CFO Mic12 TB 01

Principles of Microeconomics, 12e, Global Edition (Case/Fair/Oster)
Chapter 1 The Scope and Method of Economics
1.1 Why Study Economics?
1) Which of the following is not listed in the book as a reason to study economics?
A) to learn a way of thinking
B) to understand society
C) to be an informed citizen
D) to learn how to make lots of money
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: Why Study Economics?
Skill: Fact
Learning Outcome: Micro-1
2) Among the fundamental concepts in economics is (are)

A) opportunity cost.
B) marginalism.
C) efficient markets.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
3) Which of the following is the best definition of economics?

A) the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous
generations have provided
B) the study of how consumers spend their income
C) the study of how business firms decide what inputs to hire and what outputs to produce
D) the study of how the federal government allocates tax dollars
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd.
4) The rise of the modern factory system in England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries is known as the
A) Great Migration.
B) Industrial Revolution.
C) Wealth of Nations.
D) Dark Ages.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
5) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Economics is a behavioral science.
B) In large measure, economics is the study of how people make choices.
C) If poverty were eliminated, there would be no reason to study economics.
D) Economic analysis can be used to explain how both individuals and societies make decisions.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
6) The study of economics

A) is a very narrow endeavor.
B) is a way of analyzing decision-making processes caused by scarcity.
C) is concerned with proving that capitalism is better than socialism.
D) focuses on how a business should function.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
7) Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental concepts of economics?
A) profit maximization
B) marginalism
C) opportunity cost
D) the working of efficient markets
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
2
8) Suppose that you purchased a ticket to a jazz festival for $100 from an online ticket broker. Once you
arrived at the festival, you discovered that parking costs you an additional $15. In this situation, the
additional $15 you pay for parking is an example of
A) an economic loss.
B) opportunity cost.
C) marginal cost.
D) an inefficient cost.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
9) You have decided that you want to attend a costume party as Iron Man. You estimate that it will cost
$40 to assemble your costume. After spending $40 on the costume, you realize that the additional pieces
you need will cost you $25 more. The marginal cost of completing the costume is
A) $15.
B) $25.
C) $40.
D) $65.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
10) The concept of opportunity cost

A) is relevant only to economics.
B) can be applied to the analysis of any decision-making process.
C) applies to consumers but not to firms.
D) refers only to actual payments and incomes.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
11) Opportunity cost is

A) that which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.
B) a cost that cannot be avoided, regardless of what is done in the future.
C) the additional cost of producing an additional unit of output.
D) the additional cost of buying an additional unit of a product.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
3
12) The reason that opportunity costs arise is that
A) an economy relies on money to facilitate exchange of goods and services.
B) resources are scarce.
C) there are no alternative decisions that could be made.
D) people have limited wants.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
13) Which of the following is not an opportunity cost of attending college?

A) the tuition you pay
B) the income you could have earned if you didn't attend college
C) the alternative uses of the time you spend studying
D) the cost of the food that you consume while you are attending college
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
14) If your tuition is $5,000 this semester, your books cost $600, you can only work 20 rather than 40 hours
per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $15 per hour, and your room and
board is $3,000 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of attending
college this semester is
A) $5,600.
B) $5,900.
C) $10,100.
D) $11,600.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
4
15) If your tuition is $25,000 this semester, your books cost $1,500, you can only work 20 rather than 40
hours per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $15 per hour, and your room
and board is $7,500 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of
attending college this semester is
A) $26,500.
B) $26,800.
C) $31,000.
D) $38,500.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
16) If you own a building and you decide to use that building to open a book store,
A) there is no opportunity cost of using this building for a book store because you own it.
B) there is an opportunity cost of using this building for a book store because it could have been used in
other ways.
C) the opportunity costs equal the cost of inventory.
D) the only cost relevant to this decision is the price you paid for the building.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
17) You own the video game Grand Theft Auto V. The opportunity cost of playing this game for the second
time
A) is zero.
B) is one-half the cost of the game, as this is the second time you have played it.
C) is the value of the alternative use of the time you spend playing the game.
D) cannot be calculated.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
5
18) That which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or decision is called
A) out-of-pocket cost.
B) marginal cost.
C) real cost.
D) opportunity cost.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
19) Economists often refer to risk-free ventures as

A) efficient market outcomes.
B) profit opportunities.
C) those with no opportunity costs.
D) break-even propositions.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
20) If you can buy 9 DVDs for $126 or you could buy 10 DVDs for $130, then the marginal cost of the
tenth DVD is
A) $4.
B) $13.
C) $14.
D) $130.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
21) If you eat at a sushi restaurant that charges $20 for its all-you-can-eat sushi special, then the marginal
cost of your 10th piece of sushi is
A) zero.
B) $2.
C) $200.
D) $2,000.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
6
22) A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously is
A) a laissez-faire market.
B) a capitalist market.
C) a socialist market.
D) an efficient market.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
23) If information is less costly and more easily available, then usually this
A) makes markets more efficient.
B) makes markets less efficient.
C) increases profit opportunities.
D) increases the opportunity cost of acquiring more information.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
24) An efficient market is a market in which

A) everyone always gets what they want.
B) profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
C) profits are always very high and persistent.
D) opportunity costs are zero.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
25) Related to the Economics in Practice on page 5: According to the Economics in Practice, a majority of the
$10 retail value of the Barbie doll
A) is needed to pay for the cost of the Taiwanese plastic used to make the dolls.
B) pays for the Chinese labor used to assemble the doll.
C) is captured in the United States.
D) goes to the Japanese manufacturer of the hair which is used for the dolls.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: Why Study Economics?: Economics in Practice
Skill: Fact
7
26) Related to the Economics in Practice on page 5: The opportunity cost to Mattel of having its Barbie doll
assembled in China is
A) the low wages paid to Chinese workers.
B) the $2 export value the doll carries when it leaves Hong Kong.
C) the $8 of its $10 retail value which is captured in the United States.
D) having the Barbie doll assembled in the next best available location.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
27) The reasons to study economics include which of the following?

A) to be an informed citizen
B) to understand society
C) to learn a way of thinking
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
28) Marginalism is
A) the best alternative that we forgo when making a decision.
B) the study of how societies choose to use scarce resources.
C) a market situation in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
D) the process of analyzing the additional costs or benefits arising from a decision.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
29) Economics is best defined as the study of

A) financial decision making.
B) how consumers make purchasing decisions.
C) choices made by people faced with scarcity.
D) inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
8
30) The Industrial Revolution refers to the rise of the modern factory system in ________ during the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
A) the United States
B) England
C) France
D) Germany
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
31) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Economics is a natural science.
B) In large measure, economics is the study of how people make choices.
C) If poverty was eliminated, there would be no reason to study economics.
D) Economic analysis can be used to explain how societies, but not individuals, make decisions.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
32) Economics is the study of

A) how to invest in the stock market.
B) how society uses limited resources.
C) the role of money in markets.
D) how government officials decide which goods and services are produced.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
33) You decide to go to LEGOLAND after you visit Disneyworld in Orlando. The cost of going to
LEGOLAND after you visit Disneyworld is the ________ cost of getting from Disneyworld to
LEGOLAND.
A) efficiency
B) marginal time and money
C) opportunity
D) profit-maximizing
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
9
34) Suppose that you sign up for a one-day cooking class at the local culinary school for $75. Once you
arrive at the class, you discover that you must purchase an apron for an additional $5. In this situation,
the additional $5 you pay for the apron is an example of
A) an inefficient cost.
B) marginal cost.
C) opportunity cost.
D) an economic loss.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
35) You have decided that you want to attend a renaissance fair as King Henry VIII. You estimate that it
will cost $80 to assemble your costume. After spending $80 on the costume, you realize that the
additional pieces you need will cost you $20 more. The marginal cost of completing the costume is
A) $20.
B) $60.
C) $80.
D) $100.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
36) You have narrowed down your Friday night plans to either going bowling or playing billiards. If you
choose to go bowling, then for you playing billiards is the ________ of going bowling.
A) opportunity cost
B) marginal cost
C) empirical cost
D) variable cost
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
10
37) That which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision is known as
A) equity.
B) causation.
C) correlation.
D) opportunity cost.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
38) Scarce resources give rise to the concept of

A) efficient markets.
B) opportunity costs.
C) laissez-faire.
D) positive economics.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
39) Which of the following is an opportunity cost of attending college?

A) the cost of your apartment or dorm
B) the income you could have earned if you didn't attend college
C) the cost of the food that you consume while you are attending college
D) the education you gain from attending college
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
40) If your tuition is $2,000 this semester, your books cost $400, you can only work 10 rather than 40 hours
per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $12 per hour, and your room and
board is $4,000 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of attending
college this semester is
A) $2,400.
B) $2,760.
C) $7,800.
D) $11,800.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
11
41) If your tuition is $20,000 this semester, your books cost $2,000, you can only work 10 rather than 40
hours per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $15 per hour, and your room
and board is $8,000 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of
attending college this semester is
A) $22,000.
B) $22,150.
C) $28,750.
D) $36,750.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
42) If you own a condo and you decide to lease it to your cousin,
A) there is no opportunity cost of leasing the condo because you own it.
B) there is an opportunity cost of leasing the condo because you could have chosen to live in it.
C) there is no opportunity cost of leasing the condo because you collect rent from your cousin.
D) the only cost relevant to this decision is the price you paid for the condo.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
43) You own American Sniper on DVD. The opportunity cost of watching this DVD for the fourth time
A) is zero, since you own it.
B) is one-fourth the cost of the DVD, as this is the fourth time you have watched it.
C) is the value of the alternative use of the time you spend watching the DVD.
D) must be the same as the opportunity cost of watching it the first time.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual

A) what we give up to get something else.
B) marginal cost divided by total cost.
C) the same as real cost.
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
12
45) Economists often refer to "good deals" as
A) profit opportunities.
B) break-even propositions.
C) efficient market outcomes.
D) those with no opportunity cost.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
46) If you can download 10 ring tones for your cell phone for $10 or you could download 11 ring tones for
your cell phone for $10.50, then the marginal cost of the eleventh ring tone is
A) $0.50.
B) $10.00.
C) $10.50.
D) $20.50.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
47) If you eat at a Las Vegas casino that charges $12 for its all you can eat buffet, then the marginal cost of
your third trip to the buffet is
A) zero.
B) $4.
C) $12.
D) $36.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
48) An efficient market is a market

A) that deals in unlimited resources.
B) in which long-term profits are guaranteed.
C) in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
D) in which there are no opportunity costs.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
13
49) If information is more costly and less easily available, then usually this
A) makes markets more efficient.
B) makes markets less efficient.
C) decreases profit opportunities.
D) decreases the opportunity cost of acquiring more information.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
50) The common way of expressing the efficient market concept is

A) "the only true market is a profitable market."
B) "there's no such thing as a free lunch."
C) "only without government interference can a market survive."
D) "once an efficient market, always an efficient market."
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual

A) the additional cost incurred from the consumption of one more unit of output.
B) the cost involved when choosing between alternatives.
C) the cost of production which cannot be recaptured.
D) the total cost incurred from the consumption of additional output.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: The Method of Economics
Skill: Definition
52) The cost involved when choosing between alternatives is known as the
A) marginal cost.
B) sunk cost.
C) opportunity cost.
D) normative cost.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
14
53) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 5: According to the Economics in Practice, ________ of the $10
retail value of a Barbie doll is captured in the United States.
A) none
B) 35 cents
C) $2
D) $8
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
54) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 5: The opportunity cost to Apple of having the hard drive
produced in Japan by Toshiba is
A) the wages paid to Japanese workers.
B) the components of the hard drive which are not produced by Toshiba.
C) having the hard drive produced by the next best available company.
D) the value-added captured by Apple in the United States.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
55) Resources are unlimited in a wealthy society.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
56) The value of the best alternative foregone is the opportunity cost of making a decision.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
57) Opportunity costs arise due to scarce resources.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
15
58) Marginal cost refers to the incremental cost arising from a decision.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
59) A market is considered efficient if profit opportunities remain continually available.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
60) Resources are limited in both wealthy and poor societies.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
61) A basic understanding of economics is needed to be an informed citizen.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
62) Opportunity costs are another name for marginal costs.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
63) The phrase "there's no such thing as a free lunch" is a common way of expressing the concept of
efficient markets.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
64) Studying economics helps us to better understand society.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
16
1.2 The Scope of Economics
1) The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of
individual decision-making units is
A) positive economics.
B) normative economics.
C) macroeconomics.
D) microeconomics.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: The Scope of Economics
Skill: Definition
2) Studying how the management of Hewlett Packard decides how many computers to produce and the
price to charge for its computers would be considered
A) descriptive economics.
B) empirical economics.
C) microeconomics.
D) macroeconomics.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
3) Studying how Joshua allocates his time between school and video games is an example of
A) macroeconomics.
B) microeconomics.
C) industrial organization.
D) descriptive economics.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
4) The study of how benefits are determined for city employees would be considered
A) microeconomics.
B) macroeconomics.
C) descriptive economics.
D) institutional economics.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
17
5) Inflation and unemployment
A) are the focus of normative economics.
B) are a focus of microeconomics.
C) are a focus of positive economics.
D) are a focus of macroeconomics.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
6) Microeconomics is best described as the study of

A) the choices made by individual households, firms, and governments.
B) inflation, unemployment, gross national product, and the nation's economy as a whole.
C) how markets interact in the aggregate economy.
D) marginal changes in the economy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
7) Macroeconomics is best described as the study of

A) very large issues.
B) the choices made by individual households, firms, and governments.
C) the nation's economy as a whole.
D) the relationship between inflation and wage inequality.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
8) Which of the following is a microeconomics question?

A) Is it sensible for a government to subsidize tobacco production?
B) Why do some countries grow faster than others?
C) Should Congress and the president take action to reduce global warming?
D) Should the government attempt to influence the interest rate to lower inflation?
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
18
9) Which of the following is a macroeconomics question?
A) Should we have a constitutional amendment to balance the federal budget?
B) Why does a firm decide to enter a particular market?
C) Should the government prevent the merger of two large firms?
D) Should the government put a tax on alcohol in an attempt to reduce highway fatalities?
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
10) We can use macroeconomic analysis to

A) learn how to balance a checkbook.
B) study the choices made by households.
C) understand marginal changes in the macroeconomy.
D) understand why economies grow.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
11) The rate of economic growth is a topic of microeconomics.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
12) The aggregate price level is a topic of macroeconomics.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
13) The rate of unemployment is a topic of microeconomics.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
19
14) The rate of inflation is a topic of macroeconomics.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
1.3 The Method of Economics
1) Better insurance benefits increase the incentive of some individuals to work. This statement is best
described as
A) a positive statement.
B) an example of the ceteris paribus assumption.
C) a normative statement.
D) a comparative economics statement.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
2) The government should extend the duration of unemployment benefits to those workers who lost their
jobs due to outsourcing. This statement is best described as
A) an example of marginalism.
B) an example of the fallacy of composition.
D) a positive statement.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
3) The amount of education that one has is an important factor in the determination of his or her wage
rate. This is best described as
B) an example of the fallacy of composition.
D) an example of marginalism.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
20
4) Positive economics is an approach to economics that
A) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems while making judgments about their
usefulness to society.
B) analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe preferred
courses of action.
C) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments.
D) examines the role of government in the economy.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
5) Normative economics is an approach to economics that

A) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments.
B) analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe preferred
courses of action.
C) applies statistical techniques and data to economic problems.
D) examines the role of government in the economy.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
6) Which of the following is a normative question?

A) Why do gasoline prices increase between Memorial Day and Labor Day?
B) What will happen to gasoline consumption if the federal tax on gasoline is eliminated?
C) To reduce the regressive nature of the gasoline excise tax, should the portion of the gasoline excise tax
paid by high-income individuals be increased?
D) How will oil exploration be affected if the government subsidizes oil producers?
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
21
7) Which of the following is a positive question?
A) Will the level of teenage unemployment increase if the minimum wage is increased?
B) Should the minimum wage be set at one-half the average manufacturing wage to guarantee
individuals a decent standard of living?
C) Wouldn't it be more equitable if the minimum wage increased automatically with the cost of living?
D) Wouldn't it be better to try to increase people's wages through job-training programs rather than by
requiring employers to pay minimum wages?
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
8) Health insurance should be provided to every citizen in a wealthy nation such as the United States.
This statement is best described as
B) a normative statement.
C) a marginal statement.
D) an implication of an efficient market.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
9) There is great concern over the idea that citizens should have to provide specific identification to be
able to vote in elections. A study of the costs and benefits of implementing a voter identification program
is an example of
A) laissez-faire economics.
B) positive economics.
C) labor economics.
D) normative economics.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
22
10) A measure that can change from observation to observation is known as a(n)
A) empirical measure.
B) model.
C) causality.
D) variable.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
11) A formal statement of a theory is known as a(n)

A) model.
B) positive statement.
C) empirical measure.
D) causal statement.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
Refer to Scenario 1.1 below to answer the question(s) that follow.
SCENARIO 1.1: An economist wants to understand the relationship between minimum wages and the
level of teenage unemployment. The economist collects data on the values of the minimum wage and the
levels of teenage unemployment over time. The economist concludes that a 1% increase in minimum
wage causes a 0.2% increase in teenage unemployment. From this information he concludes that the
minimum wage is harmful to teenagers and should be reduced or eliminated to increase employment
among teenagers.
12) Refer to Scenario 1.1. The statement that a 1% increase in the minimum wage causes a 0.2% increase in
teenage unemployment is an example of
A) equity.
C) positive economics.
D) Ockham's razor.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
23
13) Refer to Scenario 1.1. The statement, "the minimum wage is harmful to teenagers and should be
reduced or eliminated to increase employment among teenagers," is an example of
A) marginal economics.
D) Ockham's razor.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
14) Refer to Scenario 1.1. The collection and use of the data on minimum wage and teenage
unemployment over time is an example of
A) law and economics.
B) economic history.
C) econometrics.
D) empirical economics.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
15) Refer to Scenario 1.1. The statement that an increase in the minimum wage causes an increase in
teenage unemployment is an example of
A) a fallacy.
B) an economic theory.
C) normative economics.
D) deductive reasoning.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
16) Refer to Scenario 1.1. A graph of the value of the minimum wage on one axis and the level of teenage
unemployment on the other axis is an example of
A) an economic theory.
B) an economic model.
C) inductive reasoning.
D) a variable theory.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
24
17) To isolate the impact of one single factor, economists invoke the assumption of
A) inductive reasoning.
B) Ockham's razor.
C) ceteris paribus.
D) post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
18) The principle that irrelevant detail should not be included in a model is known as
A) a fallacy.
B) ceteris paribus.
C) Ockham's razor.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
19) Economists use the phrase ceteris paribus to express the assumption
A) "all else equal."
B) "everything affects everything else."
C) "scarcity is a fact of life."
D) "there is no such thing as a free lunch."
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
20) The Latin phrase economists use that means all else equal is
A) ceteris paribus.
B) cogito ergo sum.
C) carpe diem.
D) caveat emptor.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
25
21) Marco observed that every time the temperature rises above 90 degrees, he forgets to take out the
trash. Based on this observation he concluded that temperatures above 90 degrees result in temporary
memory loss. In actuality, Marco
A) committed the fallacy of logic.
B) committed the ceteris paribus error.
C) was confusing causality.
D) showed good reasoning relating to the relationship between temperatures and memory.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
22) Whenever the Democrats gain control of the Congress, spending on social programs increases;
whenever Republicans gain control of the Congress, spending on defense increases. Hence, we know
what the next party in control will do. This statement is an example of the
A) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
C) fallacy of stability.
D) ceteris paribus fallacy.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
23) Whenever I go to the grocery store, I always stop at Starbucks on the way home. Therefore, going to
the grocery store causes me to go to Starbucks. This statement is an example of the
A) fallacy of logic.
C) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
D) ceteris paribus fallacy.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
26
24) The economy was expanding during all of the years that I was a student, but as soon as I graduated,
the economy contracted. Therefore, the labor market was waiting until I started looking for a job to
contract. This statement is an example of the
A) ceteris paribus fallacy.
C) fallacy of logic.
D) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
25) Every citizen in the United States should be required to become licensed to carry a firearm for the
sake of protection. This statement is best described as
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
26) Rent control laws are imposed when city officials believe landlords have been exploiting tenants.
Which of the following criteria are they using to guide their actions?
A) efficiency
B) equity
C) growth
D) stability
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
27
27) A government policy that tries to minimize inflation and unemployment can best be described as
trying to achieve economic
A) efficiency.
B) equity.
C) profitability.
D) stability.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
28) Redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is achieved from a tax system that requires taxes to
rise with income. Which of the following criteria best explains the goal of this tax system?
A) efficiency
B) equity
C) growth
D) stability
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
29) Normative economics ________ and positive economics ________.

A) involves judgments; does not involve judgments
B) involves judgments; also involves judgments
C) does not involve judgments; involves judgments
D) does not involve judgments; also does not involve judgments
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
30) It always rains about an hour after you finish washing your car. Concluding that washing your car
caused it to rain is an example of the
C) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
D) ceteris paribus conditions.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
28
31) Debbie observes that leaves fall from trees before the fist day of winter, and concludes that the falling
leaves cause winter to begin. This is an example of
A) ceteris paribus.
B) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
C) the fallacy of logic.
D) Ockham's razor.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
32) You have observed that every time you do 30 minutes of cardio exercise before taking an exam you
get an A. You therefore conclude that to get an A on an exam, all you have to do is 30 minutes of cardio
exercise before you take an exam. You have committed the
B) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
C) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
D) fallacy of division.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
33) If you observe that Event A happens before Event B happens, and you erroneously conclude that
Event A caused Event B, you would be guilty of an error called the
C) fallacy of ceteris paribus.
D) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
34) The mistake of inferring causality from two events happening one after the other is called
A) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
B) the fallacy of composition.
C) Ockham's razor.
D) the fallacy of co-dependence.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
29
35) The post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy is the belief that
A) if Event A happens before Event B happens, then Event A causes Event B to occur.
B) what is true for the whole is necessarily true of the parts.
C) what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.
D) it is impossible to draw generalizations about cause and effect.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
36) The collection and use of data to test economic theories is

A) empirical economics.
B) descriptive economics.
D) positive economics.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
37) A change in economic output is potentially efficient

A) if the value of the resulting gains exceeds the value of the resulting losses.
B) if the value of the resulting gains exactly equals the value of the resulting losses.
C) only if no one is made worse off.
D) if the value of the resulting gains is less than the value of the resulting losses.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
38) An efficient economy is an economy

A) in which output is steady or growing and there is low inflation.
B) that produces what consumers demand and does so at the least possible cost.
C) that distributes output equally among all consumers.
D) in which there is a fair distribution of wealth.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
30
39) An efficient market is characterized by the fact that
A) output is steady or growing and there is low inflation.
B) profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
C) there are no opportunity costs.
D) wealth is distributed fairly.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
40) The four criteria that are frequently used in judging the outcome of economic policy are
A) efficiency, equity, stability, and economic growth.
B) efficiency, equality, stability, and economic growth.
C) efficiency, equality, profitability, and stability.
D) efficiency, equity, profitability, and stability.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
41) You have noticed that there is an increase in the number of homeless people in your city. At the same
time you observe that there are also a number of vacant apartments. You believe that the government
could reduce the number of homeless people if landlords were required to rent their apartments for less
than they are currently charging. This policy recommendation would be motivated by concerns over
A) efficiency.
B) equity.
C) economic growth.
D) stability.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
31
42) There is a possibility that a national sales tax will be implemented. Many economists argue that items
such as food and clothing should be exempt from such a tax because low-income people spend a greater
percentage of their income on these goods than do high-income individuals. This argument is motivated
by concerns over
A) economic growth.
B) economic stability.
C) efficiency.
D) equity.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
43) Which of the following is an example of a normative statement?

A) The unemployment rate is six percent.
B) There should be no unemployment in an advanced industrial society.
C) Higher prices cause consumers to buy less.
D) Equilibrium price implies that quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
44) Which of the following is an example of a positive statement?

A) There should be no unemployment in an advanced industrial society.
B) Higher prices cause consumers to purchase less.
C) Consumption should be distributed fairly in society.
D) People should pollute as little as possible.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
32
45) Related to the Economics in Practice on page 9: Prior to joining a fraternity, James spent most of his
evenings and weekends studying for his classes. Once he joined the fraternity, James spent a majority of
his evenings and weekends going to parties. This change in behavior is best described by
A) the fallacy of logic.
B) the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy.
C) the problem of causality.
D) the ceteris paribus error.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Method of Economics: Economics in Practice
Skill: Conceptual
46) Related to the Economics in Practice on page 9: A study on the effect of roommates on college grades
found that there were strong roommate effects on grade point average, effort in school, and fraternity
membership. Which of the following is an example of a normative statement concerning this study?
A) The effects of roommates on grade point average are strong.
B) The effects of roommates on effort in school are strong.
C) The effects of roommates on fraternity membership are strong.
D) In order to maintain a high grade point average, students should only choose roommates who have a
high grade point average.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
47) Which of the following is an example of a normative question?

A) How will an increase in the price of diesel fuel affect truck drivers?
B) What fraction of an income-tax rebate check will be spent on consumer goods?
C) Should the government provide free prescription drugs to lower-income citizens?
D) How will an increase in the minimum wage affect migrant workers?
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
33
48) The government should increase the minimum age for collecting Social Security benefits. This
statement is best described as
A) an example of marginalism.
B) an example of the fallacy of logic.
D) a positive statement.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
49) The amount of exercise that one gets is an important factor in the determination of his general state of
health. This is best described as
B) an example of the fallacy of logic.
D) an example of marginalism.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
50) An approach to economics that applies statistical techniques and data to economic problems is called
A) Ockham's razor.
B) laissez-faire economics.
C) empirical economics.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
51) Normative economics

A) is the focus of most modern economic reasoning.
B) answers the question "What ought to be?"
C) predicts the consequences of alternative actions.
D) answers the question "What is?"
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
34
52) Which of the following is a question answered with normative economic reasoning?
A) If the college offers free parking for students, will more students drive to campus?
B) If the college provided more financial aid assistance, would more students benefit?
C) If the college increased tuition, would class size decline?
D) Should the college cut tuition to stimulate enrollment?
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
53) Which of the following is a question answered with positive economic analysis?
A) Should the college offer free parking for students?
B) Should the college provide more financial aid assistance?
C) If the college increased tuition, will class size decline?
D) Should the college cut tuition to stimulate enrollment?
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
54) The reoccurrence of contagious diseases should be significantly lower in a technically advanced
nation such as the United States. This statement is best described as
A) a normative statement.
B) a positive statement.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
55) There is great concern over the fact that global warming is causing permanent damage to the global
environment. A study of the costs and benefits of purchasing carbon offsets to combat global warming is
an example of
A) labor economics.
D) laissez-faire economics.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
35
56) Temperature is a measure that changes from time to time and is therefore an example of a(n)
A) empirical measure.
B) causality.
C) variable.
D) model.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
57) A(n) ________ is a formal statement of a theory.

A) model
B) empirical measure
C) positive statement
D) causal statement
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Refer to Scenario 1.2 below to answer the question(s) that follow.
SCENARIO 1.2: A scientist wants to understand the relationship between automobile emissions and the
level of global warming. The scientist collects data on the volume of automobile emissions and the levels
of global warming over time. The scientist concludes that a 1% increase in automobile emissions causes a
0.0003% increase in average global temperatures. From this information he concludes that the automobile
emissions are harmful to the environment and should be reduced to stop the increase in global
temperatures.
58) Refer to Scenario 1.2. The statement that a 1% increase in the automobile emissions causes a 0.0003%
increase in average global temperatures is an example of
B) marginal economics.
D) the fallacy of logic.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
36
59) Refer to Scenario 1.2. The statement, "automobile emissions are harmful to the environment and
should be reduced to stop the increase in global temperatures," is an example of
B) marginal economics.
D) the fallacy of logic.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
60) Refer to Scenario 1.2. The collection and use of the data on automobile emissions and global warming
levels is an example of
A) law and economics.
B) economic history.
C) econometrics.
D) empirical economics.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
61) Refer to Scenario 1.2. The statement that an increase in automobile emissions causes an increase in
global warming is an example of
A) an economic theory.
B) a fallacy.
C) deductive reasoning.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
62) Refer to Scenario 1.2. A graph of the volume of automobile emissions on one axis and the level of
average global temperatures on the other axis is an example of
A) an economic model.
B) an economic theory.
C) a variable theory.
D) inductive reasoning.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
37
63) By invoking the assumption of ceteris paribus, economists
A) consider the impact of all relevant factors.
B) hold all variables constant when analyzing a model.
C) isolate the impact of one single variable while holding all other variables constant.
D) exclude irrelevant detail when analyzing a model.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
64) Ockham's razor is the principle that states

A) supply creates its own demand.
B) we must forgo something when making a decision.
C) costs which have been incurred cannot be avoided.
D) irrelevant detail should not be included in a model.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
65) When an economist states that "price changes cause quantity changes ceteris paribus," she is stating
that price changes cause quantity changes
A) always.
B) all else equal.
C) only in theory.
D) only in efficient markets.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
66) The Latin phrase ceteris paribus means that when a relationship between two variables is being studied
A) both are treated as unpredictable.
B) neither of those two variables is allowed to change.
C) all other variables are held fixed.
D) we recognize that some factors are unknown.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
38
67) Isabel noted that whenever she wore her green contact lenses, the Chicago White Sox would win that
evening. Based on this observation, she developed the "green-eyes-for-White-Sox" theory of winning. It is
most likely true that Isabel
A) showed good reasoning for the reason the White Sox would win.
B) committed the ceteris paribus error.
C) committed the fallacy of logic.
D) was confusing causality.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
68) Whenever a former governor is elected president, the unemployment rate decreases; whenever a
former congressman is elected president, the inflation rate increases. This statement is an example of
C) ceteris paribus fallacy.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
69) The unemployment rate was falling during all of the years that I was a student, but as soon as I
graduated, the unemployment rate started to rise. Therefore, the job market was waiting until I started
looking for employment to start to go bad. This statement is an example of
C) ceteris paribus fallacy.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
39
70) Since the legal age to vote in the United States is 18, the legal drinking age in the United States should
be lowered to 18. This statement is best described as
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
71) The decrease in exports from the United States is in part due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative
to foreign currencies. This statement is best described as
A) a marginal statement.
C) a positive statement.
D) an unsubstantiated statement.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
72) Salary caps are imposed when league officials believe some football team owners are taking
advantage of their deep pockets and buying more quality players than the other owners can afford to
buy. Which of the following criteria are they using to guide their actions?
A) growth
B) stability
C) efficiency
D) equity
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
40
73) Economic stability refers to the condition of steady growth in national output, with ________ inflation
and ________ employment of resources.
A) negative; low
B) low; full
C) high; full
D) no; no
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
74) The concept of equity would explain the redistribution from the rich to the poor which is achieved
from a tax system that requires taxes to
A) fall when income rises.
B) rise when income rises.
C) remain stable when income rises.
D) be unrelated to income.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
75) You always have math problems to work in class whenever you forget to bring your calculator to
school. Concluding that forgetting your calculator causes your professor to assign math problems is an
example of the
C) ceteris paribus conditions.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
41
76) Because all workers should be able to earn a living wage, the minimum wage should be raised to
$11.50 per hour in the United States. This statement is best described as
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
77) There is a high correlation between the number of automobiles on the road and the amount of carbon
emissions in the atmosphere. This statement is best described as
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
78) You have observed that every time you get a new tattoo the day before you take an exam you get an
A. You therefore conclude that to get an A on an exam, all you have to do is get a new tattoo the day
before. You have committed the
A) fallacy of division.
C) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
D) Ockham's fallacy.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
42
79) If you observe that Kelly Clarkson won American Idol 3 years before Carrie Underwood won, and
you conclude that Kelly Clarkson winning caused Carrie Underwood to win 3 years later, you would be
guilty of an error called the
A) fallacy of inductive reasoning.
B) fallacy of ceteris paribus.
C) fallacy of logic.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
80) The mistake of inferring causality from ________ is called the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.
A) two events happening one after the other
B) two or more related events occurring at the same time
C) two or more unrelated events occurring at the same time
D) the same event occurring multiple times
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
81) Empirical economics refers to the

A) exclusion of irrelevant data when analyzing a model.
B) collection and use of data to test economic theories.
C) model of economics used prior to the Industrial Revolution.
D) belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
82) A change in economic output is ________ if the value of the resulting gains exceeds the value of the
resulting losses.
A) potentially efficient
B) always efficient
C) always inefficient
D) irrelevant
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
43
83) ________ economy is an economy that produces what consumers demand and does so at the least
possible cost.
A) An inefficient
B) An efficient
C) A government-controlled
D) A command
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
84) ________ market is characterized by the fact that profit opportunities are eliminated almost
instantaneously.
A) An inefficient
B) An efficient
C) A government-controlled
D) A command
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
85) Many economists argue that items such as food and clothing should be exempt from sales tax because
low-income people spend a greater percentage of their income on these goods than do high-income
individuals. This argument is motivated by concerns over
A) economic stability.
B) economic growth.
C) equity.
D) efficiency.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
86) The statement "people should pollute as little as possible" is an example of a

A) positive statement.
B) normative statement.
C) factual statement.
D) non-judgmental statement.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
44
87) The statement "the unemployment rate is 5.1%" is an example of a
A) positive statement.
B) value judgement.
C) normative statement.
D) non-verifiable statement.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
88) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 9: Prior to joining the glee club, Anjelica spent most of her
free time studying in the library. Once she joined the glee club, Anjelica spent her free time hanging out
in karaoke bars with other glee club members. This change in behavior is best described by
A) the fallacy of logic.
B) the post hoc ergo prompter hoc fallacy.
C) the problem of peer effects.
D) the ceteris paribus error.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
89) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 9: Based on a study of the effects of roommates on college
grades discussed in the Economics in Practice, which of the following is true?
A) The effects of roommates on grade point average are strong.
B) The effects of roommates on effort in school are strong.
C) The effects of roommates on fraternity membership are strong.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
90) Normative economics looks at outcomes of economic behavior and evaluates them as good or bad.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
45
91) Positive economics looks at outcomes of economic behavior and evaluates them as good or bad.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
92) An efficient economy is one that produces what consumers demand and does so at the least possible
cost.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
93) Ceteris paribus literally translated means, "buyer beware."

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
94) Positive economics seeks to understand behavior, but not make judgments.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
95) Stability implies a steady rate of economic growth and low inflation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
96) The collection and use of data to test economic theories is called empirical economics.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
46
97) Positive economics questions "What ought to be?" Normative economics predicts the consequences of
alternative actions, answering the questions "What is?" or "What will be?"
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
98) Normative economics questions "What ought to be?" Positive economics predicts the consequences of
alternative actions, answering the questions "What is?" or "What will be?"
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
99) Equity is synonymous with fairness.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
100) Post hoc, ergo propter hoc literally translated means, "all else equal."
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
101) Normative economics seeks to understand behavior, but not make judgments.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
102) Stability implies a steady rate of economic growth with full employment of resources.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
103) Economic growth is an increase in the total output of an economy.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
47
1.4 Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs
Refer to the information provided in Figure 1.1 below to answer the question(s) that follow.
Figure 1.1
1) Refer to Figure 1.1. There is ________ relationship between the daily temperature and the number of
gallons of ice cream purchased.
A) a negative
B) a positive
C) both a negative and a positive
D) an inverse
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs
Skill: Analytical
2) Refer to Figure 1.1. The relationship between the daily temperature and the number of gallons of ice
cream purchased demonstrates
A) an infinite slope.
B) a negative slope.
C) a positive slope.
D) a zero slope.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
48
Figure 1.2
3) Refer to Figure 1.2. The slope of the line between Points A and B is
A) 0.4.
B) 1.2.
C) 2.5.
D) indeterminate from this information.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
4) If the slope of a straight line is -3. and if Y (the variable on the vertical axis) decreases by 6, then X (the
variable on the horizontal axis) will
A) increase by 2.
B) decrease by 2.
C) increase by 18.
D) decrease by 18.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
49
Figure 1.3
5) Refer to Figure 1.3. The slope of the line is

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) increasing at an increasing rate.
D) decreasing at an increasing rate.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
6) Refer to Figure 1.3. The slope of the line between Points B and D is
A) -3.
B) -0.33.
C) 0.33.
D) 3.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
50
7) Refer to Figure 1.3. The slope of the line between Points D and C is
A) -3.
B) -0.33.
C) 0.33.
D) 3.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
8) Refer to Figure 1.3. If a 45-degree line were also graphed, the existing line shown on the graph would
________ it.
A) lie above
B) lie below
C) cross
D) The answer is indeterminate from this information.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
9) Refer to Figure 1.3. At Point A, what is the value of Y?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 15
D) indeterminate from this information
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
10) Refer to Figure 1.3. At Point A the slope of the line is 3, so at Point D the slope would be
A) greater than 3.
B) less than 3.
C) equal to 3.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
51
Figure 1.4
11) Refer to Figure 1.4. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has a slope that is first positive and
then negative?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
12) Refer to Figure 1.4. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has a slope that is negative and
then positive?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
52
13) Refer to Figure 1.4. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has a zero slope throughout?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
14) Refer to Figure 1.4. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has an infinite slope throughout?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
15) Refer to Figure 1.4. At Point E in Panel A, the slope is

A) zero.
B) infinite.
C) negative.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
16) Refer to Figure 1.4. Panel A shows a curve which has a slope that is
A) first positive, then zero, and then negative.
B) first negative, then zero, and then positive.
C) infinite throughout.
D) zero throughout.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
53
17) Refer to Figure 1.4. Panel B shows a curve which has a slope that is
A) first positive and then negative.
B) first negative and then positive.
D) zero throughout.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
18) Refer to Figure 1.4. Panel C shows a curve which has a slope that is
D) zero throughout.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
19) Refer to Figure 1.4. Panel D shows a curve which has a slope that is
D) zero throughout.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
20) Refer to Figure 1.4. At Point E in panel A, the slope is

A) infinite.
B) zero.
C) negative.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
54
21) The slope of a non-linear curve
A) is always positive.
B) must first increase then decrease.
C) is not constant.
D) is constant.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
22) The slope of a horizontal line is

A) negative.
B) zero.
C) continually changing.
D) infinite.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
23) If the slope of a straight line is 4 and if X (the variable on the horizontal axis) increases by 12, then Y
(the variable on the vertical axis) will
A) decrease by 3.
B) decrease by 0.33.
C) increase by 3.
D) increase by 48.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
24) If the slope of a straight line is 4 and if Y (the variable on the vertical axis) decreases by 20, then X (the
variable on the horizontal axis)
A) increases by 5.
B) decreases by 5.
C) increases by 80.
D) decreases by 80.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
55
25) The slope of a vertical line is
A) zero.
B) infinite.
D) negative.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
Figure 1.5
26) Refer to Figure 1.5. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has a slope that is positive and
decreasing?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
56
27) Refer to Figure 1.5. Which of the Panels shows a curve or line that has a slope that is positive and
increasing?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
28) Refer to Figure 1.5. As income increases, consumption increases, but for each additional increase in
income, consumption increases by a larger and larger amount. If consumption is graphed on the vertical
axis and income is graphed on the horizontal axis, the relationship between consumption and income
would look like which of the following Panels?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
29) Refer to Figure 1.5. In many industries, as firms produce additional units, average costs of production
decline as the firm produces an additional unit, but average costs declines by a smaller and smaller
amount as production continues to increase. If output is graphed on the horizontal axis and average costs
are graphed on the vertical axis, the relationship between average costs and output would be like which
of the following Panels?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
57
30) Refer to Figure 1.5. Panel A shows a curve with a slope that is
A) positive and increasing.
B) positive and decreasing.
C) negative and increasing.
D) negative and decreasing.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
31) Refer to Figure 1.5. Panel B shows a curve with a slope that is
B) positive and decreasing.
C) negative and increasing.
D) negative and decreasing.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
32) Refer to Figure 1.5. As income decreases, consumption decreases by a decreasing amount. If
consumption is graphed on the vertical axis and income is graphed on the horizontal axis, the
relationship between consumption and income would look like which of the following Panels?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
33) Refer to Figure 1.5. As firms produce additional units, average costs declines by a smaller and smaller
amount. If output is graphed on the horizontal axis and average costs are graphed on the vertical axis, the
relationship between average costs and output would be like which of the following Panels?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
58
34) If the slope of a straight line is -2. and if X (the variable on the horizontal axis) decreases by 8, then Y
A) increase by 4.
B) decrease by 4.
C) increase by 16.
D) decrease by 16.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
Figure 1.6
B) positive and constant.
C) negative and decreasing.
D) negative and constant.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
59
A) 0.25.
B) 4.
C) -0.25.
D) -4.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
Figure 1.7
37) Refer to Figure 1.7. The slope of the line is

A) negative.
B) increasing at a decreasing rate.
C) decreasing at an increasing rate.
D) positive.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
60
38) Refer to Figure 1.7. The slope of the line between Points D and B is
A) 1.5.
B) 0.67.
C) -0.67.
D) -1.5.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
A) 1.5.
B) 0.67.
C) -0.67.
D) -1.5.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
40) Refer to Figure 1.7. If a 45-degree line were also graphed, it would ________ the line shown on the
graph.
A) lie above
B) lie below
C) cross
D) The answer is indeterminate from this information.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
41) Refer to Figure 1.7. At Point A, what is the value of Y?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
61
42) Refer to Figure 1.7. At Point A, the slope of the line is 0.67, so at Point C, the slope would be
A) greater than 0.67.
B) less than 0.67.
C) equal to 0.67.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
43) The slope of a straight line

A) is always positive.
B) must first increase then decrease.
C) is not constant.
D) is constant.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
44) The slope of a vertical line is

A) negative.
B) zero.
D) infinite.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
45) If the slope of a straight line is 5 and if X (the variable on the horizontal axis) increases by 4, then Y
A) decrease by 0.8.
B) decrease by 20.
C) increase by 0.8.
D) increase by 20.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
62
46) If the slope of a straight line is 6 and if Y (the variable on the vertical axis) decreases by 60, then X (the
variable on the horizontal axis)
A) increases by 10.
B) decreases by 10.
C) increases by 600.
D) decreases by 600.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
47) The slope of a horizontal line is

A) zero.
B) infinite.
D) negative.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
48) Dividing the change in quantity on the Y-axis by the change in quantity on the X-axis calculates the
slope of a line.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
49) A graph illustrating how one variable changes over time is a Cartesian coordinate system.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
50) If as the variable on the Y-axis rises, the variable on the X-axis rises, the relationship between X and Y
is said to be a positive relationship.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
63
51) If as the variable on the Y-axis falls, the variable on the X-axis rises, the relationship between X and Y
is said to be a negative relationship.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
52) The slope of a straight line is not constant unless the line is vertical or horizontal.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
53) Dividing the change in quantity on the horizontal axis by the change in quantity on the vertical axis
calculates the slope of a line.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
54) A graph illustrating how a variable changes over time is called a time-series graph.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
55) As the variable on the Y-axis falls, the variable on the X-axis falls. The relationship between X and Y is
said to be positive.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
56) As the variable on the Y-axis rises, the variable on the X-axis falls. The relationship between X and Y
is said to be positive.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
64
57) The slope of a curved line is constant.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
65

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Principles of Microeconomics, 12e, Global Edition (Case/Fair/Oster)

Chapter 1 The Scope and Method of Economics

1.1 Why Study Economics?

2) Among the fundamental concepts in economics is (are)

3) Which of the following is the best definition of economics?

5) Which of the following statements is not correct?

6) The study of economics

10) The concept of opportunity cost

11) Opportunity cost is

13) Which of the following is not an opportunity cost of attending college?

19) Economists often refer to risk-free ventures as

24) An efficient market is a market in which

27) The reasons to study economics include which of the following?

29) Economics is best defined as the study of

31) Which of the following statements is correct?

32) Economics is the study of

38) Scarce resources give rise to the concept of

39) Which of the following is an opportunity cost of attending college?

44) Opportunity cost is

48) An efficient market is a market

50) The common way of expressing the efficient market concept is

51) Opportunity cost is

55) Resources are unlimited in a wealthy society.

57) Opportunity costs arise due to scarce resources.

59) A market is considered efficient if profit opportunities remain continually available.

60) Resources are limited in both wealthy and poor societies.

61) A basic understanding of economics is needed to be an informed citizen.

62) Opportunity costs are another name for marginal costs.

64) Studying economics helps us to better understand society.

6) Microeconomics is best described as the study of

7) Macroeconomics is best described as the study of

8) Which of the following is a microeconomics question?

10) We can use macroeconomic analysis to

11) The rate of economic growth is a topic of microeconomics.

12) The aggregate price level is a topic of macroeconomics.

13) The rate of unemployment is a topic of microeconomics.

1.3 The Method of Economics

5) Normative economics is an approach to economics that

6) Which of the following is a normative question?

11) A formal statement of a theory is known as a(n)

Refer to Scenario 1.1 below to answer the question(s) that follow.

29) Normative economics ________ and positive economics ________.

36) The collection and use of data to test economic theories is

37) A change in economic output is potentially efficient

38) An efficient economy is an economy

43) Which of the following is an example of a normative statement?

44) Which of the following is an example of a positive statement?

47) Which of the following is an example of a normative question?

51) Normative economics

57) A(n) ________ is a formal statement of a theory.

Refer to Scenario 1.2 below to answer the question(s) that follow.

64) Ockham's razor is the principle that states

81) Empirical economics refers to the

86) The statement "people should pollute as little as possible" is an example of a

93) Ceteris paribus literally translated means, "buyer beware."

99) Equity is synonymous with fairness.

103) Economic growth is an increase in the total output of an economy.

5) Refer to Figure 1.3. The slope of the line is

9) Refer to Figure 1.3. At Point A, what is the value of Y?

29) Normative economics and positive economics .