti
swi
deanddi
scr
eti
onar
yandsuchdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowershoul
dbe
gover
nedbyj
udi
cialconsi
der
ati
onsaswi
dert
hedi
scr
eti
on,gr
eat
eroughtt
obe
t
hecar
eandci
rcumspect
iononpar
toft
hecour
t.Leavet
oamendcanber
efused
i
nthef
oll
owi
ngci
rcumst
ances:

 Leavet
oamendwi
l
lber
efusedwher
etheamendmenti
snotnecessar
yfor
t
hepur
poseofdet
ermi
ningt
her
ealquest
ioni
ncont
rover
sybet
weent
he
par
ti
es;

 Leave t
oamendwi
l
lber
efusedi
fiti
ntr
oducesat
otal
i
tydi
ff
erent
,new and
i
nconsi
stentcase orchangest
he f
undament
alchar
act
eroft
he sui
tor
33
def
ence; t
he t
estast
o whet
hert
he amendmentshoul
d be al
l
owed i
s
whet
herornott
hepar
tycanamendhi
spl
eadi
ngwi
thoutpl
aci
ngt
heot
her
si
dei
naposi
ti
onf
rom whi
chhecannotber
ecoupedi
nrel
ati
ont
ocost
sor
ot
her
wise.

 Wher
etheef
fectoft
hepr
oposedamendmenti
stot
akeawayf
rom t
he
34
ot
hersi
deal
egalr
ightal
readyaccr
uedi
nhi
sfavor
; Char
anDasvs.Ami
r
khanAI
R1921PC 50,t
hef
ullpowert
omakeanamendmentonbehal
fof
t
hecour
tcannotbedi
sput
ed,t
hosepowershoul
dbeexer
cisedi
naway
t
hati
tdoesnott
ake awayf
rom t
he def
endanta l
egalr
ightwhi
ch has
accr
uedt
ohi
m byl
apseoft
imebutt
her
emaybecasesorci
rcumst
ances
wher
esuchconsi
der
ati
onsar
eout
wei
ghedbyt
hespeci
alci
rcumst
ancesof
t
hecasei
tsel
f.

 Wher
etheappl
i
cat
ionf
oramendmenti
snotmadei
ngoodf
ait
hbecause
asagener
alr
ule,l
eavet
oamendoughtnott
obegr
ant
edi
ftheappl
i
cant

33
ModiSewingandWeavi ngMil
lsco.l
td.vs.LadhaRam,(
1976)4SCC320;A.
K.Gupt
aandSons
lt
d.VsDamodarval l
eycorpor
ati
on,AIR1967SC96.
34
Pi
rgondaPati
lvs.Kal
gondaPati
l;A.
K.Gupt acase.
 35
hasact
edmal
afi
de.

Pr
inci
plesr
egar
dingamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs:

 Al
lthe amendment
s shoul
d be al
l
owed whi
ch ar
e necessar
y f
or
det
ermi
nat
ionofr
eal
cont
rover
syi
nthesui
t;

 The pr
oposed amendmentshoul
d notal
terand be a subst
it
ute f
ort
he
causeofact
ionont
hebasi
sofwhi
cht
heor
igi
nall
i
tigat
ionwasf
il
ed or
r
aised;

 I
nconsi
stentand cont
radi
ctor
y al
l
egat
ions i
n negat
ion t
othe admi
tt
ed
posi
ti
onoff
act
sormut
ual
l
ydest
ruct
iveal
l
egat
ionsshoul
dnotbeal
l
owedt
o
bei
ncor
por
atedbymeansofamendment
;

 Pr
oposedamendmentshoul
dnotcausei
njust
iceorpr
ejudi
cet
otheot
her
si
dewhi
chcannotbecompensat
edbywayofcost
s;

 Amendmentofacl
aim orr
eli
efbar
redbyt
imeshoul
dnotbeal
l
owed;

 Noamendmentshoul
dbeal
l
owedwhi
chamount
stoorr
esul
tsi
ndef
eat
ing
al
egal
rightt
otheopposi
tepar
tyonanyaccount(
lapseoft
ime,et
c.)

 No par
ty shoul
d suf
fer on accountof t
echni
cal
i
ties of l
aw and t
he
amendmentshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
omi
nimi
zet
hel
i
tigat
ionbet
ween par
ti
est
o
t
heext
entpossi
ble.

 Thedel
ayi
nfi
l
ingpet
it
ionf
oramendmentofpl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbepr
oper
ly
compensat
edf
orbywayofcost
s.

 Er
rorormi
stakewhi
chi
snotf
raudul
entshoul
dnotbemadeagr
oundf
or
r
eject
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ionf
oramendmentofpl
eadi
ngs.

 Thepr
inci
plesment
ionedher
einar
eil
l
ust
rat
iveand notexhaust
ive.

35
Ram Manoharvs.Nat
ional
Bui
l
dingMat
eri
alSuppl
y,1
9691SCC869;Pi
rgondaPat
ilvs.Kal
gonda
Pati
l.
Doct
ri
ne ofr
elat
ion back:an amendmenti
s ai
ming att
he mai
n cour
se of
pl
eadi
ngs.Amendmentwoul
ddeem t
otakeanef
fectf
rom t
hedat
ewhent
he
or
igi
nalsui
tisf
il
edandnotf
ormt
hedayonwhi
chsuchamendmenti
saccept
ed.
Thi
sdoct
ri
ner
efer
stot
hef
actt
hatnor
mal
l
yanamendmentr
elat
esbackt
othe
or
igi
nalcour
seofpl
eadi
ngsbutt
hedoct
ri
ne i
snotabsol
ute,unqual
i
fied orof
uni
ver
salappl
i
cat
ion.I
nappr
opr
iat
ecases,t
hecour
tmayor
dert
heamendmentt
o
t
akeanef
fectf
rom t
hedat
eofappl
i
cat
ionorf
rom t
hedat
eofappr
ovalandnot
36
f
rom t
hedat
ethepl
aintorwr
it
tenst
atementwasact
ual
l
ypr
esent
ed.

Fai
l
uret
oamendt
hepl
eadi
ngs(
Rul
e18)

I
fa par
ty who has obt
ained an or
dert
oleave t
o amend does notamend
accor
dingl
ywi
thi
nthet
imespeci
fi
edf
ort
hatpur
posei
ntheor
derori
fnot
imei
s
speci
fi
edt
henwi
thi
n14daysf
rom t
hedat
eofsuchor
der
,heshal
lbeper
mit
tedt
o
amend,af
tert
heexpi
ryofwhi
ch,hemaynotbesubsequent
lyal
l
owedt
oamend.
Ther
ulei
sdi
scr
eti
onar
yinnat
ureandt
hecour
tmayoni
tsownext
endt
het
ime
l
i
ne ormay al
l
ow a subsequentamendmentdependi
ng upon t
he f
act
s and
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.

ORDER 7[
PLAI
NTANDWRI
TTENSTATEMENT]

Rul
e1t
o8:par
ti
cul
arsofpl
aint

 Thenameoft
hecour
tinwhi
ch t
hesui
tist
obebr
ought
;

 Thename,descr
ipt
ionandpl
aceofr
esi
denceoft
hepl
aint
if
f;

 Name,descr
ipt
ionandpl
aceofr
esi
denceoft
hedef
endant
;

 Wher
ethepl
aint
if
fordef
endanti
smi
nororaper
sonofunsoundmi
nd,t
hen
ast
atementoft
hatef
fect
;

36
Bri
jKi
shorevs.Mushtar
iKhat
oon;Vi
shambhrvs.LakshmiNar
ayan,AI
R2001SC2607(
except
ion
t
ot heabovedoctr
ine)
.
 Fact
sconst
it
uti
ngt
hecauseofact
ionandt
het
imewheni
tar
ose;

 Thef
act
sshowi
ngt
hatt
hecour
thaver
equi
si
tej
uri
sdi
cti
on;

 St
atementoft
he val
ue ofsubj
ectmat
teroft
he sui
tforcal
cul
ati
on of
r
equi
si
tecour
tfeesandf
orpecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t;

 Ther
eli
efcl
aimedbyt
hepl
aint
if
f,si
mpl
yori
nal
ter
nat
ive;

 Wher
ethe pl
aint
if
ffi
l
es t
he sui
tinar
epr
esent
ati
ve capaci
ty,t
he f
act
s
showi
ngt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fhaveact
ualexi
sti
ngi
nter
esti
nthesubj
ectmat
ter
andt
hathehast
akenst
epst
oreal
i
zesuchi
nter
est
s;

 Wher
ethepl
aint
if
fhasal
l
owedasetof
forr
eli
nqui
shedapor
ti
onofhi
s
cl
aim,t
heamountsoal
l
owedorr
eli
nqui
shed;

 Wher
ethesui
tisf
orr
ecover
yofmoney,t
hepr
eci
seamountcl
aimedbyt
he
pl
aint
if
f;

 Wher
ethe sui
tiff
oraccount
s ormesne pr
ofi
ts orf
ormovabl
es i
n
possessi
onoft
hedef
endant
,theappr
oxi
mat
eamountorval
uet
her
eof
;

 Wher
ethesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
tisi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty,adescr
ipt
ionof
t
hepr
oper
tymaki
ngi
tsuf
fi
cient
lyi
dent
if
iabl
e;

 Thei
nter
estandl
i
abi
l
ityoft
hedef
endanti
nthesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t;

 Wher
ethesui
tist
imebar
red,t
hegr
ounduponwhi
chexempt
ionf
rom l
aw of
l
i
mit
ati
oni
scl
aimed;

 Bhagwat
iPr
asadvsChandr
amaul
,AI
R1966SC 735,i
twashel
dthatt
he
gener
alr
ulei
sthatt
her
eli
efshoul
dbef
oundedupont
hepl
eadi
ngsmadeby
t
hepar
ti
esi
nei
therwr
it
tenoror
alf
orm.Toal
l
ow onepar
tyt
orel
yupona
mat
teri
nrespectofwhi
cht
heot
herpar
tydi
dnotl
eadevi
denceandhence
had no oppor
tuni
tyt
olead evi
dence woul
dint
roduce consi
der
ati
onsof
pr
ejudi
ceandi
ndoi
ngj
ust
icet
oonepar
ty,t
hecour
tcannotdoi
njust
icet
o
 anot
her
.Butt
hesui
tcannotbedi
smi
ssedmer
elyont
hegr
oundt
hatt
he
pl
aint
if
fhascl
aimedabi
ggerr
eli
eft
hanhei
sent
it
ledt
oast
hecour
tmayon
i
tsowngr
antar
eli
eff
orwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fissuf
fi
cient
lyent
it
led.

Rul
e9:admi
ssi
onofpl
aint

I
tpr
ovi
desf
orf
il
ingofcopi
esoft
hepl
aintbyt
hepl
aint
if
fandal
sor
equi
reshi
m
t
opayr
equi
si
tecour
tfeesaswel
last
hef
eesf
ort
heser
viceofsummons
wi
thi
nsevendaysoft
hedat
eofsuchadmi
ssi
on.

Ret
urnofpl
aint
,rul
e10and 1
0B

Wher
eatanyst
ageoft
hesui
tthecour
tfi
ndst
hati
thasnoj
uri
sdi
cti
onei
ther
t
err
it
ori
alorpecuni
aryori
nrel
ati
ont
othesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t,i
twi
l
lret
urn
t
hepl
aintt
obepr
esent
edt
othepr
opercour
tinwhi
cht
hesui
toughtt
ohavebeen
f
il
ed.

Thej
udger
etur
ningt
hepl
aintshoul
d makeendor
sement
soni
tregar
ding:

 Thedat
eofpr
esent
ati
on;

 Thedat
eofr
etur
n;

 Thenameoft
hepar
typr
esent
ingi
t;

 Reasonsf
orr
etur
nofpl
aint
.

Rej
ect
ionofpl
aintRul
e11

Thepl
aintwi
l
lber
eject
edi
nfol
l
owi
ngcases:

 Wher
ethepl
aintdoesnotdi
scl
oset
hecauseofact
ion;

 Wher
ether
eli
efcl
aimedi
sunder
val
ued;

 Wher
ethepl
ainti
sinsuf
fi
cient
lyst
amped;

 Wher
ethesui
tisbar
redbyl
aw;
  Wher
ethepl
ainti
snotf
il
edi
ndupl
i
cat
e;

 Wher
ether
eisnoncompl
i
ancewi
thst
atut
orypr
ovi
si
onsoft
hiscode;

 Anyot
hergr
ound

Pr
ocedur
eforr
eject
ionofpl
aint

Wher
eapl
ainti
srej
ect
edbyt
hecour
t,t
hej
udgewi
l
lpassanor
dert
othat
ef
fectandwi
l
lal
sor
ecor
dther
easonsf
orsuchr
eject
ions.

Ef
fectofr
eject
ion:Rul
e13

I
fthepl
ainti
srej
ect
edi
nanyoft
heabovegr
ounds,t
hepl
aint
if
fist
her
eby
pr
ecl
udef
rom pr
esent
ing af
reshpl
aintont
hesamecauseofact
ion.Such
r
eject
ionor
deri
sappeal
abl
e

Document
ssubmi
tt
edal
ongwi
tht
hepl
aintRul
e14-1
7

adocumentuponwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fseekst
orel
yorhasr
eli
edi
sspeci
fi
cal
l
y
ment
ioned t
hati
toughtt
ohavebeenpr
oducedi
nthecour
tal
ongwi
tht
he
pl
aint
,howevert
hispr
ovi
si
ondoesnotappl
ytof
oll
owi
ngdocument
s:

 t
hedocument
swhi
char
ereser
vedf
ort
hepur
poseofcr
ossexami
nat
ion
oft
hedef
endant
’swi
tnesses

 .
thedocument
swhi
char
ehandedovert
othewi
tnessesmer
elyf
ort
he
pur
posef
orr
efr
eshi
ngt
hei
rmemor
y.

Summons[
sect
ion27-29r
eadwi
thor
der5]

Asummoni
sadocumenti
ssuedf
rom t
heof
fi
ceofcour
tofj
ust
icecal
l
ingupont
he
per
sont
owhom i
tisdi
rect
edt
oat
tendbef
oreaj
udgeorof
fi
ceroft
hecour
tfora
cer
tai
npur
posewher
ebyani
nti
mat
ioni
ssentr
equi
ri
nghi
mtoappearbef
oret
he
cour
t.

Obj
ect
:wher
easui
tisf
il
edbyt
hepl
aint
if
fagai
nstt
hedef
endantseeki
ngar
eli
ef
agai
nsthi
m,t
hedef
endantmustbegi
venanoppor
tuni
tyast
owhathewant
sto
cont
endi
nrel
ati
ont
othecasesoi
nst
it
uted.Thi
sgoesi
nconsonancewi
tht
he
pr
inci
plesofnat
uralj
ust
icewher
eitsuggest
sthatnooneshoul
dbecondemned
unhur
t.[
audial
tr
em par
tem]
.Iti
showevert
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
ttomakea
per
sonappeari
naper
sont
hroughanyot
hermode.I
fthesummoni
snotser
vedt
o
t
hedef
endant
,itwi
l
lnotbi
ndhi
mfort
hepur
poseofdecr
ee.

Essent
ial
par
ti
cul
arsoft
hesummon(
Rul
e1and2)

Asummoni
ssuedf
rom t
hecour
tshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
hej
udgeorsuchof
fi
ceras
appoi
ntedbyhi
m andshal
lbeseal
ed byt
hesealoft
hecour
tandi
ncaseof
summonbei
ngser
vedt
othedef
endant
,itshal
lbeaccompani
edbyt
hecopyof
t
hepl
aint
.

Appear
ancei
nper
son,r
ule3:t
hrought
hesuccessf
uldel
i
ver
yofsummons,t
he
cour
tmaydi
rect
:

 Aper
sont
oappearbef
orei
tindi
vi
dual
l
yori
nper
son;

 Thecour
tmaydi
rectapl
eaderonbehal
foft
heper
sont
oappearbef
ore
t
hecour
twhohavet
heknowl
edgeoft
hecaseandi
sabl
etoansweral
l
mat
eri
alquest
ions;

 A pl
eaderal
ong wi
th some per
son who i
s abl
eto answeral
lsuch
mat
eri
alquest
ion.

Exempt
ionf
rom appear
ancei
nper
sonSect
ion1
32-1
33,r
ule4:

 Noper
sonshal
lbeor
der
edt
oappeari
nper
sonunl
ess

o Her
esi
deswi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
soft
heor
dinar
yor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on
oft
hecour
t;or

o Out
side such l
i
mit
s butnotl
ess t
han f
if
ty mi
l
es i
n case ofnon
avai
l
abi
l
ityofpubl
i
cconveyanceand200mi
l
esi
ncaseofavai
l
abi
l
ity
ofpubl
i
cconveyance.
  Awomennotappear
ingi
npubl
i
c;

 Anyor
dergr
oundofexcept
iont
owhi
chaper
soni
sent
it
ledundert
hiscode.

Cont
ent
sofsummon[
rul
e5-8]

Ever
ysummonmustcont
ainadi
rect
ionast
othedat
efi
xedei
therf
orset
tl
ement
ofi
ssuesorf
orf
inaldi
sposaloft
hesui
t,i
ncaseoff
inaldi
sposal
,thedef
endant
shoul
dbedi
rect
edt
opr
oducehi
swi
tnesses.Thecour
tshoul
densur
eavai
l
abi
l
ity
ofsuf
fi
cientt
imet
othedef
endantf
oranswer
ingt
hecl
aimsoft
hepl
aint
if
f.The
summon shoul
d al
so cont
ain an or
deraski
ng t
he def
endantt
o pr
oduce al
l
document
swhi
char
einhi
spossessi
onordocument
suponwhi
chheseekst
orel
y
dur
ingt
het
ri
aloft
hesui
t.

Modeofser
viceofsummon[
rul
e9-30]

The ser
vice ofsummons i
s off
undament
ali
mpor
tance t
othe ci
vi
lli
ti
gat
ion
becauseasamat
terofgener
alr
ule,f
airt
ri
alshoul
dbeaccor
dedt
oeachand
ever
ypar
tywher
ebyhecandef
endhi
msel
fwi
thadequat
eti
me.Theser
viceof
summonhasal
sobeenanar
eaofconcer
nfort
hecour
tasi
tcauseddel
ayi
nthe
l
i
tigat
ionandt
her
efor
etaki
ngi
ntoaccountt
hemoder
nmeansofcommuni
cat
ion,
amendment
swer
ebr
oughti
ndel
i
ver
yofsummoni
n1976,99,2002.

Di
ff
erentmodesofsummons:

 Ser
vice ofsummons i
n per
son:r
ule1
0,1
6-1
8:t
he mode ofser
vice of
summoni
nper
soni
stheor
dinar
ymodeofser
vicewhi
chi
sgover
nedby
f
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
ples:

o Thi
sist
hemosti
dealmodeofser
vicebecauseassummonsmeans
t
he i
nti
mat
ion oft
he sui
tto ot
herper
son and t
her
efor
e,i
fiti
sin
per
son,i
tis mostpr
efer
red.Wher
everpr
act
icabl
e,t
he summons
shoul
d be ser
ved t
othe def
endanti
n per
son ort
o hi
saut
hor
ized
agent
s;

o Wher
ethedef
endanti
sabsentf
rom hi
sresi
denceatt
hatt
imeof
 ser
vice ofsummonsand t
he l
i
kel
i
hood ofhi
m bei
ng f
ound athi
s
r
esi
dencewi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
mei
snotcl
eart
hent
hesummons
maybeser
vedt
oanymal
eadul
tmemberorot
her
wiset
oaf
emal
e
adul
tmemberoft
hedef
endant
’sf
ami
l
yresi
dingwi
thhi
m.Aser
vant
oft
hehousecannotbesai
dtobeaf
ami
l
ymember
.(expl
anat
ionof
Rul
e15)

o I
nasui
trel
ati
ngt
oanybusi
nessorwor
kagai
nstaper
sonnotr
esi
ding
wi
thi
nthet
err
it
ori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tissui
ngsuchsummons,i
t
may be ser
ved t
othe manageroraut
hor
ized agentcar
ryi
ng out
busi
nessonhi
sbehal
f.

o I
nasui
tfori
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty,i
ftheser
viceofsummonscannotbe
made on t
he def
endantper
sonal
l
y,and t
he def
endanthas no
aut
hor
ized agentt
hen t
he summonsmaybe ser
ved t
o anyot
her
agentwhoi
sinchar
geofsuchpr
oper
ty.

o Wher
ether
ear
etwoormor
edef
endant
s,ser
viceofsummonsshoul
d
bemadeoneachdef
endanti
ndi
vi
dual
l
y.

 Ser
vicebycour
ts[
Rul
e9]
:

o summonst
othedef
endant
swhoar
eresi
dingwi
thi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
t
he cour
tshal
lbe ser
ved t
he summonst
hrough cour
tof
fi
cer
sor
t
hrough anyappr
oved cour
ierser
vice.I
tmayeven be ser
ved vi
a
r
egi
ster
edpost
,speedpost
,fax,messages,emai
lser
viceort
hrough
anyot
hermeansoft
ransmi
ssi
on.

o Wher
ethedef
endanti
sresi
dingout
sidet
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heci
vi
l
cour
t,t
hesummonsshal
lbeser
vedt
hroughanof
fi
ceroft
hecour
t
wi
thi
nwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
hedef
endantr
esi
des.

o Thecour
tshal
ltr
eatr
efusalofaccept
anceofsummonsasaval
i
d
ser
viceofsummons.
  Ser
vicebypl
aint
if
fRul
e9A:t
hecour
tmayal
soper
mitser
viceofsummonby
t
he pl
aint
if
fin addi
ti
on t
o ser
vice ofsummons by t
he cour
t.[
Sal
em
Advocat
esBarAssoci
ati
oncase]

 Subst
it
utedser
vice[
Rul
e17,1
9,20]
:theser
viceofsummonsbyacour
t
whi
chi
sdi
sti
nctf
rom t
heor
dinar
ymodeofser
viceandwasappr
ovedby
t
hecour
t.

o Wher
e t
he def
endant or hi
s agent r
efused t
o si
gn t
he
acknowl
edgment or wher
e t
he ser
vice of
fi
cer af
ter due and
r
easonabl
edi
l
igencecannotf
indt
hedef
endantathi
sresi
dent
ialor
busi
nesspr
emi
sesandt
her
eisnol
i
kel
i
hoodofhi
m bei
ngavai
l
abl
e
wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
me,t
heser
viceofsummonscanbemadeby
af
fi
xi
ng acopyoft
hesummonsont
heout
erdoororsomeot
her
conspi
cuous par
toft
he r
esi
dent
ialorbusi
ness pr
emi
se oft
he
def
endant
.Insuchsi
tuat
ionst
hecour
twi
l
laskt
heser
viceof
fi
cert
o
gi
veanaf
fi
davi
toft
hesameanduponduesat
isf
act
ion,t
hecour
t
maydecl
aresuchaf
fi
xi
ngast
heval
i
dser
viceofsummons.

o Thecour
tisnotabl
etot
racet
hecor
rectl
ocat
ioneven.Wher
ethe
cour
tissat
isf
ied t
hatt
her
eisenough r
eason t
o bel
i
eve t
hatt
he
def
endantavoi
dst
heser
viceofsummonsorduet
ocer
tai
nreasonsi
t
cannotbedel
i
ver
edt
hroughor
dinar
ymode,t
hent
heser
vicemaybe
ef
fect
edbyaf
fi
xi
ngt
hecopyofsummonsi
nsomeconspi
cuouspl
ace
i
nthecour
thouseandal
souponsomeconspi
cuouspar
toft
hehouse
i
n whi
ch t
he def
endanti
sknown t
o have l
astr
esi
ded,car
ri
ed on
busi
ness,orper
sonal
l
ywor
kedf
orgai
noranyot
hermannerwhi
ch
t
hecour
tthi
nksdeem f
it
.

Wr
it
tenSt
atement[
order8]

Speci
alr
ulesofdef
encei
nwr
it
tenst
atement
:
 Thedef
endantmaybr
ingnew f
act
sorsuchact
ionswhi
chmaket
hesui
t
ei
thernonmai
ntai
nabl
eordecl
arei
tasvoi
dorvoi
dabl
einl
aw.Thepur
pose
oft
hisr
ulei
stogi
veanadvancenot
if
icat
ionoft
headdi
ti
onalgr
oundsr
eli
ed
uponbyt
hedef
endantt
othepl
aint
if
finor
dert
osubst
ant
iat
ethecauseof
j
ust
iceandconveni
ence.

 Thedeni
alsmustbespeci
fi
cinnat
urewher
eeachal
l
egat
ionoff
act
smust
beexpr
essl
yaccept
edordeni
edi
nwr
it
ing.

 Thel
anguageofdeni
alshoul
dnotbevagueorevasi
veasi
nthecaseof
damagesor f
orr
ecover
yofmoney,t
he def
endantshoul
d cat
egor
ical
l
y
expr
esswhet
herhehasr
ecei
vedt
hesum oranypar
toft
hesum t
her
eof
.

 Ever
yal
l
egat
ionoff
act
sint
hepl
ainti
fnotdeni
edspeci
fi
cal
l
y,shal
lbet
aken
t
obeadmi
tt
edi
ntheeyesoft
hecour
texceptagai
nstaper
sonwhowas
underdi
sabi
l
ity(
li
kel
aw ofl
i
mit
ati
on,sui
tforcei
l
ingofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty
wi
thouti
nfor
mingt
heaf
fect
edpar
tyashedi
dnotr
ecei
vedt
hesummonsf
or
demol
i
tionofhi
spr
oper
ty[
physi
caldi
sabi
l
ity]
)andmayf
urt
herber
equi
red
t
obepr
ovenbyt
hesamepar
ty.

 Wher
ethedef
endantr
eli
esuponsever
algr
oundsf
ordef
enceorr
aisesan
i
ssueofsetof
forcount
ercl
aim basedondi
sti
nctf
act
s,t
heyshoul
dbe
st
atedsepar
atel
yordi
sti
nct
lyi
nthewr
it
tenst
atement
.

 Anynew gr
oundofdef
ensewhi
chhasar
isenaf
tert
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
t
orpr
esent
ati
onoft
hewr
it
tenst
atementshoul
dbespeci
fi
cal
l
ypl
eadedby
t
he def
endanti
n hi
s wr
it
ten st
atementand f
ort
he same t
he cour
tis
empower
edt
otakenecessar
yact
ions.

 Nopl
eadi
ngaf
tert
hewr
it
tenst
atementoft
hedef
endantcanbef
il
edot
her
t
hanbywayofsetof
forcount
ercl
aim.Thi
srul
eishoweversubj
ectt
othe
di
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.

 I
fthe def
endantf
ail
sto pr
esenthi
s wr
it
ten st
atementwi
thi
nthe t
ime
 per
mit
tedorasf
ixedbyt
hecour
t,t
hecour
tmaypr
onouncet
hej
udgment
agai
nsthi
m oranysuchor
deri
nrel
ati
ont
othesui
tasi
tdeemsf
it
.Itmay
37
decl
aret
hemat
terexpar
te.I
nthecaseofBal
rajTanej
avs.Suni
lMadan,
t
hesupr
emecour
thel
dthatt
hecour
tisnotsupposedt
oactbl
i
ndl
yupont
he
admi
ssi
onoft
hef
act
smadebyt
hedef
endanti
nhi
swr
it
tenst
atement
,nor
shoul
dthecour
tpr
oceedt
opasst
hej
udgmentbl
i
ndi
ng,mer
elybecausea
wr
it
tenst
atementhasnotbeenf
il
edbyt
hedef
endantt
raver
singt
hef
act
s
setoutbyt
hepl
aint
if
finhi
spl
aint
.Insuchacase,t
hepr
oposi
ti
onshoul
dbe
cover
edbyt
heexpr
essi
on‘t
hecour
tmayi
nit
sdi
scr
eti
onr
equi
reanysuch
f
act
stobepr
oved’ usedi
nsubr
ule2ofr
ule5ofor
der8f
orsubst
ant
iat
ing
t
hecauseofj
ust
ice.

Setof
f[or
der6]
:acr
osscl
aim set
upbyt
hepar
tyt
oof
fsett
heor
igi
nalcl
aim.I
tis
an ext
ensi
on of debt
s of whi
ch t
wo per
sons cont
est
ing t
he mat
ter
s ar
e
r
eci
procal
l
ycr
edi
tedt
oeachot
her
.Wher
ether
ear
emut
ualdebt
smut
ualdebt
s
bet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fsand t
hedef
endantonedebtmaybeset
tl
ed agai
nstt
he
ot .Thepl
her eaofset
offi
sapl
eawher
ebyt
hedef
endantacknowl
edgest
he
j
ust
nessoft
he pl
aint
if
f’scl
aim butset
sup anot
herdemand ofhi
sown t
o
count
erbal
ancet
hedemandofhi
sownagai
nstt
hedemandoft
hepl
aint
if
fei
ther
i
nwhol
eori
npar
ts.

Thel
aw r
ecogni
zest
wot
ypesofsetof
f,or
der8,r
ule6expr
essl
ydeal
swi
thLegal
set
off
.Howeveri
tdoesnott
ake awayt
he poweroft
he cour
tto al
l
ow such
adj
ust
menti
ndependentoft
hepr
ovi
si
onoft
her
ule6,or
der8whi
chi
sref
err
edas
equi
tabl
eseof
f:

Di
ff
erences

 Legalset
offshoul
dbef
orascer
tai
nedorspeci
fi
csum ofmoneywher
eas
equi
tabl
eset
offmaybeal
l
owedevenf
oranuncer
tai
nsum ofmoney.

 Legalset
offcanbecl
aimedasamat
terofr
ightandt
hecour
tisboundt
o

37
AI
R1999SC3381
.
 ent
ert
ain and adj
udi
cat
e upon i
t,wher
eas equi
tabl
e set
offcannotbe
cl
aimedasamat
terofr
ightandt
hecour
tishavi
ngadi
scr
eti
onl
eadi
ngt
o
suchadj
udi
cat
ion.

 Underl
egalset
offi
tisnecessar
ythatt
heamountcl
aimedasapar
tofset
of
fmustbel
egal
l
yrecover
abl
eandmustnotbet
imebar
redwher
easunder
equi
tabl
eset
off
,acl
aim maybeal
l
owedeveni
fiti
sti
mebar
redandonl
y
t
hingt
obeest
abl
i
shedi
sthepr
esenceofaf
iduci
aryr
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
t
hepar
ti
es.

 Al
egalset
offr
equi
resacour
tfeest
obepai
dwher
easf
orequi
tabl
eset
off
t
her
eisnor
equi
rementofapaymentofcour
tfees.

Count
ercl
aim[
Rul
e6at
o6g,Or
der8,i
ntr
oducedi
n1976]
:count
ercl
aim maybe
def
inedasacl
aim byt
hedef
endanti
nasui
tagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
tisacl
aim
i
ndependentofandsepar
abl
efr
om t
hepl
aint
if
f’scl
aim whi
chcanbeenf
orced
asacr
ossact
ioni
nfavoroft
hedef
endantagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
f.

38
nLakshiDasvs.NanaBhai
I t
heSCobser
vedt
hescopeofcount
ercl
aimf
ort
he
f
ir
stt
imeandhel
dthatt
hequest
ionbef
oret
hecour
tist
oconsi
deronpr
inci
plesas
t
owhet
hert
her
eisanyt
hingi
nlaw st
atut
oryorot
her
wise,whi
chpr
ecl
udesacour
t
f
rom t
reat
ingacount
ercl
aim asapl
ainti
nacr
osssui
t.Thei
ssuesofcount
er
cl
aim ar
etobedeal
twi
tht
hequest
iont
hatwhet
hert
heyhavet
oconf
orm wi
thal
l
t
her
equi
rement
sofpl
aintment
ionedunderCPC i
ftr
eat
edasapl
aintandt
her
e
coul
dnotbeal
egalobj
ect
iont
othecount
ercl
aim bei
ngt
reat
edaspl
aintunder
t
hel
aw andt
her
efor
etohol
dtheot
her
wisewoul
dbet
oer
ectwhati
nsubst
ancei
s
amat
terofdef
ecti
naf
orm ofpl
eadi
ngi
ntoani
nst
rumentf
ordenyi
ngwhatj
ust
ice
mani
fest
lydemands.

Obj
ect
:Thepr
ovi
si
onr
elat
ingt
ocount
ercl
aimt
husseekst
osavet
het
imeoft
he
cour
ts,excl
udei
nconveni
encet
othepar
ti
est
osuchl
i
tigat
ionanddeci
deal
lsuch
di
sput
es bet
ween t
he par
ti
es avoi
ding unnecessar
y mul
ti
pli
cit
y of j
udi
cial

38
AI
R1964SC1
1.
 39
pr
oceedi
ngsandpr
olongedt
ri
als.

Modest
oset
upofcount
ercl
aim:

 I
nthewr
it
tenst
atementi
tsel
ffi
l
edunderOr
der8r
ule1
;

 Byamendi
ngt
hewr
it
tenst
atementwi
tht
hel
eaveoft
hecour
tandset
ti
ng
upacount
ercl
aim;

 I
nasubsequentpr
oceedi
ngorpl
eadi
ngunderOr
der8Rul
e9i
tsel
f.

Whomayf
il
eacount
ercl
aim:adef
endantmayf
il
eacount
ercl
aim agai
nsta
pl
aint
if
fandi
nci
dent
all
yal
ongwi
tht
hepl
aint
if
f,t
hedef
endantmayal
socl
aimr
eli
ef
agai
nstco-def
endanti
nthesamesui
t.Butacount
ercl
aim sol
elyagai
nstt
heco-
40
def
endanti
snotmai
ntai
nabl
e.

Ef
fect
sofcount
ercl
aim:t
hecount
ercl
aim oft
hedef
endantwi
l
lbet
reat
edasa
pl
aintand t
hepl
aint
if
fhasar
ightt
ofi
l
eawr
it
tenst
atementi
nanswert
othe
count
ercl
aim oft
hedef
endant
.Thecount
ercal
i
m oft
hedef
endantwi
l
lbet
reat
ed
pur
elyont
hemer
it
sandont
hepr
inci
plesgover
ningt
hepl
aintandt
hepl
aint
if
fhas
t
ofi
l
ear
epl
ytot
hecount
ercl
aim whi
chshal
lbet
reat
edashi
swr
it
tenst
atement
andal
lther
ulesgover
ningt
heaspect
sofpl
aintar
eappl
i
cabl
eont
hecount
er
cl
aim.

Thedi
ff
erencebet
weensetof
fandcount
ercl
aim:

 Setof
fisast
atut
orydef
encet
o apl
aint
if
f’sact
ionwher
easacount
er
cl
aimi
ssubst
ant
ial
l
yacr
ossact
ionsui
t.

 Setof
fmustbef
oranascer
tai
nedsum ofmoneyori
tmustar
iseoutoft
he
samet
ransact
ionwher
easacount
ercl
aim neednotar
iseoutofasame
t
ransact
ion;

 Setof
fisagr
oundofdef
encet
othepl
aint
if
f’sact
ionwhi
chwoul
daf
for
d

39
RameshChandr
avs.Anil
Panjwani
,AI
R2003SC2508.
40
Rohi
tSi
nghvs.Stat
eofBihar
,AI
R2007SC10
 ananswert
othepl
aint
if
f’scl
aim i
nt oorpr
ot otant
o(i
napr
opor
ton)
i .
Wher
east
hewr
it
tenst
atementi
saweaponofof
fencewhi
chenabl
est
he
def
endantt
o enf
orce a cl
aim agai
nstt
he pl
aint
if
f ef
fect
ual
l
y as an
i
ndependentact
ion.

 I
ncaseofal
egalset
-of
ftheamountmustber
ecover
abl
eatt
hedat
eoft
he
sui
t,whi
l
eincaseofcount
ercl
aimt
heamountmustber
ecover
abl
eatt
he
dat
eoff
il
ingofwr
it
tenst
atement
.

 Whent
hedef
endantdemandsi
napl
aint
if
f’ssui
tanamountbel
ow orupt
o
t
hecl
aim oft
hesui
t,i
twi
l
lbet
reat
edassetof
finast
ri
ctsensebutwhent
he
cl
aimi
sforal
argeramount
,theexcesscl
aimr
aisedmaybet
reat
edasa
count
ercl
aim.
Appear
anceandnon-appear
anceofpar
ti
es:

Rul
e1and1
2:

Chot
aLalvs.AmbaLalHar
goban:Bombayhi
ghcour
thel
dthatwher
eapar
ty
ar
ri
vesl
atef
orhi
ssui
torappl
i
cat
ion,hei
sent
it
ledt
orest
orehi
ssui
torappl
i
cat
ion
ont
hebasi
sofpaymentofcost
s.

Cur
ri
nBhaivs.NHMoos:i
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoagr
eewi
tht
hepr
inci
pledevel
opedi
nthe
caseofchot
alal
.Ifsuchar
igi
drul
eisl
aiddown,i
tmi
ghtmeant
hatt
hedef
endant
wi
l
lsuccessi
vel
ypr
eventhi
ssui
tfr
om everbei
nghear
dandf
oral
lhi
smi
sconduct
,
al
lhe hast
o do i
spaya costata l
aterst
age f
orr
est
orat
ion oft
he mat
ter
al
toget
herandt
hati
ssomet
hingwhi
cht
hecour
tobvi
ousl
ycannotal
l
owt
ohappen.

LakshiCommer
cialBankl
td.vsHansRaj
:theunder
li
nedpr
inci
plesi
sthatunt
ilt
he
sui
tisf
inal
l
ydeci
dedapar
tyhasar
ightt
ocomei
nanddef
endt
hesui
tandt
his
r
uleshoul
dbel
i
ber
all
yconst
rued.

Ar
junSi
nghvs.Mohi
ndr
aKumar(
Supr
emeCour
t,AI
R1964SC 993)
:onehast
o
gi
veval
i
dreasonf
orr
est
orat
ion,paymentofcosti
snotsuf
fi
cient
.

I
tisaf
undament
alr
uleofl
aw ofpr
ocedur
ethatapar
tymusthaveaf
airand
r
easonabl
eoppor
tuni
tyt
orepr
esenthi
scaseandf
ort
hatpur
poseheshoul
dhave
apr
iornot
iceofl
egalpr
oceedi
ngsbei
ngi
nit
iat
edagai
nsthi
m.I
fthesummonsi
s
notdul
yser
vedwhi
chi
sacondi
ti
onpr
ecedentt
oaf
airt
ri
alori
tdoesnotgi
vehi
m
suf
fi
cientt
imet
orepr
esenthi
scasesuf
fi
cient
ly,t
hennodecr
eecanbepassed
41
agai
nsthi
m.

Expar
teor
der
s:

Expar
tei
sadecr
eepassedi
ntheabsenceoft
hedef
endant
.Wher
ethepl
aint
if
f
appear
sandt
hedef
endantdoesnotappearatt
het
imewhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edf
or
hear
ingt
hecour
tmayheart
hesui
texpar
teandpassadecr
eeagai
nsthi
m.Such
adecr
eei
snei
thernul
landvoi
dnori
noper
ati
vebuti
smer
elyvoi
dabl
esubj
ectt
o

41
Begum Par
avs.Lui
zaMat
il
daFer
nandez.1
9842SCC395.
 42
t
hegr
oundofavai
l
abi
l
ityofsuf
fi
cientcauseorl
egal
reasons.

Remedi
esagai
nstt
heor
derofexpar
te:

 Toappl
ytot
hecour
tbywhi
chsuchdecr
eei
spassedt
oseti
tasi
deunder
Or
der9Rul
e13ofCPC;

 Topr
eferanappealagai
nstsuchdecr
eeunderSect
ion96(
2)ort
ofi
l
efor
r
evi
s0i
onunderSect
ion1
15ofCPCwher
enoappeal
li
es;

 Toappl
yforr
evi
ew,or
der47Rul
e1;

43
 Tof
il
easui
tont
hegr
oundoff
raud.

Theabover
emedi
esar
econcur
rentandt
heycanbepr
osecut
edsi
mul
taneousl
yor
concur
rent
lyandwher
etwor
emedi
esar
eresor
tedt
oonecannotbesai
dtobe
oper
ati
ngi
nder
ogat
ionofot
her
.

Set
ti
ngasi
deex-par
ter
ule1
3:anor
derofexpar
tehasbeenpassedmayappl
yfor
set
ti
ngi
tasi
deandwher
ether
ear
emor
ethanonedef
endant
sthenanyoneof
t
hem canappl
ytoseti
tasi
de.

Wher
etheappl
i
cat
ionwi
l
lli
e:anappl
i
cat
iont
osetasi
det
heexpar
teor
dermay
bemadet
othecour
twhi
chhaspassedt
heexpar
teor
derandwher
esuchdecr
ee
i
sconf
ir
medbyasuper
iorcour
tthenanappl
i
cat
ionmayl
i
ebef
oresuchsuper
ior
cour
t.

Thegr
oundsf
orset
ti
ngasi
det
heor
derofexpar
te:

 I
fthesummonswer
enotdul
yser
vedandt
hedef
endantsat
isf
iedt
othe
cour
tfort
hesamet
heni
tact
sast
heval
i
dgr
oundf
orset
ti
ngasi
det
heex
par
teor
der
;

 Avai
l
abi
l
ityofasuf
fi
cientcausewhi
chhaspr
event
edhi
sappear
ancei
nthe
cour
t:t
heexpr
essi
onsuf
fi
cientcausei
snotdef
inedanywher
ebutt
hepar
ty
42
PandurangRamchandr
avs.Shant
iBaiRamchandr
a,AI
R1989SC2240.
43
PKiranKumarvs.ASKhadar,AI
R2002SC2286.
 shoul
d notbe depr
ived ofhear
ing unl
ess t
her
e has been somet
hing
equi
val
entt
omi
sconductorgr
ossnegl
i
genceonhi
spar
t.

 Necessar
ymat
eri
alsshoul
dbepl
acedbef
oret
hecour
ttoshow t
hatt
he
appl
i
canti
svi
gil
antanddi
l
igent
,whet
herornott
her
eisasuf
fi
cientcause
woul
d depend upon f
act
sand ci
rcumst
ancesoft
he cases,i
fther
e ar
e
del
ayi
ngt
act
icsandnoncooper
ati
ononpar
toft
hepar
ti
es,t
hepar
tycannot
seeki
ndul
genceoft
hecour
t.Thet
estt
obeappl
i
edi
swhet
hert
hepar
ty
honest
lyi
ntendedt
oremai
npr
esentatt
hehear
ingoft
hesui
tanddi
dhi
s
44
bestt
o do so. The l
anguage oft
he above r
ulei
spl
ain,expr
essand
unambi
guousandt
hegr
oundsment
ionedt
her
einar
eexhaust
ive.E.
g.of
suf
fi
cientcause:t
hebur
denofpr
ovi
ng suf
fi
cientcausef
ornonappear
ance
l
i
esont
hedef
endantandi
tisenought
opr
ovet
othatheat
tempt
edt
o
r
emai
npr
esent
,whent
hesui
twascal
l
edf
orhear
ing.Cer
tai
ncauseshave
beenhel
dtobesuf
fi
cientcausesf
ort
heabsenceofdef
endantwhi
char
e:

o Thebonaf
idemi
stakeast
othedat
eofhear
ing;

o Lat
ear
ri
val
oft
rai
norot
hermodesoft
ranspor
tat
ion;

o Si
cknessoft
hecounsel
;

o Fr
audoft
heopposi
tepar
ty;

o Negl
i
genceofnextf
ri
endorguar
diani
ncaset
hedef
endanti
smi
nor
;

o Deat
hofar
elat
iveofapar
ty;

o St
ri
kesofadvocat
es

 Nosuf
fi
cientcauseexampl
e:

o Di
l
ator
ytact
ics,del
ayi
ngt
act
ics;

o Negl
i
genceofpar
ty;

44
PayalAshokKumarvs.Capt
ainAshokkumar
,19923SCC 1
6;G PSr
ivast
avvs.RKRai
j
ada,
20003SCC54.
 o Counsel
bei
ngbusyi
nsomeot
hercour
t;

o Absence ofdef
endantaf
tert
he pr
ayerofadj
our
nmenthasbeen
r
efused;

o Mer
ethi
nki
ngt
hatt
hecasewi
l
lnotbecal
l
eduponf
orhear
ing;

o Wi
l
lful
avoi
danceoft
aki
ngpar
tincour
tpr
oceedi
ngs;

Remedyi
fexpar
teor
deri
spassed:

 Appeal
:anappeall
i
esagai
nstanor
derr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
iont
osetasi
de
t
heexpar
tedecr
eeunderSect
ion96(
2).Ther
eisaconf
li
ctbef
oret
hecour
t
t
hatwhet
heri
nsuchcasest
heappel
l
atecour
tcanonl
yconsi
dert
hedecr
ee
passedbyt
hel
owercour
tonmer
it
sorwhet
hert
hecour
tcanal
soconsi
der
suf
fi
cientgr
oundsorr
easonsat
tached wi
tht
he non appear
ance oft
he
par
ty

 Revi
si
on:anor
derset
ti
ng asi
deanexpar
tedecr
eei
s‘casedeci
ded’
wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion1
15whi
chi
ssubj
ectt
other
evi
si
onoft
he
cour
t

 Revi
ew:si
nceal
lther
emedi
esagai
nstanexpar
tedecr
eear
econcur
rent
andaggr
ievedpar
tymayf
il
eanappl
i
cat
ionf
orr
evi
ew underOr
der47Rul
e1.

 Sui
t:I
fal
ldoor
sar
ecl
osed,asui
tforf
raudmaybef
il
ed.Asui
ttosetasi
de
anexpar
tedecr
eei
snotmai
ntai
nabl
e,buti
fanexpar
tedecr
eei
sal
l
eged
t
ohavebeenobt
ainedbyt
hepl
aint
if
f’sf
raudt
hent
hedef
endantcanf
il
ea
r
egul
arsui
ttosetasi
desuchdecr
eeasf
raudvi
ti
atet
hesol
emnobj
ect
iveof
j
ust
ice.

FI
RSTHEARI
NGOFTHESUI
T[ORDER1
0,1
4,1
5]:

Fi
rsthear
ingofasui
tmeanst
hedayonwhi
cht
hecour
tgoesi
ntot
hepl
eadi
ngsof
t
hepar
ti
esf
orunder
standi
ngt
hei
rcont
ent
ions.Pr
esent
ati
onoft
hepl
ainti
sthe
f
ir
stst
ageoft
het
ri
al,submi
ssi
onofwr
it
tenst
atementi
sthesecondst
ageandt
he
t
hir
dst
ageoft
hesui
twher
efr
ami
ngandset
tl
ementofi
ssuesi
nthepr
esenceof
45
par
ti
est
akespl
ace,i
scal
l
edf
ir
sthear
ing. I
nthi
scase,i
twasobser
vedt
hatt
he
dat
eoff
isthear
ingi
sthedat
eonwhi
cht
hecour
tpr
oposest
oappl
yit
smi
ndi
nthe
cont
ent
ionsoft
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tandi
nthedocument
sfi
l
edbyt
hem f
ort
he
pur
poseoff
rami
ngofi
ssues.

Obj
ectoff
ir
sthear
ing:underor
der1
0rul
e1,at
hest
ageoff
ir
sthear
ingt
hecour
t
wi
l
lascer
tai
nwhet
hert
hepar
ti
esacceptordenyt
heal
l
egat
ionsoff
actorl
aw
mai
dei
theri
npl
aintorwr
it
tenst
atementandi
fther
eisnopossi
bil
i
tyofset
tl
ement
t
hecasewi
l
lbeenl
i
stedf
ordet
ail
edhear
ing.Henceatt
hest
ageoff
ir
sthear
ing
t
hej
oboft
hecour
tist
oascer
tai
nwi
thpr
eci
si
ont
hepr
oposi
ti
onofl
aw orf
acton
whi
cht
hecour
tmayf
rameani
ssueandexami
net
het
est
imonyoft
hepar
ti
es.

Fr
ami
ngofi
ssues[
order1
4,1
]:i
ssuesar
isewhenamat
eri
alpr
oposi
ti
onoff
actor
l
aw i
saf
fi
rmedbyonepar
tyanddeni
edbyt
heot
herpar
ty.Eachsuchmat
eri
al
pr
oposi
ti
onsoaf
fi
rmedordeni
edshal
lbecomet
hecauseofadi
sti
ncti
ssue.

Ki
ndsofi
ssue:r
ule1ofor
der1
4pr
ovi
dest
hati
ssuescanbei
ssuesoff
act
,issues
ofl
aw ormi
xedi
ssuesoff
actandl
aw.I
ssuesofl
aw mayr
elat
eto:t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on
oft
hecour
t,abart
othesui
tcr
eat
edbyanyl
aw f
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce.

I
mpor
tanceofi
ssues:

 i
tist
hei
ssuesf
ramedandnott
hepl
eadi
ngsoft
hepar
ti
est
hatwi
l
lgui
det
he
par
ti
esi
nleadi
ngt
heevi
dences.

 Thecour
tcannotr
efuset
odet
ermi
neapoi
ntani
ssuehasbeenf
ramedand
t
heevi
dencewer
eleadbyt
hepar
ti
eseveni
fthesamewer
enoti
ncl
udedi
n
t
hepl
eadi
ngs.

 Thecour
tshoul
dnotf
rameanysuchi
ssuewhi
chdoesnotar
isei
npl
eadi
ngs

45
Si
rajAhmedvs.Pr
em Nat
h,AI
R1993SC2525.
 asi
thel
pst
hecour
tfr
om avoi
dingt
hedevi
ati
onf
rom t
hesubj
ectmat
ter
.

 I
ssuesmustbeconf
inedt
omat
eri
alquest
ionoff
actorl
aw (
fact
apr
obanda)
andnotonsubor
dinat
efact
sorevi
dencesbywhi
cht
hemat
eri
alf
act
sar
e
ei
therpr
ovedordi
spr
oved(
fact
apr
obant
ia)

 Onei
ssueshoul
dpr
efer
abl
ycoveronl
yonef
actorl
aw i
ndi
sput
ebet
ween
t
hepar
ti
es.

 I
fthecasegoesf
orappeal
,theappel
l
atecour
tisunderdut
ytodeci
det
he
46
i
ssuesset
tl
edf
ort
ri
alandnotont
hepl
eadi
ngsoft
hepar
ti
es. I
twashel
d
i
nthi
scaset
hati
ssuesar
ethebackboneoft
hesui
tswhi
chactast
hel
amp
postf
orenl
i
ght
eni
ngt
hepar
ti
est
otheal
l
egat
ions,t
het
ri
alcour
tandeven
t
he appel
l
ate cour
tas t
o whati
sthe act
ualcont
rover
sy,whati
sthe
evi
denceandwher
eli
est
heact
ual
trut
h.

Mat
eri
alsf
orf
rami
ngi
ssues{
Rul
e3}

 Al
l
egat
ionmadeonbot
hbyt
hepar
ti
esorper
sonspr
esent
ingont
hei
rbehal
f
ort
hrought
hepl
eader
sappear
ingf
ort
hepar
ti
es

 Al
l
egat
ionsmadei
nthepl
eadi
ngsori
nanswert
othei
nter
rogat
ori
es

 Document
spr
oducedbyt
hepar
ti
es

Di
sposaloft
hesui
t[or
der1
5]:

Cour
tmaypr
onouncet
hej
udgment
sont
hef
ir
sthear
ing:

 Wher
ethepar
ti
esar
enotati
ssueorofanyquest
ionoff
actorl
aw

 Wher
ether
ear
etwoormor
edef
endant
sandanyoneoft
hem admi
tst
othe
cl
aim oft
hepl
aint
if
f,t
hecour
tmaypr
onouncet
hej
udgmentagai
nstsuch
def
endant
sandasui
tmaypr
oceedagai
nstot
herdef
endant
s

 Wher
ethesummonshasbeeni
ssuedf
ort
hedi
sposaloft
hesui
tandei
ther
46
St
ateofGuj
aratvs.Jaypal
Singh,JaswantSi
nghEngi
neer
sandCont
ract
ors
 par
tyf
ail
swi
thoutsuf
fi
cientcauset
opr
oducet
heevi
denceonwhi
chhe
r
eli
es

 Wher
eapar
tyorhi
spl
eadermakescer
tai
nadmi
ssi
onoft
hef
act
swhi
char
e
suf
fi
cientenought
odi
sposeoft
hecase

 Wher
e af
tert
he i
ssueshave been f
ramed t
he cour
tissat
isf
ied t
hatno
f
urt
herar
gumentorevi
dencei
srequi
red

Di
scover
y, i
nspect
ion [
order
11]
, admi
ssi
on (
read by own) [
order 1
2] and
pr
oduct
ion,i
mpoundi
ngandr
etur
nofdocument
s[or
der1
3]andaf
fi
davi
ts[
order
1
9]:

 Di
scover
yandi
nspect
ion:

o Di
scover
ymeanst
ocompelt
heopposi
tepar
tyt
odi
scl
osewhathe
hasi
nhi
spossessi
on.I
tisacompul
sor
ydi
scl
osur
ebyapar
tyt
oan
act
ionoff
act
sordocument
sonwhi
cht
heot
hersi
dewi
shest
orel
y.
Af
tert
heset
tl
ement
soft
hei
ssues,apar
tyt
othesui
tmayr
equi
re
i
nfor
mat
ion f
rom hi
s adver
sar
y as t
o f
act
s or document
sin
possessi
onofsuchpar
tyt
hroughput
ti
ngup aser
iesofquest
ions
whi
ch i
s cal
l
ed i
nter
rogat
ori
es.The j
udge wi
l
lgo t
hrough t
hese
quest
ionsandi
fheconsi
der
sthem pr
operhewi
l
lcompelt
heot
her
si
de t
o answer t
hem on oat
h bef
ore t
he t
ri
al,t
his par
ti
cul
ar
submi
ssi
ononoat
hiscal
l
eddi
scover
yoff
act
s.

 I
nter
rogat
ori
es[
Rul
e1t
o11
]:

o Obj
ect

 t
oknowt
henat
ureoft
hecaseoft
heopponent

 Tosuppor
thi
sowncaseei
therbydi
rect
lyobt
aini
ngadmi
ssi
on
ori
ndi
rect
ly by i
mpeachi
ng ordest
ruct
ing t
he case ofhi
s
opponent
.
o Whomayadmi
nist
eri
nter
rogat
ori
es

 I
tmaybeadmi
nist
eredbyonepar
tyt
oasui
ttot
heot
herpar
ty
whi
chmaybet
hecaset
hatapl
aint
if
fmayaski
nter
rogat
ori
es
t
othedef
endantandvi
cever
sa

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esmaybeaddr
essedt
oaco-pl
aint
if
fbypl
aint
if
f
andt
otheco-def
endantbyt
hedef
endantbuti
tisnecessar
y
t
hatal
loft
hem ar
epar
ti
est
othesui
t.

o Rul
esf
orf
rami
ngi
nter
rogat
ori
es:

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esmaybeadmi
nist
eredi
nwr
it
ingwi
tht
hel
eaveof
t
hecour
tandsubj
ectt
othel
i
mit
ati
onsasmaybepr
escr
ibedby
t
hecour
t

 Thepar
ti
cul
arsoft
hei
nter
rogat
ori
espr
oposedt
obedel
i
ver
ed
shoul
dbesubmi
tt
edt
othecour
twhi
chshal
ldeci
dewi
thi
nthe
t
endayf
rom f
il
ingofsuchappl
i
cat
ion

 I
nter
rogat
ori
es may be admi
nist
ered by a pl
aint
if
fto a
def
endantpr
ovi
ded t
hatt
her
eis some quest
ion ori
ssue
bet
weent
hem i
nthesui
torpr
oceedi
ngs

 No par
ty can del
i
vermor
ethan one setofi
nter
rogat
ori
es
wi
thoutt
heor
deroft
hecour
t

 Nol
eavemaybegr
ant
edt
othepl
aint
if
fforadmi
nist
eri
ngt
he
i
nter
rogat
ori
es unt
ilt
he wr
it
ten st
atement i
sfi
l
ed by t
he
def
endantort
het
imet
ofi
l
ethewr
it
tenst
atementhasexpi
red
and si
mil
arl
yadef
endantmaynotf
il
eint
err
ogat
ori
esbef
ore
f
il
inghi
swr
it
tenst
atement

 Wher
eapar
tyt
othesui
tiscor
por
ati
onorbodyofper
sons,
i
nter
rogat
ori
esmaybeadmi
nist
eredt
oaof
fi
cerormemberof
suchcor
por
ati
on
  Wher
e a par
ty t
o a sui
tis mi
nor or l
unat
ic per
son,
i
nter
rogat
ori
esmaybeadmi
nist
eredt
ohi
snextki
n

 I
nter
rogat
ori
es and an af
fi
davi
t i
n suppor
t t
o such
i
nter
rogat
ori
esmustbe del
i
ver
ed t
othe cour
tin pr
escr
ibed
f
orm

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esmustr
elat
etoormusthavear
easonabl
enexus
wi
tht
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esshoul
d be submi
tt
ed t
he cour
twi
thi
nthe t
en
daysofser
viceofsuchi
nter
rogat
ori
esort
het
imeasf
ixedby
t
hecour
t

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esmustr
elat
etot
hequest
ionoff
actandnott
he
concl
usi
onori
nfer
encesoft
hel
aw

 I
nter
rogat
ori
esmaybeobj
ect
edont
hegr
oundt
hatt
heyar
e
scandal
ous,vexat
ious,andi
rr
elevantorunr
easonabl
eornoti
n
bonaf
idei
ntent
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
othesubj
ectoft
hesui
t

 The costoft
he i
nter
rogat
ori
esshal
lbe bor
ne byt
he par
ty
admi
nist
eri
ngt
hem butt
hecour
tmayal
soor
dert
hepar
tywho
hasdef
aul
tedt
oanswersuchi
nter
rogat
ori
est
opayt
hecost

 Anypar
tyt
othet
ri
aloft
hesui
tmayusei
nevi
denceanyoneor
mor
e oft
he answer
soranypar
toft
he answer
sther
eofi
n
suppor
tofhi
scl
aimt
othesui
t

 Wher
e anyper
son f
ail
sto compl
ywi
th an or
dert
o answer
i
nter
rogat
ori
eshi
ssui
tcanbedi
smi
ssedi
fhei
sapl
aint
if
forhi
s
def
encemaybest
ruckof
fifhei
sadef
endant
.

I
nter
im or
der
s
I
nter
im or
der
smeanst
hosei
nter
veni
ngor
derwhi
char
etempor
aryi
nnat
ureand
r
emai
ninf
orcef
ort
het
imebei
ngdur
ingt
hependencyofasui
torpr
oceedi
ngs
whi
chdonotf
inal
l
ydet
ermi
net
hesubst
ant
iver
ight
sandl
i
abi
l
iti
esoft
hepar
ti
esi
n
r
espectt
othesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
torpr
oceedi
ngs.

Typesofi
nter
im or
der
s:

o Paymenti
ncour
t[or
der24]

o Secur
it
yincost
s,or
der25

o Commi
ssi
ons,or
der26

o Ar
restbef
orej
udgment
,or
der38

o At
tachmentbef
orej
udgment
s,or
der38

o Tempor
aryi
njunct
ion,or
der39

o Recei
ver
,or
der40

Appoi
ntmentofcommi
ssi
ons[
Sect
ions75-78r
eadwi
thOr
der26]
:itdeal
swi
th
t
hepoweroft
hecour
ttoi
ssuecommi
ssi
onwhi
chi
sdi
scr
eti
onar
yinnat
ureand
canbeexer
cisedbyt
hecour
tfordoi
ngf
ullandcompl
etej
ust
icebet
weent
he
par
ti
es.i
tcanbeexer
cisedbyt
hecour
tei
theront
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hepar
ti
esor
suomot
o.

Pur
pose:

 To exami
ne wi
tnesses:t
he cour
thas a di
scr
eti
on t
orel
ax t
he r
ule of
at
tendanceofwi
tnessesont
hegr
oundofi
nabi
l
ityoft
heper
sont
oat
tend
t
hecour
trel
ati
ngt
osi
cknessori
nfi
rmi
tyorhi
spr
esencemaybedet
ri
ment
t
othepubl
i
cint
erest
.Thecour
tmayi
ssuecommi
ssi
onont
hef
oll
owi
ng
gr
ounds:

o I
ftheper
sont
obeexami
nedasawi
tnessr
esi
deswi
thi
nthel
ocal
l
i
mit
soft
he cour
t’sj
uri
sdi
cti
on and i
sexempt
ed undert
he code
 f
rom at
tendi
ngt
hecour
torhei
ssuf
fer
ingf
rom si
cknessorphysi
cal
i
nfi
rmi
tymaki
nghi
mimpossi
blet
oat
tendt
hecour
tori
nthei
nter
estof
j
ust
ice,f
orexpi
dit
ious di
sposaloft
he case- a commi
ssi
oneri
s
deemednecessar
y.

o I
fthe per
son r
esi
des beyond t
he l
ocall
i
mit
s of t
he cour
t’s
j
uri
sdi
cti
on

o I
fhei
saboutt
oleavet
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t

o I
ftheper
soni
sagover
nmentser
vantandi
ntheopi
nionoft
hecour
t
hi
sat
tendancemaynotbewi
thoutdet
ri
mentt
opubl
i
cser
vice.

o I
ftheper
soni
sresi
dingoutofi
ndi
aandt
hecour
tissat
isf
iedt
hathi
s
pr
esencei
snecessar
y

 Tomakel
ocali
nvest
igat
ions:t
hecour
tmayi
nasui
tappoi
ntacommi
ssi
on
t
oconductl
ocal
invest
igat
ion andr
epor
tther
eonf
ort
hepur
poseof

o El
uci
dat
inganymat
teri
ndi
sput
e

o Ascer
tai
ning t
he mar
ket val
ue of t
he pr
oper
tyf
or whi
ch t
he
cal
cul
ati
onofmesnepr
ofi
tsorannual
netpr
ofi
tsi
srequi
red

o Theobj
ectofl
ocali
nvest
igat
ioni
snott
ocol
l
ectevi
dencewhi
char
e
admi
ssi
bledi
rect
lyi
nthecour
tbutt
oobt
aint
heevi
dencesf
rom i
ts
ver
ypecul
i
arnat
urewhi
chi
savai
l
abl
eorf
oundonl
yont
hespot
.

 To adj
ustaccount
s:i
n any sui
twher
e exami
nat
ion oradj
ust
mentof
account
sisdeemednecessar
y,t
hecour
tmaydi
rectaper
sont
oactas
commi
ssi
onerf
orcar
ryi
ng outt
he i
nst
ruct
ions oft
he cour
tand r
epor
t
t
her
eon.

 Tomakepar
ti
ti
ons(
att
het
imeofexecut
ions)
:wher
eadecr
eeofpar
ti
ti
onof
i
mmovabl
epr
oper
tyhasbeenpassed,t
hecour
tmayi
ssueacommi
ssi
ont
o
car
ryoutt
he modesofpar
ti
ti
on accor
ding t
othe r
ight
sdecl
ared i
nthe
 decr
eeandsubmi
tar
epor
tther
eont
othecour
t

 Toconductsal
eoft
hepr
oper
ty:wher
einanysui
titbecomesnecessar
yto
sel
lai
mmovabl
epr
oper
tywhi
chi
sal
readyi
nthecust
odyoft
hecour
tand
t
he pr
eser
vat
ion of t
he same becomes di
ff
icul
t pendi
ng t
he f
inal
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
her
ight
s,cour
tmayappoi
ntt
hecommi
ssi
oni
fitdeemsf
it
di
rect
inghi
mtoconductsuchsal
eandr
epor
tther
eon.

 Toper
for
m mi
nist
eri
alact
:cl
eri
cal
wor
ks

 Power
soft
hecommi
ssi
oner[
Rul
e16-1
8,Or
der26]
:

o Summonorpr
ocur
etheat
tendanceoft
hepar
ti
esandt
hei
rwi
tnesses
andexami
net
hem

o Cal
lforexami
ningt
hedocument
s

o Ent
eri
ntoanyl
andorbui
l
dingment
ionedt
her
eoni
ntheor
der

o Pr
oceedexpar
tei
fthepar
ti
esdonotappearbef
orehi
m evenaf
ter
r
epeat
edsummonsandr
emi
nder
s

 Whowi
l
ltakecar
eoft
heexpenses:t
heymaybet
akencar
eofbyt
hepar
ty
aski
ng f
orsuchappoi
ntmentbydeposi
ti
ng t
her
elevantexpensesi
nthe
cour
t.

Ar
restbef
orej
udgment[
order38,r
ule1-4]
:undert
hespeci
alci
rcumst
ancest
he
cour
tcanor
derf
orar
restofadebt
orwher
ethecr
edi
tormovesanappl
i
cat
ion
suggest
ingt
hatt
heexecut
ionoft
hedecr
eemaybedel
ayedonaccountoft
he
debt
orort
hepar
tyabscondi
ngf
rom t
hel
ocalj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t.Theobj
ect
oft
hisor
deri
stoenabl
ethepl
aint
if
ftor
eal
i
zet
heamountofdecr
eeevent
ual
l
yif
passedi
nhi
sfavorandt
opr
eventanyat
temptonbehal
foft
hedef
endantt
odel
ay
t
hecauseoft
hej
ust
iceort
odel
ayt
heexecut
ionoft
hedecr
ee.

Gr
oundsoft
hear
restar
e:
  Thedef
endanti
shavi
ngani
ntentofdel
ayort
oavoi
dthecour
tpr
ocessor
t
oobst
ructt
hej
udi
cialpr
ocesseshasabscondedorl
eftt
hel
ocall
i
mit
sof
t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tori
saboutt
oabscondorl
eavet
hel
ocall
i
mit
sor
hasdi
sposedoforr
emovedt
hepr
oper
tyf
rom t
hel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hecour
tor
anypar
toft
hepr
oper
tyt
her
eon.

 The def
endanti
s aboutt
oleave I
ndi
a underci
rcumst
ances af
for
ding
r
easonabl
eoppor
tuni
tyorappr
ehensi
ont
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fmaynotbeabl
eto
r
eal
i
zehi
scl
aim ort
hedef
endantmaydel
ayt
heexecut
ionoft
hesui
t.

 The pl
aint
if
fmaki
ng a r
equestf
orar
restoft
he def
endantbef
oret
he
j
udgmentshal
lhave t
o suppl
ythese gr
ounds on t
he af
fi
davi
tbutt
he
def
endantwi
l
lnotbear
rest
edi
fhei
sent
rust
inghi
staskt
ohi
smanageror
agentf
orexecut
ingt
hedecr
ee.Evenaf
terf
ulf
il
li
ngt
heabovegr
oundst
he
or
derofar
restmay notbe passed as i
trest
s compl
etel
y wi
thi
nthe
di
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.

 Condi
ti
onspr
ecedent
sbef
orear
rest
s:

o Thepl
aint
if
f’ssui
tmustbebonaf
ideandhi
scauseofact
ionmustbe
uni
mpeachabl
e

o Thecour
tmusthavear
easont
obel
i
eveont
hebasi
sofadequat
e
mat
eri
alst
hatt
her
eisanur
gencyt
oexer
ciset
hisext
raor
dinar
ypower
andt
hesamel
i
eswi
thi
ntheambi
toft
hecour
t.

Compl
etei
tbyur
sel
f
Execut
ionofdecr
ees[
Sect
ion38,or
der21
]:i
tmeanst
heenf
orcementandgi
vi
ng
ef
fectt
oaj
udgmentoror
deroft
hecour
tsoast
oenabl
ethedecr
eehol
dert
o
r
eal
i
zet
hef
rui
tsoft
hedecr
ee.Theexecut
ioni
sdeemedt
obecompl
etedwhen
t
hedecr
eehol
derort
hej
udgmentcr
edi
torget
smoneyorot
hert
hingsawar
dto
hi
m byj
udgmentordecr nGhanshyam dasvsAnantkumarSi
ee.I nha,AI
R1991
SC2251
,itwashel
dthatt
her
emedyundert
heci
vi
lpr
ocedur
ecodei
sofsuper
ior
j
udi
cialqual
i
tyt
hanwhati
sgener
all
yavai
l
abl
eunderot
herst
atut
esandt
hej
udge
bei
ngent
rust
edexcl
usi
vel
ywi
thadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
icei
sexpect
edt
odobet
ter
.
CPCcont
ainsel
abor
ateandexhaust
ivepr
ovi
si
onsdeal
i
ngwi
thal
ltheaspect
sof
execut
ionpr
ovi
dingef
fect
iver
emedi
esnotonl
ytoj
udgmentdebt
orsbutal
sot
o
cl
aimantobj
ect
ors.

Thecour
tswhi
chmayexecut
ethedecr
ee:sect
ion38enact
sthatadecr
eemaybe
execut
edei
therbyt
hecour
twhi
chpassedi
torbyt
hecour
ttowhi
chi
tissentf
or
execut
ion.Sect
ion37def
inest
heexpr
essi
on‘cour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
ee’
andt
hef
oll
owi
ngcour
tsf
all
undert
hisexpr
essi
on:

 Thecour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancewhi
chact
ual
l
ypasst
hedecr
ee;

 Thecour
tsoff
ir
sti
nst
ancei
ncaseofappel
l
atedecr
ees;

 Wher
ethecour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancehasceasedt
oexi
st,t
hecour
twhi
chwoul
d
havej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
ythesui
tatt
het
imeofexecut
ion;

 Wher
ethecour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancehasceasedt
ohavej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oexecut
e
t
hedecr
ee,t
hecour
tatt
het
imeofexecut
ionwoul
dhavehadj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
o
t
ryt
hesui
t

nGhant
I eshervs.MadanMohanAI
R1997SC471
,itwashel
dthatadecr
eemay
beexecut
edei
therbyt
hecour
twhi
chpassedi
torbyt
hecour
ttowhi
chi
tissend
f
orexecut
i nMer
on.I laRamannavs.Nal
l
apaRaj
uAI
R 1
956SC 87,i
twashel
d
t
hata cour
twhi
ch hasnei
therpassed a decr
ee nota decr
ee i
spassed f
or
execut
ion,cannotexecut
eit
.iti
sset
tl
edl
aw t
hatt
hecour
twhi
chact
ual
l
ypassed
t
hedecr
eedoesnotl
osei
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oexecut
eitbyr
easonoft
hesubj
ect
mat
tert
her
eofbei
ngt
ransf
err
edsubsequent
lyt
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onofanot
hercour
t.

Tr
ansf
erofdecr
eef
orexecut
ion[
Sect
ion39-42r
eadwi
thor
der21r
ule3-9:
]asa
gener
alr
ule,t
hecour
twhi
chpasst
hedecr
eei
spr
imar
il
ythecour
ttoexecut
eit
butsuchcour
tmaysendt
hedecr
eef
orexecut
iont
oanot
hercour
tei
thersuo
mot
ooratt
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hedecr
eehol
deri
ffol
l
owi
nggr
oundsexi
sts:

 Thej
udgmentdebt
oract
ual
l
yandvol
unt
ari
l
yresi
desorcar
ri
esonbusi
ness
wi
thi
nthel
ocal
li
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofsuchcour
t;

 Thej
udgmentdebt
ordoesnothavepr
oper
tysuf
fi
cientt
osat
isf
ythedecr
ee
wi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
twhi
chpasst
hedecr
ee
buthaspr
oper
tywi
thi
nthel
ocal
li
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofsuchot
hercour
t

 The cour
tdi
rect
sthe sal
e ordel
i
ver
y ofi
mmovabl
e pr
oper
ty si
tuat
ed
out
sidet
hel
ocal
li
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofsuchot
hercour
t;

 The cour
twhi
ch passt
he decr
ee consi
der
sitnecessar
yforanyot
her
r
easont
ober
ecor
dedi
nwr
it
ing t
hatt
hedecr
eeshoul
dbeexecut
edby
suchot
hercour
t

I
nlakshinar
ayanvssur
ajkumarbakshandMohandeoPr
asadvs.Ram Lochan,
i
twashel
dthatt
hepr
ovi
si
onofsect
ion39st
ati
ng t
hegr
oundsf
ort
ransf
erof
execut
ionpr
oceedi
ngsar
enotmandat
oryandt
hecour
thast
hedi
scr
eti
oni
nthe
subj
ectmat
terwhi
chwi
l
lbej
udi
cial
l
yexer
cisedbyi
t.

Gener
alpr
inci
ples:

 Ter
ri
tor
ialj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
sacondi
ti
onpr
ecedentt
oacour
texecut
ingadecr
ee
i
nrespectofpr
oper
tysi
tuat
edent
ir
elyout
sidei
tsl
ocal
jur
isdi
cti
on.

 Anexecut
ingcour
tcannotgobehi
ndt
hedecr
ee;i
tmustt
aket
hedecr
eeas
i
tst
andsandexecut
eitaccor
dingt
oit
ster
ms.I
thasnopowert
ovar
yor
modi
fyt
het
ermsort
oquest
ioni
tsl
egal
i
tyorcor
rect
nessbecauseoft
he
r
easont
hatt
hel
egal
i
tyoft
hemai
npr
oceedi
ngscannotbebr
oughti
nto
 quest
iont
hroughcol
l
ater
alpr
oceedi
ngsandt
her
efor
enoenqui
ryont
his
47
gr
oundcanbei
nit
iat
ed.

 I
ncaseofi
nher
entl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
hedecr
eepassedbyt
hecour
tisa
nul
l
it
yandi
tsi
nval
i
dit
ycoul
dbeset
upwher
everandwheneveri
tissoughtt
o
beenf
orced.Whet
heri
nexecut
ionori
nthemai
npr
oceedi
ngs.

 I
nher
entl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
onhowevermustappearont
hef
aceoft
her
ecor
d
andhencei
fthedecr
eeont
hef
aceofi
tdi
scl
osescer
tai
nmat
eri
alont
he
basi
sofwhi
cht
hecour
tcoul
dhavepassedt
hedecr
ee,i
twoul
dbeval
i
d
andi
nsuchcasest
heexecut
ingcour
tmustexceptandst
andbyt
hedecr
ee
48
asi
trecei
ves.

 A decr
ee whi
ch i
s ot
her
wise val
i
d and execut
abl
e does notbecome
i
nexecut
abl
eont
hedeat
hoft
hedecr
eehol
derorofj
udgmentdebt
orand
49
canbeexecut
edagai
nsthi
slegal
hei
rs.

 Whent
het
ermsoft
hedecr
eear
evagueorambi
guous,anexecut
ingcour
t
canconst
ruet
hedecr
eet
oascer
tai
nit
spr
eci
semeani
ngf
orwhi
chi
tmay
50
r
efert
othej
udgmentorevent
hepl
eadi
ngsoft
hepar
ti
es.

 Anexecut
ingcour
tcangoi
ntot
hequest
ionoft
heexecut
abi
l
ityorot
her
wise
oft
hedecr
eeandconsi
derwhet
herbyanysubsequentdevel
opment
sthe
51
decr
eehassei
zedt
obeexecut
abl
eaccor
dingt
oit
spr
esentt
erms.

 A decr
eewhi
chbecomesi
nexecut
abl
ebyoper
ati
onofl
aw maybecome
execut
abl
ebyvi
rt
ueofasubsequentamendmenti
nthest
atut
eandcanbe
52
execut
edaf
tersuchamendment
.

 Theexecut
ingcour
thast
hepowert
omoul
dther
eli
efgr
ant
edt
othepl
aint
if
f

47
BhanwarLal vs.Univer
salHeavyMechani cal
Lif
ti
ngEnter
pri
ses.
48
NaginDasvs.Dal patRam;KKChar i
vs.RM Sashadar
i.
49
PradhatiDevivs.MahadeoPr asad.
50
DhavanVaj avs.SolankiHanujiKhodaji
.
51
JaiNar ayanvs.KedarNat h.
52
Dular
eyLodhvs.ADJKanpur .
 53
i
naccor
dancewi
tht
hechangedci
rcumst
ances.

 Thecour
texecut
ingt
hedecr
eet
ransf
err
edt
oithast
hesamepower
sin
54
execut
ingsuchdecr
eeasi
fithadbeenpassedbyi
tsel
f.

53
yashPal
singhvs.ADJ.
54
MahadeoPr asadvs.Ram Lochan.