QS 015/2

Matriculation Programme
Examination
Semester I
Session 2016/2017

Chow Choon Wooi

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑥2
1. Express 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 in partial fractions form.

2. Evaluate the following limits, if exist.

𝑥−2
a. lim
𝑥→2 4 −16
𝑥

(2−𝑥)(𝑥−1)
b. lim (𝑥−3)2
𝑥→∞

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3. Show that 1−cos 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑥. Hence, solve 1−cos 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

1
4. Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2− 𝑥.
√

a. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) and state the equation of horizontal asymptote for 𝑓.
𝑥→∞

b. By using the first principle of derivative, find 𝑓’(𝑥).

5. (a) Use the derivative to find the maximum area of a rectangle that can be inscribed
in a semicircle of radius 10cm.

(b) A cone-shaped tank as shown below.

60°

Water flows through a hole A at rate of 6 𝑐𝑚3 per second. Find the rate of
change in height of the water when the volume of water in the cone is 24𝜋𝑐𝑚3

6. (a) Polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) has a raminder 3 when divided by (𝑥 + 3). Find the
remainder of 𝑃(𝑥) + 2 when divided by (𝑥 + 3).

(b) Polynomial 𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑏𝑥 − 7 has a factor (𝑥 − 1) and remainder 𝑅1

when divided by (𝑥 + 1), while a polynomial 𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6 has a
remainder 𝑅2 when divided by (𝑥 – 1). Find the value of the constants 𝑎 and 𝑏
if 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 5. Hence, obtain the zeroes for 𝑃1 (𝑥).

Chow Choon Wooi Page 2

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

7. Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = √3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥.

a. Express 𝑓 in the form of 𝑅 cos(2𝑥 − 𝛼) for 𝑅 > 0, 0° ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 90° and 𝛼 to the

nearest minute. State the maximum and minimum values of 𝑓.

b. Hence, solve √3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = −√2 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°. Give your answer
to the nearest minute.

8. The parametric equations of a curve is given by

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+1 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −(2𝑡−1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
(a) Find and when 𝑡 = 1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑧
(b) Given 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦. Express 𝑧 in terms of 𝑡 and find 𝑑𝑡 . Hence, duduce the set
𝑑𝑧
value of t such that 𝑑𝑡 is positive.

2|𝑥|
9. (a) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
+ 5𝑥. Compute lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) and lim− 𝑓(𝑥). Is 𝑓 continuous at
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
x=0? Give your reason.

(b) The continuous function 𝑔 is defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = {√5 − 𝑥, 𝑥<𝑎

3𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥𝑎

Find the value of 𝑎.

10. By writing 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, show that

𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
a. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, find in terms of 𝑦. Hence, determine the range of value of x
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
such that 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.

𝑑𝑦
b. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦), find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝑑𝑦
Hence, show that 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼 when 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝛼.

END OF QUESTION PAPER

Chow Choon Wooi Page 3

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑥2
1. Express 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 in partial fractions form.

SOLUTION
Improper Fraction
𝑥2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3

1
x2  2x  3 x2
x2  2x  3
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
2x  3 = 𝑄(𝑥) +
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)
𝑥2 2𝑥 + 3
2
=1+ 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3

2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1

2𝑥 + 3 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)
=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −1

2(−1) + 3 = 𝐴((−1) + 1) + 𝐵((−1) − 3)

1 = −4𝐵

1
𝐵=−
4

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3

2(3) + 3 = 𝐴((3) + 1) + 𝐵((3) − 3)

9 = 4𝐴

9
𝐴=
4

2𝑥 + 3 9 1
= −
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 4(𝑥 − 3) 4(𝑥 + 1)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 4

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑥2 2𝑥 + 3
2
=1+ 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3

9 1
=1+ −
4(𝑥 − 3) 4(𝑥 + 1)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 5

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

2. Evaluate the following limits, if exist.

𝑥−2
a. lim 𝑥 4 −16
𝑥→2

(2−𝑥)(𝑥−1)
b. lim
𝑥→∞ (𝑥−3)2

SOLUTION

𝑥−2 𝑥−2
a. lim 𝑥 4 −16 = lim (𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥2 −4)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

𝑥−2
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

1
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)

1
=
(22 + 4)(2 + 2)

1
=
32

(2−𝑥)(𝑥−1) 2𝑥−2−𝑥 2 +𝑥
b. lim = lim
𝑥→∞ (𝑥−3)2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9

−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
2
= lim 2 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥2

3 2
−1 + 𝑥 − 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 6 9
1−𝑥+ 2
𝑥

−1 + 0 + 0
=
1

= −1

Chow Choon Wooi Page 6

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3. Show that 1−cos 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑥. Hence, solve 1−cos 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

SOLUTION

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1 − cos 2 𝑥
=
1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥

(1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)

=
1 − cos 𝑥

= 1 + cos 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= cos 2𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥

1 + cos 𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑦−𝑦−2=0 2𝑎

−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(2)(−2)

𝑦=
2(2)

1 ± √17
=
4

= 1.2808, −0.7808

cos 𝑥 = 1.2808 , −0.7808

Since −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1

cos 𝑥 = − 0.7808

𝛼
𝛼

Chow Choon Wooi Page 7

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.7808

= 38.67°

Given that 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°

𝑥 = 180° − 38.67, 180° + 38.67

= 141.33°, 218.67°

Chow Choon Wooi Page 8

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

1
4. Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2− 𝑥.
√

a. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) and state the equation of horizontal asymptote for 𝑓.
𝑥→∞

b. By using the first principal of derivative, find 𝑓’(𝑥).

SOLUTION

1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2 − √𝑥
1
a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 2−√𝑥

=0

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
b. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ℎ [𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)]
ℎ→0

1 1 1
= lim [ − ]
ℎ→0 ℎ 2 − √𝑥 + ℎ 2 − √𝑥

1 (2 − √𝑥) − (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)
= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)

1 2 − √𝑥 − 2 + √𝑥 + ℎ
= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)

1 −√𝑥 + √𝑥 + ℎ
= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)

1 √𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 (√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)
= lim [ ][ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥) √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥

1 (𝑥 + ℎ) − (√𝑥√𝑥 + ℎ) + (√𝑥√𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥)

= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)(√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)

1 ℎ
= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 ℎ (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)(√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)

1
= lim [ ]
ℎ→0 (2 − √𝑥 + ℎ)(2 − √𝑥)(√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 9

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

1
=
(2 − √𝑥)(2 − √𝑥)(√𝑥 + √𝑥)

1
= 2
2√𝑥(2 − √𝑥)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 10

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

5. (a) Use the derivative to find the maximum area of a rectangle that can be inscribed
in a semicircle of radius 10cm.

(b) A cone-shaped tank as shown below.

60°

Water flows through a hole A at rate of 6 𝑐𝑚3 per second. Find the rate of
change in height of the water when the volume of water in the cone is 24𝜋𝑐𝑚3

SOLUTION

(a)

10 𝑦

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100

𝑦 2 = 100 − 𝑥 2

1
𝑦 = (100 − 𝑥 2 )2

Area of rectangle

𝑨 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚

1
𝐴 = 2𝑥(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

Chow Choon Wooi Page 11

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑢 = 2𝑥 1
𝑣 = (100 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑢′ = 2 1 1 𝑑
𝑣′ = (100 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (100 − 𝑥 2 )
2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1 (−2𝑥)
2(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

−2𝑥
= 1
2(100 − 𝑥 2 )2
−𝑥
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑑𝐴
= 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

−𝑥 2 2
1
= (2𝑥) ( 1 ) + ((100 − 𝑥 ) ) (2)
2
(100 − 𝑥 )2

−2𝑥 2 1
= 1 + 2(100 − 𝑥 2 )2
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

1 1
−2𝑥 2 + 2(100 − 𝑥 2 )2 (100 − 𝑥 2 )2
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

−2𝑥 2 + 2(100 − 𝑥 2 )
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

−2𝑥 2 + 200 − 2𝑥 2
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

200 − 4𝑥 2
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑑𝐴
Let =0
𝑑𝑥

Chow Choon Wooi Page 12

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

200 − 4𝑥 2
1 =0
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

200 − 4𝑥 2 = 0

4𝑥 2 = 200

𝑥 2 = 50

𝑥 = ±√50

Since 𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑥 = √50

𝑑𝐴 −4𝑥 2 + 200
= 1
𝑑𝑥
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2
1
𝑢 = −4𝑥 2 + 200 𝑣 = (100 − 𝑥 2 )2
1
1 𝑑
𝑢′ = −8𝑥 𝑣 ′ = 2 (100 − 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥 (100 − 𝑥 2 )

1 1
= (100 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥)
2
−𝑥
= 1
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑑2 𝐴 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑣2

1 −𝑥
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2 (−8𝑥) − (−4𝑥 2 + 200) ( 1)
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2
=
1 2
((100 − 𝑥 2 )2 )

1 𝑥(−4𝑥 2 + 200)
−8𝑥(100 − 𝑥 2 )2 + [ 1 ]
2
(100 − 𝑥 )2
=
1 2
((100 − 𝑥 2 )2 )

Chow Choon Wooi Page 13

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

1 1
−8𝑥(100 − 𝑥 2 )2 (100 − 𝑥 2 )2 + (−4𝑥 3 + 200𝑥)
[ 1 ]
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2
=
100 − 𝑥 2

−8𝑥(100 − 𝑥 2 ) + (−4𝑥 3 + 200𝑥) 1

=[ 1 ][ ]
100 − 𝑥2
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

−800𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 3 + 200𝑥
= 3
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

4𝑥 3 − 600𝑥
= 3
(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = √50

3
𝑑2 𝐴 4(√50) − 600√50
= 3 = −8 < 0 (max)
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
[100 − (√50) ]

1
The maximum area, 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑥(100 − 𝑥 2 )2

1
2 2
= 2√50 (100 − √50 )

1
= 2√50(50)2

= 2√50√50

= 2(50)

= 100𝑐𝑚2

Chow Choon Wooi Page 14

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

(b) r
r
𝑟
= tan 30°
ℎ
𝑟 1
h h =
ℎ √3
30°

60° ℎ
𝑟=
√3
A

𝑑𝑣
= −6𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 = 24𝜋𝑐𝑚3
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑣
= .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡

1
𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3

ℎ
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 =
√3

1 ℎ 2
𝑣 = 𝜋( ) ℎ
3 √3

1 ℎ3
= 𝜋
3 3
𝜋 3
= ℎ
9

𝑑𝑣 𝜋ℎ2
=
𝑑ℎ 3

𝑑ℎ 3
= 2
𝑑𝑣 𝜋ℎ

𝑑ℎ 3
= 2 . (−6)
𝑑𝑡 𝜋ℎ

𝑑ℎ 18
=− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝜋ℎ

Chow Choon Wooi Page 15

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 = 24𝜋

𝜋 3
ℎ = 24𝜋
9

9
ℎ3 = 24𝜋 𝑥
𝜋

= 216

ℎ=6

𝑑ℎ 18
=− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝜋6

𝑑ℎ 18
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝜋(6)2

1
=− 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1
2𝜋

Chow Choon Wooi Page 16

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

6. (a) Polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) has a raminder 3 when divided by (𝑥 + 3). Find the
remainder of 𝑃(𝑥) + 2 when divided by (𝑥 + 3).

(b) Polynomial 𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑏𝑥 − 7 has a factor (𝑥 − 1) and remainder

𝑅1 when divided by (𝑥 + 1), while a polynomial 𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6
has a remainder 𝑅2 when divided by (𝑥 – 1). Find the value of the constants
𝑎 and 𝑏 if 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 5. Hence, obtain the zeroes for 𝑃1 (𝑥).

SOLUTION

(a) 𝑃(−3) = 3

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)𝐷(𝑥) + 𝑅(𝑥)

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3) + 3

𝑃(𝑥) + 2 = 𝑄(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3) + 3 + 2

𝑃(𝑥) + 2 = 𝑄(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3) + 5

∴ 𝑅(𝑥) = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃(𝑥) + 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 3)

(b) 𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑏𝑥 − 7

𝑃1 (1) = 0

(1)3 + 𝑎(1)2 − 5𝑏(1) − 7 = 0

1 + 𝑎 − 5𝑏 − 7 = 0

𝑎 − 5𝑏 = 6 ……………………… (1)

𝑃1 (−1) = 𝑅1

(−1)3 + 𝑎(−1)2 − 5𝑏(−1) − 7 = 𝑅1

−1 + 𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 7 = 𝑅1

𝑎 + 5𝑏 = 𝑅1 + 8

𝑅1 = 𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 8 ……………………… (2)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 17

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6

𝑃2 (1) = 𝑅2

(1)3 − 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 6 = 𝑅2

1 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 6 = 𝑅2

−𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑅2 − 7

𝑅2 = −𝑎 + 𝑏 + 7 ……………………… (3)

(2) + (3)-

𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 6𝑏 − 1

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 5

5 = 6𝑏 − 1

6𝑏 = 6

𝑏=1 ……………………… (4)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 (4)𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 (1)

𝑎 − 5(1) = 6

𝑎 = 11

∴ 𝑎 = 11, 𝑏 = 1

𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7 𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑏𝑥 − 7 has a

factor of (𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1)𝑄(𝑥)

Chow Choon Wooi Page 18

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

x 2  12 x  7
x  1 x 3  11 x 2  5 x  7
x3  x2
12 x 2  5 x  7
12 x 2  12 x
7x  7
7x  7
0

𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7

= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 7)

𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃1 (𝑥)

𝑃1 (𝑥) = 0

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 7) = 0

𝑥−1=0 (𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 7) = 0

𝑥=1 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

−12 ± √144 − 28
=
2

−12 ± √116
=
2

= −6 ± √29

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃1 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1, −6 ± √29

Chow Choon Wooi Page 19

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

7. Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = √3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥.

a. Express 𝑓 in the form of 𝑅 cos(2𝑥 − 𝛼) for 𝑅 > 0, 0° ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 90° and 𝛼 to the

nearest minute. State the maximum and minimum values of 𝑓.

b. Hence, solve √3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = −√2 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°. Give your anser
to the nearest minute.

SOLUTION

(a) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝑓(𝑥) = √3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 cos(2𝑥 − 𝛼) = cos 2𝑥 cos 𝛼 + sin 2𝑥 sin 𝛼

√3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑅 cos(2𝑥 − 𝛼)

√3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑅[cos 2𝑥 cos 𝛼 + sin 2𝑥 sin 𝛼]

√3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝛼 + Rsin 2𝑥 sin 𝛼

𝑅 cos 𝛼 = √3 ………………………. (1)

𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 2 ………………………. (2)

(1)2 + (2)2
cos 2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼 = 1
2
𝑅 2 cos 2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 = (√3) + (2)2

𝑅 2 (cos2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼) = 3 + 4

𝑅2 = 7

𝑅 = √7

(2) ÷ (1)

𝑅 sin 𝛼 2
𝑅 cos 𝛼
=
√3

2
tan 𝛼 =
√3

𝛼 = 49.11°

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = √7 cos(2𝑥 − 49.11°)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 1 ≤ cos(2𝑥 − 49.11°) ≤ 1

Chow Choon Wooi Page 20

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

−√7 ≤ √7 cos(2𝑥 − 49.11°) ≤ √7

∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = √7

∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = −√7

(b)

√3 cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 = −√2 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°

√7 cos(2𝑥 − 49.11°) = −√2

√2
cos(2𝑥 − 49.11°) = −
√7

2𝑥 − 49.11° = 180° − 57.69°, 180° + 57.69°

2𝑥 − 49.11° = 122.31°, 237.69°

2𝑥 = 171.12°, 286.80°

𝑥 = 85.56°, 143.4°

Chow Choon Wooi Page 21

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

8. The parametric equations of a curve is given by

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+1 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −(2𝑡−1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
(c) Find 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2 when 𝑡 = 1.
𝑑𝑧
(d) Given 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦. Express 𝑧 in terms of 𝑡 and find 𝑑𝑡 . Hence, duduce the set
𝑑𝑧
value of t such that 𝑑𝑡 iz positive.

SOLUTION

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+1 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −(2𝑡−1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑒 2𝑡+1 𝑑𝑡
= −2𝑒 −(2𝑡−1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

1
= −2𝑒 −(2𝑡−1) .
2𝑒 2𝑡+1

−2𝑒 −(2𝑡−1)
=
2𝑒 2𝑡+1

−𝑒 −(2𝑡−1) 𝑎𝑚
= = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑒 2𝑡+1 𝑎𝑛
1
=−
𝑒 4𝑡

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 1

𝑑𝑦 1
= − 4(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑒

1
=−
𝑒4

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= [ ].
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 1
=[ (− 4𝑡 )] . [ 2𝑡+1 ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 2𝑒

𝑑 1
=[ (−𝑒 −4𝑡 )] . [ 2𝑡+1 ]
𝑑𝑡 2𝑒

Chow Choon Wooi Page 22

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

1
= 4𝑒 −4𝑡 . [ ]
2𝑒 2𝑡+1

4𝑒 −4𝑡
=
2𝑒 2𝑡+1

2𝑒 −4𝑡
=
𝑒 2𝑡+1

2
=
𝑒 6𝑡+1

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 1

𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
= 6𝑡+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒

2
=
𝑒 6(1)+1

2
=
𝑒7

𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦

= (𝑒 2𝑡+1 )2 − (𝑒 2𝑡+1 )(𝑒 −(2𝑡−1) ) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

𝑎𝑚 + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
= 𝑒 2(2𝑡+1) − 𝑒 2𝑡+1−2𝑡+1

= 𝑒 4𝑡+2 − 𝑒 2

𝑑𝑧
= 4𝑒 4𝑡+2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧
𝐹𝑜𝑟 >0
𝑑𝑡

4𝑒 4𝑡+2 > 0

𝑒 4𝑡+2 > 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡: {𝑡: 𝑡 ∈ ℛ}

Chow Choon Wooi Page 23

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

2|𝑥|
9. (a) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = + 5𝑥. Compute lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) and lim− 𝑓(𝑥). Is 𝑓 continuous at
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
x=0? Give your reason.

(b) The continuous function 𝑔 is defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = {√5 − 𝑥, 𝑥<𝑎

3𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥𝑎

Find the value of 𝑎.

SOLUTION

2|𝑥|
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
+ 5𝑥

𝑥, 𝑥≥0
|𝑥| = {
−𝑥, 𝑥<0

2𝑥
+ 5𝑥, 𝑥>0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
2(−𝑥)
+ 5𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑥

2 + 5𝑥, 𝑥>0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−2 + 5𝑥, 𝑥<0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 2 + 5𝑥

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

= 2 + 5(0)

=2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− −2 + 5𝑥

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

= −2 + 5(0)

=2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑥→0

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→0

Chow Choon Wooi Page 24

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = {√5 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 𝑎

3𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎

𝑓(𝑎) = 3(𝑎) − 1 = 3𝑎 − 1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 3𝑥 − 1 = 3(𝑎) − 1 = 3𝑎 − 1

𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− √5 − 𝑥) = √5 − 𝑎

𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎  lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3𝑎 − 1 = √5 − 𝑎

2
(3𝑎 − 1)2 = (√5 − 𝑎)

9𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 1 = 5 − 𝑎

9𝑎2 − 5𝑎 − 4 = 0

(9𝑎 + 4)(𝑎 − 1) = 0

(9𝑎 + 4) = 0 (𝑎 − 1) = 0

4
𝑎=− 𝑎=1
9

4
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = − 9,

4 4
3 (− ) − 1 ≠ √5 − (− )
9 9
𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎
4 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
∴𝑎≠− 𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑥→𝑎
9

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 1, 3𝑎 − 1 = √5 − 𝑎

3(1) − 1 = √5 − (1)

∴𝑎=1

Chow Choon Wooi Page 25

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

10. By writing 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, show that

𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
a. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥 2 in terms of 𝑦. Hence, determine the range of value of x
𝑑2𝑦
such that 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.

𝑑𝑦
b. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦), find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝑑𝑦
Hence, show that 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼 when 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝛼.

SOLUTION

𝑑 𝑑 sin 𝑥
(tan 𝑥) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑣 = cos 𝑥

𝑢′ = cos 𝑥 𝑣′ = −sin 𝑥

(cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − (sin 𝑥)(−sin 𝑥)

=
(cos 𝑥)2

cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥
=
cos 2 𝑥
1
=
cos 2 𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

(a) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

= 1 + 𝑦2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
= 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑦(1 + 𝑦 2 )

Chow Choon Wooi Page 26

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

𝑑2 𝑦
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑥 2
>0 0<𝑥<𝜋 tan 𝑥

2𝑦(1 + 𝑦 2 ) > 0

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 + 𝑦 2 > 0

2𝑦 > 0

𝑦>0 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
tan 𝑥 > 0 2

𝜋
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 (0, 2)

(b) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) [𝑥 + 𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) [1 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
[1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

when 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝛼

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝛼 + 𝛼)
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝛼 + 𝛼) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
=
1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼
=
−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝛼
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝛼
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼

Chow Choon Wooi Page 27

 QS 015/2 Session
PSPM I 2016/2017

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼
= (− )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝛼

1
=−
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝛼

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝛼

Chow Choon Wooi Page 28