General Mathematics

Name Student: ____________________________________ Section: ________________________

Name of Teacher: __________________________________ Date of Submission: ______________

Worksheet No. 1
Quarter 2, Week 7

TOPIC: Propositional Logic

MELC : M11GM-IIg-1, 3-4
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. illustrates and symbolizes propositions;
2. distinguishes between simple and compound propositions; and
3. performs the different types of operations on propositions.

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. If a proposition is
true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false, which is denoted
by F.
Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the proposition
p: Everyone should study logic
may be read as
p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”
If a sequence of propositions is considered, we denote the propositions by p1, p2

Example 1: Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not. If it is a proposition,
give its truth value.

p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.

q: Find a number which divides your age.
r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.
s: Welcome to the Philippines!
t: 3 + 5 = 5
√𝑥
u: f(x) = is a rational function.
(𝑥+1)
v: What is the domain of the function?
w: I am lying.
p1: It is not the case that√2 is a rational number.
P2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
p3: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.
p4: If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, and if you are
entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Solution: Recall that for a statement to be a proposition, it must be a declarative sentence, and it should
have a truth value of either true or false, but not both true and false at the same time.

p. This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the Philippines. Hence p is a

proposition.
q. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.
r. The statement is a declarative sentence, but its truth value will only be known after the logic
exam.
Nonetheless, it can either be true or false, but not both. Hence r is a proposition.

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 s. This statement is exclamatory, and hence it is not a proposition.
t. The given equation is a mathematical sentence. Translated into English, the equation reads “the
sum of three and two is five”, which is a declarative sentence. It is also a true statement. Hence t
is
a true proposition.
u. This is a declarative statement. Since the numerator of the function is not a polynomial function,
the function f is not rational, so the statement is false. It is therefore a false proposition.
v. This is an interrogative sentence. Hence it is not a proposition.
w. Although w is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition because it can neither be true nor
false.
Suppose w is true—that is, it is the case that I am lying. Since I am lying, my statement is not
true,
and so w must be false. The same conclusion can be drawn if w is assumed to be false.
p1. While this is a declarative sentence, it can be shown that √2 cannot be expressed as a quotient
of
two integers. Thus, p1 is a false proposition.
p2. This is a declarative sentence, which is true, since students may find logic either fun or boring.
Hence p1 is a true proposition.
p3. This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true. There are also Grade 11 students of other
nationalities.
p4. We know that it is a true proposition. This is also known as a biconditional statement, since we
can
rewrite it as “You are more than 60 years old if and only if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s
card.”

Activity 1
Directions: Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not. If it is, write P; if it’s
not, write NP.

1. Region 1 consists of four provinces.

2. Open your hands.

3. Five is an even number.

4. Rodrigo R. Duterte is the 16th president of the Philippines.

5. All humans are mortals.

6. How old are you?

7. Opening of classes for the basic education shall be on August 24, 2020.

8. Close the door.

9. House panel votes 70-11 against ABS-CBN franchise application.

10. A free press can inform citizens of their leaders’ successes or failures, convey the people’s
needs and desires to government bodies, and provide a platform for the open exchange of information
and ideas.

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 Activity 2
A. Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not. If it is, write P; if it’s not, write
NP.

1. Have you visited the flower farm in Atok, Benguet?

2. What a beautiful day!
3. Please raise your hand if you want to answer.
5. Do not answer in chorus.
5. Simplicity is beauty.

B. Formulate five examples of proposition in the form of a sentence.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler proposition using logical connectors or
some combination of logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving propositions p and/or q
may be expressed as follows:

not p
p and q
p or q
If p, then q

where <.> stands for some proposition. A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further
into other component propositions.

Example 2: For each of the propositions in Example 1, determine whether it is a simple or a compound
proposition. If it is a compound proposition, identify the simple components.

Solution. The propositions p, r, t, and u are all simple propositions. On the other hand, the following are
compound propositions:
p1. It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.

p2. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

p3. If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
p4. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, and if you are
entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Furthermore, we can determine the simple propositions that make up the propositions p1, p2, p3 , and
p4 . We do so in the following table

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 Proposition Simple Component/s
p1 r: √2 is a rational number
p2 f: Logic is fun
i: Logic is interesting
b: Logic is boring
p3 h: You study hard
g: You get good grades
p4 a: You are more than 60 years old
s: You are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card

The compound propositions can thus be expressed as follows:

p1: not r

p2: f and i or b

p3: if h, then g

p4: (if a then s) and (if s then a)

Activity 3

Directions: Determine whether each of the following is (a) a simple proposition, (b) a compound
proposition, or (c) neither. Write only the corresponding letter of your choice.

1. Strive to be happy.

2. Students leave from home early and arrive in school early.

3. She reads Paulo Coelho novels.

4. Practice makes perfect.

5. I tried so hard and got so far.

6. A national lockdown was implemented during the covid-19 pandemic.

7. We could start now or wait for another 5 minutes before we start the lesson.

8. Michaela is an avid fan of BTS.

9. Arianne could go alone or call his friend to join him.

10. Be careful what you wish for.

Logical Operators

Given a proposition, its truth table show all its possible truth values.

Example 1. Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a proposition p would
have the following truth table.

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 p
T
F

Truth tables can also be used to display various combinations of the truth values of
two propositions p and q. The rows of the table will correspond to the each truth
value combination of p and q, so there will be 22 = 4 rows. The truth table for
propositions p and q are as follows.

p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Similarly, suppose p, q, and r are propositions. Then the truth table involving the given propositions has 23
=8
rows, as shown below.

p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
In general, a truth table involving n propositions has 2n row

1. The negation of a proposition is denoted by ~𝑝 (“not p”) and is defined through its truth table

p ~𝑝
T F
F T

Example 2. State the negation of the following propositions.

n1: p(x) = (x – 1) / (x + 2) is a polynomial function.

n2: 2 is an odd number.

n3 : The tinikling is the most difficult dance.

n4: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

Solution.
~n1: “It is not true that p(x) = (x – 1) / (x + 2) is a polynomial function” or simply
“p(x) = (x – 1) / (x + 2) is not a polynomial function”.

~n2: “It is not true that 2 is an odd number”, or “2 is an even number.”

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 ~n3: “The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.”

~n4: “Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.”

2. The conjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by p ∧ q: (p and q) and is defined through its truth
table

p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

The propositions p and q are called conjuncts. The conjunction p ∧ q is true only when both conjuncts p
and q

are true, as shown in its truth table.

Example 3. Let p and q be the propositions

p: Angels exist.

q: 𝜋 > 3.
Express the following conjunctions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case
may be.

1. p ∧ q

2. p ∧ (~q)

3. “Angels do not exist an 𝜋 ≤ 3.”

4. “While angels do not exist, 𝜋 > 3.”

Solution.

1. “Angels exist and 𝜋 > 3 ”

2. “Angels exist and ≤ 3” or “Angels exist, yet ≤ 3.”

3. (~p) ∧ (~q)

4. (~p) ∧ q

3. The disjunction of two propositions p and q is denoted by p ∨ q: (p or q) and is defined through its
truth table

p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

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 The propositions and are called disjuncts.

The above truth table shows us that the disjunction is false p ∨ q is false only when both
disjuncts p and q are false.

Example 4. Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:

p: Victor has a date with Liza.

q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.
Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case
may be.

1. p ∨ q

2. p ∨ (~r)

3. p ∨ (q ∨ r)
4. “Either Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”

5. “Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”

6. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, and Eumir is eating.”
7. “Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Victor has a date with Liza and
Eumir is eating.”
Solution. The corresponding English sentences or symbols are given below.

1. “Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.”

2. “Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is not eating.”

3. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is

eating.”

4. (p ∨ q) ∨ r

5. (p ∧ q) ∨ r

6. p ∨ (q ∧ r)

7. (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)

It will be shown later that p ∨ (q ∨ r) and (p ∨ q) ∨ r are logically equivalent

statements, so we can write p ∨ q ∨ r. Likewise, it will also be shown that p ∧ (q ∧
r) and (p ∧ q) ∧ r are logically equivalent, so we can write p ∧ q ∧ r.

4. The conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p → 𝑞: (If p, then 𝑞 ) and is defined through its
truth table

p 𝑞 p→𝑞
T T T

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 T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional p → 𝑞 may also be read as “p implies 𝑞 ”. The proposition p is called the
hypothesis, while the proposition 𝑞 is called the conclusion.

Example 5. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following

conditionals.

p1: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
p2: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
p3: If Geebee has a degree in computer science, then she believes in true love.

Analyze the truth value of these conditionals.

Solution.

p1: The hypothesis and the conclusion are true. Thus, p1 is true (from the first row
of the truth table for the conditional statement).

p2: While the hypothesis is true, the conclusion is not (a Grade 11 student is not
qualified to be a lawyer). From the definition of the conditional (second row of
its truth table), the conditional statement p2 is not true.

p3: The hypothesis is not true since Geebee is still in Grade 11. On the other hand,
we cannot determine the truth value of the conclusion “she believes in true
love.” From the last two rows of the truth table, regardless of the truth value of
the conclusion, the conditional statement is true.

5. The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p ⇿ q: (p if and only if q) and is defined through
its truth table:
p q p⇿q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

The proposition may also be written as “p iff q”. The propositions p and q are the components of
the biconditional.

Example 6. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Let us now consider the
following biconditionals.

p1: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high school student.
p2: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a lawyer.
p3: Geebee has a degree in Computer Science if and only if she believes in
true love.

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 Solution.

p1: Again, both simple components of are true. Therefore, the biconditional
statement is true.

p2: It is true that Geebee is in Grade 11, but it is not true that Geebee is working as a lawyer.
Therefore, the biconditional is not true, referring to the second row of its truth table.

p3: The first simple proposition, that Geebee has a degree in Computer Science, is false. The
truth value of the entire biconditional depends on the truth value of the second simple
component, that she believes in true love. If this is true, then the biconditional is false
(referring to the third row of the truth table); otherwise, the biconditional is true.

Activity 4
Directions: Read each compound proposition and determine its type. Negation

Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

1. f: You could avail of the promo if and only if you have a membership card.
2. g: Students leave from home early and arrive in school early.
3. h: She read the book and watched its movie adaptation.
4. i: Our parents work hard to provide our daily needs and send us to school.
5. j: I will buy that product if and only if I need it.
6. k: Neither my brother nor my sister has seen my favorite shoes.
7. l: If you will keep singing this song, then you would master it.
8. m: Lightnings don’t strike the same place twice.
9. n: Either Arianne or Mary Jane is teaching Danny.
10. o: Contentment is achieved if and only if happiness is felt.
11. p: Not all heroes can fly.
12. q: My mom is the strongest woman, and I am lucky to be her daughter.
13. r: Youth is not a time of life.
14. s: If you can make it here, you can make it anywhere.
15. t: People come and go.

Activity 5
Directions: Let p = Anne will clean his room, q = Jay will wash the dishes, and r = Mom will buy
merienda. Write each statement in words.

1. ~𝑞
2. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑟
3. 𝑝 ∨𝑞
4. 𝑝 ∨ ~𝑟

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 5. ~𝑝 → ~𝑟
6. ~𝑞 → ~𝑝
7. 𝑟 ↔ (𝑝 ∧𝑞)
8. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
9. 𝑞 → 𝑟
10. ~𝑟 → ~(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞

Answer Key

Activity 1 Activity 2
Activity 3
1. P 1. P
1. A
2. NP 2. P
2. A
3. P 3. NP
3. B
4. P 4. NP
4. A
5. P 5. P
5. A
6. NP 6.
6. B
7. P 7.
7. B
8. NP 8.
8. B
9. P 9.
9. C
10. P 10.
10. A

Activity 4
1. biconditional 11. negation
2. conjunction 12. conjunction

3. conjunction 13. negation

4. conjunction 14. conditional

5. biconditional 15. conjunction

6. negation, disjunction
7. conditional

8. negation

9. disjunction

10. biconditional

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 Activity 5
1. Jay will not wash the dishes.

2. Anne will clean his room and mom will buy merienda.

3. Either Anne will clean his room or Jay will wash the dishes.

4. Either Anne will clean his room or mom will not buy merienda.

5. If Anne will not clean his room, then mom will not buy merienda.

6. If Jay will not wash the dishes, then Anne will not clean his room.

7. Mom will buy merienda, if and only if Anne will clean his room and Jay will wash
the dishes.

8. Anne will clean his room if and only if Jay will wash the dishes.

9. If Jay will wash the dishes, then mom will buy merienda.

10. If mom will not buy merienda, then Anne will not clean his room and Jay will not
wash the dishes.

HOW WELL HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE LESSON?

1. Which of the items in Activity 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 did you get correctly? Put a check mark in box
corresponding to each item number.

ITEM NUMBER (Based on the Unpacked MELC: Objectives)

1 2 3 4 5
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Activity 4
Activity 5

2. Which of the following concepts, ideas, topics or lessons did you not understand? Put a check
mark in box corresponding to each concept, idea, topic, or lesson.

CONCEPT, IDEA, TOPIC, OR LESSON (Based on the Unpacked MELC: Objectives)

Illustrate and Distinguish Perform the
symbolize between simple different types of
propositions and compound operations on
propositions propositions

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 Long Quiz

I. Directions: Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not. If it is, write P; if it’s
not, write NP.

1. In your vlog, you can make a review of some products, and get paid for doing so.
2. What time will you post your first-ever vlog?
3. Be cautious when posting and tagging photos in your social media account.
4. Solve for x: 2𝑥 = 8.
5. According to Article VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Senate is composed of
24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-
large voting.
6. Former senator and real estate tycoon Manny Villar was hailed as the richest Filipino
with $5.6 billion or P282.9 billion net worth.
7. Are you going to pass your assignments today?
8. Pass your papers in an orderly manner.
9. I wish this pandemic will end soon.
10. The teacher told her students to keep quiet once the discussion starts.

Determine whether each of the following is (a) a simple proposition, (b) a compound proposition,
or (c) neither. Write only the corresponding letter of your choice.
11. Life is not always a bed of roses.
12. Students leave from home early to avoid traffic jams.
13. She finished all her assignments.
14. No one is perfect.
15. She could cook for dinner or dine in a restaurant.
16. Corona is a virus and not a bacteria.
17. Don’t lose your temper.
18. Watching K-dramas is really addictive.
19. I’ll always remember us this way.
20. If I sing you a love song

II. Given the three propositions, write each statement in words.

A. p = The total number of coronavirus cases reaches 40, 000. q = A nationwide lockdown will be
implemented. r = There is an available vaccine.
1. ~𝑞 2. ~𝑟 3. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 4. 𝑝 ⟶ 𝑞 5. 𝑞 ⟷ 𝑝

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 PERFORMANCE TASK
1 whole sheet of paper (40 pts.)

A. Directions: Formulate 2 examples of compound statements under each given type.

CONJUNCTION

1.

2.

DISJUNCTION

3.

4.

NEGATION

5.

6.

CONDITIONAL

7.

8.

BICONDITIONAL

9.

10.

B. Directions: Give 5 examples of a simple proposition and 5 examples also of a compound

proposition in sentence form. Use the different connectives.

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