Lists of integrals 1

Lists of integrals
Calculus
• Fundamental
theorem
• Limits of functions
• Continuity
• Mean value
theorem
• Rolle's theorem

Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus. While differentiation has easy rules by which the derivative of
a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so
tables of known integrals are often useful. This page lists some of the most common antiderivatives.

Historical development of integrals

A compilation of a list of integrals (Integraltafeln) and techniques of integral calculus was published by the German
mathematician Meyer Hirsch in 1810. These tables were republished in the United Kingdom in 1823. More
extensive tables were compiled in 1858 by the Dutch mathematician David de Bierens de Haan. A new edition was
published in 1862. These tables, which contain mainly integrals of elementary functions, remained in use until the
middle of the 20th century. They were then replaced by the much more extensive tables of Gradshteyn and Ryzhik.
In Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, integrals originating from the book by de Bierens are denoted by BI.
Not all closed-form expressions have closed-form antiderivatives; this study forms the subject of differential Galois
theory, which was initially developed by Joseph Liouville in the 1830s and 1840s, leading to Liouville's theorem
which classifies which expressions have closed form antiderivatives. A simple example of a function without a
closed form antiderivative is e−x2, whose antiderivative is (up to constants) the error function.
Since 1968 there is the Risch algorithm for determining indefinite integrals that can be expressed in term of
elementary functions, typically using a computer algebra system. Integrals that cannot be expressed using elementary
functions can be manipulated symbolically using general functions such as the Meijer G-function.

Lists of integrals
More detail may be found on the following pages for the lists of integrals:
• List of integrals of rational functions
• List of integrals of irrational functions
• List of integrals of trigonometric functions
• List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
• List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
• List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions
• List of integrals of exponential functions
• List of integrals of logarithmic functions
• List of integrals of Gaussian functions
Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Jeffrey, Zwillinger's Table of Integrals, Series, and Products contains a large collection of
results. An even larger, multivolume table is the Integrals and Series by Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev (with
volumes 1–3 listing integrals and series of elementary and special functions, volume 4–5 are tables of Laplace
transforms). More compact collections can be found in e.g. Brychkov, Marichev, Prudnikov's Tables of Indefinite
Lists of integrals 2

Integrals, or as chapters in Zwillinger's CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, Bronstein and
Semendyayev's Handbook of Mathematics (Springer) and Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics (Oxford Univ.
Press), and other mathematical handbooks.
Other useful resources include Abramowitz and Stegun and the Bateman Manuscript Project. Both works contain
many identities concerning specific integrals, which are organized with the most relevant topic instead of being
collected into a separate table. Two volumes of the Bateman Manuscript are specific to integral transforms.
There are several web sites which have tables of integrals and integrals on demand. Wolfram Alpha can show
results, and for some simpler expressions, also the intermediate steps of the integration. Wolfram Research also
operates another online service, the Wolfram Mathematica Online Integrator [1].

Integrals of simple functions

C is used for an arbitrary constant of integration that can only be determined if something about the value of the
integral at some point is known. Thus each function has an infinite number of antiderivatives.
These formulas only state in another form the assertions in the table of derivatives.

Integrals with a singularity

When there is a singularity in the function being integrated such that the integral becomes undefined, i.e., it is not
Lebesgue integrable, then C does not need to be the same on both sides of the singularity. The forms below normally
assume the Cauchy principal value around a singularity in the value of C but this is not in general necessary. For
instance in

there is a singularity at 0 and the integral becomes infinite there. If the integral above was used to give a definite
integral between -1 and 1 the answer would be 0. This however is only the value assuming the Cauchy principal
value for the integral around the singularity. If the integration was done in the complex plane the result would
depend on the path around the origin, in this case the singularity contributes −iπ when using a path above the origin
and iπ for a path below the origin. A function on the real line could use a completely different value of C on either
side of the origin as in:

Rational functions
More integrals: List of integrals of rational functions
These rational functions have a non-integrable singularity at 0 for a ≤ −1.

(Cavalieri's quadrature formula)

More generally,[2]
Lists of integrals 3

Exponential functions
More integrals: List of integrals of exponential functions

Logarithms
More integrals: List of integrals of logarithmic functions

Trigonometric functions
More integrals: List of integrals of trigonometric functions

(See Integral of the secant function. This result was a well-known conjecture in the 17th century.)
Lists of integrals 4

(see integral of secant cubed)

Inverse trigonometric functions

More integrals: List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions

Hyperbolic functions
More integrals: List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
Lists of integrals 5

Inverse hyperbolic functions

More integrals: List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions

Products of functions proportional to their second derivatives

Absolute-value functions
Let f be a function which has at most one root on each interval on which it is defined, and g an antiderivative of f that
is zero at each root of f (such an antiderivative exists if and only if the condition on f is satisfied), then

where sgn(x) is the sign function, which takes the values -1, 0, 1 when x is respectively negative, zero or positive.
This gives the following formulas (where a≠0):

when for some integer n.

when for some integer n.

when for some integer n.

Lists of integrals 6

when for some integer n.

If the function f does not has any continuous anti-derivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the
case for the sine and the cosine functions), then is an anti-derivative of f on every interval

on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x)=0. For having a continuous anti-derivative,
one has thus to add a well chosen step function. If we also use the fact that the absolute values of sine and cosine are
periodic with period π, then we get:

[citation needed]

[citation needed]

Special functions
Ci, Si: Trigonometric integrals, Ei: Exponential integral, li: Logarithmic integral function, erf: Error function

Definite integrals lacking closed-form antiderivatives

There are some functions whose antiderivatives cannot be expressed in closed form. However, the values of the
definite integrals of some of these functions over some common intervals can be calculated. A few useful integrals
are given below.

(see also Gamma function)

for a > 0 (the Gaussian integral)

for a > 0

for

a > 0, n is 1, 2, 3, ... and !! is the double factorial.

when a > 0

for a > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ....

Lists of integrals 7

(see also Bernoulli number)

(see sinc function and Sine integral)

(if n is an even integer and n ≥ 2)

(if n is an odd integer and n ≥ 3)

(for α , β, m, n integers with β ≠ 0 and

m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(for α , β real and n non-negative integer, see also Symmetry)

(for α , β, m,

n integers with β ≠ 0 and m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(for α , β,

m, n integers with β ≠ 0 and m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(where exp[u] is the exponential function eu, and a > 0)

(where is the Gamma function)

(for Re(α ) > 0 and Re(β) > 0, see Beta function)

(where I0(x) is the modified Bessel function of the first kind)

(for ν > 0 , this is related to the probability density

function of the Student's t-distribution)

If the function f has bounded variation on the interval [a,b], then the method of exhaustion provides a formula for the
integral:
Lists of integrals 8

The "sophomore's dream"

attributed to Johann Bernoulli.

References
[1] http:/ / integrals. wolfram. com/ index. jsp
[2] " Reader Survey: log|x| + C (http:/ / golem. ph. utexas. edu/ category/ 2012/ 03/ reader_survey_logx_c. html)", Tom Leinster, The n-category
Café, March 19, 2012

• M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, editors. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and
Mathematical Tables.
• I.S. Gradshteyn (И.С. Градштейн), I.M. Ryzhik (И.М. Рыжик); Alan Jeffrey, Daniel Zwillinger, editors. Table of
Integrals, Series, and Products, seventh edition. Academic Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-12-373637-6. Errata. (http://
www.mathtable.com/gr) (Several previous editions as well.)
• A.P. Prudnikov (А.П. Прудников), Yu.A. Brychkov (Ю.А. Брычков), O.I. Marichev (О.И. Маричев). Integrals
and Series. First edition (Russian), volume 1–5, Nauka, 1981−1986. First edition (English, translated from the
Russian by N.M. Queen), volume 1–5, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers/CRC Press, 1988–1992, ISBN
2-88124-097-6. Second revised edition (Russian), volume 1–3, Fiziko-Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2003.
• Yu.A. Brychkov (Ю.А. Брычков), Handbook of Special Functions: Derivatives, Integrals, Series and Other
Formulas. Russian edition, Fiziko-Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2006. English edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC
Press, 2008, ISBN 1-58488-956-X.
• Daniel Zwillinger. CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 31st edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press,
2002. ISBN 1-58488-291-3. (Many earlier editions as well.)

Historical
• Meyer Hirsch, Integraltafeln, oder, Sammlung von Integralformeln (http://books.google.com/
books?id=Cdg2AAAAMAAJ) (Duncker und Humblot, Berlin, 1810)
• Meyer Hirsch, Integral Tables, Or, A Collection of Integral Formulae (http://books.google.com/
books?id=NsI2AAAAMAAJ) (Baynes and son, London, 1823) [English translation of Integraltafeln]
• David Bierens de Haan, Nouvelles Tables d'Intégrales définies (http://www.archive.org/details/
nouvetaintegral00haanrich) (Engels, Leiden, 1862)
• Benjamin O. Pierce A short table of integrals - revised edition (http://books.google.com/
books?id=pYMRAAAAYAAJ) (Ginn & co., Boston, 1899)
Lists of integrals 9

External links

Tables of integrals
• Paul's Online Math Notes (http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/pdf/Common_Derivatives_Integrals.pdf)
• A. Dieckmann, Table of Integrals (Elliptic Functions, Square Roots, Inverse Tangents and More Exotic
Functions): Indefinite Integrals (http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/IntegralsIndefinite/IndefInt.html)
Definite Integrals (http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/IntegralsDefinite/DefInt.html)
• Math Major: A Table of Integrals (http://mathmajor.org/calculus-and-analysis/table-of-integrals/)
• O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. "500 Integrals" (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23969109/
500-Integrals-of-Elementary-and-Special-Functions). Derived integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions
• Rule-based Mathematics (http://www.apmaths.uwo.ca/RuleBasedMathematics/index.html) Precisely defined
indefinite integration rules covering a wide class of integrands
• Mathar, Richard J. (2012). "Yet another table of integrals". arXiv: 1207.5845 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5845).

Derivations
• V. H. Moll, The Integrals in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (http://www.math.tulane.edu/~vhm/Table.html)

Online service
• Integration examples for Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/Integrals.html)

Open source programs

• wxmaxima gui for Symbolic and numeric resolution of many mathematical problems (http://wxmaxima.
sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page)
Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and Contributors

Lists of integrals  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574985181  Contributors: 00Ragora00, Akikidis, Albert D. Rich, Amazins490, AngrySaki, Ant314159265,
ArnoldReinhold, Asmeurer, Aswinkumar9, BANZ111, BananaFiend, BeaumontTaz, BehzadAhmadi, Bilboq, Bruno3469, Brutha, CWenger, Cardamon, Ciphers, CsDix, Cícero, D.Lazard,
DJPhoenix719, DavidWBrooks, Dcirovic, Deineka, DerHexer, Dmcq, Doctormatt, Dogcow, Doraemonpaul, Dpb2104, Drahmedov, Dysprosia, Euty, FerrousTigrus, Fieldday-sunday, Fredrik,
Gauravjuvekar, Giftlite, Giulio.orru, Gloriphobia, Happy-melon, IDGC, Icairns, Imperial Monarch, Itai, Itu, Ivan Štambuk, IznoRepeat, JNW, JRSpriggs, Jaisenberg, Jimp, Jj137, John
Vandenberg, Jon R W, Jumpythehat, Jwillbur, KSmrq, Kanags, Kantorghor, Kiatdd, Kilonum, Kusluj, LachlanA, Latest Incarnation, LeaveSleaves, Legendre17, Lesonyrra, Linas, LizardJr8,
Lzur, Macrakis, Manoguru, Maschen, MathFacts, Michael Hardy, MrOllie, Msablic, Muro de Aguas, NNemec, Nbarth, New Math, NewEnglandYankee, NickFr, NinjaCross, Oleg Alexandrov,
Perelaar, Phatsphere, Physman, Physmanir, Pimvantend, Pokipsy76, Pschemp, Qmtead, R. J. Mathar, RobHar, Salih, Salix alba, Satellizer, Schmock, Schneelocke, Scythe33, ShakataGaNai,
Sseyler, Stpasha, SubratamindPal, Syed Wamiq Ahmed Hashmi, TStein, TakuyaMurata, Template namespace initialisation script, Tetzcatlipoca, The Transhumanist, Thenub314, Thine Antique
Pen, Tkreuz, Unyoyega, VasilievVV, Vedantm, Waabu, Widr, Wile E. Heresiarch, Willking1979, Woohookitty, Xanthoxyl, Yeungchunk, Ylai, Zmoney918, 306 anonymous edits

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