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Computer Network (CS610)

There are three main types of QoS specifications for ATM networks: 1) Constant Bit Rate (CBR) for audio and video with predefined data rates 2) Variable Bit Rate (VBR) for compressed audio/video with varying data rates 3) Available Bit Rate (ABR) for typical data applications that can use leftover bandwidth

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127 views4 pages

Computer Network (CS610)

There are three main types of QoS specifications for ATM networks: 1) Constant Bit Rate (CBR) for audio and video with predefined data rates 2) Variable Bit Rate (VBR) for compressed audio/video with varying data rates 3) Available Bit Rate (ABR) for typical data applications that can use leftover bandwidth

Uploaded by

Khansa Mueen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Network (610)

Automated tool required to see whether the given computer/website


is online or not
an automated tool is required that tests to see whether the given computer is
online or not.For this purpose the first tool is the `PING program`.

ATM QoS SPECIFICATIONS:


There are three types of QoS specifications, which are given as follows:

CONSTANT BIT RATE (CBR):


It is used for audio and video, since these have predefined maximum data rates.

VARIABLE BIT RATE (VBR):


It is used for compressed audio and video where the data rate depends on the
level of compression that can be achieved.

AVAILABLE BIT RATE (ABR):


It is used for typical data applications (where the data rate may be unknown
and bursty) and allows use of whatever bandwidth is available at a given time.

THICK ETHERNET WIRING:


It uses thick coax cable. AUI cable (or transceiver or drop cable) connects from
NIC to transceiver. AUI cable carries digital signal from NIC to transceiver.
The transceiver generates analog signal on coax cable. The wires in AUI carry
digital signals power and other control signals. Thick Ethernet also requires
terminators to avoid signal reflectance.
10Base5 is type of standard for implementing Ethernet networks.10Base5 is
sometimes referred to as thick net because it uses thick coaxial cabling for
connecting station to form a network. Anther name for 10Base5 is standard
Ethernet because it was the first type of Ethernet to be implemented. Its
supports a maximum bandwidth of 10mbps, but in actual networks, the
presence of collisions reduces this to more like 4 to 6mbps.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
Computer networks are classified by four factors which are as follow:
1) BY SIZE
2) BY CONNECTIVITY
3) BY MEDIUM
4) BY MOBILITY

BY SIZE:
According to their size there are two classifications of networks.
1. Local Area Network. ( LAN)
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
In LAN network occupies the smaller area like a room a floor or a building.
In WAN, network occupies larger areas like cities & countries. Internet is a Wide Area
Network. LAN & WAN are compared by the speed of transmission, bandwidth and
latency, management, security, reliability, billing and their standards.

BY CONNECTIVITY:
Networks are also classified by connectivity in which two topologies are discussed.
a) Point-to-Point
b) Broadcast

In Point-to-Point topology there are two topologies.


1) STAR topology
2) TREE topology
In star topology each computer is connected to a central hub. The communication takes place
through the hub.
Tree topology all computers are connected to each other in such a way that they make a tree
In broadcast topology there are further two categories
1) SATELLITE\RADIO
2) RING TOPOLOGY
In a satellite or radio topology all computers are connected to each other via satellite or radio
wave
In a ring topology each computer is connected to other thorough a ring
Why fiber need for ATM ?
ATM is designed to work on fiber (but can be used with twisted pair). A typical
port on an ATM switch operates at OC-3 speed (155Mbps) or higher.

What is default route?


(A default route is the route that takes effect when no other route is available for
an IP destination address. If a packet is received on a routing device, the device
first checks to see if the IP destination address is on one of the device's local
subnets.)
Default routing can be considered a special type of static routing. The difference between a
normal static route and a default route is that a default route is used to send packets
destined to any unknown destination to a single next .

Does ATM eliminate the varying delay times associated with different
sized packets? If yes, then give reason.
Yes, ATM is a connection-oriented network for cell relay which can be implemented
for networks covering any area. It uses Time Division Multiplexing and supports
voice, video and data communications.

ATM network specifies a 24 bits VPI/VCI connection identifier. How


many bits VPI and VCI occupies individually?
Each cell contains a 24/28-bit connection identifier
First 8/12 bits:Virtual Path,
Last 16 bits: Virtual Circuit

Pros of Scheme of Addressing:


Many WANs use hierarchical addressing for efficiency. One part of address identifies
destination switch. Other part of address identifies port on switch.
The process of forwarding the packets of information is called routing. The information about
destinations is kept in routing tables. Note that many entries have same next hop.
In particular all destinations on same switch have same next hop. These routing tables can be
collapsed. A

BRIDGES:
A bridge is a hardware device also used to connect two LAN segments to extend a LAN.
Unlike a repeater, a bridge uses two NICs to connect two segments. It listens to all traffic and
recognizes frame format. It also forwards only correct complete frames and discards the
collided and error frames. A typical bridge has two NICs, a CPU a memory and a ROM. It
only runs the code stored in its ROM.
A bridge keeps a list for each segment that consists of physical addresses of the computer
attached to that segment. In this way a bridge knows on which segment a destination
computer is attached. Most bridges are self learning bridges. As soon as a frame arrives to a
bridge, it extracts a source address from its header and automatically adds it in the list for that
segment. In this way a bridge builds up address lists.

Main Differences Between PVC and SVC


 PVC is a Permanent Virtual Circuit and the connection between the endpoint and
network is made permanently. SVC is a Switched Virtual Circuit where the
connection is not permanent.
 The connection between the equipment and the network for PVC is made when the
equipment is switched on. The connection between of the endpoint is made on user
demand in SVC.
 The circuit values are inputted manually by the end user in PVC. The values are fed
by endpoint signaling in SVC.

If a packet switch does not check header's source information


then how it can be beneficial for routing? Write any three benefits.
Data packets are able to find the destination without the use of a dedicated
channel. Reduces lost data packets because packet switching allows for
resending of packets. More cost-effective since there is no need for a dedicated
channel for voice or data traffic.

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