15th Edition
Understanding Computers
Today and Tomorrow
Comprehensive
System Software:
Operating Systems and
Utility Programs
System Software vs. Application
Software
• System Software
– The operating system and utility programs that control a
computer system and allow you to use your computer
• Enables the boot process, launches applications,
transfers files, controls hardware configuration,
manages files on the hard drive, and protects from
unauthorized use
• Application Software
– Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a
computer
• Word processing, playing games, browsing the Web,
listening to music, etc.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2
The Operating System
• Operating System
– A collection of programs that manage and coordinate the
activities taking place within a computer
– Acts as an
intermediary
between the
user and the
computer and
between the
application programs
and system hardware
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 3
Functions of an Operating System
• Interfacing with Users (typically via a GUI)
• Booting the Computer
– Loads essential part of operating system (kernel) into
memory
– Reads opening batch of instructions
– Determines hardware connected to computer
• Configuring Devices
– Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if
needed
– Plug and Play devices are recognized automatically
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Functions of an Operating System
• Managing Network Connections
– Manages wired connections to home or office network
– Manages wireless connections at home, school, work, or
on the go
• Managing and Monitoring Resources and Jobs
– Makes resources available to devices and programs
– Monitors for problems and attempts to correct those that
arise
– Schedules jobs
• Jobs to be printed
• Files to be retrieved from hard drive
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Functions of an Operating System
• File Management
– Keeps track of stored files on computer so they can be
retrieved when needed
• Files usually viewed in a hierarchical format
• Security
– Passwords
– Biometric characteristics
– Firewalls
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Functions of an Operating System
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Processing Techniques for Increased
Efficiency
• Multitasking
– The ability of an operating system to have more than one
program (task) open at one time
• CPU rotates between tasks
• Switching is done quickly
• Appears as though all programs executing at the same
time
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Processing Techniques for Increased
Efficiency
• Multithreading
– The ability to rotate between multiple threads so that
processing is completed faster and more efficiently
– Thread
• Sequence of instructions within a program that is
independent of other thread
• Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing
– Multiple processors (or multiple cores) are used in one
computer system to perform work more efficiently
– Tasks are performed sequentially
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Processing Techniques for Increased
Efficiency
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Processing Techniques for Increased
Efficiency
• Memory Management
– Optimizing the use of main memory (RAM)
– Virtual memory
• Memory-management technique that uses hard drive
space as additional RAM
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 11
Processing Techniques for Increased
Efficiency
• Buffering and Spooling
– Buffer
• Area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold
data that is used by different hardware devices or
programs
– Buffering or Spooling
• Placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the
appropriate device when needed
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 12
Differences Among Operating
Systems
• Command Line Interface
– Require users to input commands
using the keyboard
• Graphical User Interface
– Graphics based interface
– Used by most operating systems
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13
Differences Among Operating
Systems
• Categories of Operating Systems
– Personal (Desktop) Operating Systems
• Designed to be installed on a single computer
– Server (Network) Operating Systems
• Designed to be installed on a network server
• Client computers still use a personal operating system
• Server operating system controls access to network
resources
– Mobile and embedded operating systems are also
common
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Differences Among Operating
Systems
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Differences Among Operating
Systems
• The Types of Processors Supported
– Desktop, mobile, server processors
– 32-bit or 64-bit CPUs
• Support for Virtualization and Other Technologies
– New types of buses
– Virtualization
– Mobility
– Security concerns
– Power-consumption concerns
– Touch and gesture input
– The move to cloud
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Operating Systems for Personal
Computers and Servers
• DOS (Disk Operating System)
– DOS traditionally used a command-line interface
– Dominant operating system in the 1980s and early 1990s
– PC-DOS
• Created originally for IBM microcomputers
– MS-DOS
• Created for use with IBM-compatible computers
– Can enter DOS commands in Windows
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DOS
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Windows
• Windows
– The predominant personal operating system developed by
Microsoft Corporation
– Windows 1.0 through Windows Vista
• Windows 1.0 released in 1985
– Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x were operating
environments for DOS
• Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME
• Designed for personal computers
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Windows
• Windows NT (New Technology)
– First 32-bit version of Windows designed for high-
end workstations and servers
– Replaced by Windows 2000
• Windows XP
– Replaced both Windows 2000 and Windows Me
• Windows Vista
– Replaced Windows XP
– Introduced the Aero interface and Sidebar feature
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Windows
– Windows 7
• Released in late 2009
• Home Premium (primary version for home users)
• Professional (primary version for businesses)
• Libraries feature gives you virtual folders
– Windows 8
• Current version of Windows
• Designed to be used with smartphones, desktop
computers, with or without a keyboard or mouse
• Supports multi-touch input
• Includes Start screen, tiles, and charms bar
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Windows
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Windows
– Windows Server
• The version of Windows designed for server use
– Windows Server 2012 is the latest version
– Supports both virtualization and cloud computing
– Windows Home Server
• Preinstalled on home server devices
• Designed to provide services for a home network
• Can be set up to back up all devices in the home on a
regular basis
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Mac OS
• Mac OS
– Proprietary operating system for computers made by
Apple Corporation
– Based on the UNIX operating system
– Originally set the standard for graphical user interfaces
– Mac OS X Family
• Mac OS X Mountain Lion and Mac OS X Mavericks
– Mac OS X Server
• Server version of Mac OS X
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Mac OS
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UNIX
• UNIX
– Operating system developed in the late 1960s for
midrange servers
– Multiuser, multitasking operating system
– More expensive, requires high level of technical
knowledge; harder to install, maintain, and upgrade
– “UNIX” initially referred to the original UNIX operating
system, now refers to a group of similar operating systems
based on UNIX
– Single UNIX Specification
• A standardized UNIX environment
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Linux
• Linux
– Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991—resembles UNIX but
was developed independently
– Is open-source software; has been collaboratively modified
by volunteer programmers all over the world
– Originally used a command line interface, most recent
versions use a GUI
– Strong support from mainstream companies, such as IBM,
NVIDIA, HP, Dell, and Novell
– Individuals and organizations are switching to Linux and
other open source software because of cost
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Linux
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Chrome OS
• Chrome OS
– The first cloud operating system
– Essentially is the Chrome Web browser redesigned to run a
computer, in addition to accessing Web resources
– Replaces traditional desktop operating systems
– Is currently only available preinstalled on Chrome devices
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Devices
• Windows Phone 8, Windows RT, and Windows Embedded
– Windows Phone
• Latest version of Windows designed for smartphones
• Windows Phone 8 is based on the Windows 8 operating
system
– Windows RT (Runtime)
• Designed for tablet use
– Windows Embedded
• Designed primarily for consumer and industrial devices
that are not personal computers
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Phones and Other Devices
– Android
• Linux-based operating system created with current
mobile device capabilities in mind
• Can create applications that take full advantage of all
the features a mobile device has to offer
• Open platform
• Current version is Android 4.3, also known as Jelly Bean
• Devices support multitasking, multiple cores, NFC
(near-field communication) mobile payment
transactions, Internet phone calls
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Phones and Other Devices
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Phones and Other Devices
– iOS
• Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile devices
• Supports multitasking
• Includes Safari Web browser, the Siri intelligent
assistant, Facetime video calling, AirDrop to send items
to others, and apps for email, messaging, music, and
search
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Phones and Other Devices
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Operating Systems for Mobile
Phones and Other Devices
– Blackberry OS and Blackberry PlayBook OS
• Designed for Blackberry devices
– Mobile Linux
• Other mobile operating systems based on Linux besides
Android and iOs
• Ubuntu, webOS, Firefox OS, and Tizen
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Operating Systems for Larger
Computers
• Larger computers sometimes use operating systems designed
solely for that type of system
• IBM’s z/OS is designed for IBM mainframes
• Windows, UNIX, and Linux are also used with servers,
mainframes, and supercomputers
• Larger computers may also use a customized operating system
based on a conventional operating system
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36
Inside the Industry Box
Weather Forecasting in the Alps
– Weather forecasting is difficult in the Alps due to complex
topography and intense precipitation
– Supercomputer Piz Daint is Linux based, uses CPUs and
GPUS, and runs at 750 teraflops
– Can run 30 weather forecasting models simultaneously
– Cooled with water from a
nearby lake
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 37
Utility Programs
• Utility Program
– Software that performs a specific task, usually related to
managing or maintaining the computer system
– Many utilities are built into operating
systems (for finding files, viewing
images, backing up files, etc.)
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 38
File Management Programs
• Enable the user to perform file management tasks, such as:
– Looking at the contents of a storage medium
– Copying, moving, and renaming files and folders
– Deleting files and folders
– File management program in Windows 8 is File Explorer
• To copy or move files, use the Home tab to copy (or cut)
and then paste
• To delete files, use the Delete key on the keyboard or
the Home tab
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File Management Programs
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How It Works Box
Sending to the Cloud
– Add cloud
locations
to the
Send To
menu
– Google
Drive,
SkyDrive,
etc.
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Utility Programs
• Search Tools
– Designed to search for documents and other files on the
user’s hard drive
• Windows 8 has Search charm to search for files, apps,
and Store items
– Are often integrated into file management programs
• Diagnostic and Disk Management Programs
– Diagnostic programs evaluate your system and make
recommendations for fixing any errors found
– Disk management programs diagnose and repair problems
related to your hard drive
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Utility Programs
• Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities
– Uninstall utilities remove programs from your hard drive
without leaving bits and pieces behind
– Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete
them
– Cleanup utilities delete temporary files
• Files still in Recycle Bin
• Temporary Internet files
• Temporary installation files
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Utility Programs
• File Compression Programs
– Reduce the size of files to optimize storage space and
transmission time
– Both zip and unzip files
– WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)
• Backup and Recovery Utilities
– Make the backup and restoration process easier
– Creating a backup means making a duplicate copy of
important files
• Can use a recordable or rewritable CD or DVD disc, a
USB flash drive, or an external hard drive
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Utility Programs
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Utility Programs
• Antivirus, Antispyware, Firewalls, and Other Security
Programs
– Security Concerns
• Viruses, spyware, identity theft, phishing schemes
– Security programs protect computers and users and it is
essential that all computer users protect themselves and
their computers
• Antivirus programs
• Antispyware programs
• Firewalls
• Many are included in Windows and other operating
systems
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Batch System
Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for efficiency
• Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all
times
• Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so
CPU always has one to execute
• A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
• One job selected and run via job scheduling
• When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches
to another job
Timesharing System
Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU
switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with
each job while it is running, creating interactive computing
• Response time should be < 1 second
• Each user has at least one program executing in
memory [process
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time [ CPU
scheduling
• If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves
them in and out to run
Clustered Systems
Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working
together
• Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
• Provides a high-availability service which survives failures
• Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby
mode (Master CPU)
• Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running
applications, monitoring each other
interconnect interconnect
computer computer computer
storage area
network
Distributed Systems
Distributed System
Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems
networked together
Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
Network Operating System provides features between
systems across network
• Communication scheme allows systems to exchange
messages
• Illusion of a single system
Embedded Systems
• Devices have EOS built in
• Cell phones, PDAs, medical equipment
• Stable and fast
Symbian
• Found in smart cell phones
• Games, Instant Messaging, Internet
• Full color display
Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
• RTOS are used to control machinery, scientific
instruments and industrial systems.
• An RTOS typically has very little user-interface
capability, and no end-user utilities, since the
system will be a "sealed box" when delivered
for use.
• A very important part of an RTOS is managing the
resources of the computer so that a particular operation
executes in precisely the same amount of time, every
time it occurs.
