LUSINE GRIGORYAN

English
ՀԱՆՐԱԿՐԹԱԿԱՆ ՀԻՄՆԱԿԱՆ ԴՊՐՈՑԻ
9–ՐԴ ԴԱՍԱՐԱՆԻ ԴԱՍԱԳԻՐՔ

ԵՐԵՎԱՆ 2015
 ՀԱՍՏԱՏՎԱԾ Է ՀՀ ԿՐԹՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ԳԻՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՆԱԽԱՐԱՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԿՈՂՄԻՑ

ՀՏԴ 373.167.1:811.111(075.3)
ԳՄԴ 81.2Անգլ ց72
Գ 888

Խմբագիր՝ Անուշ Խաչիկյան

Նկարիչ՝ Արա Բաղդասարյան

Գրիգորյան Լուսինե
Գ 888 ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆ: Հանրակրթական հիմնական դպրոցի 6–րդ դասարանի
դասագիրք / Լ. Գրիգորյան.— Եր.: «Զանգակ» հրատ., 2015.— 176 էջ:

ՀՏԴ 373.167.1:811.111(075.3)
ԳՄԴ 81.2Անգլ ց72

ISBN 978–9939–68–

© Գրիգորյան Լուսինե, 2015

© «ԶԱՆԳԱԿ–97» ՍՊԸ, 2015
 1 ME IN THE WORLD

My Appearance and Personality

spectator
commentator BEAUTY IS
IN YOURSELF.
dictator
imitator
agitator

choleric
phlegmatic

1. T
 he words in the box below describe people. Some describe
appearance, others personality. Put them in the correct category.

hardworking skinny plump caring talkative

adventurous stocky reliable romantic long-legged
trustworthy confident muscular fun-loving optimistic
hardworking dark-haired reserved bossy chatty
broad-shouldered moody sociable untidy hesitative
sweet-tempered easy-going selfish well-built impatient

Personality Appearance

3
2. D
 id you know that you have lots of tater* people in your life?
Find the Armenian equivalents for them.

TATER PEOPLE

Some people never do anything Some people never seem

to help, but are gifted at finding motivated to participate, but are
fault with the way others do the just content to watch while others
work. They are called Comment do the work. They are called Speck
Taters. Taters.

Some people can put up a front Some people are very bossy and
and pretend to be someone they like to tell others what to do, but
are not. They are called Emma don't want to soil their own hands.
Taters. They are called Dick Taters.

*tater = potato

4
Some people are always looking to There are those who say they will
cause problems by asking others help, but somehow just never
to agree with them. It is too hot get around to actually doing the
or too cold, too sour or too sweet. promised help. They are called
They are called Agie Taters. Hezzie Taters.

Then there are those who love

others and do what they say they
will. They are always prepared
to stop whatever they are doing
and lend a helping hand. They
bring real sunshine into the lives
of others. They are called Sweet
Taters.

5
3. L
 isten and learn the pronunciation of the star signs.
Find the Armenian equvalents for the horoscope signs.
( soundtrack 1)
WHAT DO THE STARS SAY?

AQUARIUS PISCES
Jan 21-Feb 18 Feb 19-Mar 20
An old friend will come back into In three days you will receive an
your life, bringing new problems. exciting offer. But your family
Don’t make any quick decisions. will have difficulties.

ARIES TAURUS
Mar 21-Apr 20 Apr 21-May 21
Money will come to you at the end You will have trouble with a
of the week. Be careful — it could child. Try to be patient. You
go away again very fast! will have a small accident on
Sunday— nothing serious.

GEMINI CANCER
May 22-June 21 June 22-JuIy 22
This will be a good time for You will meet somebody who
love, but there will be a serious could change your life. Don’t be
misunderstanding with somebody too cautious — the opportunity
close to you. Try to tell the truth. won’t come again.

6
 LEO VIRGO
July 23-Aug 23 Aug 24-Sept 23
Something very strange will This will be a terrible week. The
happen next Thursday. Try to week-end will be the worst time.
laugh about it. Stay in bed on Sunday. Don’t
open the door. Don’t answer the
phone calls.

LIBRA SCORPIO
Sept 24-Oct 23 Oct 24-Nov 22
There will be bad news the day You will make an unexpected
after tomorow; but the bad news journey, and you will find
will turn to good news. something very good at the
end of it.

SAGITTARIUS CAPRICORN
Nov 23-Dec 21 Dec 22-Jan 20
You will have trouble with a person A letter will bring a very great
who loves you; and you will get help surprise, and some unhappiness, but
from a person who doesn’t love you. a good friend will make things better.

4. Write a description of yourself according to your sign.

7
5. Match the adjectives with the descriptions.

1. envious a. I often come up with new ideas.

2. hardworking b. I have a wide circle of friends.
3. sociable c. I can be trusted.
4. kind d. I am a doer not a thinker. I have a lot of
5. outgoing ambition, energy and passion.
6. energetic e. I like to help people.
7. efficient f. I am full of energy.
8. moody g. I like organizing social events.
9. enthusiastic h. I have an active imagination.
10. imaginative i. My mood often changes.
11. reliable j. I am always prepared for class.
12. inventive k. I feel comfortable around people.
13. considerate l. I often envy others.
14. phlegmatic m. I have a good word for everyone.
15. choleric n. I do things efficiently.
o. I am a calm and unemotional person.

6. Tick () the statements that apply to you. Describe and

compare your personality to another person's personality.

I SEE MYSELF AS SOMEONE WHO...

1. is talkative.
2. tends to find fault with others.
3. likes going out dancing.
4. is sometimes rude to others.
5. is original, comes up with new ideas.
6. is reserved.
7. is helpful and unselfish with others.
8. can be somewhat careless.

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9. is kind and sympathetic.
10. is curious about many different things.
11. is full of energy.
12. starts quarrels with others.
13. is reliable.
14. is a good leader.
15. likes to cooperate with others.
16. is enthusiastic.
17. has a forgiving nature.
18. tends to be disorganized.
19. gets nervous easily.
20. has an active imagination.
21. tends to be quiet.
22. is usually the life of the party.
23. tends to be lazy.
24. is emotionally stable, not easily upset.
25. is inventive.
26. has an assertive personality.
27. can be moody.
28. loves art, music and literature.
29. is patient.
30. is ambitious.
31. is sometimes shy.
32. is considerate and kind to almost everyone.
33. does things efficiently.
34. is outgoing, sociable.
35. never insults people.

9
7. E
 lla is talking to her friend, Edgar. The conversation is mixed.
Put the boxes in the correct order.
Well, that’s Edward. He’d do
anything for a friend.

And then last year, he helped me with my

girlfriend. We had an argument, and he agreed
to talk with her about my feelings, even though
he doesn’t like her very much.

Well, he’s very loyal, Ella.

He’s just someone who’s always there when I

need him. For example, a few years ago, I was
moving into a new apartment. He spent the whole
weekend helping me move my stuff.

I really like it when someone will do something for

you, even when they don’t always enjoy it.

That’s really friendship!

Hey Edgar, you and Edward are really good

friends, right? What kind of person is he?

What do you mean?

10
8. L
 ook at the pictures and write a story.
The expressions below will help you.

PERSONALITY
drawing by H. Bidstrup

emulate (hairstyle) — imitate, copy grow a beard

rule the roost — make it a rule shave off the beard
designer beard — fashionable beard follow blindly
be the most followed man — be very popular
a unique person — unlike anyone else

11
9. Match the clauses to make logical
sentences.

1. I like people a. is to go to a lot of parties.

2. I can’t stand it b. that I’d like to know better.
3. I’d rather have dinner at someone’s c. who are direct and honest.
house d. than staying at home.
4. The best way to meet new people e. when someone I know
5. Going out with friends is more makes fun of me.
interesting f. than go out to a restaurant.
6. Jonathan is a person

Watch out!
Compound adjective patterns

1. adj+ noun + ed (kindhearted)

2. adv + past participle (well-dressed)
3. adj/adv/noun + ing (good-looking, fast-talking, thought-provoking)

10. W
 hich patterns do the compound adjectives in the box below
follow? Put them in the correct category.

high-spirited forward-looking highly respected

strong-willed open-minded little-known
widely recognized well-educated well-known

adj + noun + ed adv + past participle adj/adv/noun + ing

12
11. Combine the words from both boxes to create compound adjectives.

absent blooded
cold fashioned
cool going
easy headed
good hearted
hot looking
old minded
open
warm
Remember
Adjective order

personal opinion → size → length → age → shape → colour → origin → material → purpose
She was wearing an expensive long open black Italian silk party dress.
Numbers usually come before adjectives.
He bought six wonderful big round green Japanese wooden garden chairs.

12. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

1. diamond / a / nineteenth / beautiful / century / necklace.

2. brown / little / a / annoying / very / dog.
3. plastic / red / old / an / toy.
4. set / dinner / china / white / a / Japanese.
5. Siamese / expensive / a / brown / big / two-year-old / clever /
amazing / cat.
6. leather / running / blue / cheap / Chinese / new / some / shoes.
7. large / two / lovely / bright / cotton / Egyptian / bed / sheets.

Don’t forget!
so + adjective such + noun
He is so intelligent. Alexander is such a brilliant dancer.

13
 How I Manage my time

1. Listen and learn the song.

( soundtrack 2)

TURN, TURN, TURN

OR
TO EVERYTHING THERE IS A SEASON
Pete Seeger

To everything, turn, turn, turn

There is a season, turn, turn, turn
And a time to every purpose under heaven

A time to be born, a time to die A time of love, a time of hate

A time to plant, a time to reap A time of war, a time of peace
A time to kill, a time to heal A time you may embrace
A time to laugh, a time to weep A time to refrain from embracing

A time to build up, a time to break A time to gain, a time to lose

down A time to rend, a time to sew
A time to dance, a time to mourn A time of love, a time of hate
A time to cast away stones A time of peace, I swear it’s not
A time to gather stones together too late

2. Find the Armenian equivalents for the time sayings below.

1. Time lost is never found again.

2. Better late than never.
3. Time heals all wounds.
4. Whatever begins, also ends.
5. Time is money.
6. Half our life is spent trying to find something to do with the
time we have rushed through life trying to save.

14
 Watch out!
the difference

on time — at the expected or scheduled time

The 7:45 train arrived on time.
in time — soon enough to do something
I usually get home in time to watch the evening news programme on TV.
— Did you catch the train?
— Yes, I got there just in time.

Remember
Nonfinite Verb Forms (Verbals)

Infinitive, participle, gerund — nonfinite verb forms (verbals) —

have no tense, person or number.

Don’t forget!
Infinitive: to plant, to seek.
to infinitive = purpose
She phoned to invite me to a party.

The infinitive is used without to after

1. modal verbs
It might rain.
2. the expressions would rather, had better
We’d better take an umbrella.
3. let, make, hear, see, feel, watch, notice, help
He made me do it.
When these verbs are used in the passive, they are followed
by the to infinitive.
He was made to pay back the money.
4. why (not) — to introduce suggestion or advice
Why not take a holiday?

15
3. Find the Armenian equivalents for the sayings below.
1. It’s always easier to learn something than to use what
you’ve learned.
2. To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
3. The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
4. It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people
think you are a fool than to open it and remove all
doubt.
5. Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a
present and not giving it.
6. Humour is laughing at what you haven’t got when you
ought to have it.
7. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Watch out!
VERB
Gerund ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
GERUND
Noun = people, objects.
-ING
I like modern dances.
Gerund = action, activity
NOUN Dancing is one of the greatest pleasures.

Don’t forget!
Preposition + Gerund

good at learning
succeed in working
be used to sleeping

Expressions + Gerund

It’s a waste of time/money...

I think it’s a waste of time and money eating out.
It’s (not) worth (reading, seeing, etc.)
I think the book is not worth reading.
can’t help doing something
I can’t help laughing.

16
 Watch out!
Participle:
Present Participle Past Participle
running shoes broken vase
lost child
unread book

4. Choose the correct answer.

1. What do you enjoy _____ in your free time?

a. to do
b. doing

2. _____ is an essential part of being organised.

a. to plan
b. planning

3. Dividing big jobs into smaller subtasks helps _____

work under control.
a. to bring
b. bringing

4. I’m interested in _____ more about England and

America.
a. to learn
b. learning

5. I don’t feel like _____ today.

a. to study
b. studying

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5. Complete the sentences.

1. I never dream of _____ .

2. He lives by the sea. He often _____ .
3. I am hungry and sleepy. I am looking forward to _____ .
4. The book is not interesting. I think it is a waste of time _____ .
5. The boy is funny. I can’t help _____ .
6. The shirt is old. It is not worth _____.
7. I made him wait. I apologized for _____ .

6. Choose the correct answer.

1. — I was _____ you couldn’t come to the party.
— My teacher made me work overtime.
a. disappointing
b. disappoint
c. disappointed
d. disappointedly

2. - You look nervous.

— The coming exam makes me _____ .
a. scary
b. scare
c. scaring
d. scared

3. The comedy we saw last night really ___ us.

a. amusing
b. amused
c. amuse
d. amusingly

4. He ___ us with his knowledge of medieval history.

a. surprised
b. surprising
c. surprise
d. surprisingly

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 5. That three — hour lecture yesterday was really ___ .
a. tired
b. tiring
c. tiringly

6. Mother worked a lot. She was __________________.

a. exhausting
b. exhausted
c. exhaust

7. Are you sure you can write sentences with the time expressions below?

manage to do something spend time

succeed in doing something save time
waste time find time
manage time take time
have time

8. Read and discuss the article.

GETTING ORGANISED
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

With 24 hours in a day, allowing nine a day for sleeping and eating, how
many is it reasonable to spend on study and entertainment? Individuals vary
and different subjects make different demands. Nevertheless with a target
you can plan your time.
You are given assignments, but it is up to you how and when you carry
them out to meet the deadlines. You are expected to do a lot of work outside
of class activities and the responsibility to succeed is placed in your hands.
You have a whole day ahead of you. You have an assignment to do. You
sit at your desk, pull out your books, sort a few things, wander about a bit,
make a phone call, read the question again, make a few notes, have lunch,
send an email, have another coffee, start reading a chapter and ... suddenly

19
 the day is gone and no assignment. But you’ve been studying all day. Wrong!
You need to learn and use organising and time management skills. Rule
number one: be honest with yourself! Deep down you know whether you
have really engaged with your study material or not.
Planning and efficiency are extremely important. Timetabling is the place
to start. Making a timetable is an invaluable aid in defining time. To help you
plan your time efficiently, you will need a weekly timetable and a diary with
daily things to do. Leisure and sport are also very important. Exercise is also
important to keep your mind fresh and alert.
Planning is an essential part of being organised. It involves predicting
your future commitments and setting aside enough time to meet them.
Successful planning gives you confidence and purpose.
Defining what to do is harder. Dividing big jobs into smaller subtasks
helps to bring work under control, allows you to set targets and check your
progress. The trouble with the big tasks is that you keep putting them off.
The more you can define your work as small, discrete, concrete tasks, the
more control you have over it. Some tasks require intense concentration
and need to be done at a prime time of day, when you are at your best and
have time to spare. Others can be fitted in when you are tired. Some may be
spread over several days. Some need to be done straight away.

20
 Organising your time is a personal process. You will need to find a way
of monitoring and planning your activities that suits you. You need to find
working methods to suit you. The same things don’t work for everybody.

9. True or False?
T F
1. One of the major things of life is time management.

2. I think that success in studying depends on how brilliantly

clever and original you are.

3. I have discovered that one of the central challenges of life is

time management.

4. At school the work timetable is defined for us, and teachers
make sure we fit all that is required into the school year.

5. Once you start to think strategically, you begin to take

control of your studies.

1. Why organising yourself and your time is important?

2. What are your methods of organising yourself and your time?
3. How do you spend your time?
4. How effectively do you spend your time?
5. What are your responsibilities?
6. What are your aims and targets?

21
10. F
 rank is very fond of surfing the net. He is talking to his friend,
Edmund who loves chatting too. The conversation is mixed.
Put the boxes in the correct order.

I mean you should always be careful.

Don’t believe everything you read.

It’s really fantastic to surf the net.

I don’t need to go out very often.
My friends are always with me in
my room, thanks to the Internet.

Yes, they are really necessary.

They help you to save time.
Would you like to chat for a while?

Sometimes it is necessary.
You find a user name and
Oh, dear! You are missing a lot. use it all the time.
You must catch up with the
developing technology.

It’s quite easy to find chat-friends for

you. But don’t give out any personal
information about you while chatting.
OK. Let’s go to my room and
find chat-friends for you.

Tell it to my parents. Do you have

to register to enter a chat room?

22
 What do you mean?

My parents don’t allow me to use

the Internet in my free time.
I can only use it for my homework.

I’d like to chat about things

like football and basketball.
Serious topics aren’t for me.
Can I really?

Oh, Frank! You’re very

clever. And one last question.
Do you use abbreviations
while chatting?

11. True or False?

T F
1. Having pen-friends is still popular among young people.

2. Everybody can find chat-friends. You only need a PC at home.

3. Chatting is a waste of time. It doesn’t teach you anything.

4. Surfing the Internet is safe.

5. The best way to practice English is to go to a chat room.

6. You can only chat about football or fashion.

7. To save time while chatting, you can shorten some

sentences or words.

23
12. Choose the correct answer and complete the article.

HOOKED ON THE NET

1. a. closest
b. latest The (1) ____ addiction to trap thousands of
c. nearest people is the Internet, which has been (2) ___ for
d. soonest broken relationships, job losses, financial ruin
and even suicide. Psychologists now recognize
Internet Addiction Syndrome (IAS) as a new
2. a. blamed illness that could (3) ___serious problems and
b. faulted ruin many lives. Special help groups have been
c. mistaken set up to (4) ____sufferers help and support.
d. accused Psychologists have described many (5) ___
examples. IAS is similar to other problems like
gambling, smoking and drinking. A recent study
3. a. lead found that many users spend up to 40 hours a
b. affect week on the Internet. (6)___they felt guilty, they
c. take became depressed if they were (7) ____ to stop
d. cause using it. Almost anyone can be at risk. Some of the
addicts are teenagers who are already (8) ___ on
computer games and who (9) ___ it very difficult
4. a. offer to resist the games on the Internet. Surprisingly,
b. suggest however, psychologists (10) ___ that most victims
c. recommend are middle-aged housewives who have never used
d. advise a computer before.

5. a. worrying 6. a. although 7. a. let

b. worried b. despite b. allowed
c. disappointing c. unless c. had
d. disappointed d. without d. made

8. a. taken 9. a. say 10. a promise

b. addicted b. feel b. tell
c. tied c. find c. say
d. hooked d. have d. object

24
13. T
 ake part in a competition for the best website. Work in teams.
Design a website. Prepare a presentation for your website.
The example and questions given below will help you.

1. What is the website going to be about?

2. Can you think of the titles for different pages or areas.
3. What would you like to have on the page?
4. What is the most interesting part of your website?

WElCOME TO PENPAL CLUB !

www.penpal.com

Sorry, the website is under

construction.

Don’t forget!
neither...nor = positive sentences (+)
He is neither TV nor computer addicted.

either...or = negative sentences (-)

I don’t like either smoking or drinking.

So do I, etc. = agreeing with a positive statement (+)

— I like computer games.
— So do I.
Neither do I / Nor do I etc. = agreeing with a negative statement (-)
— I don’t like computer games.
— Neither/Nor do I.

25
14. Janet and Amy are talking. The conversation is mixed.
Put the boxes in the correct order.

It’s about some creatures that come to Earth

from another planet. One of the creatures
falls in love with a human who helps him. It’s
really more a love story than science fiction.
That’s probably why I liked it so much.

Hmm. I’ve been studying a lot, but that’s

not very interesting. Oh, I know. I saw
Howard last weekend. That was fun.

I didn’t know you liked science-fiction

movies. What’s it about?

Hi, Amy. Have you been doing

anything interesting lately?

15. Choose the correct option.

1. I like _____ science-fiction _____ soap operas.

a. neither...nor
b. either...or

2. _____ of the films was good.

a. neither
b. either.

3. I’m sure you won’t like _____ of them.

a. neither
b. either.

26
4. My father is a computer scientist. _____ my brother.
a. So is
b. Nor is / Neither is
c. Neither has / Nor has

5. Housewives have never used a computer before. _____ my mother.

a. So has
b. Nor has / Neither has
c. Neither have / Nor have

6. Some addicts can’t resist the games on the Internet. _____ teenagers.
a. So can’t
b. Nor can / Neither can
c. Neither can’t / Nor can’t

16. Listen and learn the poem.

( soundtrack 3)
LEISURE
W. H. Davies (1871-1940)

What is this life, if full of care,

We have no time to stand and stare!
No time to stand beneath the boughs,
And stare as long as sheep and cows.
No time to see, when woods we pass,
Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass.
No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night.
No time to turn at Beauty’s glance,
And watch her feet, how they can dance.
No time to wait till her mouth can
Enrich that smile her eyes began.
A poor life this is, if full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.

27
 I am a great communicator

1. R
 ead the newspaper article. Answer the
questions by choosing the correct answer.

STAYING IN TOUCH
People don’t need to be in close physical contact to feel “connected”
emotionally. Over the years, various means of communication have been
used to enable human beings to keep in contact with one another. Letters,
telegrams, and telephones have allowed individuals located in different places
to share news and to interact with family, friends and business relationships.
In today’s world, with more and more people on the move, long-distance
communication has become even more important. At the same time, changes
in technology, particularly the introduction of computers and the increasing
use of electronic mail (e-mail), have made it easier than ever to stay in contact.
There are two main reasons why e-mail has become so widespread: time
and money. Although mail service and telephones can be found almost
everywhere, a letter can take a long time to arrive and phone calls are often
quite expensive.
E-mail seems to be replacing other forms of communication for many
purposes. As the use of computers has spread, many people use e-mail
rather than regular mail to send personal messages. Because it has become
so easy to send pictures and information via the Internet, it has also become
commonplace to use e-mail in business. E-mail has even given rise to a new
type of communication, the “chat room,” where groups of people who do
not know each other personally can talk about topics of mutual interest.
While some people are enthusiastic about communication in the modern age,
others regret the growing depersonalization brought on by the use of e-mail.
Communication has become so easy and yet so removed from the normal
process of face-to-face interaction that researchers have concluded that a
whole new culture of communication may be forming.
Skype - another modern means of communication - is a software
application that allows making free voice and video calls over the Internet.
Skype has also become popular for instant messaging, file transfer and video
conferencing.

28
 Choose the correct option.
1. The main idea of the article is that _____ .
a. these days people don’t communicate enough
b. modern means of communication cost too much
c. letter and phone calls are more effective
d. e-mail is changing the way we live

2. Modern communications enable people to _____ .

a. see each other more often
b. write more letters and telegrams
c. keep in contact with one another
d. move from place to place quickly

3. In comparison with a telephone call, e-mail is _____ .

a. more acceptable
b. more personal
c. slower
d. cheaper

4. _____ is a new type of communication made possible by e-mail.

a. A personal message
b. A chat room
c. Long-distance discussion
d. Sending information

3. Match the clauses to make logical sentences.

1. Before I go to bed tonight, a. I do my best work

2. Although I used to be able before noon.
to stay up late, b. I don’t always sleep
3. Since I’m a morning person, eight hours.
4. Even if I go to bed early, c. I have to finish my homework.
5. If I weren’t so sensitive d. I’d sleep better.
to noise, e. I can’t anymore.

29
 Remember
whenever = at any time
Whenever I go away on a trip my dog misses me.
wherever = at any place
Wherever I go I miss my native land.
whoever = anyone/everyone who
Whoever wants it can have it.
whatever = anything/everything that
Whatever he says, they won’t believe him.

4. Choose the correct option and fill in the gaps.

Wherever we live and (1) _____ (whoever / however / whatever /

whenever) language we speak we all need friends. I met my best friend on
the day (2)_____ (when / since / for / while) I started school. At first I felt a
little bit annoyed (3) _____ (while / when / if / as soon as) a little fair-haired
boy sat next to me — I wanted the whole desk for myself. However, (4) _____
(by the end / after the end / at the end / from the end) of the first lesson
I had changed my mind — he was a nice fellow to chat (5) _____ (after / to
/ with / from).
(6) _____ (at / before / since / until) that time, we’ve been getting on
very well. Naturally we can’t avoid quarrelling, but it never takes us long
to become friends again (7) _____ (while / when / as / after) a quarrel.
When one of us feels down, the other one is always ready to cheer him
(8) _____ (up / with / along / down). Sometimes our teachers feel pretty
angry (9) _____ (with / for / on / at) us when we try to help each other
(10) _____ (by / soon / while / till) writing tests. After leaving school, we
will not be able to spend so much time together, but I hope we’ll be caring
for each other (11) _____ (until / after / by the time / as soon as) the end of
our lives.

30
5. G
 roup the relationship verbs below into
positive and negative.

encourage quarrel annoy feel jealous

feel lonely betray care for appreciate
ignore rely on defend support

Positive Negative

Don’t forget!
people = plural
People don’t need to be in close contact to feel connected emotionally.
police = plural
The police have been called.
news = singular
The news is interesting.

anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody = singular

No one has done the homework.
none = plural
None of the students have done their homework.
neither, either = singular
Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
both = plural
Both traffic lights are working.

31
6. Choose the correct option.

1. The police _____ investigating the case.

a. is
b. are

2. Do you think the people _____ happy with the government?

a. is
b. are

3. Fortunately the news _____ as bad as we expected.

a. weren’t
b. wasn’t

4. The police _____ to interview two men about the robbery.

a. wants
b. want

5. Physics _____ my best subject at school.

a. was
b. were

6. Either of these roads _____ to the city.

a. leads
b. lead

7. Do you think the police _____ well-paid?

a. was
b. were

8. Everybody must pay _____ taxes.

a. their
b. his

9. None of these answers _____ correct.

a. are
b. is

32
10. _____ the police know how the accident happened?
a. Do
b. Does

11. _____ anybody answered the question?

a. Have
b. Has

12. Ms. Jones isn’t as nice _____ Ms. Smith.

a. as c. like
b. for d. to

13. We were hurrying because we thought that the bell _____.

a. had already rang c. had already rung
b. has already rang d. have already ringing

14. I think you’d better _____ earlier so that you can get to class on time.
a. to start to get up c. start getting up
b. started getting up d. to get up

15. I would like to leave a message for _____.

a. they c. their
b. them d. theirs

16. _____ I get to know her, the more I like her.

a. For more c. The more
b. More d. The most

17. 1 wonder where _____.

a. he did go c. he went
b. did he go d. went he

18. We are going home as soon as _____ our final exams.

a. we’re finish c. we’d finish
b. we’ll finish d. we finish

33
 2 I REALLY LIKE ART AND MUSIC

1. Art is something that stimulates an individual’s

thoughts, emotions, beliefs or ideas through the senses.
It is also an expression of an idea and it can take many
different forms and serve many different purposes.
Artists used many styles in their paintings and drawings.
Here are some of the most common styles of art. Learn
about each style and how to identify it. Next time you
look at a painting, try to figure out what style it is!

Leonardo da Vinci.
Lady with an Ermine

Leonardo Da Vinci was born in an Italian town called Vinci. He lived

in a time period called the Renaissance, when everyone was interested in
art. Even though Da Vinci was a great artist, he became famous for the
other things he could do. He was a sculptor, a scientist, an inventor, an
architect, a musician, and a mathematician. Da Vinci’s paintings were
done in the realist style.

34
 Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe

Realism is a type of art that tries to show things exactly as they appear
in life. It began in the 18th century, but the greatest realist era was in the
mid – 19th century. Most realists were from France, but there were some
famous American painters who were realists too.

Vincent van Gogh. Vincent’s Room

Postimpressionism began in the 19th century. It was mainly still lives and
landscapes. The postimpressionists liked to use lots of colours and shadows.
Most of Vincent van Gogh’s works were in the Postimpressionist style.

35
 Pablo Picasso. Three Musicians

Cubism is modern art made up mostly of paintings. The paintings are not
supposed to look real. The artist uses geometric shapes to show what he is trying
to paint. Early cubists used mainly grey, brown, green, and yellow. After 1914,
cubists started to use brighter colours.
Cubism was the beginning of the abstract art styles. Pablo Picasso is best
known for co-founding the Cubist movement.

Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory

Surrealists’ paintings were generally based on dreams. Their paintings

were filled with familiar objects which were painted to look strange or
mysterious. They hoped their odd paintings would make people look at
things in a different way and change the way they felt about things.
Salvador Dalí was best known for the striking and bizarre images in
his surrealist works.

36
 Claude Monet. Impression, Sunrise

Impressionism developed in France during the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. These pieces of art were painted as if someone just took a quick
look at the subject of the painting.
The paintings were usually in bold colours and did not have a lot of detail.
The paintings in this style were usually outdoor scenes like landscapes.
Claude Monet was a founder of French impressionist painting. The term
Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise.

Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe

Pop art can be any everyday item that is drawn in a brash and
colourful way. Pop art is short for popular art. It is based on comic strips,
advertising, and popular entertainment. One of the leaders of the pop art
movement is Andy Warhol. Warhol’s works were often based on images
of public personalities, often enormously enlarged.
The pop art piece shown is Marilyn Monroe, one of the most famous
American movie stars in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

37
2. Can you match the art styles with their definitions?

1. Impressionism a. A cultural movement originating in Germany at the

2. Fauvism start of the 20th century. Artists express emotional
experience rather than physical reality.
3. Expressionism
b. 20th century art movement pioneered by Pablo
4. Cubism
Picasso. Artists use geometric shapes in their
5. Surrealism
paintings.
6. Realism
c. A
 n art movement that lasted only three years. The
subjects in the paintings are shown in a simple way.
d. An art style that began in the 18th century, showing things exactly as
they appear in life.
e. An art movement that started in France. The paintings in this style were
usually outdoor scenes like landscapes. The artists use bright colours and
try to capture the effects of sunlight on water, trees and fields.
f. Modern art movement having three important themes — humour, the
world of dreams and “the absurd”.

What kind of art do you like? Do you prefer paintings, sculpture, pottery,
photography, or some other kind of art?

3. L
 isten to a talk about the American artist
Andy Warhol and answer the questions.
( soundtrack 4)

1. When was he born?

2. What style of art did he pioneer?
3. What are his most famous works?

38
4. R
 ead the comments other people made on art styles.
Make your own comments.

For me art doesn’t have to be a

representation of reality. The less realistic
a painting is, the more it fascinates me. If it doesn’t show anything
real it isn’t art to me.

I like original and

eye-catching paintings.
I like paintings that are easy to
understand. I don’t like having
to figure out what things mean.

I like paintings that are easy to

understand. I don’t like having to figure
out what things mean.

5. Match the clauses to make logical sentences.

1. The less emphasis schools a. t he better you will be able to

place on arts, understand his work.
2. The more time you spend b. the better you are able to appreciate
in art museums, different styles of art.
3. The more you know about c. t he more you enjoy looking at
the way an artist works, paintings.
4. The more art you put on d. the more you realize how art can
your walls, create a better living environment.
5. The more you know about e. the less creative the students
art, become.

39
6. C
 an you match the pictures of the famous
people with the information about them?

Do you know...
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, better known
as Charlie Chaplin, was an English comedy
actor. Chaplin became one of the most
famous actors as well as a notable director,
composer and musician in the early to mid
Hollywood cinema era. He is considered
to have been one of the finest mimes and
clowns ever caught on film and has greatly
influenced performers in this field. He
acted in, directed, scripted, produced, and
eventually scored his own films.
Chaplin was also one of the most creative and influential personalities
in the silent-film era. His principal character was “The Tramp” known as
“Charlot” in France and the French-speaking world, Greece, Italy, Portugal,
Romania, Spain and Turkey, and as “Carlitos” in Brazil. The character wears
a tight coat, oversized trousers and shoes, and a derby; carries a bamboo
cane; and has a signature toothbrush moustache. As Chaplin recalled in
his autobiography: “I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was
dressed, the clothes and the makeup made me feel the person he was. I
began to know him, and by the time I walked on stage he was fully born.”
George Gershwin was an American
composer and pianist.
Gershwin’s compositions spanned both
popular and classical genres, and his most
popular melodies are universally familiar.
He wrote most of his works in collaboration
with his elder brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin.
Gershwin’s compositions have been used
in numerous films as well as on television.
Countless singers and musicians have
recorded Gershwin’s songs.

40
7. Listen and learn the song.
( soundtrack 5)

SUMMERTIME
George Gershwin

Summertime, But till that morning

And the living is easy. There’s a’nothing can harm you
Fish are jumping, With daddy and mamma
And the cotton is high.   standing by.

Your daddy’s rich, Summertime,

And your mamma’s good looking. And the living is easy.
So hush little baby, Fish are jumping,
Don’t you cry. And the cotton is high.

One of these mornings Your daddy’s rich.

You’re going to rise up singing, And your mamma’s good looking
Then you’ll spread your wings So hush little baby,
And you’ll take to the sky. Don’t you cry.

8. Sort the words below into two groups.

world–famous outstanding silent best–known

success famous star well–known
popular successful superstar genius
silence creative celebrity fame

Nouns Adjectives

41
9. Choose the correct option to complete the conversations.

1. — I don’t like abstract art all that much.

— Oh. In that case, you _____ won’t enjoy the new
Jackson Pollock’s exhibit.
a. reportedly
b. surprisingly
c. probably

2. — What do you think of this painting?

— It’s great. In fact, I think it’s the _____ painting in the whole exhibit.
a. interesting
b. more interesting
c. most interesting

3. — I think children should be required to take art classes.

— I agree. _____ children take classes, the better they’ll understand art.
a. Soon
b. As soon
c. The sooner

4. — I hear Ms. Denning’s art class is very popular.

— Yes, it’s _____ popular that there’s a waiting list to get in.
a. such
b. so
c. more

5. — Have you seen Sarah recently?

— Yes. I _____ at an art show just the other day.
a. ran into
b. ran into her
c. ran her into

6. — I didn’t enjoy the performance.

— _____ my friends.
a. Neither have
b. Nor did
c. Neither / Nor do

42
10. Label the picture of the theatre with the words below.

curtain actor actress

stalls stage audience
seat lights circle

43
11. W
 illiam Shakespeare is the most famous English poet and
playwright. People know his name in almost every country in
the world. “To be or not to be - that is the question.” These
words come from Hamlet, a play that Shakespeare wrote in 1603.
Complete the sentences below with the words from the box.

playwright actresses stage

translated clapped actors
plays audience theatres

1. Shakespeare is the most famous British _____ in history.

2. Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet are _____ by Shakespeare.
3. In the sixteenth century, groups of travelling _____ put on plays in
schools, churches and pubs.
4. Shakespeare built one of London’s first _____, called Globe.
5. The _____ at Shakespeare’s plays were both *the rich and the poor.
6. In Shakespeare’s day, there were no _____, so boys played the parts
of women.
7. The audience always _____ and cheered *at the end of Shakespeare’s
plays.
8. When Hamlet says To be or not to be — that is the question, he is
alone on the _____.
9. Shakespeare’s plays are _____ into many different languages.

Watch out!
the rich = rich people
the poor = poor people
Adjectives such as rich and poor can be used
with the to refer to a group of people as a class.
A plural verb must be used.
e.g. The blind attend special schools.
The poor do not own their own homes.
The rich often get married for money.

44
12. Here are some quotations from Shakespeare’s plays. Match them
with the definitions.

1. To be or not to be —
that is the question.
(Hamlet)

2. All the world is a stage,

and all the men and
women merely players.
(As You Like It)

3. Niether a lender nor a a. Do I want to live any longer?

borrower be.
(Hamlet) b. Listen to me, everyone.

4. Friends, Romans, countrymen, c. Life is like a play.

lend me your ears. d. It is not a good idea to lend money
(Julius Caesar) or to be in debt.

Remember
at the end = at the point where something stops (վերջում)
The film was boring at the end.
in the end = finally (վերջապես)
In the end I got the job I wanted.

13. Match the clauses to make logical sentences.

1. The better I understand a. to take some art lessons.

modern art, b. the more I like it.
2. Having always liked c. was the work of local artists.
Picasso, d. going to an art museum at least once
3. What I enjoyed most a month.
about the show e. Leonardo da Vinci is the greatest
4. Many people claim that Italian artist.
5. I recommend f. I was thrilled to see an exhibit of his
6. I’d like my children early work.

45
14. Choose the correct answer.

1. We moved to the front row _____ we could hear and see better.
a. so as c. such
b. so that d. such that

2. Art tends to be _____ more after the death of the artist.

a. price c. worth
b. worthy d. value

3. _____ you please change your seat?

a. Don’t c. Could
b. Shouldn’t d. Shall
d. Shall

4. This is the woman _____ posed as a model for the painting.

a. who c. which
b. whom d. whose

5. We used to go to the theatre every month, but I haven’t gone

_____ the past five months.
a. from c. to
b. for d. since

6. We moved to the front row _____ we could hear and see better.
a. so as c. such
b. so that d. such that

7. 1 wonder how I could have made _____.

a. such mistake
b. such a mistake
c. so a mistake
d. so mistake

46
 I HAVE HEALTHY MIND,
3 HEALTHY BODY, HEALTHY SPIRIT

The best six doctors anywhere

Are sunshine, water, rest, and air
Exercise and diet.
These six will gladly you attend
If only you are willing
Your mind they’ll ease
Your will they’ll mend
And charge you not a shilling.

1. Find the Armenian equivalents for the health sayings below.

1. Healthy body - healthy spirit.

2. The greatest wealth is health.
3. Health is a state of complete harmony of the
body, mind and spirit.
4. There is more hunger for love and appreciation
in this world than for bread.
5. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man
healthy, wealthy, and wise.

Remember
had better = advice (խորհուրդ)
You’d better stay at home or you’ll get wet and catch a cold.
would rather = preference (նախընտրանք)
What would you rather do, eat here or eat out ?

47
 Watch out!
No to after had better/would rather
You’d better keep dieting.
I’d rather not eat at nights.

2. Choose the correct answer.

1. The cut on your hand will get infected. You _____ take care of it.
a. would rather not
b. ‘d rather
c. had better not
d. ‘d better

2. You _____ your seats today if you want to go to the football game.
a. had better to reserve
b. had to better reserve
c. had better reserve
d. had to reserve better

3. Frankly, I’d rather you _____ it for the time being.

a. do
b. didn’t do
c. don’t
d. didn’t

4. I would _____ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.

a. rather not have
b. not rather had
c. rather not to have
d. rather not having

5. It’s getting dark. We_____ go back now.

a. ‘d better
b. ‘d rather
c. had better not
d. would rather not

48
3. R
 ead the story and answer the questions by
choosing the correct answer.

THREE MEN IN A BOAT

(TO SAY NOTHING OF THE DOG)
Jerome K. Jerome

I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment
for some slight illness of which I had a touch. I got the book, and read all I
came to read; and then, I idly turned the leaves, and began to study diseases,
generally. Before I had glanced half down the list of symptoms, I found out
that I had fairly got them.
I sat for a while, frozen with horror; and then, in despair, I again turned
over the pages. I discovered that I had typhoid fever, must have had it for
months without knowing it - wondered what else I had got. I began to get
interested in my case and so started alphabetically. Cholera I had, with
severe complications; and diphtheria I seemed to have been born with. I
went conscientiously through the twenty-six letters.
I thought what an interesting case
I must be from a medical point of
view! Students would have no need to
“walk the hospitals,” if they had me. I
was a hospital in myself. All they need
do would be to walk round me, and,
after that, take their diploma.
Then I wondered how long I had
to live. I tried to examine myself.
I felt my pulse. I could not at first
feel any pulse at all. Then, all of a
sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled
out my watch and timed it. I made
it a hundred and forty-seven to the
minute. I tried to feel my heart.
I could not feel my heart. It had
stopped beating. I patted myself all
over my front but I could not feel or
hear anything. I tried to look at my

49
 tongue. I stuck it out as far as ever it would go, and I shut one eye, and tried
to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip, and the only thing that I
could gain from that was to feel more certain than before that I had scarlet fever.
I had walked into that reading-room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a
decrepit wreck.
I went to my medical man. He is an old friend of mine, and he feels my
pulse, and looks at my tongue, and talks about the weather, all for nothing,
when I fancy I’m ill; so I thought I would do him a good turn by going to
him now. “What a doctor wants,” I thought, “is practice. You’ll have me. You’ll
get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred of your ordinary,
commonplace patients, with only one or two diseases each.” So I went straight
up and saw him, and he said:
“Well, what’s the matter with you?” I said: “I will not take up your time, dear
boy, with telling you what is the matter with me. Life is brief, and you might
pass away before I had finished.”
Then he opened me and looked down me. After that, he sat down and wrote
out a prescription, and folded it up and gave it to me, and I put it in my pocket
and went out. I did not open it. I took it to the nearest chemist’s, and handed
it in. The man read it, and then handed it back. I read the prescription. It ran:
1 lb. beefsteak, with
1 pt. bitter beer every 6 hours.
1 ten-mile walk every morning.
1 bed at 11 sharp every night.
And don’t stuff up your head with
things you don’t understand.

I followed the directions, with

the happy result - my life was
preserved, and is still going on.

1. Which of the following statements best describes

the main idea of the story?
a. It is important to study diseases.
b. Don’t stuff up your head with things you don’t understand.
c. I was an interesting case from the medical point of view.
d. What a doctor wants is practice.

50
 2. The word decrepit means
a. weak
b. strong
c. healthy
d. specific

3. The expression I idly turned the leaves means

a. I turned the pages in a lazy way
b. I eagerly turned the pages
c. I turned the pages with no particular purpose
d. I turned the pages because I was in a hurry

4. The author was scared because

a. he could not feel his pulse at all
b. he didn’t want t

4. F
 ill in the gaps with the correct form of the words on the right.
The first one is done for you.

1. I was proud of myself as I could keep dieting for two months. (1) diet
2. My friend advised me to start _____ regular exercise. (2) do
3. I remember_____ to the British Museum one day to read (3) go
up the treatment for some slight illness.
4. Why not _____ at it in a positive way? (4) look
5. My heart had stopped _____. (5) beat
6. If you don’t want to put on weight you should refuse (6) eat
_____ after 6 o’clock in the evening.
7. I tried _____ myself take up jogging but I found it really (7) make
boring and gave it up in a few days.
8. He wants _____ healthier and so he decided to avoid (8) become
eating junk food.
9. I am afraid I am _____ weight as my skirt seems to be too (9) put on
tight for me.
10. — I can’t go on a diet as I am addicted to _____ chocolate. (10) eat
— If you want to lose weight you should give up _____ so
much chocolate.

51
 Do you know...
• Healthy eating and regular exercise are important for our long-term
physical health.
• Regular aerobic exercise can actually help cure depression.
• You can manage your mood through careful nutrition
• The amount of sleep you have has a direct impact on your ability to learn.

5. R
 ead the article. Give advice on how to keep fit. Which of the
options below best expresses the main idea of the article?

KEEPING FIT
1. Fitness is about hard daily work and can’t be achieved easily.
2. If you try hard you can become fit in a few days: stop eating
delicious, unhealthy foods and spend every day in the gym.
3. A healthy lifestyle should make your life
more pleasant and make you feel happy.

Looking to improve your fitness? Your attitude will make a big difference
to how successful you can be. Many fitness enthusiasts start off trying very
hard but find it difficult to carry on because they see it as a constant struggle
against what they like doing.
Why not look at it in a positive way? A positive attitude will mean trying
something new, not just giving up things. Eating should always be a pleasure,
and healthy eating is not about giving up delicious things. It’s about trying
different, new foods. Experiment with some fresh berries on your breakfast
cereal or seafood for lunch.
Exercise shouldn’t be a punishment. Make your mind help your body to
change. Pick up a book about something you have never done before - it
could be anything from rap dancing to marathon running. Join a club to try
a new hobby. The most important thing is that the new activities make you
feel good. If you are happy doing them, you’ll willingly carry on doing them.
Improving your fitness is more about adding a lot of small changes every
day rather than trying to stop you doing your favourite things. Every small
change builds up to a new, healthier you.

52
Choose the correct option.

1. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _____.

a. taking c. take
b. to take d. taken

2. _____ the worse I seem to feel.

a. When I take more medicine
b. The more medicine I take
c. Taking more of the medicine
d. More medicine taken

3. On the average, a healthy heart _____ to pump five tablespoons of

blood with every beat.
a. must c. can
b. ought d. should

4. Only twenty years ago, most doctors agreed _____ truthful with their
terminally ill patients, a trend that has reversed itself in modern
medical practice.
a. don’t to be
b. not to be
c. we shouldn’t been
d. not to been

5. A cure for diabetes _____ until more funds are allocated to basic
research.
a. won’t develop
b. aren’t developing
c. don’t develop
d. won’t be developed

6. The tendency to develop cancer, even in high-risk individuals, can be

decreased _____ the amount of fruit and vegetables.
a. to increase c. for increasing
b. for increase d. by increasing

53
 7. It is not clear how much students learn _____ television classes without
supervision and monitoring.
a. for watching c. by watch
b. from watching d. to watch

8. Microwaves are used for cooking, telecommunications, _____ .

a. and to diagnose medically
b. and medical diagnosing
c. and diagnosed medically
d. and medical diagnosis

9. I didn’t hear _____ when he gave us the prescription.

a. what the professor says
b. that the professor said
c. what the professor said
d. what said the professor

10. I wonder if you _____ .

a. make an appointment for dental check-up
b. has made an appointment for a dental check-up
c. have made an appointment for a dental check-up
d. makes an appointment for a dental check-up

11. He’s taken his medicine, _____ ?

a. hasn’t he c. doesn’t he
b. didn’t he d. isn’t he

12. I like to watch the games on TV because I can see more_____ than we
could from a seat in the stadium.
a. clear c. clearly
b. clearness d. clearer

13. It was _____ that we went camping in the mountains last weekend.
a. such nice weather
b. so nice a weather
c. too nice weather
d. nice weather so

54
 I REALLY ENJOY VARIOUS
4 NATIONAL CUISINES

Tell me what you eat, and I’ll tell you who you are
Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin

1. R
 ead the articles and answer the questions by
choosing the correct answer.

REASONS WHY VARIOUS NATIONAL

CUISINES ARE WHAT THEY ARE
Cuisine (from French cuisine – cooking, culinary art, kitchen), defined by
Webster’s as the “manner of preparing food, style of cooking and the food
prepared, is often associated with a specific culture. Every culture has a rich
cuisine - a specific set of cooking traditions and practices. To read about a
country’s cuisine isn’t simply to look for “good things”. It is also to better
know (by means of the recipes) the customs and the richness or poverty of a
place, and the spirit of those who inhabit it.

55
 I wonder how one would give an explanation of why British food is the
way it is, with its famous fried fish and chips, and why it’s not very ocean-
oriented as Japanese cuisine is, or why many Asian cuisines are so spicy, or
why so many famous Italian dishes seem to be associated with pasta, or why
the Chinese cuisine is known for cooking almost everything and anything
that moves.
Have you ever thought about what you and your family eat every day
and why? Have you ever thought about what other people eat? The manner
in which food is selected, prepared, presented, and eaten often differs by
culture. Americans love beef. The forbidden food in the Moslem and Jewish
cultures is normally pork, eaten extensively by the Chinese and others. In
large cosmopolitan cities, restaurants often offer “national” dishes to meet
varying cultural tastes.
Often the differences among cultures in the foods they eat are related
to the differences in geography and local resources. People who live near
water (seas, lakes, and rivers) tend to eat more fish. People who live in colder
climates tend to eat heavier, fatty foods.
However, with the development of a global economy, food boundaries
and differences are beginning to disappear. McDonalds is now on every
continent except Antarctica. Yoghurt is served all over the world. People
try to eat healthy food. They are eating less sugar and meat, and more fruit
and vegetables. People spend less time cooking now. An increasing number
of people eat convenience food. Convenience meals are already cooked - all
you have to do is heat them up in the microwave.

56
 AMERICAN CUISINE
The popular outside view is that Americans survive on cheeseburgers,
Cokes and French fries, the British live on tea, fish and chips.
America has two strong advantages when it comes to food. The first is
that as the leading agriculture nation, it has always been well supplied with
fresh meat, fruit and vegetables in great variety at relatively low prices.
This is one reason why fruit dishes and salads are so common. The second
advantage America has enjoyed is that immigrants have brought with them,
and continue to bring, the traditional foods of their countries and cultures.
The variety of foods and styles is simply amazing — whether Armenian,
French, German, Hispanic, Greek, British or Italian.
Growing numbers of Americans are more regularly going out to eat in
restaurants. One reason is that there are not many American women who
feel that their lives are best spent in the kitchen. They would rather pay and
enjoy a good meal out. At the same time cooking is a hobby for both men
and women.
Americans generally prefer light food — cereals and grain foods, fruit and
vegetables, fish and salads instead of heavy and sweet foods. Finally, there is
the international trend to “fast food” chains, which sell pizza, hamburgers,
Mexican foods, chicken, salads and sandwiches, seafood and various ice
creams. Many people eat fast food.

57
 ARMENIAN CUISINE
There is no love sincerer
than the love of food.
George Bernard Shaw

Armenian people are very much interested in food. They have discovered
that eating is fun. Armenian cuisine is more than two thousand years old and
it is still tasty and fresh. Traditionally, bread was the most important food in
Armenia. That's why such English expressions as to have breakfast, to have
dinner and to have supper are simply replaced by to eat bread in Armenian.
Most Armenians use a lot of bread and especially like eating lavash.
Though Armenian cuisine has a wide range of tasty and healthy dishes
and people try to eat healthy food with less salt, sugar and meat, and more
fruit and vegetables, Armenian people still like cooking salty and spicy food.
Boiled, roasted and grilled food is very common. People seem to cook a lot of
good cakes and tasty pies even if they are fattening.
Barbeque and lake trout are the most popular and valued food in Armenia.

58
 BRITISH CUISINE
Make any time tea time

British cuisine has always suffered from bad press and a bad reputation.
British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken and
fish and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. The most
common and typical foods eaten in Britain include the sandwich, fish and
chips, pies. Puddings and custards enjoy a place of prominence in British
cuisine. British cuisine leans heavily on tea, served with milk and sugar.
Tea is served for any meal and any time in between.
And yet, for all the jokes about their bad food, British cuisine at its
best is hearty and delicious. British cuisine is a mixing of the practical
with the nutritious. If it is, as some critics proclaim, unimaginative, it is
certainly not because the British mind lacks imagination concerning food
- the common names for everyday meals sometimes require a translator
to know what’s on your plate. British cuisine varies widely, depending
on what part of the country you’re visiting. The cuisine of London, for
example, is far different from the cuisine of Yorkshire. The large number
of foreign restaurants helped popularize the international cuisines to the
British people. Chinese, Indian, Greek, Italian, French and American food
is quite common in Britain today.

59
2. Choose the correct option.

1. Cuisine is a 7. T
 he most popular food in
a. style or method of cooking America is
b. kitchen a. seafood
c. specific culture b. fast food
c. hamburger
2. Pork is forbidden in
a. Chinese culture 8. What kind of food do people
b. Japanese culture try to eat?
c. Moslem and Jewish cultures a. sugar and meat
b. vegetables and fruit
3. Convenience food is c. healthy food
a. ready-made food
b. already cooked food 9. Global economy is
c. fast food a. a single community
b. a common production
4. What is the most popular dr c. the expansion of economies
ink in Britain? beyond national borders
a. tea
b. coffee 10. Culture is
c. milk a. ideas, beliefs, values, customs,
knowledge, and social
5. to eat bread in Armenian is behaviour of a nation
a. to have breakfast b. values of a nation
b. to have meals c. national food
c. to have dinner
11. nutritious food is
6. to eat out means a. food containing all the
a. eat at home necessary substances for health
b. eat in restaurants b. unhealthy food
c. prefer to eat out in restaurants c. popular food

60
3. Learn how to make yogurt. Match the tips with the pictures.

1. Put it into the fridge to cool.

2. Serve it with sugar or try it with honey.
3. Leave in a warm place overnight.
4. Pour into little pots.
5. Allow to cool to about 40 degrees.
6. Add a little yogurt as a starter and stir.
7. Heat milk and boil for a minute.

(Blood heat)
400C
a. b. c.

d.
Next morning
YOGURT!
e.

f. g.

... LOVELY!!

1. How different is British and American food from Armenian food?

2. Do you think Armenian eating habits are healthy?
3. What is your attitude to fast food? How often do you eat fast food?
4. Which national cuisine suits your taste and why?
5. H
 ow do the differences among cultures in the foods they eat relate to the
differences in geography and local resources?
6. Why do you think food boundaries and differences are beginning to disappear?

61
Remember
used to — a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present
սովոորություն ունենալ
be used to/get used to վարժվել
I used to drink milk when I was a child.
I am used to drinking tea now.
She gets used to everything very quickly.
I used to. Did I use to? I didn’t use to.

4. Fill the gaps with used to, be used to, get used to.
1. Tastes differ. You _____ having fish for breakfast.
I _____ having a sandwich.
2. I _____ drink milk when I was younger but now I _____ having a cup of
tea or coffee.
3. I _____ be very shy.
4. Trains _____ be the main means of travel in the past.
5. I'll never _____ living in a cold climate.
6. I _____ getting up early.
7. My granny _____ give me a kiss every time she came to our house.
8. When I was a child, I _____ take a flashlight to bed with me to read
books without my parent’s knowing about it.

5. Choose the correct answer.

1. _____ bacon and eggs every morning.
a. am used to eat c. am used to eating
b. used to eating d. use to eat

2. The old man asked her to move because he _____ in that chair.
a. used to sit c. used to sitting
b. was used to sit d. was used to sitting

3. I can’t _____ American food. It’s so strange.

a. used to eat c. get used to eating
b. be used to eat d. used to eating

62
4. This drink tastes a little _____.
a. strongly c. strong
b. so strong d. too much strong

5. Besides being expensive, the food in the cafeteria tastes _____ .

a. badly c. too much bad
b. too badly d. bad

6. I don’t feel very well. I’ve eaten_____ much.

a. too
b. enough

7. The coffee was _____ hot to drink, so I left it for a minute to cool.
a. enough
b. too
8. This recipe sounds easy _____ . I’ll make it for lunch.
a. too
b. enough

9. I had _____ much wine at the party and behaved rather badly.
a. too
b. enough

Don’t forget!
taste / smell / feel / sound / look + adj.
The milk tastes sour.
The cookies smell good.
The child doesn’t feel good.
Your explanation sounds strange.
You look beautiful today.

enough + noun
Sorry, I haven’t got enough food for everyone.
adjective + enough
I am not strong enough to help you.
too + adjective
The tea is too hot to drink.

63
6. F
 ast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and
served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can
be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold
in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to
the customer in a packaged form for take–out/ take–away. Have
you ever enjoyed a hamburger, sitting on a lawn? Maybe you’re
against all these hot dogs and cheeseburgers, because it’s junk
food. They really make life more pleasant, especially outdoors,
don’t they? Read what different people think about fast food and
sort the opinions into for and against.

It is very unhealthy with high amounts

of calories, saturated fats, salt, etc.

It’s “fast to get’’ and usually delicious.

You can choose small, regular, large, extra large sizes.

It’s usually expensive, unhealthy and fattening.

More food for less money.

Fast foods lack necessary vitamins. Pizza

is probably the most ‘healthy’ fast food.

Fast foods are fast and you can easily get

them by going to McDonald’s or any other
fast food restaurant, but they are unhealthy.

You can walk in, order and eat. No delayed

meals or waiting at the table for food.

For Against

64
7. Read the article and choose the correct answer.

When it comes to body weight, Americans stand out. Most visitors to the
United States, no matter where they go across this vast country, comment
on the size of many Americans. In fact, these impressions are backed by
numerous statistics. For example, the average American weighs more than
the average person from Western or Central Europe. Another comparison:
an American woman is heavier than her Japanese counterpart. Why are
Americans so heavy?
Some blame the American diet. Certainly it’s true that Americans eat
more high–fat foods — meat, dairy products, and processed food — and
fewer grains and vegetables than people in other countries. But fat isn’t the
whole story. Lifestyle factors — including the tendency for Americans to
drive rather than walk or ride a bicycle to work, to snack throughout the
day, and to have so many labour-saving devices in the home — appear to
contribute to the problem.

1. According to the article, visitors to the United States often comment

on the size of the _____ .
a. population c. country
b. cities d. people

2. In comparison with Americans, people in other countries eat more _____ .

a. meat c. processed food
b. dairy products d. grains

3. According to the article, the average Western European weighs ____ .

a. more than an American c. less than an American
b. more than a Central European d. less than a Japanese person

4. The article implies that Americans would lose weight if they _____ .
a. snacked more often c. stayed at home more
b. rode bicycles to work d. ate fewer vegetables

65
8. Read about McDonald’s. Answer the questions.

MCDONALD’S
McDonald’s Corporation is one of today’s most successful businesses.
McDonald’s restaurants, which sell hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries,
milkshakes, soft drinks, and other foods to customers around the world,
practically invented the fast-food industry.
The first McDonald’s was a hamburger restaurant in San Bernardino,
California, named after its owners, Dick and Mac McDonald. The McDonald
brothers developed the limited menu, the efficient system of production,
and the self-service format that made it possible for the restaurant to deliver
food quickly and cheaply. But it was another person, Ray Kroc, who took
the concept of the restaurant to the rest of the country and the world. Kroc
developed the franchising system that allowed other owners to build their
own McDonald’s restaurants and sell its food.
McDonald’s became so popular because of its highly successful advertising
and its innovations in food and services, which allowed the company to
expand at an ever-increasing rate. In the 1960s, McDonald’s introduced the

66
 golden arches, which made the restaurants easy to recognize, and began
putting up huge signs to advertise the number of hamburgers sold. In
the 1970s and 1980s, McDonald’s introduced drive-through service, which
allowed customers to order food without leaving their cars. The restaurants
also began serving breakfast which was very popular.
In the 1980s and 1990s, McDonald’s focused on a strategy of expanding
its markets internationally. Many of the overseas restaurants have been
very successful. For example, the McDonald’s restaurant in Beijing, China,
which served over 40,000 customers on its opening day in 1992, is still the
company’s largest.

9. True or False?
T F
1. McDonald’s started as a hamburger restaurant in San
Bernardino, California.

2. The MacDonald brothers established the concept of the

restaurant.

3. Ray Kroc bought and ran one of the company’s restaurants.

4. The golden arches helped advertise McDonald’s restaurants.

5. McDonald’s served breakfast from the beginning.

6. The McDonald’s restaurant in Beijing opened in the 1980s.

10. C
 hange the part of speech of the words below by matching them
with correct suffix.
1. wide, strength a. -al
2. six, seven b. -ist
3. history, fantasy c. -ous
4. successful, cheap d. -teen
5. fame, vary e. -ic
6. journal, science f. -ly
7. culture, music g. -en

67
11. Read the paragraph and answer the questions:
Who was top dog in a tribe?
What was once the symbol of power at a table? Why?

Food has many meanings for us, but when a group of people gather
together the process of eating is always more about power than about
nourishment*. When we lived in tribes everyone may have crowded
round the carcass*, but you can be sure that it was the warrior man who
ate first and took the best bits and that the women and children were
served last and got leftovers*. When tables and chairs first came into
use, only those with power sat at the table, and then in a strict order of
importance, with a bowl of salt showing who was top dog*. The bowl of
salt might have disappeared, but the seating order still exists.

*nourishment = food needed to live, grow and stay healthy

*carcass = the dead body of an animal
*leftovers (n) = food that has not been eaten at the end of a meal
be left over = (verb)
*top dog = the person in the highest position

68
12. a. L
 isten and mark the speakers who are for or
( soundtrack 5)
against family meals.

For Against

1. Jane
2. Dan
3. Ray
4. Ella

b. Match the opinions with the speakers.

a. Children may feel happy during a meal with their family.

b. Both children and parents may misunderstand each other during the
family meal.
c. Children should follow a set of rules at the table.
d. A family meal is a part of a child's education.

c. Group the opinions into for and against.

a. The family meal can be great fun.

b. Family meals reflect a country's culture and traditions.
c. Family meals are hardly a good time to talk.
d. Bringing the family together is an opportunity for parents and
children to talk.
e. Children should display proper behaviour during the family meal.
f. The family meal is an opportunity to demonstrate parents' power and
importance.
g. Sometimes arguments across the table create tension in the family.

69
13. L
 inda and Paul are talking about Ernest’s birthday party.
The conversation is mixed. Put the boxes in the correct order.

Yes. Do you want me to bring anything?

Oh yeah. I make chicken salad all the time.

First, cook some chicken. You can bake it, grill
it, or broil it. Then cut the chicken into small
pieces. After that, cut up onions and celery. Next,
put the chicken, onions, and celery into a bowl.
Then, add mayonnaise. It’s really easy.

Hi, Paul. Are you going to Ernest’s

surprise birthday party tomorrow?

No. That’s OK. I have everything. But maybe

you could tell me how to make chicken salad.
That’s Ernest’s favourite. Do you know how?

70
14. R
 ead the information below to write a short biography
of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.

Do you know...

ALICE IN
WONDERLAND

Born 27 January 1832

Daresbury, Cheshire, England
Died 14 January 1898 (aged 65)
Guildford, Surrey, England
Pen name Lewis Carroll
Occupation Author, mathematician, Anglican clergyman,
photographer
Nationality British
Genres Children's literature, fantasy literature, poetry
Notable works Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,
Through the Looking-Glass

71
1. Read the extract and answer the questions.

A Mad Tea-party
Extract from “Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll

There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the March
Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting between
them, fast asleep.
The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at
one corner of it. “No room! No room!” they cried out when they saw Alice
coming. “There’s plenty of room!” said Alice, and she sat down in a large
arm-chair at one end of the table.
“Come, we shall have some fun now!” thought Alice. “I’m glad they’ve
begun asking riddles. I believe I can guess that.”
“Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?” said the
March Hare.

72
 “Why, you might just as well say that ‘I see what I
eat’ is the same thing as ‘I eat what I see’!”
“You might just as well say,” added the March
Hare, “that ‘I like what I get’ is the same thing
as ‘I get what I like’!”
“Have you guessed the riddle yet?” the
Hatter said, turning to Alice again.
“No, I give it up,” Alice replied.
“What’s the answer?”
“I haven’t the slightest idea,” said
the Hatter.
“Nor I,” said the March Hare.
Alice sighed wearily. “I think you
might do something better with the
time,” she said, “than wasting it in
asking riddles that have no answers.”
“If you knew Time as well as I do,”
said the Hatter, “you wouldn’t talk
about wasting it. It’s him.”
“I dare say you never even spoke to Time!”
“Perhaps not,” Alice replied; “but I know I have to beat time when I learn
music.”
“It was at the great concert given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing
there. I’d hardly finished the first verse when the Queen bawled out ‘He’s
murdering the time! Off with his head!’ “
“What is the reason so many tea-things are put out here ?” she asked.
“It’s always tea-time, and we’ve no time to wash the things between
whiles.”
“Take some more tea,” the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
“I’ve had nothing yet,” Alice replied in an offended tone: “so I can’t take
more.”
“You mean you can’t take less,” said the Hatter: “it’s very easy to take
more than nothing.”
“ I’ll never go there again!” said Alice as she picked her way through the
wood. “It’s the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life!”
“Now, I’ll manage better this time,” she said to herself.
Then she found herself at last in the beautiful garden, among the bright
flower-beds and the cool fountains.

73
2. Choose the correct option.

1. The extract mainly discusses

a. whether ‘I see what I eat’ is the same thing as ‘I eat what I see’
b. murdering the time
c. the tea-party which is a waste of time
d. how to manage time

2. The expression fast asleep means

a. sleep fast
b. sleep soundly
c. sleep badly
d. have a good night’s sleep

3. The expression No room! means

a. there is no room
b. there is no vacant seat at the table
c. there is nobody in the room
d. the room is empty

4. The phrasal verb give up means

a. give something to somebody
b. take something up
c. stop doing something
d. break

5. The expression have fun means

a. have good mood c. tell jokes
b. have friends d. enjoy oneself

6. The phrasal verb bawl out means

a. speak loudly c. stop shouting
b. shout angrily d. speak calmly

7. The expression murder the time means

a. beat the time c. enjoy the time
b. kill the time d. manage the time

74
Choose the correct option.

1. I don’t like iced tea, and _____.

a. she doesn’t too c. neither does she
b. either doesn’t she d. she doesn’t neither

2. Let’s go out for dinner, _____?

a. will we c. shall we
b. don’t we d. are we

3. I’ll have a cup of tea and _____.

a. two toasts c. two pieces of toast
b. two piece of toasts d. two pieces of toasts

4. I like the set of dishes, but _____ is small.

a. the tea cup c. the tea’s cup
b. the cup of rea d. the cup for the tea

5. The cookies that you sent over were _____ that I ate them all.
a. very good c. so good
b. too good d. good

6. Could you please tell me where _____ .

a. is the nearest McDonald’s restaurant located
b. the nearest McDonald’s restaurant is located
c. is located the nearest McDonald’s restaurant
d. located is the nearest McDonald’s restaurant

7. You _____ me, because I didn’t say that.

a. must misunderstand
b. must be misunderstanding
c. must have misunderstood
d. had to misunderstand

75
 5 WELCOME TO ARMENIA

The Earth is like a living being,

it has its own soul;
without the native soil
and close contact with the
Mother Country
one cannot identify oneself,
one’s own soul.
Martiros Saryan

I should like to see any power of the world

Destroy this race,
This small tribe of unimportant people,
Whose wars have all been fought and lost,
Whose structures have crumbled,
Literature is unread,
Music is unheard,
And prayers are no more answered.
Go ahead, destroy Armenia.
See if you can do it.
Send them into the desert without bread or water.
Burn their homes and churches.
Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again.
For when two of them meet anywhere in the world,
See if they will not create a New Armenia.
William Saroyan

76
1. C
 an you match the pictures of the famous people with the
information about them?

Do you know...

Komitas Vardapet (Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan) - Armenian

priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music pedagogue
and musicologist.
Many regard him as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.
Komitas lost his mind after witnessing the 1915 Armenian Genocide
and is ranked among the Armenian martyrs of genocide.
Arno Babadjanian - a highly regarded composer in the former Soviet
Union.
Arshile Gorky (real name - Vostanik Manoog Adoyan) - an Armenian-
born American Abstract Expressionist Painter, 1904-1948.

77
 Hovhannes Tumanyan - one of the greatest Armenian poets and
writers.
Victor Hambartsumian - an outstanding Soviet Armenian scientist,
one of the founders of the theoretical astrophysics. Hambartsumian was
the founder of Byurakan Observatory.
Armen Dzigarkhanyan - one of the most popular Armenian actors
working in Russia. He founded his own theater in Moscow.
Silva Kaputikyan - a 20th century prominent Armenian poet, writer,
academician and public activist. She lived in Yerevan her entire life.
Sergei Parajanov - a legendary film-maker.
Djivan Gasparyan - is an Armenian musician and composer. He plays
the duduk and is known to be the master of Duduk.
Aram Khachaturian - an Armenian composer whose works were
often influenced by Armenian folk music.
Martiros Saryan - a Russian-born Armenian painter of landscapes,
still lifes, and portraits.
William Saroyan - an American author, the son of Armenian
immigrants. The setting of many of his stories and plays was Fresno,
California.
Charles Aznavour - an Armenian-French singer, songwriter, actor,
public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France’s most popular
and enduring singers, he is also one of the most well-known singers in the
world. He is known for his short figure and unique tenor voice.
Leonid Yengibarov - a famous Armenian clown and actor. He made
spectators think, not only laugh. His first film, A Path to the Arena, was in
fact about himself. He created a Pantomime Theatre.
Paruyr Sevak - one of the greatest Armenian poets.

78
2. Read the biography of Hovhannes Aivazovsky.
Make a list of the main events of his life.

Hovhannes (Ivan) Aivazovsky

(July 29, 1817 - May 5 1900)
originally Aivazian - a painter
of Armenian descent living and
working in the Crimea, most
famous for his seascapes.

Perhaps no one in Europe has

painted the extraordinary
beauty of the sea with so much
feeling and expressiveness as
Aivazovsky has.

Aivazovsky was born in an Armenian family in the city of Feodosiya

in the Crimea. His parents family name was Aivazian. Some of the artist’s
paintings bear a signature in Armenian letters Hovhannes Aivazian.
At the age of twenty he graduated from the Art Academy of St. Petersburg
with a gold medal. He went to Italy to continue his studies and returned as
an internationally acclaimed seascape painter.
In his best seascapes he has revealed his inner self through the spirit
of the times, his ideas of humanism, and the love of freedom. Due to his
long life in art, Aivazovsky became the most prolific Armenian painter of
his time. He left over 6 000 works at his death in 1900. With funds earned
during his successful career as an artist he opened an art school and gallery
in his home town of Feodosiya.
Aivazovsky is the most interesting phenomenon of the 19th century art.
He gained international fame at the age of 25, was elected a member to five
European Academies and was awarded the medal of the French Legion of
Honor.
His works so strongly reflect the Armenian culture and national
temperament that it becomes impossible to separate his art from his native
people.

79
 To eliminate “The Armenian Question”, Sultan Abdul Hamid, the 34th sultan
of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, ordered a series of massacres which claimed
the life of hundreds of thousands of Armenians. Numerous Armenian cultural
monuments were burnt or destroyed. The artist was shocked. “My heart is full
of grief for our ill-fated people; for this tragic and unprecedented massacre”, he
wrote to the Armenian Catholicos Khrimian. He threw into the sea the medal
that the Sultan had given him years before. He painted and exhibited canvases
depicting the massacre. It was with pain and grief that he painted his last canvas
The Explosion of the Turkish Ship, which he could not finish.
Aivazovsky was buried in the Armenian Church of St. Sarkis in Feodosiya.
His tombstone has a quotation from the historian Khorenatsi’s “History of
Armenians” - Born a mortal, he left immortal memories.

Brig Mercury Attacked by Two Turkish Ships

Remember
besides = in addition to (+)
Besides being a composer
Komitas was an Armenian priest.

except = exclusion, exception (-)

He could do everything except make money.

beside = near, next to, by

His paintings look miserable beside Aivazovsky’s masterpieces.

80
3. Choose the correct option.
1. Aivazovsky lived and worked 4. I think no one _____
_____ the sea. Aivazovsky has painted the
a. beside extraordinary beauty of the
b. besides sea with so much feeling and
expressiveness.
2. He writes poetry and a. except
drama _____ novels. b. besides
a. beside
b. besides 5. _
 ____ being one of France’s most
popular singers, Aznavour is
3. You may keep all of his gifts also one of the most well–known
_____ the paintings. singers in the world.
a. except a. except
b. besides b. besides

3. Translate the newspaper article into English.

Արվեստի տարբեր ոճերը,

տարբեր տեսակներն ու տարբեր սերունդների
աշխատանքները մի պատկերասրահում

Երևանյան բազմաթիվ ցուցասրահների կողքին օրեր առաջ բաց­

վել է ևս մեկը` ARTMIX, որի անունն արդեն շատ բան է հուշում:
Արվեստի տարբեր տեսակները` գեղանկար, գծանկար, քանդակ,
դեկորատիվ–կիրառական արվեստ, հավաքված են մի տե­ ղում:
Չսահմանափակվելով դրանով` պատկերասրահում ներ­ կայացված
են արվեստի տարբեր ոճերի նմուշներ, տարբեր սերունդ­ ների
աշխատանքներ, այստեղ զուգակցվել են արվեստի տարբեր ճյուղերը:
Ցուցասրահի հիմնական նպատակը հայ արվեստի քարոզչությունն է,
ցուցահանդեսների կազմակեր­պումը, լավագույն հայ տաղանդավոր
արվեստագետներին ցու­ցադրվելու ևս մեկ հնարավորություն տալը,
ինչպես նաև արվեստի գործերի վաճառք:

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Choose the correct option.

1. My new glasses cost me _____ the last pair that I bought.

a. times three
b. three times more
c. three times as much as
d. as much three times as

2. We are looking forward _____ the museum of Aivazovsky

in the Crimea.
a. of visiting
b. for visiting
c. to visit
d. to visiting

3. She used to visit you quite often, _____ ?

a. didn’t she
b. doesn’t she
c. wouldn’t she
d. hadn’t she

4. _____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?

a. Will
b. Won’t
c. Do
d. Wouldn’t

5. Would you mind _____ , please?

a. to answer the telephone
b. answering the telephone
c. answer the telephone
d. to the telephone answering

6. Since they aren’t answering their telephone, they _____ .

a. must have left
b. should have left
c. need have left
d. can have left

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 6 I AM A TINY PART OF
THE UNIVERSE

Come wander with me,

Into regions yet untrod,
And read what is still unread
In the manuscripts of God.
Longfellow

1. R
 ead the article and make a list of any pieces of information you
can remember.
THE BODIES IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Our solar neighbourhood is an exciting place. The Solar System is
full of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, minor planets, and many other
exciting objects. For many thousands of years, humanity, with a few notable
exceptions, did not recognise the existence of the Solar System.
Anania Shirakatsi (610 – 685) an Armenian mathematician, astronomer
and geographer described the world as “being like an egg with a spherical
yolk (the globe) surrounded by a layer of white (the atmosphere) and covered
with a hard shell (the sky)”.
Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to develop a mathematically predictive
heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes
Kepler, and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led
to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun
and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern the
Earth.
Our Sun is one of more than 100 billion stars in our galaxy. The Sun is by
far the largest object in the solar system.
The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. Called Luna by the
Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other
mythologies, it is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun.
The first thing to notice is that the solar system is mostly empty space.
The planets are very small compared to the space between them. In our
solar system, nine planets circle around our Sun. The Sun sits in the middle
while the planets travel in circular paths (called orbits) around it.

83
 These nine planets travel in the same direction (*counter-clockwise).
The solar system is made up of two parts. The inner solar system contains
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These four planets are closest to the Sun.
The outer solar system contains Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
The inner planets are separated from the outer planets by the Asteroid Belt.
These nine planets are grouped in many different ways.
Two easy groupings are composition (what they are made up of) and size.

COMPOSITION

Rocky planets Gas Planets

Mercury Jupiter
Venus Saturn
Earth Uranus
Mars Neptune
Pluto

The rocky planets are mostly made up of rock and metal.

These planets are very heavy and move slowly. The gas planets are mostly
made up of gases (hydrogen and helium). These planets are light for their
sizes (just like a big air balloon) and move quickly.

SIZE

Small planets Giant planets

Mercury Jupiter
Venus Saturn
Earth Uranus
Mars Neptune
Pluto

2. Group the planets as inner planets and outer planets.

Inner planets Outer planets

*counter = contrary, opposite

84
3. R
 ead the information. Find out more about planets in Greek
and Roman mythology and report to the class.

In Roman mythology Mercury is the god of commerce, travel and

thievery. Venus is the Roman goddess of love and beauty. In Greek her
name is Aphrodite. Mars is the Roman god of war and agriculture. The name
of the month March derives from Mars. Jupiter, known as Zeus in Greece, is
the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus. Saturn is the god of agriculture,
called Cronus by the Greeks. Saturn is the root of the English word Saturday.
Uranus is the lord of the skies and husband of Earth. Neptune is the god
of the Sea and Pluto is the god of the underworld. Earth is the only planet
whose English name does not derive from Greek or Roman mythology.

85
4. Match the planets with their descriptions.

a. It is much smaller than any of the official

planets. Due to its great distance from
the sun, its surface is believed to reach
temperatures as low as –240°C.

Earth

b. It is the second planet

from the Sun and the sixth
largest. It is the brightest
object in the sky except for
the Sun and the Moon.
Saturn

c. It is the fourth planet from

the Sun and the seventh largest.
The planet probably got this name due to
its red color.

Pluto

d. It is the fifth planet from

the Sun and the largest.
It is the fourth brightest object in the
sky (after
the Sun, the Moon and Venus).

Venus

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 e. It is the closest planet to the
Sun and the eighth largest.
The planet probably received
this name because it moves
so quickly across the sky.

Mars
It is the eighth planet
from the sun. It is also
f. known as the Blue Giant.

Uranus
g.

It is the third planet from

the Sun and the fifth largest.

Mercury

h. It is the seventh planet from

the Sun and the third largest.

Jupiter

i. It is the sixth planet from the

Sun and the second largest.

Neptune

87
5. R
 ead the article about flying saucers. Do you
believe in flying saucers?

HAVE YOU EVER SEEN A FLYING SAUCER?

Many people say they have seen flying saucers in the sky. Some people
think they are spaceships from other planets where people are more advanced
than ourselves. Some people say they have seen them land. They have seen
beings get out of them. They have even spoken to these beings, sometimes in
English. People have taken photographs of flying saucers and of these beings.
We have seen the photographs in the newspapers. Governments collect and
study information about the unidentified flying objects (UFOs).
Flying saucers have been seen in many countries but especially in England.
Perhaps most Englishmen think that clever beings from other planets will
want to visit England first.
In 1967 six flying saucers landed in England all at the same time, at six
different places all in a straight line. The saucers were easily found because each
one bleeped loudly. They were 1.2 metres wide. The police saw that they were all
in a straight line across the country and decided that it was not just by chance.
Officers from the Army, the Air Force and Scotland Yard rushed to the saucers.
Radio and television informed the British people of the news.
What does one do if one finds a flying saucer? The Army blew them up.
The Air Force broke them. Scotland Yard opened them.
These saucers hadn’t come from another planet. They had come from a
Technical College where some students had made them. It was done only for
fun but it was very cleverly done.
All the country thought that the flying saucers had really arrived from
Space. Perhaps one day they will.

88
 6. Choose the correct answer.
1. UFO means
a. unknown
b. unexplained
c. unidentified flying object

2. Scotland Yard is
a. the British Air Force
b. the chief London office of the police
c. the British Army

3. The flying saucers were easily found because

a. they were 1.2 metres
b. they made loud bleeping sounds
c. they were all in a straight line

4. The Technical College students did that

a. to prove that there are other planets
b. for fun
c. to show real flying saucers

5. Did anyone believe that the 1967 UFOs had arrived from space?
a. Yes, everybody believed.
b. Nobody believed.
c. Scotland Yard did.

7. Match the English expressions with their Armenian equivalents.

1. One must blow the flying a. Լավ կլինի` զգույշ վարվեք
saucer up. դրա հետ:
2. One may break it. b. Հնարավոր է այն ջարդել:
3. One can open it. c. Կարող եք բացել այն:
4. One should be careful with it. d. Պետք է այն պայթեցնել:
5. One is never too old to learn. e. Երբեք ուշ չէ սովորելը:

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8. L
 isten to the article Is There Life in Space?
Hold a debate on the issue Do you believe
( soundtrack 6)
there is life in space?
Useful language
Do you think... I don’t think...
Do you believe... I don’t believe...
I’m sure... I’m not sure...
I guess... Unfortunately...
Who knows, maybe...

9. Match the words and expressions with their definitions.

1. extraterrestrial a. outside the earth
2. telescope b. alive, real
3. flesh and blood c. a n optical instrument designed
to make distant objects appear nearer

10. Match the prefixes with their meanings.

1. micro- (microscope) a. outside, beyond
2. extra- (extraterrestrial) b. very small
3. un- (unfortunately) c. far, from a distance
4. tele- (telescope) d. many
5. multi- (multiple) e. not, opposite, negative

11. Match the suffixes with their explanations or functions.

1. -able (unable) a. adverb building
2. -ist ( scientist) b. verb building
3. -ful (useful) c. can / able to do something
4. -ment (equipment) d. for observing, viewing
5. -ively (actively) e. noun building
6. -ive (active) f. job, doer
7. -ate (communicate) g. audio/video
8. -phone (telephone) h. adjective building
9. -scope (telescope) i. full of

90
12. Choose the right option and fill in the gaps.

Centuries ago people dreamed about travelling through space, and science
fiction writers (1) _____ that people would fly to the Moon or to Mars just for
a weekend. It still seems (2) _____ to most of us, but the era of space tourism
has already started. A Soyuz rocket with the first space tourist on board (3)
_____ in 2001. Dennis Tito, a sixty-year-old American businessman, stayed
on the International Space Station for eight days and then (4) _____ returned
to Earth.
Since that time other people have had a “space holiday” and space travel
seems to have become a new (5)______ industry. Space tourism companies
plan to construct orbital hotels for short-term tourists and are thinking
about arranging space colonies where people can live for years.
The colonies can be arranged either on space stations or on other planets.
However, scientists haven’t (6) _____ yet whether there is a planet where
conditions would resemble the conditions on Earth.

1. a. suggested 2. a. unavoidable 3. a. was launched

b. predicted b. unsinkable b. was landed
c. avoided c. unforgettable c. was damaged
d. detected d. unbelievable d. was prevented

4. a. fairly 5. a. expecting 6. a. found out

b. surely b. developing b. predicted
c. equally c. damaging c. avoided
d. safely d. detecting d. prevented

13. Make new words by adding suffixes and prefixes to the words below.

clockwise
identifiedequal
un- -able
avoid
re- -ity
forget
counter- -ful
believesink
use

91
 7 WE’D BETTER BE NATURE-WISE

Could you please answer, Man

Tree Where were you when my leaves got dried?
River Where were you when my fishes were killed?
Earth Where were you when my soil got eroded*?
Air Where were you when my ozone got depleted*?

Don’t forget!
had better = advice (խորհուրդ)
We’d better be nature-wise.
could = polite request
Could you please answer the question?

1. Find the Armenian equivalents for the words and expressions below.

air
endangered species
noise
global warming
sound
pollution pollution
environmental
rainforest
water
gas
waste

recycle
reuse
waste

* erode — ողողելով քշել–տանել

* deplete — սպառվել

92
2. Match the words and expressions with their meanings.

1. endangered a. making the air or water dirty and dangerous to live in

2. conservation b. energy made from sunlight
3. rubbish c. looking after nature
4. pollution d. when the earth’s air and seas get warmer
5. organic e. things that you throw away because you don’t want them
6. rainforest f. a fuel from under the ground, for example, coal or oil
7. fossil fuel g. a layer of gases around the earth
8. atmosphere h. a forest with tall trees where it rains a lot
9. global warming i. grown or made without any chemicals
10. solar energy j. when an animal or plant soon might no longer exist

3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

endanger recycle affect

1. Many species _____ as a result of deforestation.

2. We can do something about the trash problem by _____ more of our waste.
3. Air quality in our city _____ by the increase in traffic.

1. get + noun = receive, obtain

get a letter
2. get + adverb / particle / preposition = move
get up
3. get + adjective = become
It’s getting cold.
4. have got = have
I’ve got a book.
5. get + verb = process
get dried

93
 Watch out!
rise, raise

rise (rose, risen) = to move upwards, get higher

We rise early in the morning.
raise (raised, raised) = to lift, move something up
He raises his head.

4. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words on the right.

1. Do not _____ on the damp ground. get

2. The sun _____ early in June.
3. Don’t _____the table yet. lie
Wait until he _____ home. lie, lay
4. They have _____ the price of butter.
5. He always _____ the blame on others. rise, raise
6. There was a tree _____ across the road.
used to, be used to
7. I fell asleep as soon as I _____ down.
8. She didn’t tell her age.
She_____ to me about her age.
9. I’m shocked when I hear bad language.
I’m just not _____ hearing it.
10. I _____ see her every day but I don’t any more.

Do you know...
We don’t treat our seas very well. We dump lots of rubbish in them,
and hurt fish populations with huge boats and nets.
If you use lots of electrical things you use lots of energy.
Screensavers don’t save much energy. You should switch your monitor
off, if you are not using it.
If you open a window, switch off the heater or air-conditioner or you
will be wasting energy.
Baths use a lot more water than showers. 10-14 litres of water come out
every minute. If you turn the tap off you can save a lot of water.

94
Remember
identifying parts of speech

light n. to light v.
waste n. to waste v.
plant n. to plant v.
switch n. to switch v.

present [’preznt] n. to present [pri’zent] v.

wind [wind] n. to wind [waind] v.
breath [breT] n. to breathe [brID] v.

5. T
 here are lots of problems facing our planet today. A lot of people
live on our planet, and the earth’s resources won’t last forever.
But there are lots of things that we can do to help to look after our
planet, and to make sure that the environment has a great future.
What can we do to be greener? What should we do or not do to
help to look after the environment? Sort the expressions below into
two groups.

leave lights on use lots of water have long showers waste paper
leave PC on use things again walk to school plant a tree
leave tap on recycle glass switch lights off drop litter

You should You shouldn’t

6. Read through the opinions. Add your own ones.

People don’t often pay attention to minor energy consumptions. For

example, they can leave the bathroom light burning all through the
night, or don’t close the fridge door. They can boil some water and forget
to make tea. Then they boil it again. They may leave hot water running
in the kitchen for no reason at all. One person’s energy waste may not be
very important for nature, but there are lots of people in the world.

95
 People burn huge amounts of coal and oil in order to produce various
goods and nice packaging for them. People often buy things they don't
really need, for example, they just want to replace an older model with a
more prestigious brand. They buy more than they are able to consume,
and throw away a lot too. Isn't it silly to use energy to produce unnecessary
things and then use it again to eliminate the waste?

I see global warming as a natural process which can’t be affected by

human beings.

I think people’s activity accelerates the natural process of global

warming

I know that every time people fly somewhere, they contribute to the
global warming effect. A plane emits carbon dioxide and other harmful
gases. And the number of planes, their capacity and speed are growing
all over the world. Obviously, it’s not very good for the environment.

7. Choose the correct option.

1. What could be done to improve the situation? What are you ready to do?
a. less travel by air
b. use public transport instead of a car
c. buy smaller cars
d. avoid using plastic packaging if not necessary
e. sort your waste and carry it to the recycling centres
f. pay more for environment friendly products

2. What should people do to improve the situation?

a. consume less energy
b. develop new clean technologies
c. reduce pollution

96
8. There are lots of things we can do at home to look after the
environment. Read the tips on how to be green. What is your attitude?
If you use lots of electrical things you use lots of energy.
Screensavers don’t save much energy.
You should switch your monitor off, if you are not using it.
Make sure you switch things off if you don’t need them — you’ll help your parents
save money too.
Your old things can often be useful to somebody else.
See if somebody else wants them before you throw them away.
Turn off the monitor when you are not using the computer.
Take showers, not baths, and you’ll save plenty of water.

9. Listen and learn. ( soundtrack 7)

Brush your teeth, but turn off the tap, Give old clothes to charity,
Take a shower, don’t have a bath, Join a green group, plant a tree.
Walk or ride your bike to school, Can you understand
Recycle paper, that’s the rule. What we have to do?
Unplug the TV, switch off the lights, There’s only one world,
Go out with friends, don’t surf all night, It’s up to me and you!

10. L
 isten to the information on environmental problems and answer
the questions.
1. How do people all over the world feel about the environmental problems?
2. What are these problems?
3. What are the ways to save the earth?

1. Do you give your old clothes to a charity shop?

2. Are more than two electrical things on in your room at the same time?
3. Do you recycle plastic, metal and glass?
4. Do you eat fresh fruit and vegetables?
5. Do you turn off the lights when you leave the room?
6. Is your TV on standby when you are not watching it?
7. Do you open the window when the heater or air-conditioner is on?

97
11. W
 e know that we are using the earth’s resources too quickly.
What can we do to help the planet? Find out with a quiz.

HOW MUCH CAN YOU DO TO HELP THE PLANET?

1. Do you usually have
a. a shower? (0)
b. a bath?(0)
c. a quick wash? (1)

2. When writing something on a piece of paper do you

a. write on both sides? (0)
b. write on one side only? (0)
c. try not to waste paper?(1)

3. What do you have for lunch break?

a. sweets (0)
b. hamburgers (0)
c. some fresh fruit and salads (1)

4. What do you do with your rubbish?

a. throw it into the street (0)
b. throw it into the nearest bin (0)
c. throw it into the correct recycling bin (1)

5. How do you spend your leisure?

a. phone your friends (0)
b. do sports (1)
c. play computer games (0)

6. How many electrical appliances do you switch on at the same time?

a. not more than 2 (1)
b. 3-4 (0)
c. more than 5 (0)

7. When you go to bed do you

a. turn off your computer? (1)
b. leave your computer on standby? (0)
c. leave your computer on all night? (0)

98
8. When you leave the room do you
a. turn off the lights? (1)
b. leave them on? (0)
c. usually forget to switch them off? (0)

9. When the heater or air-conditioner is on do you

a. open the window? (0)
b. close the windows? (1)
c. not pay special attention? (0)

10. What do you do with your old things?

a. give them to charity shops (1)
b. throw them away (0)
c. keep them (0)

11. Do you eat

a. organic food? (1)
b. what is available at the moment ? (0)
c. fast food? (0)

12. Now score your points. See how much you can do to help
the planet.
8-11 You are a champion!
4-7 You have made a good start!
1-3 Help the planet? What’s that?

13. T
 here are lots of ways to help the environment.
Write down all the things you do to help.

HOW DO YOU HELP THE ENVIRONMENT?

I throw rubbish in the recycling bins. ....

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14. Complete the table.

noun adjective verb

- - to warm
pollution - -
- wasted -
environment - -
- - to consume
- light -
plant - -

15. Listen and learn the song.

( soundtrack 8)

WHAT A WONDERFUL WORLD

Louis Armstrong

I see trees of green, red roses too

I see them bloom for me and you
And I think to myself
What a wonderful world.

I see skies of blue and clouds of white

The bright blessed day, the dark sacred night
And I think to myself
What a wonderful world.

The colours of the rainbow so pretty in the sky

Are also on the faces of people going by
I see friends shaking hands saying how do you do
They’re really saying I love you.

I hear babies cry, I watch them grow

They’ll learn much more than I’ll never know
And I think to myself
What a wonderful world
Yes I think to myself
What a wonderful world.

100
Remember
Types of conditional sentences

If I were a firefighter, I would spray down the fires.

If I were a mechanic, I would put air in the tires.
If I were a teacher, I would correct everything that's wrong.
If I were a police officer, I would help the traffic all day long.
If I were a writer, I'd write from time to time.
If I were a poet, I'd have them rhyme and ryhme.
But I'm only a ninth grader, so I have a long way to go!

CONDITIONAL REAL

UNREAL PRAYERS
CON WISHES
FAC TRARY
T SIT T
UAT O
ION

real condition
If you choose the right career, you will be happy in your life.
unreal condition
(contrary to fact)
If I were you I would’t do weightlifting. (I am not you)

Watch out!
Main Clause Conditional Clause
REAL CONDITION I will learn more if I work hard (Simple Present)
UNREAL CONDITION I would learn more if I worked hard (Simple Past)

We also use wish in conditional sentences of unreal condition

to express regret or wish to say that we would like things to be
different from what they are.
I wish I knew French.
I wish I were you.

101
 8 WHAT PROFESSION SUITS ME BEST?
If we could know which road to take,
If we were told which choice to make,
We wouldn't need to hurry,
And nobody would worry,
Life would be just a piece of cake.

1. G
 roup the qualities of a successful worker
into two categories.
initiative adaptable loyal
charisma optimistic competitive
leadership ability honest self-critical
self-contol influential creative
self-confidence conscientious responsible
sense of obligation innovative
good communication skills trustworthy

teamwork independent work

2. Carry out an opinion poll in your class. Summarize the data.

WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT

PART OF THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM?
Science (maths, physics, etc.)
Humanities (language, history, etc.)
They are both as important as each other.
Neither is important.
Don’t know.
Don’t care.

102
3. What would you do if... ?

1. If you could do any job, what would you like to do?

2. If you could change one thing about yourself, what would it be?
3. If you had one wish, what would it be?
4. If you discovered a new island, what would you name it and why?
5. If you could live anywhere, where would you live?
6. If you could choose to live on a different planet, which one would you choose?
7. If you could be invisible for a day what would you do and why?

4. Choose the correct option.

1. I did terrible on the history test yesterday. I wish I _____ harder.
a. study c. studying
b. studied were d. had studied

2. I don’t have much time.

a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I had more time.
c. I wish I wasn’t working.

3. If you knew time as well as I do, you wouldn’t talk about wasting it.
a. you don’t know time as well as I do
b. you know time like me
c. you often waste time
d. you talk about wasting time

4. If you studied more _____

a. you won’t fail your exams.
b. you wouldn’t fail your exams

5. What will you do____

a. if she refuses to go out with you?
b. if she’ll refuse to go out with you?

6. I would tell you of course _____

a. if I knew the answer.
b. if I’ll know the answer.

103
7. My computer is old and slow.
a. I wish I earned more money.
b. I wish I had a more powerful one.
c. I wish I finished earlier.

8. It’s really cold here. The climate is awful.

a. I wish I knew more people.
b. I wish I lived in a warmer country.
c. I wish I understood it better.

9. My job is really boring.

a. I wish I saved more money.
b. I wish I had a more powerful one.
c. I wish I had an interesting one.
d. I wish I finished earlier.

10. I cannot buy trainers in ordinary shops because my feet are too big.
a. I wish I was twenty again.
b. I wish I was better-looking.
c. I wish they were smaller.

11. I live in a small house. I wish I ______ in a big one.

a. lived
b. would live
c. had lived

12. You’re the best teacher I’ve ever had. I wish you _____ my teacher
last year as well.
a. were
b. would be
c. had been
Watch out!
no article noun + number
avenue 45
number 77 chapter 10
page 5 room 47
line 3 April 15

104
Choose the correct option.

1. The coming football game will be played on _____ .

a. two September
b. the second of September
c. September two
d. the two of September

2. I’ll return your notes as soon as _____ copying them.

a. I will finish
b. I do finish
c. I finish
d. I be finished

3. This is a very precious book. You _____ lose it.

a. must
b. need
c. mustn’t
d. needn’t

4. He _____ a new job last week.

a. is offered
b. has been offered
c. was offered
d. will be offered

5. The newspaper _____ yet.

a. has been bought
b. had been bought
c. was bought
d. hasn’t been bought

6. She had seen the movie before.

a. The movie had been seen by her before.
b. The movie had seen by her before.
c. The movie was seen by her before.
d. The movie is seen by her before.

105
5. R
 ead what some people think about selecting a career. What
profession do you want to follow in your life? Have you already
decided what you are going to study for?
Starting with a right profession at the right time
can bring you good results in the long run.

Many people think about choosing a future profession even

in childhood. But which way to go? Many people choose a
profession according to their inclinations because they love
a certain profession. Very lazy and stupid people are not
thinking about their future. There are some people who are a
bit lazy, but smart. Choosing a profession is very important
for every person. Our future depends on it. Let everyone solve
the problem himself, making his own decision.

Selecting a career is a decision every teen

needs to make. The majority of teens have
a hard time deciding what direction to
head. Sometimes a student’s career choice is
decided by somebody else. Anyway, it is one
of the most important decisions of your life.

If you choose the right career, you will be happy

and productive in your life. In the right career,
you will love what you do, feel happy and proud of
your accomplishments.You will be appreciated by
others, enjoy the people you are around, perform
well, have job security and prosper financially.

106
 If you choose the wrong career, you will be
unhappy in your life. In the wrong career,
you dislike your job, feel stressed and
unhappy, won’t perform well, may quit
or get fired. Many personal and marital
problems are caused by career problems.

The first step in the career decision

making process is the assessment of your
interests, values, skills, and abilities.

6. Complete the CV as if you were looking for a summer part–time job.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details

Date of birth ..........................................................................

Address ..........................................................................
Tel: ..........................................................................

Education
19... — 20... ..........................................................................
Work experience ..........................................................................

Positions
of responsibility ..........................................................................

Skills ..........................................................................
Interests ..........................................................................

107
 I Would Like To Be A Journalist

1. R
 ead the summary of an interview with a newspaper
reader. Fill the gaps with the suitable words on the right.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD NEWSPAPER ARTICLE?

I usually read a newspaper article because the (1) a. adjectives
_____caught my eye in some way or another. And
b. sentences
then once you’ve decided to read the article there are
certain things, which keep your interest. For example, c. outcome
if the article moves quickly, probably with lots of short
(2)_____, with plenty of (3)_____ to add colour and d. headline
interest to the article.
e. ending
And, also a good (4) _____ is important in an article,
because if the headline is interesting, the beginning also f. conclusion
needs to be interesting so that the reader really wants to
read the rest of the article. g. beginning
A good article will be fairly short and the (5) _____ will
h. message
be very clear. So the article needs to be well organised,
you need (6) _____ carefully linked to each other. i. paragraphs
If it’s a report, the final (7) _____ of the event should
be clear. j. sentence
And finally, I think, an article should have a good
clear (8) _____ which means again, probably a short (9)
_____ at the end of the article, which somehow sums up
or brings the story to a clear (10) _____.

108
2. R
 ead the magazine article and choose the correct answer for the
questions below.

MAGAZINES IN CRISIS
Magazine publishing used to be big business. Smash Hits, one of Britain's
leading pop magazines, used to have sales of half a million, but the sales have
now fallen to around 190,000. The world of teenage publishing is in crisis in
Britain. The most popular teenage magazines - Smash Hits, Just 17 and Sugar,
dealing with pop, make-up, fashion and gossip - are losing sales, and a lot
more titles, products and activities are competing for teenagers' time and
money.
Magazine editors think that they have identified the main culprit for their
declining sales. The answer is text messaging.
They say that teenagers in Britain are spending their pocket money on
pay-as-you-go-mobile phones, leaving little cash for things like magazines.
It is a central social activity for 11 to 14-year-olds; it's simple, it's secret, and
it's their language. Young people ignore journalists and write to each other
instead.
Smash Hits and Sugar have realised what influence texting has on
teenagers and have recently started text clubs. Over 40,000 teens belong to
the Smash Hits club. Teenagers text each other about absolutely everything,
even sending each other messages when they are sitting next to one another.
Magazine editors have gone even further to suggest that youth publishing
could be the first area to stop using paper altogether.

109
3. Choose the correct answer.

1. What is the state of the teenage magazine publishing business

in Britain now?
a. It is progressing.
b. It is progressing only for Smash Hits, Just 17 and Sugar.
c. It is decreasing.

2. What is the main competitor with magazine publishing?

a. Writing letters
b. Texting via mobile phones
c. The Internet

3. What is the reason for text messaging’s popularity?

a. It’s easy and personal.
b. Teens do not respect journalists.
c. 11-14 year olds don’t like magazines.

4. What way out of the crisis did the teenage magazine

publishers suggest?
a. They made the magazines cheaper.
b. They started text clubs.
c. They stopped publishing magazines for teens.

4. M
 atch the words on the left and right sides to find
the names of job.

1. film a. sitter
2. bus b. dancer
3. movie c. operator
4. computer d. manager
5. child e. singer
6. ballet f. driver
7. bank g. director
8. telephone h. programmer
9. baby i. psychologist
10. pop j. star

110
Choose the correct option.

1. If I _____ the flu I would go with you.

a. hadn’t
b. hadn’t had
c. didn’t have
d. wouldn’t have

2. If it_____ rain, we’ll have the party outside.

a. wouldn’t
b. doesn’t
c. didn’t
d. won’t

3. He didn’t seem to mind _____ TV while he was trying to study.

a. their watching
b. that they watch
c. them watching
d. them to watch

4. Let you and_____ agree to settle our differences

without involving any of the other students.
a. I
b. myself
c. me
d. my

5. The assignment for Monday was to read _____ .

a. chapter tenth
b. chapter ten
c. chapter the tenth
d. the tenth chapter

6. — You look exhausted.

— Yes, I _____ sleep last night.
a. can’t c. could
b. couldn’t d. won’t

111
 AUDIO SCRIPTS page 39

Lecturer:

Andrew Warhola was born in The most famous are of Marilyn

1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, and
studied at the Carnegie Institute of Elvis Presley.To make his art look
Technology. By 1950, Andy Warhol, even more mechanical, he would
as he now called himself, moved repeat many images of the same
to New York City and pursued a thing on the canvas, sometimes just
successful career as a commercial changing the colour or a few little
designer and illustrator. details. He even named the place
In the 1960s, Warhol became one of where he produced his art "The
the leaders of the pop art movement. Factory."
Taking its name from "popular", this Andy Warhol was also a
art used images in popular culture filmmaker and a publisher. His
for its subject matter. Probably one magazine — called Interview
of Warhol's most famous images is — was filled with articles and
called Campbell's Soup Can — a gossip about celebrities. With his
picture of a brand of soup popular trademark bushy white hair and
in the U.S. Other famous works are his association with celebrities, this
Green Coca-Cola Bottles and the man who seemed somewhat shy was
three-dimensional Brillo Box, which always in the public eye. It seems
looks exactly like the box of soap that the more fun he made of art
pads sold in the supermarket. and fame, the more famous Andy
Now, Warhol also wanted to Warhol became. He died in 1987 and
simplify the process of making art, is the subject of the largest museum
so he silk-screened photographs devoted to a single artist: The Andy
onto painted canvas. He created Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, his
very striking, brightly colored hometown.
portraits of celebrities.

112
 page 69

Jane: Ray:
Parents put a promise in a meal. I was very fortunate to eat a meal
They make it an act of love and with my family at least five times
giving, but the kids don’t interpret a week, and I remember having
it as that at all. They just want to political arguments with them
get the fuel in and go. It’s a moment across the table, aged 15.
which leaves both kids and parents
irritated. I think it’s worth bringing
the family together, but doing it at Ella:
meals creates fantastic tension. My children have never been
allowed to eat in front of the
television, and if I say dinner is at
Dan:
8 p.m., they will be there without a
I have both negative and positive peep. I’m a child of the 50s. We lived
memories of the family meal. It in a flat in Liverpool and gathered
used to be a central part of a child’s round the table every night — we
education, a chance to engage in a didn’t have television. Good food
conversation with parents, without and good conversation matter.
the child understanding all that was Solitary eating is depressing.
spoken of. Life for a child is easy if
he can avoid adults altogether, and
at a family meal he can’t.

113
 IS THERE LIFE IN SPACE?
page 90

On a clear night you can see in a spaceship, it would take him

many stars in the sky. Some of hundreds of years. So scientists
them can be seen with the naked are sending out radio signals
eye, to see others you need special and carefully recording all the
equipment. A modern telescope information they get.
can give you the advantage of The radio signals go through
seeing stars that are millions of space at the speed of light. At that
miles away. Scientists want to speed, it will take 25 years for radio
know what the stars are like. Are signals to reach the nearest star.
they balls of fire? Do they have Scientists predict that living things
rocks or sands, like our moon? in space must have machines to
Besides, there is another question hear the signals. We will not get an
they cannot answer. Are there answer to our signals for more than
living things on any of the stars? 50 years. But scientists are already
And if there are, do they have listening. They think someone
intellect? from space may be trying to send
This question has always signals to us. And, who knows,
bothered people. But it was not maybe in the near future we will
possible to find the answer before see the so-called extraterrestrial
now. Now scientists know more being "in flesh and blood", as the
about space than ever before. expression goes.
Because now they have a variety Scientists also have sent
of machines helping them to look large telescopes into space. The
for the answer. telescopes are looking out into
Unfortunately people can't space supplying us with scientific
go to the stars and satisfy their information. And above all, they
desire for knowledge: the stars are looking for life in other worlds,
are much too far away. In case the question that can leave no one
a person flew to the nearest star indifferent.

114
 APPENDIX
S T R U C T U R E OF E N GL I S H G RAM M AR

WOR DS

MORPHOL O G Y

NOUNS Parts of speech VERBS

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

PRONOUNS NUMERALS

PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS

S E N T E N CES

S YNTAX

Parts of the sentence

AT T R I B U T E S

SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECTS

ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

FORMAL S UB J E CT
1. It (is) It is cold.
2. One (can) One can do it.
(may) One may do it.
(must) One must do it.
3. There (is) There is a paper on the table.

115
 te
a
d in
b or

sub
su
at

e
n
di

ord
r
na bo
te su

i
(MAIN)
PRINCIPAL
su
bo

e
at
i n rd
rd ina
o te
b
su

A complex sentence contains one principal

and one or more subordinate clauses
PA L

cl
se

NCI

au
au

se
cl

PRI

Clauses cannot stand alone

Adverb clauses

116
 N OU N

A RT I C L E S

DEFINITE INDEFINITE

the a (an)

CASE

COMMON POSSESSIVE

singular
the girl the girl’s book
Tom Tom’s brother
my wife my wife’s mother
plural
the girls the girls’ books
their wives their wives’ hats
my children my children’s toys

NUMBER

SINGULAR PLURAL

a worker workers

Irregular plural forms Plural compounds

man — men ox — oxen family name — family names
woman — women mouse — mice passer-by — passers-by
child — children louse — lice commander-in-chief —
foot — feet goose — geese commanders-in-chief
tooth — teeth

117
 We can change nouns from their singular form to
their plural form in several ways:
1. by adding s (pilot-pilots, boy-boys)
2. by adding es (box-boxes, church-churches)
3. by changing y to i and adding es (berry-berries)
4. by changing f to v and adding es (calf-calves)

Singular Plural
ŠŠ[z]ŠŠ
room rooms
table tables
chair chairs
boy boys
family families
secretary `secretaries

ŠŠ[s]ŠŠ
bank banks
flat flats
artist artists
parent parents
bath baths
shop shops

ŠŠ[iz]ŠŠ
address addresses
watch watches
dish dishes
place places
village villages
fridge fridges

ŠŠ[irregular]ŠŠ
man men
woman women
child children
person people
wife wives
a sheep sheep
a deer deer

118
 A D J E C T I VE

D E GR E E S OF C OM PARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative

Adjectives with one syllable

long longer longest
large larger largest

Adjectives with two or more syllables

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
impossible more impossible most impossible

Irregular comparative forms

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
many more most
much
farther farthest
far
further furthest
older oldest
old elder eldest

M A KI N G C OMPARI S O NS
than The result of the experiment is much better than that
of the previous one.
as...as This result is as good as that one.
not so...as This result is not so good as that one.
the...the The more we study the less we know.
like Your pen is like my pen.
alike Our pens are alike.
less/more...than This book is less expensive than that book.

119
 less/more...than This book is less expensive than that book.
A D V E RB

well, much, very, often, ever, seldom, just, always, partly,

quickly, hardly, usually, frequently, probably, sometimes,
somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, since then, so far

Adverbs having the same fast, hard, late

form as adjectives: He is working fast. It is a fast train.
as prepositions: after, before, since
I haven’t seen him since that day.
as conjunctions: since, when, where, but
I haven’t seen him since he went there.

D E GR E E S OF C OM PARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative

Adverbs with one syllable

fast faster fastest
late later latest
early earlier earliest

Adverbs with two or more syllables

slowly more slowly most slowly
beautifully more beautifully most beautifully

Irregular comparative forms

well better best

badly worse worst
little less least
much more most
farther the farthest
far
further the furthest
older oldest
old elder eldest

120
 A D J E C T I V E A ND ADVE RB

An adjective describes a noun. An adverb describes the action of a verb.

He is a fast driver. He drives fast.

She is a good writer. She writes well.

Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form.

fast fast
hard hard
early early
late late

PR ON OU NS

1. Personal
I you he she it we you they
me you him her it us you them
2. Possessive
my your his her its our your their
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
3. Reflexive and Emphatic
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4. Reciprocal
each other, one another
5. Demonstrative
this (these), that (those), such, the same
6. Interrogative
who, whom, whose, what, which
7. Relative and Conjunctive
who, whom, whose, what, which, that
8. Indefinite
some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another,
both, many, much, few, little, either, no, none, neither
121
 N U M E R AL S

C A R D IN A L N UM ERALS

1. one 11. eleven 21. twenty-one

2. two 12. twelve 22. twenty-two
3. three 13. thirteen 30. thirty
4. four 14. fourteen 40. fourty
5. five 15. fifteen 50. fifty
6. six 16. sixteen 60. sixty
7. seven 17. seventeen 70. seventy
8. eight 18. eighteen 80. eighty
9. nine 19. nineteen 90. ninety
10. ten 20. twenty 100. a/one hundred

101 a/one hundred (and) one

200 two hundred
1000 a thousand
2000 two thousand
100000 a/one hundred thousand
1000000 a/one million

O R D IN A L N UM ERALS

1 st first 11 th eleventh 21 st twenty-first

2 nd second 12 th twelfth 22 nd twenty-second
3 rd third 13 th thirteenth 30 th thirtieth
4 th fourth 14 th fourteenth 40 th fourtieth
5 th fifth 15 th fifteenth 50 th fiftieth
6 th sixth 16 th sixteenth 60 th sixtieth
7 th seventh 17 th seventeenth 70 th seventieth
8 th eighth 18 th eighteenth 80 th eightieth
9 th ninth 19 th nineteenth 90 th ninetieth
10 th tenth 20 th twentieth 100 th a/one hundredth

122
 F R A C T ION A L NUM BERS

1/2 a/one half

2/5 two fifths
1/3 one third
23/7 two and three sevenths
0.3 nought (zero) point three (point three)
2.35 two point three five (thirty five)
32.305 three two (thirty two) point three zero (nought) five

C ON J U N C TI O NS

1. Coordinate Conjunctions

and, but, or, whereas, as well as, both...and,

either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also

2. Subordinate Conjunctions
that, if, whether, because, since, as, for,
when, while, before, after, till (until), that, in order that, so that,
as, as long as, as soon as, since, if, unless, provided (that), in case,
where, wherever, though, although

3. Conjunctions Words
who, whose, what, which, that, where, how, why

4. Comparative Conjunctions

than, as...as, not so...as, the (more)...the (less)

Examples
There were some books and a paper on the table.
The question is if (whether) he will come.
He said that he had done it.
Here is the book which (that) we have spoken about.
She will do it when she returns.
The plant grows where the others couldn’t.
As it was raining, we stayed at home.
Though he was very young, he was a good worker.
He did not tell us when he had done it.

123
 I N T E R J E CT I O NS

oh, ah, aha, well, alas, hey

Oh! How you pleased me!

Well! What do you think about it?

PR E POSI T I O NS

Prepositions of Place

over
behind
on

in
at
near
in front of
under
below, beneath

on on the box
in in the box
at at the box
under
below under the box
beneath
over over the box
near near the box
in front of in front of the box
behind behind the box
across across the street
through through the window
between between two windows
among among the students

124
 Prepositions of Direction

out of
into
off

to from

towards

to to the bus
towards towards the bus
from from the bus
into into the bus
out of out of the bus
off off the bus

Prepositions of Time

on on Saturday
on the first of May
in in March
in a month
at at 7 o'clock
by by 3 o'clock
from...till from...till from 3 till 5 o'clock
since since 5 o'clock
for for an hour
during during the lecture
before before the lecture
after after the lecture
till till June
until until we meet
between between one and two o'clock

125
 VERB

FINITE FORMS of the VERB

MOODS

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE

MODAL VERBS
VOICE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
ASPECT

INDEFINITE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS PERFECT CONTINUOUS

TENSES

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

NON-FINITE FORMS of the VERB

INFINITIVE GERUND PARTICIPLE

VOICE

ASPECT ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDEFINITE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS PERFECT CONTINUOUS

126
 MOOD

STATEMENTS
COMMANDS
QUESTIONS

INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE

CONDITIONAL

PRAYERS
WISHES
CON
FAC TRARY SUBJUNCTIVE
T SIT T
UAT O
ION

Types of conditional sentences

Main Clause Conditional Clause

REAL if I work hard

I will learn more
CONDITION Simple Present
UNREAL if I worked hard
CONDITION I would learn more
Simple Past

IF YOU WANT TO EXPRESS:

1. Past tense of shall and will.
2. Subjunctive conditional.
3. Duty or obligation WOULD
SHOULD
4. A wish
5. A polite request

USE THEM!

127
 VERB TENSES AND VOICE

ACTIVE
VOICE

sk
Ia
e)
pl

m aq
Indefinite (Si uestion
e)

s
iv

r es m
Ia

Co
ntinuous (Pro g ask
ing a question
ng
be+i

av
Ih

ct
Perfe 3 ea
ske
V d a question
have+

PASSIVE
VOICE
to be + V3
A question is
asked (by me)

128
WE ARE THE ONLY VERBS THAT:

1. Have contracted forms.

2. Make our interrogatives by inversion.
3. Make our negatives by adding “NOT” only.
4. Are used for question phrases.
5. Are auxiliaries.
6. Are used for short answers.
7. Are used for additions to remarks.
8. Make the emphatic form.
9. Take adverbs like “ALWAYS”, “SOMETIMES”, “OFTEN”,
“NEARLY” etc. after us.
10. Include all the defective verbs.

129
 S U M M A RY OF MO D A L S A N D SIM ILAR EXPRESSIONS

Auxiliary Uses Present/Future Past

(1) polite request May I borrow your pen?

(2) formal permission You may leave the room.
may
(3) less than 50% — Where's John? He may have been at
certainty He may be at the library. the library.

(1) less than 50% — Where's John? He might have been

might certainty at the library.
(2) polite request (rare) Might I borrow your pen?

(1) advisability I should study tonight. I should have

studied last night.
should (2) 90% certainty She should do well on She should have done
the test. (future only, well on the test.
not present)

(1) advisability I ought to study I ought to have

tonight. studied last night.
ought to She ought to do well on
She ought to have
(2) 90% certainty the test. (future only,
done well on the test.
not present)

(1) advisability with You had better be on (past form

had better threat of bad result time, or we will leave uncommon)
without you.

be supposed (1) expectation Class is supposed to Class was supposed to

to begin at 10. begin at 10.

(1) strong expectation You are to be here You were to be here

be to
at 9:00. at 9:00.

(1) strong necessity I must go to class I had to go to class

today. yesterday.
(2) prohibition You must not open that
must (negative) door.
Mary isn't in class. She
(3) 95% certainty Mary must have been
must be sick. (present
sick yesterday.
only)

130
 (1) necessity I have to go to class I had to go to class
today. yesterday.
have to
(2) lack of necessity I don't have to go to I didn 't have to go to
(negative) class today. class yesterday.

(1) necessity I have got to go to class I had got to go to

have got to
today. class yesterday.

(1) ability /possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when
I was a child, but now
I can't.
(2) informal permission You can use my car
can tomorrow.
(3) informal polite Can I borrow your pen?
request
(4) impossibility That can't be true! That can't have been
(negative only) true!

(1) past ability I could run fast when

I was a child.

(2) polite request Could I borrow your pen?

Could you help me?
(3) suggestion — I need help in math. You could have
could You could talk to your talked to your
teacher. teacher.
(4) less than 50% — Where's John? He could have been
certainty He could be at home. at home.
(5) impossibility That couldn't be true! That couldn't have
(negative only) been true!

He will be here at 6:00.

(1) 100% certainty
(future only)
— The phone's ringing.
will (2) willingness
I'll get it.
Will you please pass the
(3) polite request
salt?

131
 (1) 100% certainty He is going to be here
at 6:00. (future only)

be going to (2) definite plan I'm going to paint my I was going to paint
bedroom, (future only) my room, but I didn't
have time.

(1) ability I am able to help you. I was able to help

be able to I will be able to help him.
you.

Would you please pass

(1) polite request the salt? Would you
mind if I left early?

I would rather go to I would rather have

would (2) preference the park than stay gone to the park.
home.

When I was a child, I

(3) repeated action
would visit my gran-
in the past
ny every weekend.

I used to visit my
(1) repeated action
used to grandparents every
in the past
weekend.

(1) polite question to Shall I open the

make a suggestion window?
shall
(2) future with “I” I shall arrive at nine.
or “we” as subject (will=common)

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

e.g. He enjoys learning languages.

admit enjoy practise risk

appreciate escape postpone regret
avoid fancy quit report
consider finish recommend suggest
delay imagine resent tolerate
deny miss resist understand

132
 EXPRESSIONS +GERUND

e.g. The book is worth reading.

afraid of don’t mind go (shopping, dancing, etc.) put off
apologize for fed up with get used to succeed in
be worth feel like insist on talk about
can’t help give up interested in think of/about
carry on good at keep on waste time/money
dream of/about go on look forward to spend time/money

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

e.g. She seemed to be happy.

agree attempt decide hesitate mean threaten

afford be able deserve hope offer try
aim beg fail hurry plan used
appear begin forget intend prepare wait
arrange choose happen learn promise want
ask dare have manage seem wish

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES (SIMILAR MEANING)

e.g. The government ceased providing free health care.

The government ceased to provide free health care.

begin cease hate like prefer

bother continue intend love start

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES (DIFFERENT MEANING)

e.g. She often forgets to lock the door.

She’ll never forget visiting England.

forget stop
remember need

133
 IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
be [bI] was [w{z], were [w]] been [bIn]
beat [bIt] beat [bIt] beaten [’bItn]
become [bi’kVm] became [bi’keim] become [bi’kVm]
begin [bi’gin] began [bi’gWn] begun [bi’gVn]
bite [bait] bit [bit] bitten [bitn]
blow [bl}u] blew [blU] blown [bl}un]
break [breik] broke [br}uk] broken [’br}ukn]
bring [briN] brought [br[t] brought [br[t]
build [bild] built [bilt] built [bilt]
burn [b]n] burnt [b]nt] burnt [b]nt]
buy [bai] bought [b[t] bought [b[t]
catch [kWtS] caught [k[t] caught [k[t]
choose [tSUz] chose [tS}uz] chosen [’tS}uzn]
come [kVm] came [keim] come [kVm]
cost [k{st] cost [k{st] cost [k{st]
cut [kVt] cut [kVt] cut [kVt]
do [dU] did [did] done [dVn]
draw [dr[] drew [drU] drawn [dr[n]
dream [drIm] dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt]
drink [driNk] drank [drWNk] drunk [drVNk]
drive [draiv] drove [dr}uv] driven [’drivn]
eat [It] ate [et] eaten [’Itn]
fall [f[l] fell [fel] fallen [’f{l}n]
feed [fId] fed [fed] fed [fed]
feel [fIl] felt [felt] felt [felt]
find [faind] found [faund] found [faund]
fly [flai] flew [flU] flown [fl}un]
forget [f}’get] forgot [f}’g{t] forgotten [f}’g{tn]
get [get] got [g{t] got [g{t]
give [giv] gave [geiv] given [’givn]
go [gou] went [went] gone [g{n]
grow [gr}u] grew [grU] grown [gr}un]
have [hWv] had [hWd] had [hWd]
hear [hi}(r)] heard [h]d] heard [h]d]
hide [haid] hid [hid] hidden [’hidn]
hit [hit] hit [hit] hit [hit]
hold [h}uld] held [held] held [held]
hurt [h]t] hurt [h]t] hurt [h]t]

134
 keep [kIp] kept [kept] kept [kept]
know [n}u] knew [njU] known [n}un]
lead [lId] led [led] led [led]
learn [l]n] learnt [l]nt] learnt [l]nt]
leave [lIv] left [left] left [left]
lend [lend] lent [lent] lent [lent]
let [let] let [let] let [let]
lie [lai] lay [lei] lain [lein]
lose [lUz] lost [l{st] lost [l{st]
make [meik] made [meid] made [meid]
mean [mIn] meant [ment] meant [ment]
meet [mIt] met [met] met [met]
pay [pei] paid [peid] paid [peid]
put [put] put [put] put [put]
read [rId] read [red] read [red]
ride [raid] rode [r}ud] ridden [’ridn]
ring [riN] rang [rWN] rung [rVN]
rise [raiz] rose [r}uz] risen [’rizn]
run [rVn] ran [rWn] run [rVn]
say [sei] said [sed] said [sed]
see [sI] saw [s[] seen [sIn]
sell [sel] sold [s}uld] sold [s}uld]
send [send] sent [sent] sent [sent]
set [set] set [set] set [set]
shake [Seik] shook [Suk] shaken [’Seikn]
shine [Sain] shone [S{n] shone [S{n]
shoot [SUt] shot [S{t] shot [S{t]
show [S}u] showed [S}ud] showed /shown [S}un]
shut [SVt] shut [SVt] shut [SVt]
sing [siN] sang [sWN] sung [sVN]
sit [sit] sat [sWt] sat [sWt]
sleep [slIp] slept [slept] slept [slept]
smell [smel] smelt [smelt] smelt [smelt]
speak [spIk] spoke [sp}uk] spoken [’sp}ukn]
spell [spel] spelt [spelt] spelt [spelt]
spend [spend] spent [spent] spent [spent]
spill [spil] spilt [spilt] spilt [spilt]
stand [stWnd] stood [stud] stood [stud]
strike [straik] struck [strVk] struck [strVk]
swim [swim] swam [swWm] swum [swVm]
take [teik] took [tuk] taken [’teikn]
teach [tItS] taught [t[t] taught [t[t]
tear [te}(r)] tore [t[(r)] torn [t[n]
tell [tel] told [t}uld] told [t}uld]
think [TiNk] thought [T[t] thought [T[t]
throw [Tr}u] threw [TrU] thrown [Tr}un]
understand [Vnd}’stWnd] understood [Vnd}’stud] understood [Vnd}’stud]
wake up [’weik’Vp] woke up [’w}uk’Vp] woken up [’w}ukn’Vp]
wear [we}(r)] wore [w[(r)] worn [w[n]
win [win] won [wVn] won [wVn]
write [rait] wrote [r}ut] written [’ritn]

135
 W O R D B U I LD I N G

Noun forming suffixes and prefixes

suffixes
-er/or/ar teacher, actor, doctor, scholar
-ist scientist, artist
-ment movement, development, government
-ess fortress, hostess, actress
-ian musician, technician, politician
-ance distance, importance, appearance
-(t)ion revolution, translation, operation
-ity/-ty popularity, honesty, morality, ability
-hood childhood, neighbourhood
-y energy, assembly
-ship friendship, leadership
-age passage, marriage
-ism heroism, socialism, capitalism
-ant assistant, consultant
-ence conference, silence, difference
-ure culture, picture, agriculture
-ing building, reading, meeting
-dom freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-sion/ssion revision, session, discussion,
-ness happiness, illness, darkness
(-s)ure pleasure, treasure, measure

prefixes
re- reconstruction
co- cooperation, coexistence
dis- disadvantage, discomfort
in- inaccuracy, independence
mis- misunderstanding, misprinting
im- impossibility, impatience
un- unemployment
il- illiteracy

136
 Verb forming suffixes and prefixes

suffixes prefixes
-en widen, strengthen co- cooperate, collaborate
-fy modify de- decode, demobilize
-ize, -ise recognize dis- disapprove, disappear
-ate indicate, translate in- input
im- immigrate, implant
inter- interact, interchange
ir- irrigate, irritate
over- overcome, overlook
re- rebuild, reconstruct
mis- misprint, misunderstand
un- undo

Adjective forming suffixes and prefixes

suffixes prefixes
-ful useful, powerful un- unhappy, uncomfortable
-ant distant, important in- independent, invisible
-ous famous, various dis- disappointing, discouraging
-ed talented, developed im- impossible, immoral
-ing interesting, disappointing non- non-governmental
-al cultural, territorial ir- irregular, irresponsible
-en golden pre- prewar, preoperational
-ent dependent, different post- postwar, postoperational
-ish British, boyish inter- international
-ible possible, visible il- illegal, illiberal
-able comfortable, miserable
-ic atomic, historic, heroic
-y rainy, busy
-less lifeless, homeless
-ary ordinary, necessary
-ive inventive, effective
-ian Russian, Canadian

137
 P R E P O SIT ION C OM BINATIONS

Adjective+preposition
Verb+preposition
A dressed in
die of
interested in
involved in
remind of
rescue from
ask for
accuse of E responsible for
accustomed to escape from K
acquainted with
afraid of
known for S
shout at
agree with/about F kind to
smile at
angry with/at faithful to L satisfied with
apologize for/to familiar with listen to scared of
argue with/about fight for live on stare at
arrive in/at filled with look at sorry about
aware of finished with laugh at short of
fond of look forward to similar to
B forget about succeed in
be used to forgive for
believe in friendly to/with M speak to/with
suffer from
blame for furnished with made of/from
bored with fed up with married to
belong to T
C G 0 take advantage of
take care of
good at/for object to talk about/to/with
compare to/with
complain about/to grateful to/for thank for
composed of guilty of
P tired of/from
think of/about
consist of participate in
cover with
crowded with
H polite to

concentrate on
hear about/of pray for
prepare for
U
hear from
congratulate on happen to prevent from
upset with
hide from protect from
used to
D hope for provide with
depend on proud of V
devoted to pay for
disappointed I point at vote for
in/with innocent of W
divorced from
dream of/about
insist on R worried about
recover from write to
rely on wait for

138
 P HR A S A L VERBS

bring up ¹³ëïdzñ³Ï»É
bring together ÙdzóÝ»É
call back ÝáñÇó ½³Ý·³Ñ³ñ»É
call on ³Ûó»É»É, ÙïÝ»É
come across å³ï³Ñ³µ³ñ ѳݹÇå»É
catch up (with) ѳëÝ»É ÝáõÛÝ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇÝ
cheer up ϳÛï³é³óÝ»É, áõñ³Ë³óÝ»É, áõÅ ï³É
drift apart Ñ»é³Ý³É Çñ³ñÇó
drop in ÙïÝ»É, ³Ûó»É»É (ÁÝÏ»ñ³Ï³Ý)
fall behind Ñ»ï ÙݳÉ
feel down ÁÝÏ×í³Í ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ áõݻݳÉ
find out å³ñ½»É
get along/ get on ѳßï áõ ѳٻñ³ßË ÉÇÝ»É, ÁݹѳÝáõñ É»½áõ ·ïÝ»É
get up í»ñ ϻݳÉ
give in ѳÝÓÝí»É
give up ¹³¹³ñ»É, Ññ³Å³ñí»É, ÃáÕÝ»É
grow up ٻͳݳÉ
grow out ÷áùñ³Ý³É (ßáñ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ)
hand on ÷á˳Ýó»É
have on ѳ·Ý»É, Ïñ»É
keep away Ëáõë³÷»É
knock down ѳñí³Í»Éáí í³Ûñ ·ó»É, ù³Ý¹»É
let down Ñáõë³Ë³µ ³Ý»É
look after ËݳٻÉ
look out ½·áõÛß ÉÇÝ»É
look up ÷Ýïñ»É ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝ (µ³é³ñ³ÝáõÙ)
look for ÷Ýïñ»É
look forward to ³Ýѳٵ»ñ ëå³ë»É
make up (with) ѳßïí»É, ·ÅïáõÃÛ³ÝÁ í»ñç ¹Ý»É
pick up µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É, í»ñóÝ»É ï³Ý»É Ù»ÏÇÝ (Ù»ù»Ý³Ûáí), ѳí³ù»É
put off Ñ»ï³Ó·»É
put on ѳ·Ý»É
put up with ¹ÇٳݳÉ
run into å³ï³Ñ³µ³ñ ѳݹÇå»É
run out (of) í»ñç³Ý³É (å³ß³ñÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ)
take after ÝÙ³Ý ÉÇÝ»É
turn on ÙdzóÝ»É
turn off ³Ýç³ï»É

139
 D IF F E R E N C E S BETWEEN
B R IT ISH A N D A ME R ICAN ENGLISH
British English (BrE) Vocabulary American English (AmE)
Hello Hi (informal) /Hello (formal)
Trousers Pants
Pants Underwear
Tights Pantyhose
Trainers Sneakers / tennis shoes
Swimming costume Bathing Suit
Bootlace/shoelace Shoestring
Dinner jacket Tuxedo
Form Grade
Friend / mate Friend
Rubber Eraser
Maths Math
Public School Private School
State School Public School
Holiday Vacation/Holiday
School dinner Hot Lunch
Staff Room Teachers Lounge
Play Time / Break Time Recess
Headmaster/mistress Principal
Faculty Department
Postgraduate Graduate
Term Semester/Term
Car park Parking Lot
Car Journey / drive Road Trip
Zebra Crossing Cross Walk
Railway Railroad
Carriage Car
Motorway Freeway / highway
Timetable Schedule/ Timetable
Luggage Baggage
Trolley Cart
Single ticket One way ticket
Return ticket Round-trip ticket
Lorry Truck
Petrol Gas / Gasoline

140
 British English (BrE) American English (AmE)

Petrol Station Gas Station

Town centre Downtown
Cinema Cinema/Theatre
Film Movie
Go to the cinema Go to the pictures/Theatre
In the street On the street
Pavement Sidewalk
Roundabout (road) Traffic circle
Taxi Cab/Taxi
Tram Streetcar/trolley
Coach Bus
Tube, underground Subway
Subway Underpass
Slip road On ramp
Phone Call/ Phone
Reverse-charge call Collect call
The line is engaged The line is busy
Phone Box Telephone Booth
Engine Motor/ Engine
Windscreen Windshield
Ground floor First floor
First floor Second floor
Shop Store/Shop
Chemist Drugstore, Pharmacy
Newsagent Newsstand
Bill Check (restaurant)
Flat Apartment
The Toilet / WC Bathroom / Restroom
Tap Faucet/Tap
Garden Backyard / Yard
Wardrobe Closet
Curtains Drapes/Curtains
Rubbish, litter Trash, garbage
Bin / dustbin Trash/ garbage can
Hoover Vacuum cleaner
Cooker/gas cooker/electric cooker Range or Stove
Cutlery Silverware

141
 British English (BrE) American English (AmE)

Tea towel Dish towel

Tin opener Can opener
Wash up Do the dishes
Washing up liquid Dish washing liquid
Waste bin Waste basket
Sitting room Living room
Living room Living room
Lounge Living room
Drawing room Living room
(TV) aerial (TV) antenna
Chips (French Fries in McDonald’s) French Fries
Crisps Chips
Sweets Candy
Starter Appetizer
Jelly (a dessert in th UK) Jell-o (flavoured gelatin)
Aubergine Eggplant
Biscuit (sweet) Cookie
Post Mail
Postcode Zip Code
Solicitor Lawyer/attorney
Stalls Orchestra
Handbag Purse
Ill Sick (informal)/ Ill (formal)
Draughts Checkers
Football Soccer
Rounders Baseball
Bat (table tennis) Paddle (ping pong)
Torch Flashlight
Plaster Band-Aid
Autumn Fall/Autumn
Lift Elevator
Queue Stand in a Line
Come round Come over
Off you go Go ahead
At the weekend On the weekend
In the tree On the tree

142
 British English (BrE) American English (AmE)
Spelling
adviser advisor
axe axe/ax
colour, humour, honour, odour, color, humor, honor, odor
labour, flavour, harbour, favourite, labor, flavor, harbor, favorite
behaviour, favour, neighbour behavior, favor, neighbor
theatre, centre, metre, litre, theater, center, meter, liter,
kilometre kilometer
defence defense
licence license
cosy, prise cozy, prize
analyse, criticise, emphasise analyze, criticize,emphasize
realise/realize realize
apologise/apologize apologize
organize/organise organize
cheque check
catalogue, dialogue catalog, dialog
traveller traveler
labelled labeled
quarrelled quarreled
signalled signaled
jewellery jewelry
fulfil fulfill
skilful skillful
grey gray/grey
omelette omelet
programme program
pyjamas pajamas
marvellous, woollen marvelous, woolen
through through, thru
tyre tire
archaeology archeology
ageing aging
judgement judgment
arguement argument
mediaeval medieval

143
 British English (BrE) American English (AmE)
Grammar
practise (verb) practice (noun) practice (verb and noun)
have got have
have you got? do you have?
haven’t got don’t have
burn (burnt, burnt) burn (burned, burned)
learn (learnt, learnt) learn (learned, learned)
dive (dived, dived) dive (dove, dived)
dream (dreamt, dreamt) dream (dreamed, dreamed) lean
lean (leant, leant) (leaned, leaned)
learn (learnt, learnt) learn (learned, learned)
smell (smelt, smelt) smell (smelled, smelled)
spell (spelt, spelt) spell (spelled, spelled)
spill (spilt, spilt) spill (spilled, spilled)
spoil (spoilt, spoilt) spoil (spoiled, spoiled)
get (got, got) get (got, gotten)
prove (proved, proved) prove (proved, proven)
wake (woke, woken) wake (waked, woken)
Shall I help you? Should I help you?
I shall/will I will
You needn’t /don’t need You don’t need
have a bath take a bath
have a shower take a shower
have a little nap take a little nap
have a rest take a rest
have a holiday take a short vacation
Have you ever been to Canada? Did you ever go to Canada?/
Have you ever been to Canada?
Have you already eaten? Did you eat already?/
Have you already eaten?

144
 G LO S S A R Y

A ambitious [Wm’biS}s] a. ÷³­é³­ë»ñ, ÷³­é³­ÙáÉ

amount [}’maunt] n. ·áõÙ³ñ, ù³Ý³Ï
amusing [}’mjUziN] a. ½í³ñ׳ÉÇ
abroad [}’br[d] n. ³ñï³ë³Ñ­Ù³Ý ancestor [’Wnsist}] n. ݳËÝÇ
absent [’Wbs}nt] a. µ³ó³Ï³ ancient [’einS}nt] a. ÑÇÝ, Ñݳ­¹³ñ­Û³Ý
absent-minded [’Wbs}nt’maindid] anniversary [Wni’v]s}ri] n. ï³ñ»­¹³ñÓ
a. óñí³Í, Ùï³óÇñ announce [}’nauns] v. ³½¹³ñ³ñ»É,
accelerate [}k’sel}reit] v. ³ñ³·³óÝ»É Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»É
accept [}k’sept] v. ÁݹáõÝ»É announcement [}’naunsm}nt]
access [’Wkses] n. ÙáõïùÇ Çñ³íáõÝù n. ѳۭï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ
accident [’Wksid}nt] n. ¹Åµ³Ëï ¹»åù, ¹Åµ³Ëï anxiety [’WN’zai}ti] n. ³Ý­Ñ³Ý­·ëïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ,
å³ï³Ñ³ñ, íóñ Ùï³Ñá·áõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
acclaim [}’kleim] v. Ñéã³Ï»É anxious [’WNkS}s] a. Ùï³Ñá·, ³Ý­Ñ³Ý­·Çëï
accomplishment [}’k{mpliSm}nt] n. apartment [}’pAtm}nt] n. µÝ³­Ï³­ñ³Ý
ѳçáÕáõÃÛáõÝ, Ýí³×áõÙ application [”Wpli’keiS}n] n.
accuracy [’Wkjur}si] n. ×ß·ñïáõ­Ã­Ûáõ­Ý, 1. ÏÇ­ñ³­éáõÙ, û·ï³·áñ­ÍáõÙ 2. ¹Ç­ÙáõÙ
×ßï³­å³­Ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ appointment [}’p{intm}nt] n. ų­Ù³­¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ
achieve [}’tSIv] v. Ó»éù µ»ñ»É, Ýí³­×»É appreciate [}’prISieit] v. ·Ý³­Ñ³­ï»É
acquaint [}’kweint] v. ͳÝáóóÝ»É arduous [’Adju}s] a. ¹Åí³ñ ѳë³Ý»ÉÇ
get acquainted ͳÝáÃ³Ý³É argument [’Agjument] n.
acquaintance [}’kweint}ns] n. ͳÝáà 1. ÷³ë­ï³ñÏ 2. í»×
active [’Wktiv] a. ·áñÍáõÝÛ³, »é³Ý­¹áõÝ arrange [}’reindJ] v. ϳñ·Ç µ»ñ»É
activity [Wk’tiviti] n. ·áñÍáõÝ»áõ­ÃÛáõ­Ý arrival [}’raiv}l] n. ųٳÝáõÙ
adaptable [}’dWpt}bl] a. ѳñÙ³ñíáÕ arrive [}’raiv] v. ųٳݻÉ, ·³É
add [Wd] v. 1. ³í»É³óÝ»É, Éñ³óÝ»É article [’Atikl] n. 1. Ñá¹­í³Í 2. ³é³ñ­Ï³, Çñ 3.
2. ·áõÙ³ñ»É ù»ñ. Ñá¹
addicted [}’diktId] a. ѳÏí³Í ÉÇÝ»É í³ï ashamed [}’Seimd] a. ³Ùáóѳñ
ëáíáñáõÃÛ³Ý assertive [}’s]tiv] a. ѳëï³ï³Ï³Ù, ѳٳé
admirable [’Wdm}r}bl] a. ÑdzݳÉÇ, ëù³Ýã»ÉÇ assessment [}’sesm}nt] n. ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙ
adult [’WdVlt] n. ã³÷³Ñ³ë Ù³ñ¹ assignment [}’sainm}nt] n. ѳÝÓݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ
adventure [}d’ventS}] n. ³ñϳÍ, astonish [}s’t{niS] v. ½³ñÙ³óÝ»É, ³åß»óÝ»É
³ñ­­Ï³­­Í³ËݹñáõÃÛáõÝ attach [}’tWtS] v. Ïó»É
advertise [’Wdv}taiz]v. ѳۭﳭñ³­ñ»É, attractive [}’trWktiv] a. ·ñ³íÇã, Ññ³åáõñÇã
·áí³½¹»É available [}’veil}bl] a. 1. Ù³ï­ã»­ÉÇ
advertisement [}d’v]tism}nt] n. 2. ³é­Ï³
ѳۭﳭñ³­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, ·á­í³½¹ avoid [}’v{id] v. Ëáõ­ë³­÷»É
affect [}’fekt] v. ³½¹»É, Ý»ñ³½¹»É awake [}’weik] a. ϳÛï³é, ³éáõÛ·
agriculture [’WgrikVltS}] n. award [}w[d] v. å³ñ·­þ³ï­ñ»É, ßÝáñ­Ñ»É
·Ûáõ­Õ³ïÝ­ï»­ëáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ awful [’[ful] a. ë³ñë³÷»ÉÇ, ëáë­Ï³ÉÇ
ahead [}’hed] adv. ³é³ç, ³éç­þáõÙ
aid [eid] n. û·­Ýáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
allow [}’lau] v. ÃáõÛÉ ï³É, ÃáõÛɳ­ïñ»É
amazing [}’meiziN] a. ½³ñٳݳÉÇ

145
 B ³å³ñ³ï
camping (holiday) [’kWmpiN] n. ³ñ­ß³í
candle [’kWndl] n. ÙáÙ
bandage [’bWndidJ] n. íÇ­ñ³­Ï³å
capture [’kWptS}] v. ·ñ³í»É, ·»ñ»É,
bat [bWt] n. ãÕçÇÏ
ϳɳݳíáñ»É
battlefield [bWtlfIld] n. ׳ϳï³Ù³ñï
carbon [’kAb(})n] n. ³Í˳ÍÇÝ
behave [bi’heiv] v. å³ïß³× í³ñù ¹ñëþáñ»É
carbon dioxide ³Í˳ÃÃí³ÛÇÝ ·³½
behaviour [bi’heivj}] n. í³ñù, í³ñ­ù³­·ÇÍ
carcass [kAk}s] n. Ùë»ÕÇù, É»ß
believe [bi’lIv] v. 1. ѳí³ï³É 2. ϳñ­­Í»É,
care [kE}] n. ËݳÙù, Ñá·³ï³ñáõ­ÃÛáõÝ
ѳٳñ»É, »Ýó¹ñ»É
career [k}’ri}] n. ³­ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ
below [bi’l}u] adv. ëïáñþ, Ý»ñùþáõÙ
·áñÍáõ­Ý»áõ­ÃÛáõÝ
birthplace [’b]Tpleis] n. ÍÝݹ³­í³Ûñ
careful [’kE}ful] a. ½·áõÛß
bit [bit] n. Ïïáñ, Ù³ë
caring [’kE}riN] a. Ñá·³ï³ñ, áõ­ß³­¹Çñ
blame [bleim] v. Ù»­Õ³¹­ñ»É
cartoon [kA’tUn] n. 1. ͳÕñ³Ýϳñ
bless [bles] v. ûñÑ­Ý»É
2. ÙáõÉïÇåÉÇϳóÇáÝ ýÇÉÙ
blind [blaind] a. ÏáõÛñ
carve [kA’v] v. ÷áñ­³·ñ»É
blossom [’bl{s}m] v. ͳÕÏ»É
case [keis] n. 1. ¹»åù 2. ù»ñ. ÑáÉáí
boat [b}ut] n. ݳí³Ï, ݳí
in any case µáÉáñ ¹»åù»ñáõÙ
boring [’b[riN] a. Ó³ÝÓñ³ÉÇ, ï³ÕïϳÉÇ
cash [’kWS] n. ϳÝËÇÏ ¹ñ³Ù
borrow [’b{rou] v. å³ñïù í»ñó­Ý»É
casual [’kWJju}l] a. 峭ﳭѳ­Ï³Ý
bottom [’b{t}m] n. ѳï³Ï, Ý»ñùþÇ Ù³ë
cathedral [k}TlIdr}l] n. ï³×³ñ
bow [bau] v. ËáݳñÑí»É, ·ÉáõË ï³É
ceiling [’sIliη] n. ³é³ëï³Õ
brain [brein] n. áõÕ»Õ
celebrity [se’lebrity] n. Ý߳ݳíáñ Ù³ñ¹
brand [brWnd] n. ³åñ³Ýù³ÝÇß
celebrate [’selibreit] v. ïáÝ»É
brave [breiv] a. ù³ç, ³ñÇ
century [’sentSuri] n. ¹³ñ, ѳ­ñ­Ûáõ­ñ³­Ù­Û³Ï
breakthrough [’breik’TrU] n. Ëáßáñ
charisma [k}’rizm}] n. ÑÙ³Ûù, Ó·áÕáõÃÛáõÝ
Ýí³×áõÙ
charity [tSWriti] n. µ³ñ»·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝ,
breath [breT] n. ßáõÝã
·Ã³ëñïáõÃÛáõÝ, ·ÃáõÃÛáõÝ
breathe [brID] v. ßÝã»É
chase [tSeis] 1. n. Ñ»ï³åݹáõÙ, áñë
breathing [’brIDiN] n. ßÝã³­éáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
2. v. Ñ»ï³åݹ»É, áñë³É
bridge [bridJ] n. ϳÙáõñç
chat [tSWt] v. ½ñáõó»É, ß³Õ³Ïñ³ï»É
brief [brIf] a. ë»ÕÙ, ѳÏÇñ×, ϳñ×
chatty [tSWti] a. ß³ï³Ëáë
brilliant [’brilj}nt] a. ÷³ÛÉáõÝ, ³ãùÇ ÁÝÏÝáÕ,
check [tSek] v. ëïáõ·»É
ÑdzݳÉÇ
cheerful [’tSi}ful] a. áõñ³Ë, ½í³ñÃ
broadcast [br[dkAst] v. ѳ­Õáñ­¹»É
chess [tSes] n. ß³ËÙ³ï
bulb [bVlb] n. ¿É»Ïï­ñ³­Ï³Ý ɳÙå
chimney [’tSimni] n. ÍËÝ»­ÉáõÛ½
bun [bVn] n. µáõÉ­ÏÇ
choice [tS{is] n. ÁÝï­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
bury [’beri] v. óջÉ
choleric [’k{l}rik] n. ï³ù³ñÛáõÝ, ¹Ûáõñ³µáñµáù,
busy [bizi] a. ³ßËáõÛÅ (÷áÕáóÇ Ù³ëÇÝ)
˳ݹ³í³é Ù³ñ¹
climate [’klaimit] n. ÏÉÇÙ³
climb [klaim] v. Ù³·Éó»É

C closely [kl}usli] adv. 1. ë»ñïáñ»Ý

2. áõ­ß³¹Çñ, áõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ
coach [k}utS] 1. n. Ù³ñ½Çã 2. v. Ù³ñ­½»É,
calculate [’kWlkjuleit] v. ѳßí»É, ѳ߭í³ñÏ»É
ëáíáñ»óÝ»É
calm [kAm] a. ѳݷÇëï, ѳݭ¹³ñï, ˳ճÕ
coal [’k}ul] n. ³ÍáõË
camera [’kWm}r}] n. Éáõë³Ýϳñ­ã³­Ï³Ý

146
coast [k}ust] n. ³÷, Íáí³÷ custom [’kVst}m] n. ëáíáñáõÛÃ
colony [’k{l}ni] n. ·³Õáõà customs house [’kVst}ms] n. Ù³ùë³ïáõÝ
comfortable [’kVmf}t}bl] a. ѳñ­Ù³ñ cycle [’saikl] v. ѻͳÝÇí ùß»É
comment [’k{ment] n.
Ù»Ïݳµ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ
common [’k{m}n] a. ëáíáñ³Ï³Ý
commerce [k{m]s] n. ³éþïáõñ D
commercial [k}’m]S}l] n. é³¹Çá/
Ñ»éáõ­ëï³ï»ë³ÛÇÝ ·áí³½¹ damage [’dWmidJ] 1. n. íݳë
communicate [k}’mjUnikeit] v. 2. v. íݳ­ë»É
ѳ­Õáñ­¹³Ïó­í»É damp [dWmp] a. Ëáݳí, óó
communication [k}”mjIni’keiSn] n. danger [’deindJ}] n. íï³Ý·
ѳ­Õáñ­¹³Ï­óáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ dangerous [’deindJr}s] a. íï³Ý­·³­íáñ,
compete [k}m’pIt] v. Ùñó»É, Ùñó³Ï­ó»É ëå³éݳÉÇ
confident [’k{nfid}nt] a. íëï³Ñ date [deit] v. ųٳ¹ñí»É
confirm [k}n’f]m] v. ѳë­ï³­ï»É deadline [dedlain] n. í»ñçݳųÙÏ»ï
confuse [k}n’fjUz] v. ß÷áûóÝ»É deal [dIl] n. ·áñ­Í³ñù
conquer [’k{Nk}] v. ѳÕûÉ, Ýí³×»É deal with ·áñÍ áõ­Ý»­Ý³É, ³éÝãí»É
conqueror [’k{Nk}r}] n. ѳÕÃáÕ, Ýí³×áÕ death [deT] n. Ù³Ñ
conscientious [”k{nSi’enS}s] a. µ³ñ»ËÇÕ× debt [det] n. å³ñïù
conscious [’k{nS}s] a. ·Ç­ï³­ÏÇó deceive [di’sIv] v. ˳µ»É
conservation [”k{ns}’veiS(})n] n. decide [di’said] v. áñáß»É, í×é»É
µÝ³å³Ñå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ decision [di’siJn] n. áñáßáõÙ, í×Çé
considerate [k}n’sid}r}t] a. áõß³¹Çñ, Ñá·³ï³ñ deck [’dek] n.ï³Ëï³Ï³Ù³Í
construction [k}n’strVkS}n] n. decline [di’klain] v. ³ÝÏáõÙ, Ýí³½áõÙ
1. ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ 2. ϳéáõÛó, ß»Ýù decorate [’dek}reit] v. ½³ñ­¹³­ñ»É
consume [k}n’sjUm] v. ëå³­é»É deep [dIp] a. 1. Ëáñ 2. Ùáõ· (·áõÛÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ) 3.
contribute [k}n’tribjUt] v. Ý»ñ¹Ý»É, Ýå³ëï»É óí, ËáõÉ (Ó³ÛÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ)
convert [k}n’v]t] v. ÷á˳ϻñå»É defeat [di’fIt] v. ѳխûÉ, ç³Ë­ç³­Ë»É
cool [kUl] a. Ñáí, ½áí deforestation [di’f{risteiS(})n] n.
cousin [’kVzn] n. ½³ñÙÇÏ, ½³ñÙáõÑÇ ³Ýï³é³Ñ³ïáõÙ
countryside [’kVntri’said] n. ·Ûáõ­Õ³­Ï³Ý í³Ûñ delicate [’delikit] a. Ýáõñµ, Ýñµ³·»Õ
crew [’krU] n.³ÝÓݳϳ½Ù depart [di’pAt] v. ٻϭݻÉ
crime [kraim] n. ѳÝó³Ýù departure [di’pAtS}] n. ٻϭÝáõÙ
criminal [’kriminl] n. ѳÝó³·áñÍ depository [di’p{zit}ri] n. ·ñ³å³Ñáó
crowd [kraud] n. ³ÙµáË depend [di’pend] v. ϳËáõÙ áõÝ»­Ý³É, ϳËí³Í
crowded [’kraudid] a. ÉÇùÁ Éóí³Í, É»÷-É»óáõÝ ÉÇÝ»É
crumble [’krVmbl] v. ³í»ñí»É, ÏáñͳÝí»É deplete [di’plIt] v. ëå³é»É
culprit [’kVlprit] n. Ù»Õë³ñ³ñ, Ù»Õ³íáñ descent [disent] n. ͳ·áõÙ
culture [’kVltS}] n. Ùß³­ÏáõÛà describe [dis’kraib] v. Ýϳñ³·ñ»É
cunning [’kVninN] a. Ëáñ³Ù³ÝÏ desert [’dez}t] n. ³Ý³å³ï
curiosity [kju}ri’{siti] n. Ñ»­ï³ùñùñ³-­ëÇ­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, desert island ³ÝÙ³ñ¹³µÝ³Ï ÏÕ½Ç
ѳñ­ó³­ëÇ­ñáõ­ÃÛ­ áõÝ design [di’zain][dis’kraib] Óþ³íáñáõÙ
currency [’kVr}nsi] n. í³­É­Ûáõ­ï³, ï³­ñ³¹­ñ³Ù desperate [’desp}rit] a. Ñáõë³Ñ³ï­í³Í,
curriculum [k}’rikjul}m] n. áõ­ëáõ٭ݳ­Ï³Ý Ñáõë³Éùí³Í
Íñ³·Çñ dessert [di’z]t] n. ³Õ³Ý¹»ñ, ù³Õóñ³í»ÝÇù
cushion [’kuS(})n] n. µ³ñÓ destroy [dis’troi] v. Ïáñ­Í³­Ý»É, ³í»­ñ»É

147
develop [di’vel}p] v. ½³ñ·³Ý³É, ½³ñ·³óÝ»É µÝ³çÝçíáÕ
dictionary [’dikS}nri] n. µ³é³ñ³Ý enduring [in’dju}riN] a. »ñϳñ³ïþ, ïþ³Ï³Ý
die [dai] v. Ù»éÝ»É, í³Ë׳Ýí»É enemy [’enimi] n. ÃßݳÙÇ
different [’difr}nt] a. ï³ñµ»ñ, ½³­Ý³­½³Ý energetic [”en}’dJetik] a. »é³Ý­¹áõÝ,
digest [di’dJest] v. Ù³ñë»É ·áñ­ÍáõÝÛ³
digital [’didJitl] a. Ãí³ÛÇÝ engage (in) [in’geidJ] v. Ù³ëݳÏó»É
diligent [’dilidJ}nt] a. 糭ݳ­ë»ñ, ³ß­Ë³­ï³­ë»ñ enjoy [in’dJ{i] v. µ³í³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³É,
disability [”dis}’biliti] n. ½í³ñ׳ݳÉ
³Ý³­ß˳ïáõݳÏáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ entertain [”ent}’tein] v. ½µ³­Õ»ó­Ý»É, ½í³ñ­×³ó­Ý»É
disappear [dis}’pi}] v. ³ÝÑ»ï³­Ý³É enthusiastic [in”TjUzi’Wstik] a. ˳ݭ¹³­í³é
disappoint [’dis}’p{int] v. Ñdzëó÷í»É envious [’envi}s] a. ݳ­Ë³Ý­Ó
disaster [di’zAst}] n. ³Õ»ï, ³ñ­Ñ³­íÇñù environment [in’vai}r}nm}nt] n. ßñç³­å³ï,
disgust [dis’gVst] n. ½½í³Ýù, ÝáխϳÝù ÙÇ­ç³­í³Ûñ
display [dis’plei] n. óáõó³¹ñáõÙ erect [i’rekt] v. ϳ­éáõ­ó»É, ϳݷ­Ý»ó­Ý»É
disseminate [di’semineit] v. ï³ñ³Í»É erode [i’r}ud] v. áÕáÕ»É, ù³Ûù³Û»É
distribute [dis’tribjUt] v. µ³ßË»É, µ³Å³Ý»É escape [i’skeip] v. ÷³ËáõëïÇ ¹ÇÙ»É
dream [drIm] 1. n. »ñ³½, »ñ³½³Ýù estate [is’teit] n. ϳÉí³Íù
2. v. »ñ³½ ï»ëÝ»É, »ñ³½»É eternal [i’t]n}l] a. Ùßï³Ï³Ý, ѳí»ñÅ
drive [draiv] v. í³ñ»É (³íïáÙ»ù»­Ý³ þ ³ÛÉÝ) even [’Iv}n] a. ѳñÃ, ѳí³ë³ñ
during [’dju}riN] prep. ÁÝóóùáõÙ even [’Iv}n] adv. ³Ý·³Ù, ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ
event [i’vent] n. ¹»åù, Çñ³­¹³ñ­Óáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
everlasting [”ev}’lAstiN] a. ѳíǭﻭݳϳÝ
exception [ik’sepSn] n. µ³­ó³­éáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
E exchange [iks’tSeindJ] v. ÷á­Ë³­Ý³­Ï»É
exciting [ik’saitiN] a. Ñáõ­½Çã, Ññ³åáõñÇã, ·ñ·éÇã
eagle [Igl] n. ³ñÍÇí exclaim [iks’kleim] v. µ³ó³Ï³Ýã»É
earnest [’]nist] a. Éáõñç exhausted [ig’z[stid] a. áõ­Å³ë­å³é
earth []T] n. 1. »ñÏÇñ, »ñÏñ³·áõݹ exhibition [”eksibiSn] n. óáõ­ó³­Ñ³Ý­¹»ë
2. ó³Ù³ù, ÑáÕ, ·»ïÇÝ expensive [iks’pensiv] a. óÝÏ, óÝϳñÅ»ù
earthquake [’]Tkweik] n. »ñÏñ³­ß³ñÅ explore [ik’spl[] v. ѻﳽáï»É, áõëáõÙݳëÇñ»É
east [Ist] n. ³ñþ»Éù explosion [iks’plouJn] n. å³Û­Ã­ÛáõÝ
Easter [’Ist}] n. ½³ïÇÏ expressiveness [ik’spresivn}s] n.
easy-going [’Izi”g}uiN] a. Ï۳ݭùÇÝ Ñ»ßï ݳ­ÛáÕ, ³ñ­ï³­Ñ³Û­ïãáõÃÛáõÝ
³Ý­Ñá· (Ù³ñ¹) extraordinary [ik’str[d(})n(})ri] a. ³ñ­ï³­ëá­íáñ,
edit [’edit] n. ËÙµ³·ñ»É ³ñ­ï³­Ï³ñ·
efficient [i’fiS}nt] a. áñ³ÏÛ³É, ·ÇïáõÝ, extraterrestrial [”ekstr}t}’restri}l] a.
ݳ˳å³ïñ³ëïí³Í ³ñï»ñÏñ³ÛÇÝ
effort [’ef}t] n. ×Ç·, ÷áñÓ
elect [i’lekt] v. ÁÝï­ñ»É
eliminate [i’limineit] v. í»ñ³óÝ»É, µ³ó³é»É,
Ñ³Ý»É F
embarrass [im’bWr}s] v. ß÷áûó­Ý»É, ß÷áÃí»É
emit [i’mit] v. ÃáÕÝ»É, ³ñï³¹ñ»É fabulous [’fWbjul}s] a. »ñþ³Ï³Û³Ï³Ý,
encourage [in’kVridJ] v. ù³ç³­É»ñ»É, Ëñ³Ëáõë»É ³é³ëå»É³Ï³Ý
endanger [in’deindJ}] v. íï³Ý·Ç fair [fE}] n. ïáݳí³×³é
»ÝóñÏ»É faith [feiT] n. ѳ­í³ï, íëï³­Ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
endangered [in’deindJ]d] a. ³ÝѳÛï³óáÕ, faithful [’feiTful] a. ѳí³ï³ñÇÙ, ÝíÇñí³Í

148
false [f[ls] a. Ï»ÕÍ, ³ñÑ»ëï³Ï³Ý former [’f[m}] a. ݳ­Ëáñ¹, ݳ˭ÏÇÝ
n. ëáõï, ëË³É fortune [’f[tS}n] n. 1. µ³Ëï, ׳­Ï³­ï³­·Çñ 2.
fame [feim] n. ѳٵ³í ѳñë­ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
familiar [f}’milj}] a. ͳÝáà fossil [’f{s(})l] n. µñ³Íá
famous [’feim}s] a. Ñéã³Ï³íáñ, ٻͳÑéã³Ï found [faund] v. ÑÇÙݳ¹ñ»É
fan [fWn] n. 1. »ñÏñå³·áõ, ëåáñïÇ ÙáÉÇ founder [faund}] n. ÑÇÙݳ¹Çñ
ëÇñ³Ñ³ñ 2. Ñáíѳñ frightened [’fraitnd] a. í³Ë»ó³Í
fantastic [fWn’tWstik] a. ÑdzݳÉÇ, Ñdzëù³Ýã fuel [fjU}l] n. í³é»É³ÝÛáõÃ, í³é»ÉÇù
far (farther, farthest) [fA] a., adv. fun [fVn] n. áõñ³ËáõÃÛáõÝ, ½í³ñ×áõÃÛáõÝ,
Ñ»éáõ, Ñ»é³íáñ ϳï³Ï
fascinating [’fWsineitiN] a. ÑÙ³­ÛÇã, ÑÇ­³­Ý³ ­ ÉÇ for fun ϳï³ÏÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ
fashion [’fWS}n] n. Ýáñ³ÓþáõÃÛáõÝ, Ùá¹³ have fun ½í³ñ׳ݳÉ
fate [feit] n. µ³Ëï, ׳ϳﳷÇñ funny [’fVni] a. 1. ½í³ñ׳ÉÇ, ÍÇͳջÉÇ 2.
favourite [’feiv}rit] a. ëÇ­ñ»­ÉÇ, ëÇ­ñ³Í ï³ñûñÇݳÏ, ½³ñٳݳÉÇ
feast [fIst] n. ËÝçáõÛù, ïáÝ fur [f]] n. ÙáñÃÇ
feather [’feD}] n. ÷»­ïáõñ furious [’fju}ri}s] a. ϳï³ÕÇ, ÙáÉ»·ÇÝ
feed [fId] v. (fed, fed) ëÝ»É, Ï»ñ³­Ïñ»É furniture [’f]nitS}] n. ϳÑáõÛù
feeling [’fIliN] n. ½·³óáõÙ, ½·³óÙáõÝù
festivital [’festiv}l] n. ïá­Ý³­Ï³­ï³­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ,

G
ïáÝ, ÷³­é³­ïáÝ
festivity [fe’stiviti] n. ËݹáõÃÛáõÝ,
˳ݹ³í³éáõÃÛáõÝ, ïáݳϳÝáõÃÛáõÝ
fetch [fetS] v. ·Ý³É þ µ»ñ»É gain [’gein] v. ѳëÝ»É
field [fIld] n. 1. ¹³ßï 2. µÝ³·³í³é gamble [’gWmbl] v. Ùá­ÉÇ Ë³­Õ»ñ ˳­Õ³É
fight [fait] v. (fought, fought) Ïéí»É, Ù³ñïÝã»É, gambler [’gWmbl}] n. ˳­Õ³­ÙáÉ
å³ï»ñ³½Ù»É garbage [’gAbidJ] n. ³Õµ
fire [’fai}] v. ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó ³½³ï»É, Ñ»é³óÝ»É general [’dJen}r}l] a. Áݹ­Ñ³­Ýáõñ
fix [fiks] v. 1. ³Ù­ñ³ó­Ý»É 2. ëþ»­é»É (ѳ­Û³ó­ùÁ), in general Áݹ­Ñ³­Ýñ³å­»ë
Ï»Ýï­ñá­Ý³ó­Ý»É (áõ­ß³¹­ñáõ­Ã­Ûáõ­ÝÁ) 3. generation [”dJen}’reiSn] n. ë»ñáõݹ
áñá­ß»É, í×é»É (ų٭ϻ­ïÁ, ·Ç­ÝÁ) genocide [’dJen}said] n. ó»Õ³ëå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ
flavour [’fleiv}] n. µáõñÙáõÝù, µáõÛñ ghost [g}ust] n. áõñ­í³­Ï³Ý, á·Ç
flegmatic [fleg’mWtik] n. ë³éݳñÛáõÝ, glory [’gl[ri] n. ÷³éù
³Ýï³ñµ»ñ, ³É³ñÏáï Ù³ñ¹ goal [g}ul] n. Ýå³­ï³Ï
flight [flait] n. ÃéÇãù goalkeeper [’g}ul”kIp}] n. ¹³ñ­å³­ë³å³Ñ
flu [’flU] n. ·ñÇå god [g{d] n. ²ëïí³Í
fluffy [’flVfi] a. ÷³÷áõÏ, ÷á÷áÉ gold [g}uld] 1. n. áëÏÇ 2. a. áëÏÛ³, áëÏ»
focus [’f}uk}] v. Ï»ÝïñáݳݳÉ, Ï»ÝïñáݳóÝ»É golden [’g}uld}n] a. 1. áëÏ»·áõÛÝ
folk [’f}uk] a. Åá­Õáíñ­¹³­Ï³Ý 2. óÝϳñÅ»ù
follow [’f{l}u] v. 1. Ñ»ïþ»É 2. ѻﳭåݹ»É 3. goldsmith [’g}uldsmiT]] n. áëÏ»ñÇã
ѳçáñ¹»É 4. µË»É, Ñ»ïþ»É good-looking [’gud’lukiN] a. ·»­Õ»­óÇÏ,
fool [fUl] n. ÑÇ­Ù³ñ, ïËÙ³ñ v. ÑÇ­Ù³­ñ³ó­Ý»É ·»Õ»óϳ¹»Ù
force [f[s] n. áõÅ good-natured [’gud’neitS}d] a. µ³­ñ»­Ñá·Ç,
forefather [’f[fAD}] n. ݳ­Ë³­Ñ³Ûñ, ݳ˭ÝÇ µ³ñ»Ñ³ÙµáõÛñ
foreign [’f{rin] a. 1. ûï³ñ»ñÏñÛ³, ûï³ñ, goods [gudz] n. ³åñ³Ýù
³ñï³ë³ÑÙ³ÝÛ³Ý gorgeous [’g[dJ}s] a. Ñá۳ϳå, ßù»Õ, å»ñ×
2. ³ñ­ï³ùÇÝ gossip [’g{sip] n., v. 1. µ³Ù­µ³­ë³Ýù, 2.
µ³Ù­µ³­ë»É

149
government [’gVv}nm}nt] n. í³ñÓ»É
ϳ­é³­í³­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ hit [hit] n. ѳñí³Í v. Ë÷»É, ѳñí³Í»É
graduate [’grWdjuit] n. ßñ糭ݳ­í³ñï holiday [’h{l}di] n. 1. ïáÝ 2. ³ñÓ³­Ïáõñ¹
grateful [’greitful] a. »ñ³Ëï³­å³ñï, holy [h}uli] a. ëáõñµ, ëñµ³½³Ý
ßÝáñÑ³Ï³É homeless [’houmlis] a. ³Ý­ïáõÝ
gratitude [’grWtitjUd] n. »ñ³Ëï³·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝ honest [’{nist] a. ³½ÝÇí, ³ÝÏ»ÕÍ
great [greit] a. 1. Ù»Í 2. í»Ñ horrify [’h{rifail] v. í³Ë»óÝ»É
a great deal of ß³ï hospitable [’h{spit}bl] a. ÑÛáõ­ñÁݭϳÉ, ÑÛáõ­ñ³­ë»ñ
greengrocery [’grIn”gr}us}ri] n. Ùñ·Ç host [houst] n. ï»ñ, ï³Ý ï»ñ
þ µ³Ýç³ñ»Õ»ÝÇ Ë³Ýáõà huge [hjUdJ] a. Ñëϳ۳ϳÝ, íÇí˳ñÇ
greeting [’grItiN] n. µ³ñþ, áÕçáõÛÝ humanity [hjU’mWniti] n. Ù³ñ¹­Ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
grief [’grIf] n. íÇßï, óËÇÍ humorous [’hjUm}r}s] a. »ñ­·Ç­Í³­Ï³Ý,
guess [ges] v. 1. »Ý­Ã³¹­ñ»É, ϳñ­Í»É 2. ·áõ­ß³­Ï»É, Íǭͳ­Õ³­ß³ñÅ, ½³­í»ß­ï³­Ï³Ý
Ïé³­Ñ»É hunt [hVnt] n. áñë v. áñë³É
hunter [’hVnt}] n. áñëáñ¹
hurricane [’hVrik}n] n. ÷áÃáñÇÏ, ÙññÇÏ

H
habit [’hWbit] n. ëá­íá­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ I
hammer [’hWm}] n. Ùáõñ× v. Ù»­Ë»É
hand [hWnd] v. ï³É, ѳÝÓ­Ý»É ice [ais] n. ë³éáõÛó
hang [’hWN] v. Ï³Ë»É iceberg [’aisb]g] n. ÉáÕ³óáÕ ë³­éó³É»é
handle [’hWndl] n. µéݳÏ, Ïáà idea [ai’di}] n. ·³Õ³÷³ñ, Ùï³­ÑÕ³­óáõÙ
hard [hAd] a. 1. ϳñÍñ, åÇݹ 2. ¹Åí³ñ, ͳÝñ identify [ai’dentifai] v. ÇÝùÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳëï³ï»É,
hardly [’hAdli] adv. ѳ½Çí, ѳ½Çí û ׳ݳã»É
hardworking [’hAd”w]kiN] a. ³ß­Ë³­ï³­ë»ñ imagine [i’mWdJin] v. »ñþ³Ï³Û»É,
harm [hAm] n. íݳë, Ïáñáõëï å³ïÏ»ñ³óÝ»É, »Ýó¹ñ»É
v. íݳë»É imitate [’imiteit] v. 1. ÁÝ­¹û­ñǭݳ­Ï»É, Ýٳݭ³­Ï»É
head [hed] n. ·ÉáõË, ջϳí³ñ, å»ï v. immediately [i’mIdj}tli] adv. ³Ý­ÙÇ­ç³å»ë
·É˳íáñ»É, ջϳí³ñ»É immigrant [’imigr}nt] n. Ý»ñ·³ÕÃÛ³É
headline [’hedlain] n. í»ñݳ·Çñ immortal [i’m[t(})l] a. ³ÝÙ³Ñ
heal [hIl] v. µáõÅ»É impact [impWkt] n. ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ
healthy [’helTi] a. ³éáÕç impatient [im’peiS}nt] a. ³Ý­Ñ³Ù­µ»ñ
heart [hAt] n. 1. ëÇñï 2. ÙÇçáõÏ, Ïáñǽ inclination [”inkli’neiS(})n] n. ÓÇñù, ѳÏáõÙ
heat[’hIt] n. ßá·, ï³ùáõÃÛáõÝ incredible [in’kredibl] a. ³Ý­Ñ³­í³­ï³­ÉÇ
heaven [hevn] n. »ñÏÇÝù, ¹ñ³Ëï independence [”indi’pend}ns] n. ³Ý­Ï³­Ëáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
height [hait] n. 1. µ³ñÓñáõÃÛáõÝ, ѳë³Ï 2. independent [’indi’pend}nt] a. ³ÝϳË
µ³ñÓáõÝù industry [’ind}stri] n. ³ñ­¹­Ûáõ­Ý³­µ»­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
helicopter [’helik{pt}] n. áõÕÕ³ÃÇé infinitive [in’finitiv] n. ù»ñ. µ³ÛÇ ³Ýáñáß ÓþÁ
hell [hel] n. ¹ÅáËù influence [’influ}ns] n. ³½­¹»­óáõÃÛáõÝ v. ³½¹»É
help [help] n. û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ v. û·­Ý»É inform [in’f[m] v. ï»Õ»Ï³óÝ»É, ѳÕáñ¹»É
help yourself Ññ³ÙÙ»ó»ù, ÑÛáõñ³­ëÇñí»ù information [inf}’meiSn] n. ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝ, Éáõñ,
hesitate [’heziteit] v. ï³­ï³Ý­í»É ѳÕáñ¹áõÙ
hiking [’haikiN] n. 1. áïùáí ½µá­ë³Ýù injure [’indJ}] v. íݳ­ë»É, íÇ­ñ³­íá­ñ»É
2. ½µáë³ßñçáõÃÛáõÝ innocent [’in}snt] a. ³ÝÙ»Õ
hire [hai}] n. í³ñÓáõÙ, í³ñ­Ó³Ï³Éáõ­ÃÛáõÝ v. innovative [’in}veitiv] a. Ýáñ³ñ³ñ

150
inquire [in’kwai}] v. ѳñóÝ»É, ѳñóáõÙ ³Ý»É
intelligence [in’telidJ}ns] n. Ë»Éù, L
Áݹáõ­Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ
ladder [’lWd}] n. Ó»éݳë³Ý¹áõÕù
intelligent [in’telidJ}nt] a. ˻ɳóÇ
land [lWnd] v. í³Û­ñ¿çù ϳ­ï³­ñ»É
interview [’int}vjU] n. ѳñ­ó³½­ñáõÛó v.
landing [lWndinN] n. í³Û­ñ¿çù
ѳñ­ó³½­ñáõÛó ³Ýó­Ï³ó­Ý»É
landscape [lWn(d)skeip] n. µÝ³Ýϳñ
invent [in’vent] v. ѳÛï­Ý³­·áñ­Í»É, ·Ûáõï ³Ý»É,
late [leit] a. áõß
Ñݳ­ñ»É, ëï»Õ­Í»É
lately [’leitli] adv. í»ñç»ñë
investigation [in’vesti’geiSn] n. 1.
laugh [lAf] n. ÍÇÍ³Õ v. ÍÇͳջÉ
áõëáõ٭ݳëÇñáõÃÛáõÝ 2. ѻﳽá­ïáõ­ÃÛáõÝ
launch [’l[ntS] v. ³ñÓ³Ï»É (ÑñÃÇé, ݳí)
invitation [invi’teiSn] n. Ññ³í»ñ
law [l[] n. ûñ»Ýù, Çñ³­í³­µ³­Ýáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
invite [in’vait] v. Ññ³íÇñ»É
lawyer [’l[j}] n. Çñ³í³µ³Ý, ÷³ë­ï³­µ³Ý
irritate [’iriteit] v. ·ñ·é»É, ½³Û­ñ³ó­Ý»É
lazy [’leizi] a. ÍáõÛÉ
island [’ail}nd] n. ÏÕ½Ç
lead [lId] v. ³é³çÝáñ¹»É, ջϳ­í³­­ñ»É
leader [’lId}] n. ջϳí³ñ, ³é³­çÝáñ¹
leaf [lIf] n. 1. ï»ñþ 2. ûñà (·ñùÇ)
J leftover [’left”}uv}] n. Ùݳóáñ¹
leisure [’leJ}] n. ³½³ï ųٳݳÏ
jewelery, jewellery [’dJU}lri] licence [’lai}ns] n. ÃáõÛÉïíáõÃÛáõÝ
n. ½³ñ¹»Õ»Ý, áëÏ»ñã³Ï³Ý Çñ»ñ lie I [lai] n. ëáõï, ëï³ËáëáõÃÛáõÝ
join [dJ{in] v. 1. ÙdzóÝ»É, ÙdzݳÉ, Ùdzíáñí»É v. ëï»É
2. ÁݹáõÝí»É lie II v. (lay, lain) å³éÏ»É
joke [dJ}uk] n. ϳï³Ï lifeboat [’laifb}ut] n. ÷ñϳٳÏáõÛÏ
journey [’dJ]ni] n. áõÕþáñáõÃÛáõÝ, lightening [’laitniN] n. ϳۭͳÏ
׳ݳå³ñÑáñ­¹áõÃÛáõÝ, limit [’limit] v. ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï»É
joy [dJ{i] n. áõñ³ËáõÃÛáõÝ liquid [’likwid] n. Ñ»ÕáõÏ
jump [dJVmp] n. ó³ïÏ, ÃéÇãù list [list] n. óáõó³Ï
v. ó³ïÏ»É, Ãéã»É log [l{g] v. ·ñ³Ýóí»É (ѳٳϳñ·ãáõÙ)
jungle [’dJVNgl] n. çáõÝ·ÉÇ lonely [’l}unli] a. ³é³ÝÓÇÝ, ÙdzۭݳÏ
junk [’dJVNk] n. ³Ýå»ïùáõÃÛáõÝ, ó÷áÝ looking-glass [’lukiNglAs] n. ѳۻ­ÉÇ
just [dJVst] 1. a. ³ñ¹³ñ 2. adv. ×Çßï, Ñ»Ýó lose [lUz] v. ÏáñóÝ»É
justice [’dJVstis] n. ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ loss [l{s] n. Ïáñáõëï
lounge [laundJ]] n. ѳݷëïÇ ë»ÝÛ³Ï
lovely [’lVvli] a. v. ·»Õ»óÇÏ, ëÇñáõÝ
loyal [l{i}l] a. ѳí³ï³ñÇÙ, ³ÝÓÝí»ñ
K luck [lVk] n. µ³Ëï
luggage [’lVgidJ] n. áõÕ»µ»é
kid [kid] n. »ñ»­Ë³ v. ϳ­ï³­Ï»É lunch [lVntS] n. »ñÏñáñ¹ ݳ˳׳ß, ûÃþ ׳ß,
no kidding ³é³Ýó ϳ­ï³­ÏÇ ÁݹÙÇçÙ³Ý Ý³Ë³×³ß
kind-hearted [’kaind’hAtid] a. µ³ñ»ëÇñï, luxury [’lVkS}ri] n. ßù»­Õáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, ×á­Ëáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
³½Ýí³Ñá·Ç
knowledge [’n{lidJ] n. ·Çï»ÉÇù
known [noun] a. ѳÛïÝÇ, ͳÝáÃ

151
 M 2. µÝ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ, ˳éÝí³Íù
necessary [’nesis}ri] a. ³ÝÑñ³­Å»ßï
necklace [’neklis] n. Ù³ÝÛ³Ï
magazine [”mWg}’zIn] n. å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³Ý,
need [nId] n. ϳñÇù v. ϳñÇù áõݻݳÉ
³Ùë³·Çñ
needle [’nIdl] n. ³ë»Õ
magician [m}’dJiSn] n. Ññ³ß³·áñÍ
negative [’neg}tiv] a. ÅËï³Ï³Ý, µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý
magnificient [’mWg’nifisnt] a. Ññ³ß³ÉÇ,
neighbour [’neib}] n. ѳñþ³Ý
Ñdzëù³Ýã
nephew [’nevjU, nefjU] n. »Õµáñ ϳ٠ùñáç áñ¹Ç
majority [m}’dJ{riti] n. ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝ
news [njUz] n. Éáõñ, ÝáñáõÃÛáõÝ
manage [’mWnidJ] v. ϳé³í³ñ»É
newspaper [’njUs”peip}] n. Éñ³·Çñ
manipulate [m}’nipjuleit] v. ÑÙïáñ»Ý
niece [nIs] n. »Õµáñ ϳ٠ùñáç ³ÕçÇÏ
í»ñ³µ»ñí»É, ÑÙïáñ»Ý ջϳí³ñ»É
nightmare [’naitmE}] n. ÙÕÓ³í³Ýç
manuscript [’mWnjuskript] n. ӻ鳷Çñ
noble [’n}ubl] a. ³½Ýí³µ³ñá
martyr [’mAt}] n. ï³é³åÛ³É,
noisy [’n{izi] a. ³ÕÙÏáï
ݳѳï³Ï
noon [nUn] n. Ï»ëûñ, ÙÇçûñ»
massacre [’mWs}k}] n. Ïáïáñ³Í, ëå³Ý¹
north [n[T] n. ÑÛáõëÇë
masterpiece [’mAst}pIs] n. ·ÉáõË·áñÍáó
northern [’n[D}n] a. ÑÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ
measure [’meJ}] n. ã³÷ v. ã³÷»É
nourishment [’nVriSm}nt] n. ëÝáõݹ, Ï»ñ³Ïáõñ
melt [melt] v. ѳÉã»É, ѳɻóÝ»É
numerous [’njUm}r}s] a. µ³½­Ù³­ÃÇí
member [’memb}] n. ³Ý¹³Ù
memorial [mim’[ri}l] n. Ñáõ­ß³ñ­Ó³Ý
memory [’mem}ri] n. 1. ÑÇ­ßá­Õáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ 2.
ÑÇ­ß³­ï³Ï 3. Ñáõ­ß»ñ
mention [’menSn] v. ÑÇ­ß³­ï³­Ï»É, Ýß»É
O
merge [’m]dJ] v. ÙdzÓáõÉí»É, Ùdz˳éÝí»É obsolete [’{bs}lIt] a. Ñݳó³Í
message [’mesidJ] n. ѳÕáñ¹³­·ñáõÃÛáõÝ, obstacle [’{bst}kl] n. ËáãÁݹáï
ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝ occasionally [}’keiJn}li] adv. å³ï³Ñٳٵ,
mirror [’mir}] n ѳ­Û»­ÉÇ å³ï³Ñ³µ³ñ
mistake [mis’teik] n. ë˳É, ë˳ÉÙáõÝù odd [’{] a. ï³ñûñÇݳÏ, ³Ýëáíáñ
mortal [’m[t(})l] a. Ù³Ñϳݳóáõ offend [}’fend] íÇ­ñ³­íá­ñ»É
monument [’m{njum}nt] n. Ñáõ­ß³ñ­Ó³Ý offer [’{f}] n. ³é³ç³ñÏ
mood [mUd] n. ïñ³­Ù³¹­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ v. ³é³ç³ñÏ»É
murder [’m]d}] n. ëå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ office [’{fis] n. ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³Ï, ÑÇ٭ݳñÏ
v. ëå³Ý»É old-fashioned [”}uld’fWS}nd] a. ÑݳÓþ, Ñݳ­á×
mystery [’mist}ri] n. ·³ÕïÝÇù open-minded [”}up}n’maindid] a. ɳÛÝ
³ß˳ñѳ۳óù áõÝ»óáÕ Ù³ñ¹
opinion [}’pinj}n] n. ϳñÍÇù

N opportunity [”{p}’tjUniti] n. ³éÇÃ,

Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ
opposite [’{p}zit] a. ѳϳ¹Çñ, ѳݹÇå³Ï³ó,
nail [’neil] n. Ù»Ë v. Ù»­Ë»É
¹ÇÙ³óÇ
nasty [’nAsti] a. ½½í»ÉÇ, ïѳ×
optimistic [”{pti’mistic] a. ɳí³ï»ë
nationality [nWS}’nWliti] n. ³½·áõ­ÃÛáõÝ
original [}’ridJ}n}l] n., a. 1. µÝ³­·Çñ 2.
native [’neitiv] a. 1. µÝÇÏ, ï»Õ³óÇ
ëϽµÝ³­Ï³Ý, ÇÝù­Ý³­ïÇå
2. ѳñ³½³ï, ѳÛñ»Ý³Ï³Ý
outcome [’autkVm] n. ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù
natural [’nWtSr}l] a. µÝ³Ï³Ý
outgoing [”aut’g}uiN] a. Ù³ñ¹³Ùáï,
nature [’neitS}] n. 1. µÝáõÃÛáõÝ
µ³ñ»Ñ³ÙµáõÛñ, ½ñáõó³ë»ñ

152
outstanding [”aut’stWndiN] a. Ý߳ݳíáñ, ³ÕïáïáõÙ
³Ï³Ý³íáñ pool [’pUl] n. çñ³÷áë, ÷áùñÇÏ É׳Ï
oven [Vvn] n. ÷áõé popular [’p{pjul}] a. ׳ݳãí³Í, ѳÛïÝÇ,
overcome [}uv}’kVm] v. ѳÕóѳñ»É ѳÝñ³×³Ý³ã
population [ ”p{pju’leiSn] n. µÝ³Ï­ãáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
position [’p}ziS(})n] n. å³ßïáÝ
power [’pau}] 1. áõÅ. ϳ­ñá­Õáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ 2. ¿Ý»ñ­·Ç­³
P 3. Ç߭˳­Ýáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
pray [prei] v. ³Õá­Ã»É
pack [pWk] n. ϳåáó v. ÷³Ã³Ã»É, ϳåÏå»É prayer [’prei}] n. ³ÕáÃù
(Çñ»ñÁ) predict [pri’dikt] v. ϳݭ˳­·áõ­ß³­Ï»É
paddle [pWdl] v. Ãdzí³ñ»É prepare [pri’pE}] v. å³ïñ³ëï»É,
paint [peint] n. Ý»ñÏ v. Ý»ñÏ»É, Ýϳñ»É å³ïñ³ëïí»É
painting [’peintiN] n. Ýϳñ, å³ïÏ»ñ presence [’prezns] n. Ý»ñϳÛáõ­ÃÛáõÝ
pair [pE}] n. ½áõÛ· preserve [priz’}v] n. ³ñ·»Éáó
pancake [pWnkeik] n. ÛáõÕ³µÉÇÃ, Ýñµ³µÉÇà pride [praid] n. Ñå³ñ­ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
paradise [’pWr}dais] n. ¹ñ³Ëï priest [’prIst] n. ù³Ñ³Ý³, ï»ñï»ñ
parcel [’pAsl] n. ͳÝñáó private [praivit] a. Ù³ë­Ý³­íáñ, ³Ýӭݳ­Ï³Ý
parent [’pE}r}nt] n. ÍÝáÕ process [’pr}uses] v. Ù߳ϻÉ
parrot [’pWr}t] n. ÃáõÃ³Ï produce[pr}’djUs] v. ³ñ­ï³¹­ñ»É
participant [pA’tisip}nt] n. Ù³ëݳÏÇó pass [pAs] prolific [pr}’lifik] a. µ»ÕÙݳíáñ
v. 1. ³ÝóÝ»É 2. ÷á˳­Ýó»É prominent [’pr{min}nt] a. ³Ï³Ý³íáñ,
passenger [’pWsindJ}] n. áõÕþáñ ٻͳÑéã³Ï, Ñéã³Ï³íáñ
passive [’pWsiv] a. ù»ñ. Ïñ³íá­ñ³Ï³Ý (ë»é) promote [pr}’m}ut] v. ³é³ç ï³Ý»É
past [pAst] n. ³ÝóÛ³É pronounce [pr}’nauns] v. ³ñï³­ë³Ý»É
path [pAT] n. áõÕÇ, ׳ݳå³ñÑ proof [prUf] n. ³å³óáõÛó
patient [’peiS}nt] n. ÑÇí³Ý¹ prosper [’pr{sp}] v. µ³ñ·³í³×»É
a. ѳٵ»ñ³ï³ñ protect [pr}’tekt] a. å³ßïå³­Ý»É
patience [’peiS}ns] ѳ٭µ»­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ proud [’praud] a. Ñå³ñï
patiently [’peiS}ntli] adv. ѳٵ»ñ³ï³ñ Óþáí proudly [praudli] adv. Ñå³ñïáñ»Ý
peak [pIk] n. ·³·³Ã prove [prUv] v. ³å³óáõó»É
pen-friend [’penfrend] n. ݳٳ­Ï³·ñáõ­ÃÛ³Ý provide [pr}’vaid] v. ³å³Ñáí»É
ÁÝÏ»ñ public [’pVblik] n. ѳ­ë³­ñ³­Ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, Åá­Õá­íáõñ¹
perform [p}’f[m] v. ϳ­ï³­ñ»É a. ѳ­ë³­ñ³­Ï³­Ï³Ý, ѳݭñ³­ÛÇÝ
performance [p}’f[m}ns] n. Ý»ñ­Ï³­Û³­óáõÙ publish [’pVbliS] v. Ññ³­ï³­ñ³­Ï»É
personality [”p}:s}’nWliti] n. µÝ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ, punish [’pVniS] v. å³ïÅ»É
³Ýѳï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ puppet [’pVpit] n. ïÇÏÝÇÏ
picnic [piknik] n. ½µáë³ËÝçáõÛù puppet-show [’pVpitS}u] n. ïÇÏÝÇϳÛÇÝ
plastic [’plWstik] n. åɳëïÙ³ëë³ Ý»ñ­Ï³­Û³óáõÙ
playwright [’plei] n. ˳ճóáÕ pure [pju}] a. Ù³ùáõñ, ³Ý³ñ³ï
pleasant [’pleznt] a. ѳ׻ÉÇ, ¹áõñ»­Ï³Ý pursue [p}sjU] v. ѳëÝ»É
pleasure [’pleJ}] n. ѳ×áõÛù, µ³í³­Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ
plump [’plVmp] a. ÃÙµÉÇÏ, ·»ñ
pocket [’p{kit] n. ·ñå³Ý
poem [’p}uim] n. µ³Ý³ëï»Õ­ÍáõÃÛáõÝ,
áï³Ý³íáñ
pollution [p}’lu:S(})n] n. ßñç³Ï³ ÙÇç³í³ÛñÇ

153
 Q v. í»ñ³Ýáñá·»É
reply [ri’plai] n. å³ï³ë˳Ý
v. å³ï³ë˳ݻÉ
quarrel [’kw{r}l] n. í»×, ÏéÇí
report [ri’p[t] n. ½»ÏáõóáõÙ,
v. íÇ×»É, Ïéí»É
ѳßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝ v. ½»Ïáõó»É,
question [’kwestS}n] n. ѳñó
ѳßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝ ï³É
v. ѳñóÝ»É, ѳñó³ùÝÝ»É
represent [”repri’zent] v. Ý»ñ­Ï³­Û³ó­Ý»É
queer [’kwi}] a. ï³­ñû­ñǭݳÏ
reputation [”repju’teiS}n] n. ѳٵ³í
queue [kjU] Ñ»ñÃ
rescue [’reskjU] n. ÷ñÏáõÃÛáõÝ
quickly [’kwikli] adv. ³ñ³·
v. ÷ñÏ»É, û·Ý»É
quiet [’kwai}t] a. ѳݷÇëï, ˳­Õ³Õ
research [rIs]tS] n. Ñ»­ï³­½á­ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ,
quietly [’kwai}tli] adv. ѳݷÇëï Óþáí
·Ç­ï³­Ï³Ý ³ß­Ë³­ï³Ýù
quit [’kwit] v. ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó Ñ»é³Ý³É
reserved [ri’z]vd] a. ÇÝùݳÙ÷á÷,
áã Ù³ñ¹³Ùáï
resident [rezid}nt] n. µÝ³­ÏÇã

R resort [ri’s[t] n. ³éáÕç³ñ³Ý

respect [ris’pect] n. ѳñ­·³Ýù
responsible [ris’p{ns}bl] å³­ï³ë­Ë³­Ý³­ïáõ
race [reis] n. ÙñóáõÙ v. Ùñó»É
rest [rest] n. ѳݭ·Çëï
rainbow [’reinb}u] n. ÍdzͳÝ
the rest Ùݳ­ó³­ÍÁ, ÙÛáõë­Ý»­ñÁ
rainforest [’rein”f{rist] n. ³ñþ³¹³ñÓ³ÛÇÝ
restore [ris’t[] v. í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý»É
³Ýï³é
reveal [ri’vIl] v. µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É,
raise [reiz] v. µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É
¹ñë¨áñ»É
realize [’ri}laiz] v. ѳëϳݳÉ, ·Çï³Ïó»É
riddle [’ridl] n. ѳݻÉáõÏ
real [ri}l] a. ëïáõÛ·, Çñ³­Ï³Ý
ride [raid] (rode, ridden) v. Ódzí³ñ»É
reason [rIzn] n. å³ï׳é
ritual [ri’tSu}l] n. Í»ë, ³ñ³ñáÕáõÃÛáõÝ
recently [’rIsntli] adv. í»ñ­ç»ñë
rock [’r{k] n. ųÛé
recognize [’rek}gnaiz] v. ׳­Ý³­ã»É, ÇÙ³­Ý³É
rod [’r{d] n. ϳñÃ
recover [ri’kVv}] v. ³éáÕç³Ý³É
room [’rUm] n. ï»Õ, ï³ñ³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ
recycle [”rI’saik(})l] v. í»ñ³Ù߳ϻÉ
rough [rVf] a. ÏáåÇï
reduce [ri’djUs] v. Ïñ׳ï»É
routine [rU’tIn] ÁÝ­¹áõÝ­í³Í ϳñ·, áñá­ß³­ÏÇ
reflect [ri’flekt] v. å³ïÏ»ñ»É, ³ñï³óáÉ»É
é»­ÅÇÙ
reflexive [ri’fleksiv] a. ù»ñ. ³Ý¹ñ³­¹³ñÓ
rubbish [rVbiS] a. ³Õµ, ó÷áÝ
regard [ri’gAd] v. ϳñÍ»É, ѳٳñ»É,
ruin [ruin] v. ù³Ý¹»É, ³í»ñ»É
·ïÝ»É
rule [rUl] v. ϳé³í³ñ»É n. ϳÝáÝ
regular [’regjul}] a. ϳÝáݳíáñ
rush [rVS] v. ëɳݳÉ
relative [’rel}tiv] n.µ³ñ»Ï³Ù
relax [ri’lWks] v. 1. Ãáõ­É³ó­Ý»É, Ãáõ­É³­Ý³É 2.
ѳݷë­ï³­Ý³É
reliable [ri’lai}bl] a. íëï³­Ñ»­ÉÇ, Ñáõ­ë³­ÉÇ
remodel [ri’{] v. í»ñ³Ýáñá·»É
S
remote [rim’}ut] Ñ»é³íáñ, Ñ»éáõ
sacred [seikrid] a. ³ëïí³Í³ÛÇÝ, ëù³Ýã»ÉÇ
remote control Ñ»é³Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý
sacrifice [’sWkrifais] v. ½áѳµ»ñ»É
í³Ñ³Ý³Ï
sad [sWd] a. ïËáõñ, ïñïáõÙ
rent [rent] n. í³ñÓ, é»Ý­ï³ v. í³ñ­Óáí ï³É,
safe [seif] a. ³Ýíݳë, ³å³Ñáí, ³Ýíï³Ý·
í³ñ­Ó»É
sail [seil] v. ݳí³ñÏ»É
repair [ri’pE}] n. í»ñ³Ýáñá·áõÙ
saint [seint] n. a. ëáõñµ

154
sales [seilz] n. í³×³éù, í³×³é³Ñ³ÝáõÙ smart [smAt] a. ëñ³ÙÇï, Ë»Éáù
satellite [’sWt(})lait] n. ³ñµ³ÝÛ³Ï smell [smel] n. Ñáï, Ñáï³­éáõÃÛáõÝ
satisfacation [”sWtis’fWkSn] n. v. Ñáï ù³ß»É
µ³í³ñ³ñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ smile [smail] 1. n. ÅåÇï 2. v. Ååï³É
satisfy [’sWtisfai] v. µ³í³ñ³ñ»É smoke [sm}uk] 1. n. ÍáõË 2. v. ÍË»É
saucer [’s[s}] n. ³÷­ë», åÝ³Ï (û­ÛÇ) snail n. ËËáõÝç
savage [’sWvidJ] n. í³Ûñ»ÝÇ Ù³ñ¹ soccer [’s{k}] n. ³Ù»ñÇÏ. ýáõïµáÉ
scary [’skE}ri] a. ë³ñë³÷»ÉÇ, ëáëϳÉÇ, sociable [’s}uS}bl] a. ÁÝ­Ï»­ñ³­Ï³Ý, Ù³ñ­¹³­Ùáï,
½³ñÑáõñ»ÉÇ Ñ³­Õáñ­¹³­ë»ñ
schedule [’SedjUl], [’skedjUl] n. óáõ­ó³Ï, soft [s{ft] a. ÷³÷áõÏ, Ýáõñµ
ãí³­óáõ­ó³Ï soil [s{il] n. ÑáÕ
scholar [’sk{l}] n. ·ÇïÝ³Ï³Ý soldier [s}uldJ}] n. ½ÇÝíáñ
scientist [’saintist] n. ·ÇïÝ³Ï³Ý solitary [’s{lit(})ri] a. ÙdzÛݳÏ
scissors [’siz}z] n. ÙÏñ³ï solution [s]’lUS}n] n. ÉáõÍáõÙ
screen [skrIn] n. ¿Ïñ³Ý solve [s{lv] v. ÉáõÍ»É
sculpture [skVlptS}] n. ù³Ý¹³Ï, sorrow [’s{r}u] n. óËÇÍ
ù³Ý¹³Ï³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝ soul [s}ul] n. 1. Ñá·Ç 2. Ù³ñ¹, ¿³Ï
security [si’kju}riti] n. ³Ýí­ï³Ý­·áõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ spaceship [’speis’Sip] n. ïÇ»½»ñ³Ý³í
search [s]tS] n. áñáÝáõÙ v. áñáÝ»É, ÷Ýïñ»É spear [’spi}] n. Ýǽ³Ï
selfish [’selfiS] a. »ë³ë»ñ, »ë³å³ßï spectacles [’spekt}klz] n. ³ÏÝáó
settle [’setl] v. µÝ³Ïí»É, µÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ spectacular [’spek’tsWkjul}] a.
ѳëï³ï»É ïå³íáñÇã
sew [s}u] v. ϳñ»É spectator [spek’teit}] n. ¹Çïáñ¹,
shadow [’SWd}u] n. ëïí»ñ ѳݹÇë³ï»ë
speech [spItS] n. Ëáëù, ׳é
shallow [’SWl}u] a. 1. ͳÝÍ³Õ spider [’spaid}] n. ë³ñ¹
2. ٳϭ»ñ»ë³ÛÇÝ spinal cord áÕÝáõÕ»Õ
ship [Sip] n. ݳí splendid [’splendid] a. ÑdzݳÉÇ, ëù³Ýã»ÉÇ
shooting [SUtiN] n. Ññ³Ó·áõÃÛáõÝ spoil [sp{il] v. ÷ã³Ý³É, ÷ã³óÝ»É
shovel [’SVvl] 1. n. ÃÇ (÷áùñÇÏ µ³Ñ) stare [stE}] v. ³ãù»ñÁ ãé»É, ëþ»éáõÝ Ý³Û»É
shower [’Sau}] n. Ñáñ¹ ³ÝÓñþ state [steit] n. å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ a. å»­ï³Ï³Ý
shy [Sai] a. ³Ù³ãÏáï, ³ÙáÃË³Í step-sister Ëáñà ùáõÛñ
sick [sik] a. ÑÇí³Ý¹ still [stil] a. ѳݷÇëï, ѳݹ³ñï
sigh [sai] v. ßáõÝã ù³ß»É stocky [st{ki] a. ÃÇÏÝ»Õ, ³Ùñ³Ï³½Ù
sight [sait] n. ï»ë³ñ³Ý store [’st[] v. å³Ñå³Ý»É
sightseeing [sait’sIiN] n. ï»­ë³ñ­Å³Ý í³Û­ñ»­ñÇ stream [strIm] n. Ñáë³Ýù (çñÇ)
¹Ç­ïáõÙ strength [streNT] n. áõÅ, ½á­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
sign [sain] n. Ýß³Ý v. ëïáñ³·ñ»É strike [straik] v. (struck, struck) ѳñí³Í»É
signature [’signitS}] n. ëïá­ñ³·­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ struggle [’strVgl] n. å³Ûù³ñ
silly [’sili] a. ÑÇÙ³ñ, ³Ýѻûà v. å³Ûù³ñ»É
sink [siNk] v. ëáõ½í»É, Ëáñï³Ïí»É stupid [’stjUpid] a. ÑÇÙ³ñ, ïËÙ³ñ
skate [skeit] n. ãÙáõßÏ v. ãÙáõß­Ï­Ý»ñáí ë³Ñ»É suburb [’sVb]b] n. ³ñí³ñÓ³Ý
ski [skI] n. ¹³ÑáõÏ v. ¹³ÑáõÏ­Ý»ñáí ë³Ñ»É succeed [s}k’sId] v. ѳ­çáÕ­í»É, ѳçáÕáõÃÛáõÝ
skinny [skini] a. ÝÇѳñ, ÑÛáõÍí³Í áõ­Ý»­Ý³É
skyscraper [’skai”skreip}] n. »ñϭݳ­ù»ñ successor [s}k’ses}] n. ųé³Ý·áñ¹, ѳçáñ¹
slight [’slait] a. ûíþ, ãÝãÇÝ, ³ÝÝß³Ý suddenly [’sVdnli] adv. ѳÝϳñͳÏÇ
slip [slip] n. ë³ÑáõÙ v. ë³Û­Ã³ù»É, ë³Ñ»É

155
suffer [’sVf}] v. ï³é³å»É tell [tel] v. 1. ³ë»É 2. å³ïÙ»É 3. ѳÛïÝ»É
suffix [’sVfiks] n. í»ñç³Í³Ýó temper [’temp}] n. 1. µÝ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ
suggest [s}’dJest] v. ³é³ç³ñÏ»É, ËáñÑáõñ¹ ï³É 2. ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ
suitcase [’sjUtkeis] n. ׳ÙåñáõÏ terrible [’ter}bl] a. ë³ñë³÷»ÉÇ, ëáëϳÉÇ
sultry [’sVltri] a. ïáÃ, ÏǽÇã thievery [’TIv(})ri] n. ·áÕáõÃÛáõÝ
superb [’sjup]b] a. ×áË, å»ñ× thread [’Tred] n. Ã»É v. ³ë»­ÕÁ û­É»É
superior [’sju’pi}ri}] a. ·»ñ³½³Ýó, ÑdzݳÉÇ, threaten [’Tretn] v. ëå³é­Ý³É
Ññ³ß³ÉÇ thrilling [’TriliN] a. Ñáõ­½Çã, ·ñ³­íÇã
sure [Su}] a. íëï³Ñ adv. ³Ý­Ï³ë­Ï³Í tiny [’taini] a. ß³ï ÷áùñ, åëïÉÇÏ
surf [s]f] v. ë»ñýÇÝ·áí ½µ³Õí»É tip [’tip] n. 1. ͳÛñ 2. û­Û³­¹ñ³Ù tired [tai}d] a.
surface [s]fis] n. ٳϻñ»ë Ñá·Ý³Í
surprise [s}’praiz] n. ³Ý³ÏÝÏ³É tongue [tVN] n. É»½áõ
surround [s}’raund] v. ßñç³å³ï»É mother tongue Ù³Ûñ»ÝÇ É»½áõ
survive [s}’vaiv] v. ϻݹ³ÝÇ ÙÝ³É totally [t}utli] adv. ÉÇáíÇÝ, ³ÙµáÕç³å»ë
survivor [s}’vaiv}] n. ϻݹ³ÝÇ Ùݳó³Í, tour [’tu}] n. ßñç³·³­Ûáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
÷ñÏí³Í ³ÝÓ trace [’treis] n. Ñ»ïù
suspect [’sVspekt] n. ϳëϳÍÛ³É trader [’treid}] n. ³éþïñ³Ï³Ý
suspect [s}s’pekt] v. ϳëÏ³Í»É tradition [tr}’diSn] n. ³í³Ý­¹áõÛÃ
swallow [’sw{l}u] v. ÏáõÉ ï³É traffic [’trWfik] n. »ñíþ»­Ïáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ traffic jam
sword [’sw[d] n. Ãáõñ »ñíþ»­Ïáõ­Ã­Û³Ý Ëó³­ÝáõÙ
swimming-pool [’swimiN’pUl] tragedy [’trWdJidi] n. áÕµ»ñ·áõÃÛáõÝ
n. ÉáÕ³í³½³Ý train [’trein] v. Ù³ñ½»É, ëáíáñ»óÝ»É, í³ñÅ»óÝ»É
sympathy [’simp}Ti] n. ϳñ»Ïó³Ýù trait [’treit] n. µÝáñáß ·ÇÍ
transfer [’trWnsf]] v. ï»Õ³÷áË»É, ÷á˳¹ñ»É
translate [trWns’leit] v. óñ·Ù³Ý»É
transmit [trWnz’mit] v. ÷á˳Ýó»É,
T áõÕ³ñÏ»É
trash [’trWS] n. ³Õµ
table tennis [’teibl’tenis] n. ëåáñï. ë»Õ³ÝÇ travel [’trWvl] n. ׳ݳå³ñÑáñ¹áõ­ÃÛáõÝ v.
ûÝÇë ׳ݳå³ñÑáñ¹»É
tail [teil] n. åáã traveller [’trWvl}] n. áõÕþáñ, ׳ݳ­å³ñ­Ñáñ¹
talk [t[k] n. ½ñáõÛó, Ëáë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ treasure [’treJ}] n. ·³ÝÓ
v. Ëáë»É, ½ñáõó»É treat [trIt] n. ÑÛáõñ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝ
talkative [’t[k}tiv] a. ß³ï³Ëáë v. ÑÛáõñ³ëÇñ»É
tall [t[l] a. µ³ñÓñ, µ³ñÓñ³Ñ³ë³Ï tribe [’traib] n. ó»Õ, ïáÑÙ
task [tAsk] n. ³é³ç³¹ñ³Ýù, trick [trik] n. Ñݳñù, Ëáñ³Ù³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ
ѳÝÓݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ triplets [triplits] n. »éíáñÛ³ÏÝ»ñ
target [tAgit] n. Ýå³ï³Ï trouble [’trVbl] v. ³Ýѳݷëï³óÝ»É
taste [teist] n. 1. ×³ß³Ï 2. ѳ٠trustworthy [’trVst”w]Di] a.. Ñáõë³ÉÇ,
v. ׳߳ϻÉ, ѳÙï»ë»É íëï³­Ñ»ÉÇ
tax [tWks] n. ѳñÏ v. ѳñÏ ¹Ý»É turn out å³ñ½í»É
teach [tItS] v. ëáíáñ»óÝ»É, ¹³ë ï³É twins [’twinz] n. »ñÏ­íá­ñ­Û³Ï­Ý»ñ
tear [tE}] v. (tore, torn) å³ïé»É
n. ³ñóáõÝù
technology [tek’n{l}dJi] n. ï»ËÝÇϳ
teenager [’ti:neidJ}] n. å³ï³ÝÇ,
¹»é³Ñ³ë

156
 U W
ultimate [’Vltimit] a. í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý wait [weit] v. ëå³ë»É
umbrella [Vm’brel}] n. Ñáí³Ýáó waiter [’weit}] n. Ù³ïáõóáÕ
underground [’Vnd}graund] n. Ù»ïñá a. waitress [’weitris] n. Ù³ïáõóáÕáõÑÇ
ëïáñ»ñÏñÛ³ wake [weik] v. ³ñÃݳݳÉ, ³ñÃݳóÝ»É
understand [Vnd}’stWnd] v. ѳë­Ï³­Ý³É, ÁÙµéÝ»É walk [w[k] v. ù³ÛÉ»É, áïùáí ·Ý³É, ½µáëÝ»É
underworld [’Vnd}w]ld] n. ¹ÅáËù wallet [’w{lit] n. ¹ñ³Ù³å³Ý³Ï
unique [jU’nIk] n. ÙÇ­³Ï, »½³­ÏÇ, ³ÝÝ­Ù³Ý, wander [’w{nd}] v. ó÷³é»É, ßñç»É
³Ý­½áõ·³­Ï³Ý warm [w[m] a. ï³ù, ç»ñÙ
unplug [Vn’plVg] v. ³Ýç³ï»É warn [w[n] v. ½·áõß³óÝ»É,
up-to-date [’Vpt}’deit] a. ³ÛÅ­Ù»­³­Ï³Ý, ݳ˳­½·áõ­ß³óÝ»É
Ýáñ warning [’w[niη] n. ½·áõß³óáõÙ,
urge []dJ] v. ëïÇå»É, åݹ»É ݳ˳½·áõß³óáõÙ
usual [’jUJu}l] a. ëáíáñ³Ï³Ý washing machine n. Éí³óùÇ Ù»ù»Ý³
waste [weist] n. ó÷áÝ v. í³ïÝ»É
watch [w{tS] v. Ñ»ïþ»É, ¹Çï»É
way [wei] n. ׳ݳå³ñÑ, áõÕÇ
V weak [wIk] a. ïϳñ, ÃáõÛÉ
wear [wE}] v. ѳ·Ý»É, Ïñ»É
vacant [’veik}nt] a. ¹³ï³ñÏ, ³­½³ï, ó÷áõñ weary [’wi}ri] a. ÑᷭݳÍ, Ó³ÝÓ­ñ³­ó³Í,
vacation (AmE) [v}’keiSn] n. ³ñÓ³Ïáõñ¹ Ó³ÝÓ­ñ³­ÉÇ
valuable [’vWlju}bl] a. óÝϳñÅ»ù, ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ weekday [’wIkdei] n. ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ûñ
variety [v}’rai}ti] n. ½³­Ý³­½³­Ýáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, weekend [’wIk’end] n. ß³µ³Ã þ ÏÇñ³ÏÇ ûñí³
µ³½­Ù³­½³­Ýáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ Ñ³Ý·Çëï
various [’vE}ri}s] a. ï³ñ­µ»ñ, ½³­Ý³­½³Ý weigh [’wei] v. Ïßé»É, ÏßÇé áõ­Ý»­Ý³É
verse [v]s] n. åỽdz weight [’weit] n. ÏßÇé, ù³ß, ͳݭñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ
victory [’vikt}ri] n. ѳխó­Ý³Ï welcome [’welk}m] n. áÕçáõÛÝ, µ³ñÇ ·³Éáõëï
view [’vjU] n. 1. ï»­ë³­ñÅ³Ý v. áÕçáõÝ»É
2. ï»­ë³­Ï»ï 3. ï»­ë³­¹³ßï you are welcome µ³ñáí »Ï³ù
village [’vilidJ] n. ·ÛáõÕ well [wel] n. çñÑáñ
violent [’vai}l}nt] a. ϳï³ÕÇ well-built [”wel’bilt] a. åݹ³Ï³½Ù, ɳí
virtually [’v]tju}li] adv. ÷³ëïáñ»Ý Ù³ñÙݳϳ½Ù áõÝ»óáÕ Ù³ñ¹
visit [’vizit] n. ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ, ³Ûó whale [weil] n. Ï»ï
v. ³Ûó»É»É wheel [wIl] n. ³ÝÇí v. åïï(í)»É, ·Éáñí»É
visitor [’vizit}] n. ³Ûó»Éáõ, ÑÛáõñ whisper [wisp}] n. ÷ë÷ëáó, ßßáõÏ v. ßßÝç³É
vocabulary [v}u’kWbjul}ri] n. µ³é³å³ß³ñ win [win] v. ß³­Ñ»É, ѳխûÉ, ѳխó­Ý³Ï ï³­Ý»É
voice [v{is] n. 1. Ó³ÛÝ 2. ù»ñ. ë»é wise [waiz] a. ÇÙ³ëïáõÝ
voyage [’v{idJ] n. áõÕ­þá­ñáõ­Ã­ÛáõÝ, witch [witS] n. ϳ˳ñ¹, íÑáõÏ
׳­Ý³­å³ñ­Ñáñ­¹áõíÛáõÝ (Íá­íáí) witness [witnis] n. íϳ
wonderful [’wVnd}ful] a. ÑdzݳÉÇ, ëù³Ýã»ÉÇ,
½³ñٳݳÉÇ
wonder [’wVnd}] n. ½³ñÙ³Ýù, Ññ³ßù
v. ½³ñٳݳÉ
wonderland [’wVnd}lWnd] n. Ññ³ßùÝ»ñÇ
³ß˳ñÑ

157
wool [wul] n. µáõñ¹
world [w]ld] n. ³ß˳ñÑ, »ñÏÇñ Y
all over the world ³ß˳ñÑáí Ù»Ï
yelp [jelp] n. ×Çã, ѳãáó
worship [’w]Sip] n. Ïáõéù,
yet [jet] adv. ¹»é, ¹»éþë, ³ñ¹»Ý,
å³ßï³ÙáõÝù
³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí
wound [wUnd] n. í»ñù
youth [jUT] n. 1. »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝ
wrap [rWp] v. ÷³Ã³Ã»É
2. »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹, å³ï³ÝÇ
wreck [rek] n. ÏáñͳÝáõÙ, Ëáñï³ÏáõÙ
wrestling [’resliN] n. Áٵ߳ٳñï
wrong [r{η] a. ë˳É, áã ×Çßï
what’s wrong? DZÝã ¿ å³ï³Ñ»É
Z
zip code ÷áëï³ÛÇÝ Í³Íϳ·Çñ

X
x-ray [’eks’rei] v. é»Ýï·»ÝÛ³Ý ×³é³·³ÛÃÝ»ñáí
Éáõë³Ýϳñ

158
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ME IN THE WORLD
UNIT
Appearance and personality 3
How I manage my time 14
I am a great communicator 28

UNIT 2 I 34
REALLY LIKE ART AND MUSIC

UNIT 3 I HAVE HEALTHY MIND, HEALTHY BODY,

HEALTHY SPIRIT 48

UNIT 4 I REALLY ENJOY VARIOUS NATIONAL CUISINES 56

UNIT 5 WELCOME TO ARMENIA 76

UNIT 6 I AM A TINY PART OF THE UNIVERSE 83

UNIT 7 WE’D BETTER BE NATURE-WISE 92

UNIT 8 WHAT PROFESSION SUITS ME BEST? 102

I would like to be a journalist 108

112
Audio scripts

APPENDIX 112
STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 115
SUMMARY OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS 130
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 132
IRREGULAR VERBS 134
WORD BUILDING 136
PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 138
PHRASAL VERBS 139
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH 140
GLOSSARY 145
 LUSINE GRIGORYAN

English
ԼՈՒՍԻՆԵ ԳՐԻԳՈՐՅԱՆ

ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆ
Հանրակրթական հիմնական դպրոցի
9–րդ դասարանի դասագիրք

Հրատարակչության տնօրեն՝ ԷՄԻՆ ՄԿՐՏՉՅԱՆ

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